PRAISE FOR THE WORLD BECOMES WHAT

WE TEACH

“This book has inspired us to re-examine our educational philosophy,

approach, and practices. We have transformed our programs for teachers,
administrators, and youth so that they are solutionary. We've also launched
an annual Solutionary Fair based on the ideas in this book. The impact that
solutionary teaching and learning have had on driving environmental and
social change in our schools and communities is immeasurable.”—Andra
Yeghoian, Environmental Literacy and Sustainability Coordinator &
Doron Markus, Ed.D., Career and STEM Success Coordinator, San Mateo
County Office of Education

“This book has never been more important. It provides us with a healing
vision for a world struggling under the weight of racism, environmental
exploitation, and a host of other ills, and it outlines a powerful and
practical pathway forward for all teachers and schools committed to
preparing children to be the next caretakers of our planet. Zoe Weil's
solutionary approach takes Problem-Based Learning to the next level by
including not just critical and creative thinking but systems thinking and
ethical analysis. It calls on us to go beyond simply preparing students to be
‘college and career ready’ and to prepare them as well to contribute to the
creation of a just, healthy, and sustainable world where all living beings
can thrive. Never before have we needed such a strong moral vision for
our children or for our schools. I urge my fellow educators to read this
book and to join together to make it foundational to our teaching.”—Steve
Cochrane, former Superintendent of the Year, Princeton Public Schools

“The World Becomes What We Teach is powerful. I call it Problem-Based

Learning on natural steroids! Educators who plant seeds of humaneness
inspired by the lessons in Zoe's book can create the conditions for a world
of possibilities. We will then reap a world full of hope and purposeful
intentionality that is care-full!”—José Torres, Author and President,
Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy
“Zoe Weil's clear and compelling vision offers an urgent challenge to all of
us about the purpose of education—one that we ignore at great peril.”—
Julie Meltzer, 2019 Maine Curriculum Leader of the Year

“In an increasingly polarized world, this book is a ray of hope inspiring a

generation of solutionaries in our schools to tackle our most pressing
problems.”—Akash Patel, Global Teacher Prize Finalist, UNA-USA
National Council Member

“The World Becomes What We Teach offers a practical roadmap for

implementing education that empowers children with the necessary
knowledge, skills, and zeal to thrive in today's world. Zoe Weil provides
the reader with a robust framework for building a future that is more
humane, just, peaceful, and sustainable.”—Victoria Chiatula, Ph.D., CEO
& Founder EdPro International

“The World Becomes What We Teach may be the most important book,
with both the simplest and most powerful answers, to address the
challenges we face in our world effectively, meaningfully, and positively.
If we heed Zoe Weil's call to educate a generation of solutionaries, we will
witness the unfolding of a truly just, compassionate, and healthy world.
Read this book for the sake of any children you love and the future of us
all.”—Matt Goldman, Co-founder Blue Man Group and Blue School

“An amazingly articulated big picture, as well as a practical guide, for

educational leaders, teachers, and parents around the world. An inspiring
and timely vision of what's possible for K–12 education and our collective
future.”—Mike Johnston, Ph.D., Assistant Head of School, Frankfurt
International School, Steering Committee, Compass Education for a
Sustainable Future

“A common-sense vision for how schooling should be. If we want a better

world for our progeny, we would do well to take Weil's inspiring,
thoughtful ideas as far and as fast as possible.”—Seth Berry, former
Majority Leader, Maine State Legislature and former teacher

“In light of the need for lifelong learning in a changing world, Zoe Weil's
call to ‘adopt a more relevant and meaningful purpose for schooling; make
schools real world- and solutionary-focused; and prepare teachers to
educate their students to be solutionaries,’ is logical and essential. The
evidence is clear that this kind of teaching and learning is already
happening. There are a great many stories of children and young people
contributing to a healthy, humane, and sustainable future through school,
and many examples of what educators can do to make this happen. Zoe
illustrates why schools need to change and then shows us what the new
narrative looks like. It is compelling. This book will change you.”—
Jaimie P. Cloud, President, The Cloud Institute for Sustainability
Education

“This book takes on conventional reformist thinking, unfetters the

educational imagination, and repositions the very notion of ‘relevance’ in
schooling to meet the critical issues of this era on Earth. Zoe opens a
doorway onto a new landscape for teaching, learning, the development of
curriculum, and the purpose of schooling itself. Then she hands us a map,
a GPS, and travel guide. This book, once well dog-eared and coffee-
stained, should grace the shelves of any educator or transformational
leader truly committed to children, the Earth, and a just, sustainable
society.”—Khalif Williams, Director, The Bay School

“Zoe Weil is an important player in the emerging worldwide movement to

make education more about applying our newly empowered young
people's passions and capabilities to making their world a better place. I
hope that this book informs the thinking and practice of as many parents
and educators as possible, that a great many Solutionary Schools get
created and thrive in the world, and that my son grows up in a world full of
solutionaries—and becomes one!”—Marc Prensky, Founder and
Executive Director, The Global Future Education Foundation and Institute

“Imagine if Zoe Weil's vision was the default setting for a system of
schools and communities creating learning environments rich with joy,
curiosity, complexity, and an undeniable belief that we are all capable—
from student to community—in making a positive, long-term impact on
the world around us. Better, imagine if you—the reader—realizes that this
book is your invitation to be both a solutionary in your own life and a co-
conspirator in creating a system of solutionary schools in communities far
and wide. This is Zoe Weil's belief. And this is your invitation to co-design
a remarkable future for students, teachers, schools, and communities
ahead.”—Christian Long, Founding Partner, WONDER, By Design: A
learning and design expedition

“Zoe Weil asks the questions we need to thoughtfully answer not only for
our system of education but also for our future on this planet. I have
worked in education for over 25 years, from experiential outdoor education
to service-learning in classroom settings. Weil's model and vision is more
oriented toward effective systems thinking than any other approach to
education I have encountered. This book serves as a guide to action and
will help us make school meaningful, joyful, and solutionary.”—Barbara
Fiore, Education Consultant, Former Program Director, Hurricane Island
Outward Bound School

“Zoe Weil sees a world the rest of us are still struggling to make out—one
that is more equitable, restorative, and compassionate, and one in which
we are all more empathetic and at peace. The World Becomes What We
Teach is a manifesto for the future of education, and a series of recipes for
teaching children that a humane world is not just possible—it's inevitable,
as long as we help young people engage in work that provides a slice of
the solution, and a way of discovering their most authentic selves.”—Sam
Chaltain, Author of Faces of Learning and Coproducer of A Year at
Mission Hill

“Zoe Weil offers a vision for education that is based on respect for
children's curiosity, creativity, and capabilities. She shows how educational
practices can be based on genuine hope and shares a blueprint for how to
reform education with imagination, rigor, and love for the world. This is a
brilliant, necessary, uplifting book.”—Kathleen Roberts Skerrett, Dean
of Arts and Sciences, University of Richmond

“The World Becomes What We Teach is the work of a visionary educator

that questions a traditional, competitive approach to education and offers
one based on cooperation and collaboration. Not only is it a powerful
indictment of how our schools inhibit creativity and critical thinking, her
pedagogy empowers students to imagine and create the world they want. I
highly recommend this book to educators, parents, and anyone who wants
to make the world a better place.”—Arnold Greenberg, Founder, Miquon
Upper School, Deep Run School of Homesteading and Community, and
Liberty School—A Democratic Learning Community

“If you want to learn how we can create an education system and a world
that is more humane, peaceful, equitable, and resilient, you must read this
book. It might just cause you to reevaluate your assumptions about living
and learning.”—Nikhil Goyal, author of Schools on Trial: How Freedom
and Creativity Can Fix Our Educational Malpractice

“This is an important book from an important thinker in the field of

education. Zoe's original ideas are based on decades of practical hands-on
work. She creates an optimistic vision of what can be if we are willing to
rethink educational models to meet the needs of our twenty-first-century
world.”—Doug Alexander, President, Actua Corporation

“Zoe Weil goes beyond the rhetoric in debates about improving education
and challenges us to revamp the very purpose of schools. As an educator,
lawyer, entrepreneur, and mentor, I was excited by her approach. As a
long-time advocate and a parent of Model UN students, I love her vision of
new and more challenging Solutionary clubs for today's students. Why
should students research and debate imaginary issues when the world is
ripe with real problems? Zoe Weil logically describes how this generation
can be challenged and trained to create solutions to problems for the
betterment of the world and the future of all living creatures. I loved this
book and plan to share it with parents, educators, researchers, and
students.”—Nancy Hodari, Founder and Education Director, Equilibrium
Studio

“I believe we all have a unique capacity for contribution. However, too

frequently schools stifle children's resolve to express it. Zoe Weil's
approach to schooling, as laid out in her book The World Becomes What
We Teach, skillfully identifies how to nurture this seed of goodness while
simultaneously providing students with all of the tools required to flourish
in the twenty-first century. Her collaborative, interdisciplinary approach to
education could very well be the prescription needed to cultivate a
generation of ‘Solutionaries’ ready to take on the greatest societal
challenges of our time.”—Ariel Nessel, Founder, The Pollination Project
 2021
Lantern Publishing & Media
128 Second Place
Brooklyn, NY 11231
www.lanternpm.org

Copyright © 2021/2016 Zoe Weil

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written
permission of Lantern Publishing & Media.

This title was previously published by Booklight Inc. (DBA Lantern

Books). In December 2019, Booklight Inc. transferred all its assets,
including this book, to Lantern Publishing & Media, a new company
dedicated to the same publishing mission as Lantern Books.

Printed in the United States of America

Names: Weil, Zoe, author.

Title: The world becomes what we teach : educating a generation of
solutionaries / Zoe Weil.
Description: New York : Lantern Books, 2016. | Includes
bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016004450 (print) | LCCN 2016009329 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781590565186 (pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781590565193 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Educational psychology. | Change (Psychology) |
Environmental education.
Classification: LCC LB1051 .W2865 2016 (print) | LCC LB1051
(ebook) | DDC 371.102—dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016004450
Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire.—William
Butler Yeats

Students will achieve at levels far beyond what is expected if you give them
the opportunity.—Esther Wojcicki

The purpose of education should be the development of a world that works

for all living beings.—Dr. Shariff Abdullah

Every good teacher has hundreds of heirs. Perhaps this is the best reason
to teach.—Dexter Chapin
 CONTENTS

Preface
Introduction

Part I: Why and How Schools Must Change

Part II: Educating Young People to Be Solutionaries

Appendix
Further Reading and Resources
Acknowledgments

About the Institute for Humane Education

About the Author

About the Publisher
 Solutionary [suh-LOO-shuh ner-ee]
Noun
1. A person who identifies inhumane, unjust, unsustainable systems and
then develops solutions to transform them so that they are restorative,
healthy, and equitable for people, animals, and the environment.
2. A person who brings critical, systems, strategic, and creative thinking
to bear on pressing and entrenched challenges in an effort to create
positive changes that do not harm one group while helping another.
3. A person who strives to make personal choices and support systems
that do the most good and least harm for all people, animals, and the
environment.

Adjective
1. Pertaining to or characterized by solving problems in a strategic,
comprehensive way that does not harm one group while helping
another.
2. Innovative and far-reaching in a positive way for people, animals, and
the environment.
 PREFACE

Dear 4th Grade Class of P.S. 165,

As you are starting your solutionary efforts, we want you to know that
your work is all about having fun while helping change the world. We, the
middle school TEAK Class 18, have just begun our own solutionary
projects ourselves, and it has been amazing. We have learned many things,
and this is what we want you to know as you too try to find solutions for
the world.
Your solutions must be friendly to all beings on Earth. No matter how
you try to solve a problem, you must make sure your solution does not hurt
people, the environment, animals, or anything else. A solutionary solution
must get to the source of the problem and fix it from there and not just
reduce the problem. Though this sounds like hard work, it definitely can be
done!
We encourage you all to take positive risks and remember your goals
and passions as you begin to change the world for the better. One day
you'll look back on the changes you've made in the world and smile. You'll
be astonished to learn that children, no matter what age, can change the
world! We wish you luck on your journey to be problem solvers and hope
you succeed. If you fail in some ways, you must use your failures as a
springboard and continue working. We hope to work with you all and get
to know you so we can create a better world together! As Norman Vincent
Peale said, “Shoot for the moon. Even if you miss, you'll land amongst the
stars.”
With Heart,
Angela Osei-Ampadu
Grade 7, and TEAK Class 18
New York City
 INTRODUCTION

I believe that it's possible to create a just, healthy, and peaceful world; to
develop sustainable and humane energy, food, economic, transportation,
production, construction, and other systems; to end poverty; and to ensure
that everyone is treated equitably. I believe that we can learn to resolve
conflicts without violence; to treat other people and nonhuman animals
with respect and compassion; to slow the rate of extinction; and to restore
ecosystems. And I believe—based on thirty-five years of experience—that
there is a clear, practical, and positive path to achieve this vision. This
book shares that path.
The solutions to the problems we face will come when we effectively
and wisely transform the system of education. As Mahatma Gandhi said,
“If we are to reach real peace in the world . . . we shall have to begin with
the children.” The education of children is the root system underlying
other societal systems, and for the sake of our children and the world, I
believe that we must:

1. Adopt a more relevant and meaningful purpose for schooling.

2. Make schools real world–and solutionary-focused.
3. Prepare teachers to educate their students to be solutionaries.

If we can successfully achieve these three goals, there is every reason to

believe that we can create a world where all can thrive. This belief in the
power of education to prepare students to be solutionaries—people who
bring knowledge and skills to bear on pressing and entrenched challenges
in an effort to create positive change—stems from my work as a humane
educator. Humane education examines the interconnected issues of human
rights, environmental sustainability, and animal protection, with the goal of
fostering compassion, inspiring kindness and responsibility, and preparing
students to solve problems in ways that are good for all people, animals,
and the ecosystems that sustain life. Humane educators help students gain
the knowledge, tools, and motivation to be conscientious choice-makers
and engaged change-makers for a better future.
In 1989, I created a humane education program that offered
presentations, classes, and afterschool courses, primarily in and around
Philadelphia, PA. By the mid-1990s, we were reaching approximately
10,000 middle and high school students annually. Almost everywhere we
taught, there were young people eager to take action, start school clubs,
and make positive contributions.
Although it was rewarding to see our programs have an impact, they
were add-ons, rather than the core of school curricula. I realized that unless
the educational approach in the U.S. and beyond shifted significantly, we
would be hard-pressed to solve the challenges that confront us. So, in 1996
I co-founded the Institute for Humane Education (IHE), primarily to train
and provide professional development to educators wanting to teach about
interconnected global ethical issues, infuse their curricula and classes with
more relevance and meaning, foster compassion and kindness, and prepare
their students to solve real-world problems. IHE created the first graduate
programs in comprehensive humane education (M.Ed., M.A., Ed.D.,
Graduate Certificate) in the United States—now offered online through an
affiliation with Antioch University—as well as a Solutionary Micro-
credential Program, workshops, and free solutionary guidebooks, curricula,
and lesson plans for educators everywhere.
Our objectives at IHE include:

Promoting changes in education that will lead to a world where all

people, animals, and nature can survive and thrive;
Providing the tools, resources, and preparation for educators and
schools to fully embrace and implement such changes;
Preparing young people to become effective solutionaries able to bring
about a healthy and just future.

The purpose of this book is to make the case for these objectives and
provide ideas about how to achieve them.
 What could the outcomes of solutionary
learning look like?
Twelve-year-old Kiara is very excited to get to school. She and her
classmates have been exploring the answer to this question: How is it
possible that a fast-food burger and an organic apple sometimes cost the
same amount of money? Kiara has found it fascinating to learn about the
various agricultural, political, corporate, and economic systems involved in
the answer to this question and has been researching the many factors that
impact costs of food, gaining skills in critical and systems thinking,
reading comprehension, math, civic engagement, and research methods. In
the process, she has also become more media literate and aware of the
psychology of advertising.
Kiara and her classmates are developing proposed legislation to address
and end government subsidies of unhealthy, unsustainably produced foods,
and they have secured upcoming appointments with their congressional
representative and senators. Kiara has been preparing her presentation to
her legislators and is eager to share her knowledge, perspectives, and ideas
with them.

***

At twenty-eight years old, Alexis has just received her Ph.D. in chemistry
and has been hired by a company developing innovative materials for use
in the electronics industry. Her research focuses on the elimination of
toxins in electronic components and the development of recyclable and
biodegradable materials when the individual units are no longer functional.
Alexis traces her interest in chemistry to eighth grade when her class
examined a week's worth of school trash. Her teacher had asked how each
item in the trash could be avoided by making different purchasing choices;
or reused, composted, or recycled. Alexis realized that if she drank tap
water instead of juice or didn't buy anything that was wrapped in plastic or
Styrofoam, she would produce less waste, but the truth was that she really
liked drinking juice and wanted plenty of things that were over-packaged.
As her class discussed how they could reduce their trash, Alexis mused
that it would be nice if containers and packaging could be composted like
food waste and turned into soil. Her teacher said this was a great idea and
told her that there were companies working to achieve this goal.
Alexis contacted an inventor developing environmentally responsible
packaging, expressing her interest in learning more. Through her dialogue
with the inventor, her conversations with her teacher, and her own
research, Alexis developed her strong interest in chemistry, which she
pursued through subjects she studied both in school and through an
internship with the inventor. The seeds planted in middle school and
nourished throughout high school and college led to a meaningful and
highly valuable career.

***

Seven-year-old Elijah is lying on his belly with his chin propped up by his
hands on a bed of soft pine needles in a park near his school. He's so quiet
and still that he's able to hear and observe woodland animals all around
him. A squirrel is chewing on a mushroom only a few yards away. He
watches, mesmerized, until the sound of a woodpecker distracts him. He
rolls on his back to watch the bird pound her beak into a tree. A few
minutes later his face breaks into a huge smile when he notices a small
screech owl sleeping in a previously hollowed woodpecker hole.
When he began spending time in the woods, Elijah didn't notice these
things. In fact, he squirmed and complained to his teacher when she first
brought his class to the park. Over time, however, he's become very
observant, and visiting the park is one of his favorite things to do. When he
and his classmates return to school, they share their observations and their
questions.
On this particular day, Elijah is wondering:

How can the squirrel eat a mushroom that might be poisonous to

people?
How come the woodpecker's brain doesn't get scrambled by hitting the
wood so hard?
Why is the screech owl sleeping in the middle of the day?
 The children have a growing question list on the wall, which they learn
to answer through books, Internet searches, and during conversations with
their teacher and the naturalist who works at the park. Sometimes students
with the same questions work together to find the answers. Usually, the
answers lead to more questions, and every outing strengthens their
knowledge, heightens their curiosity, and deepens their reverence and
appreciation for the natural world. Elijah and his classmates are also
learning how to make choices that help protect the park and the animals
who reside there.

***

Eighteen-year-old Ramon is a high school senior, passionate about issues

of justice. He's been dedicated to learning about human rights issues in
school. Over the years he has done research and conducted projects on
modern-day slavery, child labor, migrant farm work, and the
disenfranchisement and oppression of girls and women. Every time he
learns about these issues, he becomes involved in educating others. A poet,
he has performed his social justice poetry for audiences in and out of
school, and several of his YouTube videos have been viewed tens of
thousands of times.
At the end of his junior year, Ramon became especially interested in the
criminal justice and prison systems in the United States. He learned that
the criminal justice system isn't actually just, and that the U.S.
incarceration rate is the highest in the world, with U.S. jails housing more
than twenty percent of the world's prisoners,1 who are disproportionately
low-income people of color. He now spends time each week interning with
a mentor in restorative justice, which helps offenders repair the harm they
have caused rather than simply serve time in prison. With a group of
classmates, he proposed a new disciplinary policy for his school based on
these restorative justice practices, which the school adopted.
Ramon plans to go to college and then law school. When asked about a
future career, he says he would like to be a judge. He wants to have a
positive impact on the criminal justice system, to address persistent racism
and classism within it, and to shift the system away from incarceration and
punishment toward restitution and accountability to both the individuals
harmed as well as the community at large, and toward the healthy re-entry
of formerly incarcerated people into educational programs and productive
work that pays a living wage. Understanding that certain social and
economic systems give rise to violence and criminal acts, his intention is to
work to support policies that reduce criminality while helping to make the
criminal justice system truly fair, effective, and humane so that it protects
society and individuals alike. When asked why he is so dedicated to these
goals, he responds, “I just want everyone to succeed.”

***

I've taken liberties with these stories, although they are based on students I
have known and schools that have provided the kind of education that
leads to such outcomes. You probably know young people like Kiara,
Alexis, Elijah, and Ramon, who have been educated by teachers dedicated
to ensuring their students gain such experiences, knowledge, and skills. To
solve the challenges we face, we need caring, curious, motivated young
people who have had the opportunity to solve real-world problems. Where
will they come from? They will come from schools that are prepared and
committed to educating a generation of solutionaries.2
Transforming our educational system won't be easy, but I believe that it
is the most important and strategic path toward creating more just,
peaceful, and sustainable societies. Because the world inevitably becomes
what we teach, it's up to each of us—whether we are teachers, school
administrators, parents, grandparents, concerned citizens, legislators,
entrepreneurs and business leaders, or any number of other professionals—
to commit to transforming schooling so that it is truly worthy of children
and genuinely worthwhile for the world they will both inherit and shape.
1 From the World Prison Population List, 10th Edition, published by the
International Centre for Prison Studies, partner of the University of
Essex.
2 I introduced this concept during my first TEDx talk, “The World
Becomes What You Teach,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=t5HEV96dIuY.
 PART I

WHY AND HOW

SCHOOLS MUST
CHANGE
What are the root challenges in
education?
Most people in industrialized countries have experienced thirteen years of
formal schooling, so it is not surprising that many consider themselves to
be legitimate critics of education.
Our feelings about schooling run the gamut. Some believe that if the
curriculum and pedagogy were good enough for them, they should be good
enough for children today. Others remember school as primarily anxiety-
provoking and often boring. They know that the opportunities to learn
today are abundant and exciting, making traditional approaches to
education outdated.
While our perspectives are shaped in part by our memories of school, as
well as our children's experiences, they are also shaped by our zip codes.
Because public schools in the U.S. are funded in large part through
property tax revenues, people in higher-income areas have better-funded
schools than people in lower-income areas.1
In communities across the U.S., schools have become more rather than
less segregated over the past half-century.2 The promise of equal
educational opportunities for all has shown itself to be illusory. Racist
practices and attitudes that have led to segregated neighborhoods, as well
as income disparities, perpetuate educational inequities. Moreover, while
the majority of students in public schools are non-white, according to a
2016 government report only eighteen percent of teachers are people of
color.3
There are several reasons4 for this and many efforts to change it,
because studies show that having teachers who represent a similar
background, race, and ethnicity to the majority of their students makes a
positive difference for both children and their communities.5 To be clear,
fully representative schools aren't just good for children of color; they are
good for all children, education, and society as a whole.
Discriminatory discipline of young people and “zero-tolerance” policies
have resulted in a pattern of suspensions and expulsions, sometimes for
minor infractions, primarily among Black and Hispanic students. These
policies have led to a pernicious school-to-prison pipeline.6 While
restorative justice practices (like those Ramon proposed for his school in
the Introduction) are being adopted in more and more schools, and the
harsh disciplinary trend is starting to reverse, schools often still promote
“tough love” approaches. As one teacher posted on Twitter: “I was told
that ‘these kids’ need to be handled very firmly with high expectation and
rigidity. That didn't sit well with me, but I tried it and failed. My style now
is ‘love with reckless abandon,’ and I see high achievement/growth.”7
The COVID-19 pandemic dramatically revealed a number of other gaps
and divides. With the closing of schools, many children dependent upon
in-person schooling for two meals a day were left hungry as schools
scrambled to figure out how to provide them with food. Those young
people without Internet and computer access at home were unable to
participate in remote learning and hybrid models of education, and schools
and teachers were often unequipped to support them. While high-income
families were able to form pods and hire private teachers to educate their
children, low-income families were not. Millions of children disappeared
from school entirely during the pandemic.8 The pandemic exposed
profound inequities and put on display the burden placed on schools and
teachers to solve deeply entrenched systems of racism, economic
inequality, and educational inequities.
 The issues above need our dedicated attention. At the same time, this
book is based on the premise that education needs not only to be made
fully equitable, but also to be re-imagined. Fundamentally, we are not yet
preparing students for life and work in a technologically changing,
globalized world, nor for a future in which much of life on Earth faces dire
threats. Despite our many and various critiques of education, we often miss
some of the most crucial underlying issues as well as some of the most
exciting opportunities for transformation. For example:

It's not just that many students are graduating from high school
without the necessary skills in literacy, numeracy, and science; it's that
even if they were to graduate with exceptional skills, they would not
by design or purpose be properly educated and prepared for today's
world and the important task of solving critical global problems.
It's not just that many students drop out; it's that often these students
perceive school to be irrelevant and not worthwhile, and many students
—even those who don't drop out—are largely disengaged.
It's not just that there is an “achievement gap”; it's that there is an
opportunity gap, and we continue to fail to address poverty and racism,
which are the primary causes of that gap, and often use biased
standards and assessment tools to measure achievement.
Simultaneously, we fail to identify and measure many other
achievements that matter.
It's not just that students aren't performing up to par; it's that
standardized tests are often poor evaluation tools, unworthy of our
students' true needs, and often at odds with helping them gain many of
the skills they require. Many public-school teachers are required to
“teach to the test” and are rarely provided with preparation to educate
about interconnected global issues and teach solutionary thinking skills
that are so essential for their students, their country, and the world.
It's not just that bullying is a problem in schools and that compassion
and character are not adequately cultivated to ensure kindness and
responsibility; it's that our daily lives are inextricably connected
through the global economy to institutionalized brutality, injustice, and
environmental devastation, and that we do not usually learn in school
how to be kind and responsible in a far-reaching way in a world in
 which our everyday choices impact other people, animals, and
ecosystems across the planet.9
It's not just that cheating is rampant in school; it's that we have an
outmoded system that tempts students to cheat. With facts literally at
their fingertips, students most need to cultivate skills in research,
collaboration, and critical, systems, strategic, creative, scientific,
logical, and design thinking. These skills are most effectively taught
and fostered in ways that are antithetical to cheating, and teachers need
support to shift their focus toward these skills and employing more
relevant assessments that make cheating a non-issue.
It's not just that many students are overly stressed by their packed
schedules, their hours of homework, and their extracurricular
obligations; it's that they have little opportunity to connect their
learning to the real world, develop and follow their own passions, and
contribute in ways that are truly meaningful and demonstrate real
accomplishments.
It's not just that so many schools aren't succeeding at achieving their
stated objectives; it's that many of their stated objectives are no longer
the right ones for today's world.

Thus, when we hear in the media and from politicians about the
problems with today's schools, it's essential that we look beyond the sound
bites to recognize and understand the limitations of these critiques. We
need to shift away from politically motivated side-taking and set our sights
on solutions to education that are most meaningful to all students and their
futures; that are truly helpful to the profession of teaching; and that are
ultimately best for the world our children will soon be influencing.
With this said, it's important to stress that many teachers, school
administrators, instructional and curriculum designers, and district leaders
are trying to create learning environments and curricula that better prepare
students for today's and tomorrow's world. Despite often being thwarted by
systems outside their control, they are working tirelessly and creatively.
We owe these educators a great debt, and they deserve our full support.

Let's shift the purpose of schooling.

In the United States the current purpose of schooling is expressed in the
mission statement at the U.S. Department of Education website: to
promote student achievement and preparation for global competitiveness
by fostering educational excellence and ensuring equal access. Is this
mission sufficient and appropriate for students whose future is threatened
by global problems they will be required to address? Might they be better
served by a more meaningful and comprehensive mission that includes
learning to solve the challenges they will face?
Climate change is not a future possibility; it is happening now,10 with
catastrophic impacts on humans and nonhumans alike.11 Human
population continues to grow, and of the nearly 8 billion people in the
world, more than 700 million live in extreme poverty on less than $1.90
per day,12 and approximately 40 million are enslaved.13 While
disenfranchised groups have gained critical legal rights and protections,
racism, sexism, homophobia/transphobia and other forms of oppression
and prejudice persist not only in the hearts and minds of individuals but
within institutional structures. Animals, too, are facing horrific exploitation
and cruelty. Tens of billions of land animals14 and trillions of sea animals15
suffer and die each year as part of an unsustainable and inhumane global
food system. Meanwhile, misinformation, disinformation, and polarization
impact our ability to accurately identify and collaboratively address these
and other challenges.
Despite the grim realities above, we've seen real progress and have ever-
expanding opportunities to solve our problems. For example, people in
countries around the globe are living longer and more materially secure
lives,16 and (media reports notwithstanding) there is less violence toward
people than ever before in recorded human history.17 Only in this century
have we had the capacity to communicate and collaborate instantaneously
with so many across the globe. Even in many countries where poverty is
pervasive, mobile phone access is enabling millions to connect with others
worldwide and to access the growing body of knowledge humans are
creating and disseminating. There are also exciting innovations occurring
in green technology, architecture, construction, and production. Clean
energy systems and regenerative farming practices are expanding, and
people in every country are devising solutions to what have been
seemingly intractable problems. And thanks in large part to positive
changes within the education system, young people are growing
consistently less racist, sexist, homophobic/transphobic and more
philanthropic and environmentally conscious.18
In other words, today's world presents our children with unprecedented
challenges as well as unprecedented opportunities. Our ability to acquire
pertinent information, share our knowledge, work together to solve our
challenges, and create a more just and healthy world is real and growing.
Yes, we face potential disasters, systemic injustices, and widespread
cruelties, and yes, through the right kind of education, we can solve these
problems. Given all these factors, doesn't it make sense for schools to
ensure that students understand the formidable challenges before them;
prepare young people to address these challenges; and engage youth in
cultivating their ability and desire to create meaningful solutions to
potentially calamitous global problems?
Henry David Thoreau once said, “There are a thousand hacking at the
branches of evil to one who is striking at the root.” Because the education
of children is the root system underlying other societal systems, it is
critical that we reexamine and shift the purpose of schooling. If schools
were actually successful at achieving the current U.S. Department of
Education's mission—so that graduates were all able to compete
effectively in the global economy—these young people would likely
perpetuate and perhaps even escalate the global problems we face.
However, if we embrace a mission more worthy of our children and their
future—to prepare them to be engaged and knowledgeable solutionaries
for an equitable, humane, and sustainable world—we will have a purpose
that propels us toward a deeply meaningful and relevant education that
benefits both youth and all on Earth. Our children are far more likely to be
successful and happy if they have the knowledge, skills, and motivation to
effectively address and solve the problems they will face through whatever
careers and jobs they choose to pursue. Just as what harms our world
harms our children, what benefits our world benefits our children. This is
why we must commit to educating a generation of solutionaries.

What should we teach?

Given the reality of globalization, constantly evolving technologies,
rapidly shifting job opportunities, and a planet in peril, it's important to re-
evaluate the body of knowledge and skill sets that we require children to
obtain. It helps to come to this task with a beginner's eyes, unfettered by
attachments to traditional subjects, content areas, and skill development.
With limited hours in the day, and in a world where information about
virtually anything and everything is readily available, what essential
knowledge and skills should students acquire and why? The answer to this
question should change over time. Skill sets that were once valuable may
not be essential in today's world, while other skill sets are now vital.
Content knowledge that is important today may be eclipsed by other
content knowledge in the coming decades. This is why transferable skills,
understandings, and habits of mind are so critical, and why memorizing
specific facts has become largely outdated.19
A thought experiment quickly reinforces the problem of primarily
focusing on content at all. Consider which of the following you believe are
subjects that all children should study in the U.S., recognizing, of course,
that the myriad subtopics under these general subject headings should
evoke the same question:
biology; chemistry; physics; ecology and environmental science;
geology; botany; nutrition; mycology; astronomy; neuroscience;
ethology and zoology; oceanography and marine science; climate
science and climate change; engineering; computer science and
technologies; ancient history; U.S. history, governance, and civics;
history of other continents, regions, and nations; history of
colonization; history of indigenous peoples; history of war, peace,
and nonviolent movements; history of caste, slavery, racism, anti-
Semitism, sexism, homophobia, and other manifestations of
prejudice and oppression; heroic leaders and change agents
throughout history; inventions that changed history; overview of
human history from the beginning of time to the present; art
history; geography and its impacts on cultures; world religions;
geometry; algebra; calculus and trigonometry; statistics and
probability; anthropology; archeology; psychology; sociology;
money and economics; social entrepreneurship; American and
English literature; drama; mythology; visual arts; poetry; music;
 world languages; world literature in translation; the classics;
philosophy; logic and epistemology; movements for justice and
rights; media, disinformation, and conspiracy theories; physical and
mental health; the true cost of our product, food, and clothing
choices; sustainable and ethical living in a globalized world.
What did you find yourself thinking and feeling as you read this list?
My hope is that you felt confused and uncertain, perhaps overwhelmed,
and that this long (and by no means exhaustive) list called into question the
basic subject categories that we currently teach in U.S. schools. I also hope
you found yourself wondering why we teach what we teach.
I believe that mandatory school subjects ought to vary based on where
one lives in the world and available opportunities, and that students should
learn a little about many subjects. But far more important than specific
content are the skills we teach students. Knowing how to carefully
research, evaluate, and interrelate various disciplines matters more than
choosing limited, specific subjects for study.
There are many essential cognitive processes and skills that enable our
children to succeed in life, solve problems, and continually learn. With the
development of these skills and abilities, our children can learn about
anything on the list above as well as other topics of interest and importance
to them. As Steve Pearlman writes in his book America's Critical Thinking
Crisis, “No subject matters one lick if students lack the capacity to think
about it.”20
Below are twelve essential skills and cognitive abilities that I believe
children need in today's world.21 Students must be able to:

1. Read, write, and communicate effectively.

2. Understand mathematical concepts and statistics and do basic
arithmetic.
3. Understand and employ the scientific method.
4. Conduct effective research, evaluate it for accuracy, and analyze data.
5. Think critically, strategically, logically, analytically, scientifically, and
creatively.
6. Understand systems and recognize the many intertwining, systemic
causes of problems.
 7. Develop and implement solutions to interconnected problems without
producing unintended negative consequences.
8. Listen to and evaluate multiple perspectives and be able to employ
methods for solving conflicts without hostility or violence.
9. Use technology effectively and understand how various algorithms and
platforms work in ways that manipulate and silo people, promulgate
misinformation, and lead to uncritical thinking.
10. Work both independently and collaboratively.
11. Self-reflect, self-manage, and self-assess.
12. Act with compassion and determine and embrace choices that do the
most good and least harm for themselves and others, including other
species and the environment.

With identification of the skills and cognitive capacities young people

most need in today's world, we can then develop appropriate curricula. We
can begin by reexamining what is currently taught, cultivated, and assessed
within traditional curricula since we cannot simply add on to an already
full plate. Ultimately, it's in the best interests of our children, our societies,
and our world to develop curricula, pedagogical approaches, and school
cultures that simultaneously:

Foster affective qualities such as compassion, wonder, responsibility,

and integrity.
Focus on core skills and thinking capacities that will help them
navigate, succeed in, and contribute to the world they live in.
Teach subjects that most agree are essential for today's world.
Provide an introduction to numerous subjects so students have
exposure to the breadth of worthwhile topics and are poised to think in
interdisciplinary ways.
Ensure students have the ability to transfer knowledge and skills from
one discipline to another.
Create space and time to personalize the curriculum and pedagogy so
all children have the ability in school to pursue their own interests,
concerns, and talents.
Enable students to express and cultivate their creativity and develop
and maintain physical and mental health.
 Build communities of respect, understanding, perspective-taking, and
collaboration.
Cultivate the ability to think and act in a solutionary manner.

With these skills in mind, let's return to the content areas mentioned in
my long list above. Since the acquisition of skills enables students to learn
about any subjects of importance or interest, what content rises to the
surface as essential for all U.S. students to know? For me, at this moment,
the following seem especially important:

An overview of the history of humankind

U.S. history, governance, and civics
History of caste, slavery, racism, anti-Semitism, sexism, and other
manifestations of prejudice and oppression and Movements for justice
and rights
Climate science and climate change
Ecology, Biology, and Psychology
Media, disinformation, and conspiracy theories
Sustainable and ethical living in a globalized world
Logic and epistemology
Physical and mental health and Nutrition
Money and economics
Statistics and probability
Exposure and access to various arts (poetry, music, drama, dance,
visual arts, etc.)

What rises to the top for you?

What constitutes solutionary thinking?

To be solutionaries, students begin by bringing a solutionary lens to
problems that they notice in the world and study in school. This means
they:

see that problems can be solved

invite the perspectives of others
focus on solutions
 recognize that problems don't exist in isolation
seek collaboration
look for ways to ensure that no people, animals, or ecosystems are
harmed by their solutions

With a solutionary lens in place, they can then cultivate and practice
solutionary thinking, which is primarily comprised of:

Critical thinking
Systems thinking
Strategic thinking
Creative thinking

Critical Thinking
Critical thinking lies at the foundation of solutionary thinking. Without
discernment and the ability to ascertain what is factual and distinguish
misinformation and disinformation from what is true; to reason; to analyze
data; and to assess one's own thinking processes, we cannot build the
knowledge necessary to solve problems effectively or in a solutionary
manner.
What exactly is critical thinking? The Foundation for Critical Thinking
defines it as “the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully
conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating
information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience,
reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action.”22
Critical thinking is challenging. Most of us (myself included) are not
proficient enough critical thinkers, and educators are rarely prepared to
teach critical thinking, even though it is foundational for learning.
How do we know what we know? How do we know that our planet is
billions of years old? That we are comprised of atoms? That more people
died in the 1918–19 influenza pandemic than in World War I? That a mass
extinction is underway? That millions of children are currently living and
working as slaves? That nonhuman animals experience pain and suffering
on modern industrial farms and in testing laboratories?
Few of us have direct evidence to substantiate the above statements.
Rather, we rely on research, experts, and journalism we've come to trust.
We also rely on the collective involvement of educated people in many and
varied fields to corroborate and demonstrate the validity of hypotheses and
theories and to accurately report historical facts and current events.
Unfortunately, however, we may come to trust illegitimate and highly
biased sources of information based on our already established belief
systems. To the greatest degree possible, young people need to learn how
to find and evaluate evidence and discover what is factual. They also need
to learn to endure the discomfort of cognitive dissonance when their
beliefs are challenged by contrary evidence. Confronting cognitive
dissonance is challenging because we are disinclined to abandon our
deepest beliefs no matter how strong the evidence, and often the greater
the evidence the deeper we remain attached to our faulty beliefs. It is even
more challenging to confront cognitive dissonance in schools for two
reasons:

1. In order for young people to learn to think critically about their

assumptions and beliefs, it helps to have teachers actively modeling
this themselves, yet this is not something that is normally part of a
teacher's job description or their training to be educators.
2. If young people become adept at critical thinking they may begin to
think differently from their parents, who may not appreciate their
children challenging family norms or beliefs. Parental displeasure may
translate into criticism of teachers and schools, causing many schools
to keep the curriculum as uncontroversial as possible to avoid conflict.

During Barack Obama's tenure as President of the United States, I was

invited to a middle school to give a presentation on learning to make
choices that do the most good and least harm for oneself and others.
During the presentation, students shared their thoughts in response to my
question, “What are the biggest problems in the world?” One boy said,
“War.” My agreeing that war was a problem alarmed the principal, who
worried that this assertion would make parents who were veterans, or
fighting in Iraq or Afghanistan, angry. (Ironically, it is soldiers and
veterans who know better than most that war is a problem.)
It is worth reporting that no parents expressed concern about by my visit
to their children's school, and students told the principal that they learned
the following:
 Making connections between one's choices and the impact of those
choices on others is important.
Each of us should endeavor to model a message we're proud of.
Giving of oneself increases one's own joy.

I tell this story because it represents a trend among many school

administrators and politicians to discourage teaching and learning that may
be perceived as even remotely controversial. For example, in 2015
members of the West Virginia House of Representatives introduced a bill
to prohibit the teaching of “social problems, economics, foreign affairs, the
United Nations, world government, socialism or communism until basic
courses in American state and local geography and history are completed”
(HB 2107). If this bill passed, an offending teacher would be charged with
a misdemeanor crime and fined. And then fired.
Such legislation should deeply worry us. One can imagine schools
teaching the prerequisite courses only in the upper grades of high school,
preventing students from ever having class discussions about important
global and social issues—even those heavily reported in the news—
throughout most of their schooling. What's ironic, and perhaps tragic, is
that there are few places better than schools to address and grapple with
“social problems, economics, foreign affairs” and any number of issues,
controversial or otherwise, relevant to the lives of our children. Schools
and teachers can provide one of the best venues for investigation, research,
and analysis, with the goal of turning controversial issues into the clay
from which students can mold new ideas and develop meaningful solutions
to problems that are all too commonly perceived and presented in either/or
terms.
In 2021, in response to the racial-justice reckoning following George
Floyd's murder, sixteen states are considering or have signed into law bills
that would limit the teaching of certain ideas around race and racism. Such
legislation has been opposed by the National Education Association and
National Council for Social Studies, and many educators are concerned
about the chilling effect these laws will have on classroom discussions
about such an important issue.
As long as the issues are presented in an age-appropriate manner, and
teachers and administrators take great care not to subtly influence students
with their own biases, transforming controversy from polarized camps into
problem-solving for all is a wonderful challenge for students and offers the
potential for real contributions to society. Moreover, if young people are to
become solutionaries, they must be permitted to explore and grapple with
controversial topics. One of my favorite examples of the power of young
people to address the gravest issues of our time is teacher John Hunter's
World Peace Game, in which fourth-graders devise solutions to bring
about peace.23
Key to addressing controversy is the ability to determine what is
actually true. Controversial issues often stem from conflicting beliefs
about what is factual. This is why learning how to discern facts from
conjecture, disinformation, and misinformation must become an essential
goal of schooling. To navigate the media—traditional, alternative, right-
leaning, left-leaning, and social—in which any opinion, perspective,
pseudo-scientific statement, illegitimate conspiracy theory, etc., vies with
valid research, careful journalism, real science, and actual conspiracies,
children need to become adept critical thinkers able to challenge biases,
including their own, everywhere.
When people actively and energetically pursue information and gain
knowledge, they often want to share their new perspectives with others.
Sometimes they do so with a critical attitude, not just critical thinking, and
when this happens, learning and thinking suffer. It's important to ensure
respectful dialogue in classrooms and reinforce good communication and
listening skills. Children need to feel that their opinions and beliefs may be
expressed openly, and that no one will be marginalized for having
unpopular ideas and perspectives. Parents want to know that persuasive
teachers who have different values or views won't unduly influence their
children, and that the classroom will not become a venue for disrespect
toward others' beliefs, values, or cultural traditions.

Systems Thinking
Because life in our world—both ecological and societal—is dependent
upon interconnected systems, to be a solutionary it is also essential to
become a systems thinker, able to identify the interlinking elements that
contribute to the challenges we face. Over time, and despite revolutionary
and positive innovations and breakthroughs in science, governance, food
production, health care, economics, and more, we have developed
entrenched, interrelated systems that have caused, and continue to cause,
escalating problems. Although many of our most effective, efficient, and
powerful systems have brought great opportunities and liberties and have
alleviated tremendous suffering and injustices, our current energy,
production, transportation, agriculture, political, and economic systems
perpetuate many of the challenges and crises before us.
Attempting to solve a problem in isolation may potentially exacerbate
other problems inextricably linked through various systems. While it is not
easy to take everyone's interests into consideration, it is necessary to do so
in order to avoid partial solutions and/or solutions that help one group
while harming another. Here are a few examples of solutions embraced in
the United States that have helped alleviate one problem while
exacerbating others:

As we have worked to expand our economy in order to create more

prosperity for people, we have contributed to more resource depletion
and pollution.
As we have developed systems to increase the production and reduce
the cost of food, we have created environmentally destructive
agricultural practices; low-wage and migrant farm jobs without worker
protections; and confinement operations that are cruel to animals,
resource intensive, and highly polluting.
As we have outsourced production to developing countries to better
compete in the marketplace, keep costs low for consumers, and
increase company revenues, we have lost the ability to effectively
monitor working conditions and ensure that people in other countries
who are producing our clothes, food, electronics, etc., are paid a living
wage, treated fairly, and work in safety. Moreover, modern supply
chains make it difficult to ensure that enslaved people are not used in
the production of many of the goods we purchase. Outsourcing has
also meant the loss of U.S. jobs.
As we have tried to ensure that chemicals entering our environment are
safe, we have subjected millions of sentient animals to painful toxicity
tests in which chemicals are force-fed to them in quantities meant to
kill.
 Addressing and changing entrenched and interconnected systems is
challenging. When an entire society is structured around certain systems
(such as centralized energy grids) it is difficult to move from the
predominant system (e.g., fossil fuels) to less centralized systems (e.g.,
solar, tidal, and wind). When structural forms of oppression and prejudice
are pervasive across many systems (e.g. education, housing,
banking/lending, incarceration, voting), it is difficult to create an equitable
society without addressing all the interconnected systems at once.
Thus, to prepare young people to think comprehensively and deeply
about interrelated challenges and to solve problems systemically and
wisely, we must educate them to make multiple connections and seek
answers that do not cause new problems while solving existing problems.
Students need to be able to understand complex, interconnected systems;
evaluate them thoughtfully; and become systems thinkers and changers.24

Strategic Thinking
Critical and systems thinking provide the foundation for deeply
understanding a problem and its effects on people, animals, and the
environment, as well as for identifying the human and nonhuman
stakeholders who are impacted (both negatively and positively) by the
problem and the systems that perpetuate it. To move into the problem-
solving stage, we need to cultivate and practice strategic thinking. We may
come up with many ideas for solving a problem, and some of these ideas
will be more strategic than others. Learning to think strategically leads to a
greater likelihood of successful implementation of effective solutions.
Strategic thinking involves the identification of practical and powerful
leverage points where a tactical change can have a far-reaching impact.
The more students investigate the causes of problems, the more
connections between systems they will uncover. Not only will they
discover the ways that societal and ecological systems interconnect and
reinforce problems, they will also deepen their understanding of root
causes, such as mindsets, belief systems, and psychological factors that
have led us to create these systems.
As students learn to identify the most effective strategies for solving
problems, they may search for the deepest leverage points—places where a
small change could initiate a cascade of positive outcomes. Often,
however, the deepest leverage points lie at the root cause level of human
psychology and biology that are difficult or unlikely to change. For
example, if we want to solve the problem of growing rates of obesity
among children, eliminating children's cravings for high-fat, high-calorie
foods would potentially have a huge positive impact, but this is an
impractical leverage point, even if it would have far-reaching effects. The
other extreme—foregoing deep leverage points for easy fixes at the
problem level—isn't particularly strategic either. For example, promoting
diets to kids who are overweight might seem like a solution to the
problem, but we know that dieting is not especially effective.
A more strategic approach to this problem would be to address the
systems that:

Permit advertising of unhealthy foods to children.

Perpetuate the practice of placing high-fat, nutritionally poor foods
into the school lunch program.
Allow tax subsidies for unhealthy foods, such that they are the least
expensive and most accessible foods for parents to purchase.
Limit access to a variety of affordable fresh vegetables and fruits in
low-income neighborhoods.
Fail to educate parents on the topic of nutrition for their children.

Creative Thinking
Whereas critical thinking usually entails focused analysis and evaluation to
ascertain the truth, creative thinking often happens when we are not
seeking the “right answer”; when we are open to any and all ideas; and
when we are in a playful, relaxed state. The creative impulse is a
birthright, but all too often, it becomes buried in school.25 The more the
arts—whether visual, written, dramatic, choreographic, improvisational, or
musical—are cut from the school day, the less opportunity our children
have to tap into the creative force from which inspiration and ideation
often flow.
In relation to becoming a solutionary, creative thinking involves
addressing problems in an inventive and/or unorthodox manner; generating
ideas that no one has thought of; and/or applying knowledge, skills, and
processes from one domain to another in a new way. Creative thinking
may come into play not only by devising an innovative solution, but also
by discovering ideas that already exist but are not being implemented
because of entrenched systems that impede their adoption. The creative
thinker may develop ideas for transforming those systems to allow an
existing solutionary idea to take root.
Both strategic and creative thinking can be practiced individually as
well as collectively. Group brainstorms often produce exciting ideas that
spark other ideas among members of the team. Refining these ideas can
certainly be done solo, but often the most successful approaches come
about through collaboration. When schools play a deliberate role in
cultivating opportunities for creative thinking to flourish, they not only
enliven everyone participating in the educational endeavor, they also
prevent the loss of potential solutions to problems from coming to light
and being implemented.
While critical, systems, strategic, and creative thinking happen in a
nonlinear fashion, they can and do build upon one another sequentially to
help people become more successful solutionaries. Without critical
thinking at the base, systems thinking becomes challenging. Without
critical and systems thinking operating together, strategic thinking may not
successfully advance the most solutionary ideas. And without all three,
creative thinking may lack the foundation that enables the imagination to
consider new ways to advance the best solutions. Thus, the coaching,
practice, and cultivation of these types of thinking need to occur
throughout schooling if we want to educate a generation of solutionaries.

What are the systems within education

in need of change?
There are many systems within schools themselves that we rarely examine
as a society, often because we assume a significant amount of wisdom
went into their creation. Below are some common school systems and
practices in the United States. As you read each one, ask yourself if this
system or practice best helps achieve the goal of educating and preparing
students for their futures and enabling them to effectively participate in the
creation of a more sustainable and just world.
Should we:

Divide the core subjects we teach into the four categories of math,
science, language arts, and social studies?26
Teach all children essentially the same things, at the same ages, and in
the same ways throughout school?
Divide units of instruction into short, specific, and predictable time
periods of approximately 45 minutes?
Divide days into class periods with no particular relevance to one
another?
Evaluate student learning primarily with standardized tests and grades?
Assess schools and teachers based on students' standardized test
scores?
Pay for public schools largely through property taxes, which favor
children who live in wealthier areas and limit the funds available for
children who live in high-poverty areas?
Conduct school Monday–Friday, starting around 8 a.m. and ending
around 3 p.m. and taking summers off?
Learn almost exclusively within the walls of the school building,27
with field trips as a rare treat often distinct from the curriculum, and
internship/mentorship opportunities uncommon?
Avoid democracy in the school as an organizing, decision-making
principle worth modeling and practicing?

These pervasive systems and practices have been in place for a long
time, and each one deserves reexamination if we are to best educate young
people for their important roles and responsibilities in today's world. The
next section of this book offers ideas to propel us toward new systems and
ways of teaching that will be more relevant and meaningful for children
and better prepare them for their futures.
The good news is that many schools, teachers, administrators,
curriculum and instructional designers, and parents are transforming
schools in their communities and creating innovative programs and
approaches. These initiatives, however, are generally not recognized as
models worthy of large-scale replication at any level of state or federal
government. Additionally, teachers who are dedicated to educating their
students to be real-world problem-solvers are often focused on a single
concern, rather than on ensuring that their students are educated and
prepared to find answers that are good for all people, all species, and the
ecosystems that sustain everyone. School reforms are myriad, but not
necessarily comprehensive in their nature and vision. That is why it is time
to imagine and develop curricula, pedagogical approaches, and schools
that simultaneously serve the needs of individual students while enabling
them to be contributors to a thriving future for all life.
1. See Alana Samuels, “Good School, Rich School; Bad School, Poor
School,” The Atlantic, August 25, 2016,
https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/08/property-taxes-
and-unequal-schools/497333.
2. To teach about school segregation see, Keith Meatto, “Still Separate,
Still Unequal: Teaching about School Segregation and Educational
Inequality,” New York Times, May 2, 2019,
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/02/learning/lesson-plans/still-separate-
still-unequal-teaching-about-school-segregation-and-educational-
inequality.html.
3. See U.S. Department of Education report, The State of Racial Diversity
in the Educator Workforce:
https://www2.ed.gov/rschstat/eval/highered/racial-diversity/state-racial-
diversity-workforce.pdf.
4. See Josh Moss, “Where Are All the Teachers of Color?” Harvard Ed.
Magazine Summer 2016
https://www.gse.harvard.edu/news/ed/16/05/where-are-all-teachers-color.
5. See Andre Perry, “Black Teachers Matter, for Students and
Communities,” The Hechinger Report, September 17, 2019,
https://hechingerreport.org/black-teachers-matter-for-students-and-
communities.
6. See Libby Nelson and Dara Lind, “The School to Prison Pipeline
Explained,” Justice Policy Initiative, February 24, 2015,
http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775.
7. Trina Parrish @BlasterOfArt on Twitter, December 9, 2020.
8. See Stacey Ritzen, “How Many Kids Have Not Gone Back to School
Since the Pandemic Began?” n.d. Nautilus:
 https://coronavirus.nautil.us/missing-school-coronavirus-pandemic.
9. Educators who want to teach about the impacts of everyday choices on
others far removed may be met with resistance from parents who do not
want their family choices to be challenged in school.
10. See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, AR6 Synthesis
Report: Climate Change 2022,
http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports
.shtml.
11. See National Museum of Natural History, “Extinction Over Time,” n.d.,
https://naturalhistory.si.edu/education/teaching-
resources/paleontology/extinction-over-time.
12. See World Vision, “What Is Poverty?” n.d.,
https://www.worldvision.org/sponsorship-news-stories/global-poverty-
facts#what-is-poverty.
13. See Free the Slaves, “Slavery in History,” n.d.,
https://www.freetheslaves.net/about-slavery/slavery-in-history.
14. See Alex Thornton, “This Is How Many Animals We Eat Each Year,”
World Economic Forum, February 8, 2019,
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/02/chart-of-the-day-this-is-how-
many-animals-we-eat-each-year.
15. See FishCount.org.uk, “Fish Count Estimates,” n.d.,
http://fishcount.org.uk/fish-count-estimates#wildestimate.
16. See Professor of International Health Hans Rosling's short video for the
BBC graphing health and wealth trends over time:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbkSRLYSojo.
17. See Harvard professor Steven Pinker's book, The Better Angels of Our
Nature: Why Violence Has Declined. New York: Viking Press, 2011.
18. See Tom Jacobs, “Americans Are Becoming Less Racist and
Homophobic, According to New Research,” Pacific Standard, January 7,
2019, https://psmag.com/social-justice/americans-are-becoming-less-
racist-and-homophobic.
19. Watch Dan Brown's short video for a young man's perspective on the
value of learning facts in the twenty-first century,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3jjI15RXtc.
20. See Steven J. Pearlman, America's Critical Thinking Crisis: The
Failure and Promise of Education (2020),
 https://www.amazon.com/dp/B08LMZD8KD.
21. In the Appendix you will find a longer list of solutionary skills, as well
as affective qualities, worthy of cultivation and learning.
22. For more information about critical thinking, see The Foundation for
Critical Thinking, “Defining Critical Thinking,” n.d.,
https://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/defining-critical-thinking/766.
23. Watch John Hunter's top-rated March 2011 TED talk, “Teaching with
the World Peace Game,”
https://www.ted.com/talks/john_hunter_on_the_world_peace_game?
language=en.
24. You'll find ways to develop systems thinking competency in Part II.
25. See one of the most popular TED talks of all time, Sir Ken Robinson's
February 2006, “Do Schools Kill Creativity?”
https://www.ted.com/talks/ken_robinson_says_schools_kill_creativity?
language=en.
26. Finland has abandoned this system of teaching discrete subjects. See
Penny Spiller's May 29, 2017 report for the BBC, “Could Subjects Soon
Be a Thing of the Past?” https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-
39889523.
27. Although COVID-19 has been tragic for many children who became
largely or entirely disenfranchised due to school closures, remote learning
during the pandemic also engendered valuable insights and important
conversations that may ultimately lead to positive transformations in
schools.
 PART II

EDUCATING YOUNG
PEOPLE TO BE
SOLUTIONARIES
Begin with yourself.
Educating others to be solutionaries begins with educators cultivating
solutionary dispositions within themselves and practicing solutionary
skills. We wouldn't teach math without proficiency in math; history
without knowledge of history; or science without understanding the
sciences. Because the goal of this book is to help people educate others to
be solutionaries, it's important for educators to practice along the way in
order to develop some personal expertise.
A solutionary is not just a problem-solver. A solutionary is someone
who actively:

Identifies unsustainable, inhumane, and unjust systems.

Develops and implements systems-based solutions that do the most
good and least harm for all people, animals, and the environment.
Strives to make compassionate and responsible choices and to support
equitable, humane, healthy systems.

The last bullet sets the bar for being solutionary pretty high, given that
we cannot easily disentangle ourselves from systems that are unjust toward
people, cruel to animals, and environmentally destructive. But we can try.
To the best of our ability we can examine our choices and work to model a
message of kindness, compassion, and responsibility toward others,
including other species, through our everyday choices and acts of
citizenship. We can cultivate a willingness to learn without defensiveness,
introspect about the impacts of our choices, and move in the direction of
greater accountability for our decisions.1
The first and second bullets bookend the solutionary process. You'll
find an abbreviated version of this process (which is described fully in the
Institute for Humane Education's free digital Solutionary Guidebook2) in
the Appendix of this book. I invite you to choose a problem of concern to
you and then go through this process. In doing so, you'll hone your own
solutionary thinking and be better prepared to guide others. Chances are
that you'll also feel empowered, energized, and enthusiastic about the
potential for creating a healthier and more just future, which leads me to
another important goal. . . .

Let's teach children that a just, healthy,

and peaceful world is possible.
A couple of years ago I led a professional development workshop for
educators at a public math and science academy for 10th–12th graders. I
began the workshop by asking the group to respond to this prompt: In 50
years, I want the world to be. . . . The first teacher to raise her hand said,
“still here.” When asked whether others shared this feeling, almost all the
teachers and curriculum developers raised their hands. Most of them did
not feel hopeful about the future.
How might a sense of hopelessness impact teaching, learning,
educational goals, and educational outcomes? While hope is not a
prerequisite for solutionary thinking and action, without hope it may take a
special kind of discipline and integrity to forge a solutionary practice.
After all, why bother to work hard at solving entrenched problems if we
don't believe they can be solved?
It's not just teachers who are feeling hopeless. In 2012, I spoke to a
group of fifth and sixth graders at an independent school in Connecticut.
The children shared a list of global challenges, which I wrote down on a
white board.3 I asked them to raise their hands if they could imagine us
solving the problems they named. Of the approximately 45 children in the
room, only a handful raised their hands. This was one of the most
disturbing moments in my career as an educator. I thought to myself, “If
these children can't even imagine us solving our problems, what will
motivate them to try?”4
I knew I had to do something to bring these children some hope, so I
asked them to close their eyes, sit comfortably, take some deep breaths,
and imagine that they were very old, approaching the end of a long and
well-lived life. I described a healthy and humane future, painting a vivid
picture of clean air and water, and a world without war, poverty, or
oppression of people or animals. It was a similar picture to the one that
begins this book. Then I asked them to imagine a child approaching them.
This child has been studying history in school and wants to understand
how the world has improved so significantly. The child asks this question:
“What role did you play in helping to bring about our better world?”5 I
ended the visualization by inviting the students to mentally answer the
child's question. With their eyes still closed, I then asked them to raise
their hands if now they could imagine us solving our problems. This time,
only a handful didn't raise their hands. This suggested that despondency
and cynicism might not run very deep, and that the belief in the power to
create a brighter future might lie just below the surface if awakened and
supported.
With that said, depression and suicide among young people have been
on the rise for years. It is our responsibility as teachers, parents,
grandparents, mentors, and advocates for a more peaceful world to
cultivate practical hope and evidence-based optimism among young people
and to engage and support them in meaningful efforts for positive change.6
This is critically important both for them and the world.
In 2016 I spoke to a group of fifth graders in Guadalajara, Mexico. As I
had done in the school in Connecticut, I asked these children if they could
imagine us solving the problems we face in the world. Immediately, every
hand rose. What was different between these groups of children? The
primary difference that I noticed was what and how they were being taught
in school. The teacher in Mexico was teaching her students about
environmental problems, in age-appropriate ways, and engaging them in
efforts to solve them. With the children's involvement, the school had
installed solar panels, created a composting system for their cafeteria
waste, and replaced individual plastic bottles of water with large purified
water jugs from which students refilled their reusable bottles. They were
also working on issues beyond their school walls. These children
understood that problems could be solved because they had experience
solving problems.
Believing that a better future is possible strengthens hope. Hope then
becomes a motivator for action. Action then leads to greater hope, creating
a powerful positive feedback loop. Singer-songwriter Joan Baez once said,
“Action is the antidote to despair.” Professor David Orr phrased the
concept this way: “Hope is a verb with its sleeves rolled up.” And Greta
Thunberg, the Swedish climate activist who received international
attention at age thirteen, said in her TEDx talk, “Once we start to act, hope
is everywhere.”
We have much environmental damage to repair and many systems to
transform to create a humane and healthy world for all. The work ahead
may seem overwhelming at times, yet it is doable. I'd like to think that if
we educate a generation of solutionaries, it will be inevitable. To inspire
the greatest number of solutionaries, however, and to improve the
likelihood of success, we must commit to ensuring that students believe a
just, humane, and healthy world is possible and model this message for
them through our own participation in citizenship and change-making. If
we begin the educational endeavor with this premise, our children will
have every reason to engage enthusiastically and fully in the exciting,
hopeful, and meaningful work ahead of them. In the process, they will
come to know, deep in their hearts and minds, that what they do matters.
As young people participate collaboratively and successfully in creating
positive change, they will also likely feel the joy and enthusiasm that
accompany being part of something larger than themselves and making a
meaningful contribution. It is my great hope that we will then see
depression and suicide among youth decline.

Let's ensure students understand we are

all inextricably connected, and each
 responsible for the effects of our choices
and our collective future.
In his 1963 “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” Martin Luther King, Jr. wrote,
“We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single
garment of destiny.” While specifically written about racial justice, this
statement is true of all interconnected systems. Our societal decisions can
have negative consequences if we carelessly ignore our “network of
mutuality.”
For example:

In 2008, we saw predatory subprime mortgage loans issued in the U.S.

to people who couldn't afford them, and then bundled into tradable
commodities, bring down economies across the globe.
In late 2019, a pandemic that originated in China spread to every
country in just a couple of months, killing three million people in 16
months.
Greenhouse gasses emitted into the atmosphere by the U.S., China,
and other high fossil fuel–consuming countries are leading to rising
sea levels that threaten coastal cities and island nations across the
planet.
Growing resistance by bacteria to antibiotics, caused by both
indiscriminate use of these medicines in animals raised for food and
excessive and inappropriate prescriptions, now endangers the health of
people everywhere.

While intention matters—and only a small percentage of people intend

to harm others—our choices may cause suffering and destruction whether
we are aware of our impacts or not. This is why it is so important that
schools teach students to become cognizant of our interconnected lives and
the responsibility we share for the effects of our decisions. It really isn't
enough to teach our children only to be proximally kind (kind to those with
whom they interact directly); in today's world it is also important to teach
our children (and to learn ourselves) how to be kind through all of our
choices and to strive for justice for everyone.
 To demonstrate how we might teach students to perceive connections
and think with systems in mind, I offer you True Price, a solutionary-
focused activity that develops critical and systems thinking, and which can
be adapted to fit a variety of school subjects (including language arts,
science, math, and social studies).7 It can serve as the foundation for a
course, unit, or project and can even become the core of an
interdisciplinary program. In True Price, students ask the following
questions about an everyday item (e.g., an article of clothing, an electronic
device, a food or beverage, etc.)”

1. What are the effects of this item, both positive and negative, on me,
other people, animals, and the environment?
2. What are the societal systems that support, promote, and perpetuate
this item? (e.g. economic, production, transportation, political, energy,
healthcare, agriculture, education, advertising/media, etc.)
3. What alternative products would do more good and less harm for me,
other people, animals, and the environment?
4. What systems would need to change, and in what ways, to make
alternative products the norm, and what solutionary actions might I
take to create such systemic changes?

Below, I demonstrate this activity with an item that is common in most

industrialized countries: a fast-food burger. As you will see, I only scratch
the surface responding to these True Price questions because answering
them is a lengthy process that involves research and investigation. My goal
in sharing the process of asking and beginning to answer these questions is
to provide an example of how students can learn to understand the ways in
which everyday choices are connected to ecological and societal systems,
as well as how to foster students' compassion and sense of responsibility
for the impacts of those choices and systems.

True Price Example: Fast Food Burger

What are the effects, both positive and negative, of a fast-food burger on
me, other people, animals, and the environment? The positive effects of
fast-food burgers are obvious, and students do not have trouble articulating
them. At the point of purchase, fast-food burgers are inexpensive and
filling, as well as tasty and convenient. Their production has spread
widely, creating jobs for and increasing the wealth of millions of people,
including those whose retirement funds (whether they know it or not) are
invested in fast-food businesses.
Fast-food burgers are also:

Unhealthy: They are high in saturated fats, sodium, cholesterol,

calories, and sometimes chemical residues, and low in fiber.
Convincing evidence indicates that, eaten frequently, their
consumption may lead to heart disease, stroke, weight gain and
obesity, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers.8
Environmentally destructive and wasteful: According to a 2006
United Nations Food and Agriculture report, meat production is a
greater contributor to climate change than either transportation or
industry,9 and recent studies reveal that it may be impossible to reduce
global emissions sufficiently unless we change our agriculture
system.10 Meat production also causes significant pollution in the form
of manure and runoff from pesticide- and fertilizer-sprayed feed crops,
and requires vastly more land, water, and fossil fuels than plant-based
protein sources.
Inhumane: Much ground beef comes from dairy cows who are no
longer able to produce milk. Having been annually impregnated, and
their young removed within a day so we can take their milk, these
cows are forced to produce five to ten times the amount of milk they
would naturally produce, often causing mastitis and other ailments,
necessitating antibiotics in their feed. Depleted after several years and
often lame, these cows are then sent to slaughterhouses, where
processing lines move so fast that some cows are not even rendered
unconscious before they are hoisted upside down by their legs, and
their throats are slit. Slaughterhouse work is also often inhumane
toward employees. Not only are the working conditions dangerous,
many workers are undocumented laborers without health insurance or
recourse when their human rights are violated.

What are the societal systems that support, promote, and perpetuate fast-
food burgers? Because of the ways various systems operate (e.g., energy,
agriculture, politics, economics, transportation, advertising, etc.), fast-food
burgers are ubiquitous despite the problems they cause. Their low price at
point of purchase does not reflect their true cost, which is hidden.
Government subsidies—made possible through industry lobbying and
campaign contributions that exert influence on legislators—result in the
use of tax dollars that prevent the full costs of feed-production, water use,
land for grazing, transportation, and use of fossil fuels, to be reflected in
the price the consumer pays for the burger.11 The health consequences are
also absorbed by tax dollars and by the high costs of health insurance that
we all pay. Were it not for these subsidies, fast-food burgers would be quite
expensive. Even our legal system, in which disparaging meat is a crime in
a number of states, promotes fast-food burgers.12

What alternative products would do more good and less harm for me,
other people, animals, and the environment? It is easy to come up with
personal alternatives to a fast-food burger, 13 and students do so all the
time. They often suggest eating a plant-based burger from a company
committed to social justice, or a burger from grass-fed cows at organic
family farms as alternatives that do more good and less harm.

What systems would need to change, and in what ways, to make

alternative products the norm, and what solutionary actions might I take
to create such systemic changes? This question is the crux of solutionary
thinking and action because addressing the systems that would need to
change to make healthy, humane, convenient, and affordable food the
norm for everyone is challenging. When identifying such systems, students
mention those above and many more. They learn how to complete a “mind
map” (see above) in which radiating lines from a drawing of a burger
connect multiple systems.
 Since political, economic, legal, corporate, advertising, energy,
transportation, tax subsidy, healthcare, education, agribusiness, city
planning, and other societal systems are all connected to fast food, how
can students determine truly solutionary ideas to transform these many
interconnected systems? Where are the points of leverage that might make
an actual systemic impact? 14
There is no single answer to these questions. If there were, we might
have already transformed these systems and solved these problems. To
delve further into the answer to this last True Price question about system
changes, I offer another question, one that forms the basis of a six-week,
secondary school, systems- and solutionary-focused curricular unit that we
developed at the Institute for Humane Education (and which you can
download and use):15

What do the primary causes of death in the U.S. have to do with the dead
zone in the Gulf of Mexico?16 It is easy to find information about the
causes of the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico. It is also easy to find
information about the primary causes of death in the U.S. Discovering
causal connections among the many interconnected systems that contribute
to both problems requires committed investigation, research, and analysis.
Below is a brief overview of this process.
 When students do some research, they discover that the dead zone in the
Gulf of Mexico is located where the Mississippi River empties into the
ocean. Because of high nitrogen and phosphorus pollution, largely caused
by agricultural runoff (and to a lesser degree treated sewage), oxygen is
depleted in the ocean, leading to hypoxic areas that cannot support life.
The dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico grows and declines annually
depending upon the weather: droughts in the states along the Mississippi
River reduce the area of the dead zone, while floods increase it.
A little more research reveals numerous systems that contribute to
nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in the Mississippi River, including the
following:

Monoculture agriculture that utilizes nitrogen-and phosphorus-based

fertilizers.
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs), which require
the production of massive amounts of feed crops to be fed to animals.
These feed crops, often produced in states with waterways that empty
into the Mississippi River, use vastly more fertilizer because of the
poor conversion rate of grain to meat than crops grown directly for
human consumption.
Advertising, which favors the marketing of highly processed,
fertilizer-intensive fast foods and junk foods over organically produced
plant foods for direct consumption, such as legumes, grains, nuts, and
fresh fruits and vegetables.
Political and energy systems that support ethanol production, which
relies upon nitrogen-and phosphorus-based fertilizers used in corn
production.17
Economic and legal systems that extend First Amendment freedoms
to corporations, thus allowing companies and their lobbyists to
influence legislators through campaign contributions that result in all
of the above, along with tax subsidies that keep environmentally
destructive and energy-intensive foods inexpensive at the point of
purchase.

When students research the primary causes of death among people in the
U.S., they discover that number one is heart disease, followed closely by
cancer. Numbers five and seven are stroke and diabetes respectively.18
They learn that diet is one of the leading contributors to heart disease,
several cancers,19 stroke, and type 2 “adult-onset” diabetes—which is
occurring at an alarming rate among children.20 With more digging to
uncover the systems that contribute to unhealthy diets in the U.S., students
learn that many of those systems identified above as contributors to the
dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico are also responsible for ill health among
people in the U.S., along with other systems including medical education
and health care, which often favor treatment of diseases over prevention,
and legal, economic, and governmental systems that allow industries to
provide nutrition curricula to schools that promote their own products,
whether or not they are healthy choices.
The points above only touch upon the systems that connect the dead
zone and public health problems. I share them to provide a taste of what
problem identification and systems thinking entail (as well as to describe
what students will explore if teachers utilize the curricular unit we've
created). Once students determine the causes of problems, investigate them
fully, research the ways in which they have been addressed by others, and
identify the impacts of various approaches, they are then poised to identify
solutions that are humane, just, and sustainable for people, other species,
and the environment.
What might the students' solutionary ideas, work, and outcomes be?
Much depends on what the students uncover in their research, and where
their individual interests and talents lie. Below are some possibilities.
Students might:

Draft legislation to present to elected officials that offers suggested

changes and improvements to energy, campaign financing, advertising,
and tax subsidy systems (gaining skills in investigation, writing, civic
engagement, and public speaking).
Address the agriculture system through education, teaching others
about healthy, humane, just, and sustainable food production to
increase the demand for foods that are good for people and the
environment and humane toward animals, and decrease the demand for
unhealthy, unsustainable, and inhumane foods (gaining skills in
research, advocacy, and communication). Some students might address
systems within their own school and work to transform their cafeterias,
while others might build an edible school or community garden
 (gaining skills and knowledge about community-building, design,
botany, ecology, soil science, nutrition, and food-production).
Consult and intern with innovators, scientists, farmers, and
professionals who are: building regenerative, just, and sustainable
farming systems; developing healthy, affordable, and delicious plant-
based proteins as well as cultivated meat from cells; and producing
clean, renewable, cost-effective energy options (gaining knowledge
and skills in science, math, business, engineering, and innovation).

Looping back to True Price, it is the work described above, and the
solutions that arise from it, that ultimately provide students with the
answers to the fourth True Price question about what systems would need
to change to make healthy, humane, environmentally sustainable food
commonplace.
When students are offered opportunities to analyze their own and
society's choices and creatively and collaboratively develop systemic
solutions to problems they uncover in their investigations, they gain a deep
understanding that we are all inextricably connected, ecologically and
societally; they realize their everyday choices have impacts on others; they
gain real-life experiences worthwhile for their futures; they are rewarded
with the joy that comes from purposeful contribution; and they deepen
their sense of responsibility for our collective future. And all this happens
while they develop foundational literacy, numeracy, scientific,
communication, and critical, systems, strategic, and creative thinking
skills.

Let's ensure that students understand

how to develop solutionary solutions.
If you conduct a web search for “kid heroes” you'll discover children doing
wonderful things. It is inspiring to read their stories, learn about their
generosity, and know that kindness and compassion flourish.
When I searched for “kids saving the world” and “kid heroes,” I found
hundreds of stories about what children have contributed. Below are some
of them. They may seem familiar, because children do these sorts of things
regularly, often as part of school community service initiatives:

Donated groceries to a food bank.

Donated blankets to a homeless shelter and an animal shelter.
Raised money to send livestock to developing countries.
Raised money to help people recover after a natural disaster.
Held a rodeo to raise money for a health charity.

These efforts stem from generous hearts, and we should applaud

humanitarian acts that do the most good and least harm because they are
essential to alleviate immediate suffering. However, it is important to note
that none of these efforts address a system in need of change, and some
inadvertently harm others, especially animals (e.g., the rodeo and
providing livestock).
If we ignore the root and systemic causes of problems, we will
perpetually be putting out (literal and metaphorical) fires. For example, if
we depend upon tax-payer dollars and individual generosity to help people
displaced by climate change–caused floods, crop failures, and forest fires,
but do not address the systems that lead to climate change, we will need to
help those suffering from these less-than-natural disasters in perpetuity.
Similarly, if we don't develop systems for people to move out of poverty or
correctives for systems that privilege certain groups over others, we will
always be faced with the need for aid. And if we cause unintended harm to
one group while trying to help another, we simply aren't being solutionary.
Distinguishing between a solution and a solutionary solution can be
challenging. Often, ideas to solve problems might seem very promising
until we analyze them deeply and discover that they may not actually be
solutionary. This Solutionary Scale offers a tool for assessing the
“solutionariness” of solutions:
 Using this scale, ask yourself where the following solution falls:
In May 2015, a CNN Hero report highlighted the good work of a young
man who wanted to solve the problems of food waste and hunger
simultaneously. His idea was to create a nonprofit and utilize the efforts of
volunteers to bring food that would otherwise be thrown out by restaurants
to hungry people living in poverty. Soon he had built a thriving program
with many volunteers transporting food from restaurants to soup kitchens
and food pantries.
Is this solution Emerging? Developing? Solutionary? Most Solutionary?
While the solution certainly alleviates some local problems and helps
many individuals, does it address or seek to solve the systems that
perpetuate hunger and/or the systems that perpetuate food waste? Is it a
scalable solution? Would it be feasible for volunteers to transport the
excess food produced and wasted into the hands of all people living in
hunger? Would it solve the primary cause of hunger, which is poverty and
lack of access to affordable, nutritious food?
In 2018, I spoke at a teacher's conference in New York City, and I
shared the CNN Hero clip of this man and his volunteers. I asked the
audience to rate his solution on the solutionary scale, just as I asked you to
do. Most rated it as Emerging or Developing. Interestingly, one of the
teachers in the audience was a volunteer at a food pantry that was the
recipient of this nonprofit's efforts. I was eager to hear her thoughts from
her personal experience. She told us that they sometimes had so much
leftover food delivered that they were unable to distribute it and had to
dispose of it themselves. Thus, there were times when volunteers were
transporting food from restaurants to food pantries, only to have it thrown
away by other volunteers. Please understand that I am not suggesting that
we stop supporting such initiatives, which are helping hungry people and
reducing the disposal of perfectly good food. What I am suggesting is that
we simultaneously work to devise ever more solutionary solutions to
address these issues at the systems level.
Assessing solutions on the solutionary scale is not math. There is rarely
one “right answer.” Opinions will differ, and teachers should welcome a
variety of viewpoints. Some people evaluating the CNN Hero's solution,
for example, rate it as Solutionary and offer cogent reasons for their
assessment. With that said, the rubric helps us move toward more and
better solutionary thinking and action.

Let's make learning interdisciplinary

and organized around real-world issues.
In most schools, students study math, science, language arts, and social
studies in discrete classes. A student might be learning algebra in math
(from a textbook or computer program); studying biology in science (from
a different textbook or computer program); reading Hamlet in language
arts; and exploring European history (from yet another textbook). Every 45
minutes the bell rings, and the student switches gears entirely. There is
little continuity, connection, or common thread. Nothing about this typical
school model has a counterpart in the working world.
To make schools both solutionary-focused and interdisciplinary we can
organize learning around pressing, real-world challenges. Using current
overarching issues as keystones will enable many schools that may not be
able to easily or quickly change their current course structure to integrate
otherwise discrete disciplines through the lens of a relevant theme. Below
is an example of how the real-world challenge of climate change could fit
into the current structure of most schools, making the curriculum more
pertinent, interdisciplinary, and solutionary.
Students could learn topics in science by studying the greenhouse effect;
the changing chemistry of our atmosphere and oceans; the physics of rising
sea levels and air currents; the biological impacts on ecosystems; the
increasing rates of extinction; the science behind the growing numbers and
strength of hurricanes and tropical storms; and the migration of some plant
and animal species toward the cooler poles. They might analyze the data
produced by approximately 97 percent of climate scientists who conclude
that humans are contributing to global warming. They could then offer
ideas based on their scientific knowledge for addressing and slowing
climate change, adapting to new climate realities, and adopting and
advocating personal choices to reduce climate impacts on a school-wide
level.
Students could practice and develop their math skills through equations,
statistics, and graphing to analyze climate trends; design and conduct
quantitative research studies; conduct cost-benefit analyses; quantify the
primary causes of increased greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere; and
solve climate change–oriented mathematical problems.
They could gain language arts skills by engaging with current writings
on climate change; dystopian and utopian literature; American nature-
oriented classics like Thoreau's Walden and the poetry of George Marion
McClellan, as well as modern poetry by Camille Dungy and Mary Oliver.
They might write blog posts, op-eds, fiction, poetry, and/or essays sparked
by these readings, with the goal of producing publishable written work that
has a meaningful real-world impact.
Students could learn about history and geography as they explore the
societal impact of droughts, floods, topsoil depletion, desertification, and
deforestation on civilizations throughout time and compare these historical
impacts with current realities. They would have the opportunity to think
critically and strategically about the politics, psychology, and economics
involved in climate change, and the various methods and approaches of
groups working to reverse the changes we've set in motion, covering topics
in social studies.
Some students might explore how and why many people dismiss climate
change despite the evidence and the overwhelming scientific consensus
and cultivate the ability to respectfully and effectively challenge persistent
climate change myths. Other students might examine the ways in which
climate change impacts different groups of people, such as those living on
island nations, along coasts, and in regions that are becoming more
desertified, drought-prone, fire-prone, and/or flood-prone; those enduring
poverty; and those who are subject to oppressive systems connected to
caste, ethnicity, religion, and race that may limit where they can live and
the opportunities available to them to avoid the worst of climate change's
impacts.
 Students' solutionary work in this realm could include:

preparing and meeting with policy-makers to present their suggestions;

creating educational presentations to share with the greater
community;
creating design solutions, videos, and thought-provoking, inspiring
spoken word/poetry and/or dramatic productions;
bringing their social studies analyses to a wider audience through
shareable and publishable work;
working within their own school to transform its energy and/or food
systems to reduce its carbon footprint.

This last example of identifying and solving problems in their own

school is a reminder that students do not need to be tasked with solving the
problem of climate change on a global scale. They can address a local
manifestation of this bigger problem, and their solutions can then be
spread, scaled up, and become systemic, ultimately having a hugely
positive impact.

***

Here is an interdisciplinary idea for meaningful curricula across all grade

levels that could have a positive impact on both individual students and the
larger school-wide community: once a year, an entire school district could
address the same topic for a four- to six-week block of time. Let's take the
topic of energy as an example. While young students might be learning
about energy in their own bodies, calories in food, and healthy eating for
optimum energy, middle school students might be studying renewable
energy sources and comparing them to coal and other fossil fuels, learning
about geography, politics, economics, and science, and using math and
probabilities. Older students might learn from scientists and engineers who
are developing clean and sustainable energy systems, as well as from
community organizers working to build a green economy that provides
well-paying jobs to people who've been historically marginalized due to
race or ethnicity. They might then conduct independent research with the
goal of drafting proposed energy and community solutions.21
 The final week of the study of each real-world topic could be set aside
for celebrations of learning during which students share with both the
school and greater community the knowledge gained, problems identified,
and solutions achieved. Imagine the learning and doing (and learning by
doing) that would take place; the engagement and motivation that would
be inspired by the students' passion about a particular issue or problem; the
community involvement that would enrich the students' investigations and
projects; and the excitement of seeing the ways in which what happens in
school relates to what happens in the real world when an overarching topic
provides the focal point. And imagine the rich dimensions of such topical
study! Here are just a few examples of potential topics:

Things we can't live without:

Food and water

Energy, transportation, and shelter
Clothing and essential products

Persistent problems in the world:

Pollution, resource depletion, and habitat destruction

Sexism, racism, and other forms of discrimination
Violence, poverty, human trafficking, war

Creating positive change:

Conflict resolution and peacemaking

Ethical choice-making and effective change-making
Regenerative and just systems development

To understand and meaningfully address these topics, students would

necessarily build their knowledge of and skills in the sciences and math,
learn about history and current events, and practice oral and written
communication. Moreover, to make an impact, students would gain
leadership, goal setting, and the critical, systems, strategic, and creative
thinking capacities mentioned earlier. They would likely find themselves
striving to live with greater compassion, integrity, and responsibility as
well.
 Here is another idea: what if we had solutionary-focused questions that
guided curriculum development throughout K–12 schooling; that were
connected to skill and knowledge acquisition; and that covered the truly
essential needs of our lives? Here are some:

How can the systems in our world work effectively, ethically, and
sustainably?
How does positive change happen?
How can we be solutionaries for a just, peaceful, and sustainable
world for all people, other species, and the environment?

Now imagine that from each overarching question come more questions
that serve as topics within developmentally appropriate units. Below are
some examples. As you read them, consider what ages the question is best
suited for, what disciplines connect to the question, and what transferable
understandings might be gained while exploring the answers.
From the question, How can the systems in our world work effectively,
ethically, and sustainably? classes might explore answers to the following
questions:

What are ecological and societal systems, and how do they connect?
On what societal and ecological systems do we depend?
What are the impacts on a system from decisions made in another
system?

From the question, How does positive change happen? students might
ask and answer these questions:

How do ideas develop and spread?

In what ways are technologies transforming our capacity to create
positive change, and in what ways are they hindering our positive
impact?
What kinds of advocacy and activism most readily change societies for
the better and what kinds often or sometimes backfire?

From the question, How can we be solutionaries for a just, humane, and
sustainable world for all people, other species, and the environment?
students could explore these questions:
 What are my deepest values, and how can I live accordingly in a
globalized world?
What does it mean to be a solutionary____________? (Fill in the
blank with any profession or job.)
How can we each best model our message and do the most good and
least harm for ourselves and others, including nonhuman animals and
the environment?22

While schools and teachers might offer some or all of these questions to
students within units of study, equally important is eliciting students' own
questions, some of which might become a topic for the class, and others of
which might become the students' personal quests that they turn into
projects, challenges, and their own solutionary work and accomplishments.
Allowing room in the day and within the curriculum for teachers to
collaborate in an interdisciplinary manner in order to address current issues
that affect students will make learning truly relevant and engaging. When
the 9/11 attacks happened in 2001, how many teachers in secondary
schools in the U.S. were given the support, guidance, and trust to pause
and alter the curriculum so that students could confront, make sense of,
and grapple with the gravity of what had befallen their country and fellow
citizens? Certainly, there was discussion in retrospect about how this
should have happened, but did much change over the next two decades?
Were teachers encouraged to shift the focus of their curricula when
Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf states of the U.S. in 2005, or when
Hurricane Sandy devastated the coast of the mid-Atlantic states in 2012?
In 2020–2021, when crises piled up one after the other, did teachers
have enough experience and tools, and were they permitted to shift their
curricula toward urgent lessons related to:

pandemics—given that students were living through COVID-19, the

worst pandemic in a century?
climate change—given that the most extensive and destructive
wildfires in our lifetimes occurred in Australia and the west coast of
the United States?
racism—given that tens of thousands of people in the U.S. and beyond
took to the streets to protest anti-Black racism after the killing of
George Floyd under the knee of a police officer?
 media literacy—given that disinformation and misinformation were
on the rise, and conspiracy theories were gaining ever more traction
and followers?
conflict resolution and solutionary thinking—given that political
polarization in the U.S. rose to new and ever more contentious levels
to the point that our democracy was threatened?

Learning how to create collaborative, meaningful, and responsive

interdisciplinary curricula is essential for schooling that prepares students
for the real world, and the process can be deeply creative and exciting for
teachers, as long as they are given time, training, tools, resources, support,
and trust.
I realize that some of these ideas require rethinking the current structure
of typical courses and curriculum, which isn't easy to do within large
public-school systems. Yet, if we don't assess and evaluate our current
systems in light of an ever-evolving, opportunity-rich world, we will
ultimately thwart children's learning, diminish their engagement with their
studies, and leave them poorly prepared for their future.

Let's prepare students to be solutionaries

through varied pedagogical approaches.
While curriculum is the body of knowledge, subjects, and skill sets that are
presented to students, pedagogy is the method of that transmission. We are
all familiar with the “sage on the stage” model of delivery, in which the
teacher stands at the head of the classroom, in front of a board or screen,
and speaks to the students who are sitting—usually in rows—at desks.
Sometimes this method is useful. When people have important knowledge
and information to share, it makes sense for them to share it. The
popularity of TED talks is a testament to the value of the sage-on-the-stage
teaching; however, this pedagogical approach should be delivered only in
small doses.
There are so many other ways in which children can acquire information
that leads to knowledge, and skills that lead to real-world solutionary
accomplishments. Below are a few different pedagogical approaches
offered as examples to serve a curricular unit around the question, How
can we ensure that everyone has access to clean water? Let's assume that
the goals for this unit are that students will obtain skills in and motivation
for:

Literacy, numeracy, and the scientific method

Critical, systems, strategic, creative, and design thinking
Problem finding and problem solving
Compassion, communication, and collaboration
Responsibility

Further, let's assume the goals also include gaining some content
knowledge within the disciplines of ecology, chemistry, biology, physics,
governance, ethics, social studies, history, math and statistics, and
geography.
The teacher might utilize a mix of the following pedagogical
approaches:

Use inquiry. Elicit students' queries about water as well as pose and
discuss such questions as: Who has a right to clean water? Why do
approximately 1.5 billion people lack access to safe drinking water?
What happens when water sources are privatized? Given that we live
in a closed ecological system, where has the freshwater gone? What
causes desertification? What is causing the depletion of so many
aquifers? How much water does it take to produce bottled water?
Offer opportunities for independent research and investigation.
Invite students to identify an aspect of the topic that is of greatest
interest to them (e.g., polluted local waterways, contaminated tap
water, lack of access to clean water, deforestation and its relationship
to desertification and water availability, water privatization, depleted
local aquifers, etc.); do independent research; and critically assess
the validity and reliability of the research.
Offer experiential opportunities for learning. Have students trace
their own water supplies from source to final destination, visit both
places, and learn from the people involved in the delivery of fresh
water and treatment of sewage. Have some students take samples
from local waterways and conduct a chemical analysis of them,
 while others conduct, analyze, and/or compare chemical tests from
both tap and bottled water.
Invite speakers. Invite guests to talk to students by videoconference or
in person, such as someone who has grown up without access to a
personal well, plumbing, or easily obtainable sources of water; a
representative from a corporation that is privatizing water or
marketing bottled water; an individual who has invented an
inexpensive water treatment device; a scientist who has documented
the impact of water pollution and contamination; an expert in water
policy, etc.
Use films and other multimedia sources. Have discussions about
films that address water issues, from pollution and contamination, to
privatization, to lack of access, to the impacts of plastic bottling and
transportation of bottled water on the environment.
Use real-life case studies. Provide examples of challenges, successes,
partial successes, and failures in addressing access to clean water, so
that students can develop their own ideas in a real-world context,
understanding what efforts have been made and what obstacles have
arisen. Explore personal stories of people impacted by water scarcity
and/or contamination—such as children drinking municipal water
contaminated by lead—to gain knowledge, deepen understanding
and compassion, and inspire solutionary action.
Provide time and mentoring for solutionary work. Give students the
time and space to develop their own solutionary approaches or
pursue one of the following: ideas for the design or modification of
existing water purification, collection, or dissemination devices; a
probability diagram showing the expected changes in a body of
freshwater if certain social, economic, and political issues are not
addressed, and, conversely, if they are addressed successfully, in
order to spur positive action; a shareable presentation or video that
analyzes water usage for various foods, products, and home and
recreational use that offers suggested options to reduce water usage
and protect aquifers and freshwater supplies; opportunities for legal
recourse against municipalities that knowingly allow lead-
contaminated water to harm children.
 Offer opportunities for collaborative work. Help students work in
groups and teams to develop their solutions through collaboration.
Here's an imagined scenario to serve as an example: Aisha is an
advanced science student years ahead of her grade level. Justin is an
excellent writer with a blog that many fellow students read regularly.
Martina loves doing research and is a proficient critical and systems
thinker. José is an artist and already very good at graphic design.
Kyra is a quintessential diplomat who listens calmly and openly.
Working together, they develop a solution to the problem of pollution
in their local river and prepare a presentation, utilizing each of their
talents, efforts, and knowledge, to share their solution with their
community so that it gains widespread support for implementation.
On their own, each has much to contribute; together, they are a force.

Let's adopt more meaningful

assessments.
Grades and scores on standardized tests are our current measure of
learning,23 yet it's important to ask if these are truly the best ways to
evaluate students' understanding, mastery, and achievement, and whether
they support solutionary thinking and accomplishments. What exactly do
grades and standardized tests measure? How often does a poor grade or
test score have more to do with a child being hungry, living in an unsafe
situation, experiencing sleep deprivation, enduring bullying, or suffering
from discrimination? How often do standardized tests reflect inherent
biases related to racial and cultural backgrounds, income, neurodiversity,
and other factors that undermine their validity? Do grades and
standardized tests motivate students to put in more effort, learn more
effectively, retain their learning, and/or produce real-world contributions?
24

Grades are not simply assessments of learning: when placed on a curve,

every test, quiz, exam, and graded assignment is a mini-competition,
comparing students to their peers rather than measuring actual
achievement and learning.25 Shouldn't our goal be that 100% of students
understand the subjects they're studying and master the skills teachers are
cultivating in them? Yet if every student got straight As, some might
accuse the school of grade inflation and say that grades no longer had
meaning. If our goal is that every child gains proficiency in essential skills
and competencies; has exposure to a variety of interconnected disciplines;
increases knowledge about content we determine is essential for all; has
the necessary capacities to make meaningful contributions to society; and
is able to accurately and meaningfully assess their accomplishments, how
do grades ensure that this happens?
As Salman Khan, founder of Khan Academy, has discussed in his
widely viewed TED talk, if students get less than 100% on a test of their
knowledge and skills (in math, for example) that may mean they didn't
fully understand the concepts, and they have gaps that will prevent
ultimate mastery. The grading model has a tendency to penalize failure,
rather than ensure that students practice until they gain proficiency, as well
as to enable students to move to the next level before they are fully ready.
Grades also potentially promote complacency because many students may
be satisfied with a B even though such a grade means they haven't
mastered the content or skill. Grades can then become a ranking system
rather than a mastery system.
Without mastery of the building blocks, students have a weak
foundation for the acquisition of higher-level knowledge, which can result
in both diminished student engagement and failure to understand and
advance. Further, by externalizing the reward for learning, children may
lose the pleasure and excitement that is a normal response to learning
something new. And children who do not get high marks may lose
confidence, interest, and motivation in school.
What are some other ways we might assess and evaluate learning?
Below are a few assessment strategies that are currently being explored
and utilized, and which might be integrated more regularly into all schools:

Through daily formative assessments of writing, speaking, and

calculating, students demonstrate their understanding and ability
during class and get the necessary help as soon as a gap in
understanding is observed by the teacher or the student.
Students move ahead based not on time spent on a subject or skill, but
rather mastery. Khan Academy operates on this method, and schools
 could do the same, especially with computer technologies that can
automatically record progress and competency-attainments.
Once a skill or understanding has been mastered, the student teaches
another student, demonstrating both mastery and teaching.
English, history, social studies, and other humanities classes become
discussion- and concept-based, with achievement measured by the
development of thinking and communication skills. Students' writing
is carefully evaluated and improved through one-on-one feedback with
teachers and/or writing mentors. An essay, piece of fiction, poem,
interview, article, presentation, and/or speech is perfected over time, so
that mastery is accomplished and a student's writing or presentation
can become worthy of publication or sharing with an authentic
audience.
Students demonstrate learning by doing; they accomplish tasks and
achieve goals that are otherwise impossible to attain without specific
abilities, skills, and understandings, and which contribute to society
(e.g., designing a sustainable and functional structure; identifying and
calculating ways to conserve energy in school; writing a cogent,
thought-provoking op-ed on an issue in the news, etc.).
Students' artistic projects—whether visual, dramatic, or spoken word
—provide expressive, creative, and innovative examples of conceptual
understandings.
Students form panels of teachers and mentors and invite community
members to ask them questions about a topic they've been studying to
demonstrate deep understanding and ability to articulate learning.
Students learn to carefully, critically, and effectively assess themselves
and their work. They learn to perceive their strengths, gaps, and
weaknesses and to create personal plans—in collaboration with
teachers, mentors, and parents—to address gaps and weaknesses while
utilizing strengths.

Students assessed in these ways can build a meaningful digital portfolio

of accomplishments that demonstrate the body of knowledge and
competency acquisition they've obtained (including mastery of subjects
from online technologies); showcase their solutionary achievements; and
include evaluations of their work and thoughtful narratives from teachers,
mentors, and supervisors.
 Let's offer students self-reflective
practices to promote healthy states of
mind as well as positive attitudes and
behaviors.
There are schools that are teaching mindfulness meditation to their
students, discovering that it improves attention and helps students to
manage stress and cultivate self-control.26 Mindfulness is just one form of
meditation during which students learn to observe their thoughts and
feelings without reacting to them. In passage meditation,27 students choose
and memorize values-rich, inspiring writing, repeating these memorized
passages in their mind to cultivate and deepen qualities that represent
wisdom, good character, and ethics.
Naikan, a Japanese form of self-reflection, is another introspective
practice that often leads people toward the experience of gratitude and the
desire to be kinder, more patient, and more responsible for their actions.
Practitioners ask and answer three questions:

1. What have I received from____________?

2. What have I given____________?
3. What troubles or difficulties have I caused____________?

Filling in the blank with individuals (peers, family members, teachers,

those far removed but connected through the global economy, etc.);
aspects of nature (air, water, soil, forests, etc.); other species (companion
animals, wildlife, farmed animals, animals in laboratories, animals used for
entertainment, etc.), or simply filling in the blank with “today,” allows
students (and teachers) to take stock of their reality; become cognizant of
the myriad contributors to all that they may otherwise take for granted;
become more aware of their impacts on others; introspect from an
observational, informed perspective; evaluate their choices; and hold
themselves accountable.28
These and other forms of self-reflection and meditation invite students
to become more self-aware, peaceful, and composed; to develop
equanimity; to cultivate positive character traits; and to practice self-
assessment. With self-reflection also comes a greater capacity for healthy,
positive, compassionate communication, which leads to better conflict
resolution, restorative practices, and the ability to collaborate more
effectively to solve problems.
It's important to note that for students who are experiencing hunger,
abuse, prejudice, bullying, or other traumatic circumstances, these
generally positive self-reflective practices may not be particularly helpful
and could even be harmful if we do not, first and foremost, help to ensure
that their basic physical and emotional needs are met.29

Let's commit to students' physical health

and fitness.
Despite our tremendous achievements in medicine and health care, our
children are growing heavier, less fit, and less healthy. The systems that
are perpetuating this trend are complex and interconnected. This book has
already touched upon a few of them in the True Price example of fast-
food burgers and the curricular question about the connection between the
primary causes of death in the U.S. and the dead zone in the Gulf of
Mexico. As previously mentioned, our agricultural, economic, political,
advertising, and other systems are all contributors to public health issues.
Schools simply must become places where healthy food is the norm.
While some states, schools, and districts are moving in a positive direction
regarding the healthfulness of foods and beverages provided to children in
schools, cafeterias are a primary place where the USDA distributes
unhealthy, high-fat, high-sodium, low-fiber foods.30 In many schools,
vending machines still churn out sugary drinks—whether juice or sugar-
sweetened beverages—and junk food. By transforming school cafeterias,
we not only help children stay healthy and develop lifelong healthful
eating habits, but also model just, humane, and sustainable food choices.
Many students already note the discrepancy between what they are
learning in health classes about nutrition and much of what is available in
the cafeteria.
Some schools are building indoor, rooftop, and outdoor gardens and
greenhouses and are integrating them into the life science and health
curriculum, as well as the cafeteria, providing examples for other districts
to follow. Such programs provide excellent opportunities for learning
about sustainable food production and scientific subjects while producing
healthy food directly for the school.
Let's also revitalize physical education (PE). Imagine if all students
were offered a variety of PE opportunities that serve body and mind, such
as yoga, Aikido, a range of dance forms, strength and high intensity
interval training (HIIT), etc. With time to sample and experience each,
students could choose one or two as a regular practice, learning discipline
and mastering a mind–body form that would serve them throughout their
lives. Each of these practices has benefits that extend beyond fitness.
Aikido is a martial art that turns aggression into nonviolent resolution—a
bodily practice of one of the most important skills we must cultivate for a
peaceful world. Dance is physically rigorous and offers opportunities for
creative expression, improvisation, and collaboration. Yoga builds
strength, flexibility, focus, and inner calm, and may be more suited for
those who wish to participate in non-contact activities and/or who need or
want a more meditative practice. Strength training and HIIT require as
much mental as physical discipline and build bone and muscle mass,
endurance, and stamina, which can carry forward into the rest of students'
lives, paving the way for long term fitness and health. Let's also make sure
to provide opportunities for children with various levels of ability and
disability so that no one is left out.
There are, of course, team sports that offer young people excellent
opportunities not only for fitness but also to learn teamwork and
sportsmanship, and they can be very positive activities physically, socially,
and mentally. As children grow up, however, teams become ever more
selective and competitive, resulting in physical outlets for some, while
leaving others with few opportunities, other than the occasional gym class,
for any physical activities during the school day. And for those children
with disabilities, team sports may exclude them entirely.
In Finland, acclaimed for its superb educational system, team sports are
optional community activities and have nothing to do with schools.
Knowing that other countries organize sports differently may encourage
U.S. schools to put team sports in a wider and wiser context. Right now,
successful school athletes and top teams are venerated out of proportion to
non-athletic pursuits.
As one example, about a decade ago I was at a community theater
production, and during the closing scene at around 11 p.m., a fire siren
started sounding by the high school right outside the theater for several
minutes. Finally the siren stopped, just as the show came to an end. I
turned to the person next to me, who was less alarmed than I. Having
grown up in this town, he correctly surmised that the sirens were
announcing a win for the basketball team. So for those long, loud minutes,
the people in the town (and the actor closing the show with a soliloquy the
audience could barely hear) were subjected to the alarm bells of fire late at
night, all because the basketball team had won the semifinals and would be
competing in the state championship. This same school didn't blare sirens
to alert the town when a student club won an academic competition, or
when a collaborative group contributed a solution to a problem that helped
the community. I'm not suggesting that we should have fire sirens for
every accomplishment or good deed. Rather, I am suggesting that our love
of team sports might be tempered with a passion for the health and fitness
of all our children, serving them well into adulthood. Team sports have
their place, but physical education ought to be offered thoughtfully,
meaningfully, and most every day to all children.
It's important to bring children outside as well. Students spend an
inordinate amount of time indoors, which diminishes opportunities to both
move their bodies and experience wonder and reverence in nature. Lack of
time outdoors may also lead to biophobia, an aversion to and fear of nature
that may produce apathetic responses to environmental problems and
weaken efforts to protect the ecosystems on which we all rely.
Outdoor opportunities can be selected based on region and access.
Teachers can survey their surroundings and find ways to bring children
outside on a regular basis, working with whatever is available. Whether a
lawn, copse, or nearby park, there are many activities that can be done just
as well outside as in, and unless there are serious safety issues in the
school environs, children would benefit by being outside during part of
every day. Is there a tree anywhere near the school? Children can sit under
it while learning about the importance of pollinator species; noticing the
birds and other animals that visit and make their home in the tree;
observing the changes through the seasons; examining the mycelium in the
soil that works in symbiosis with the tree roots; and exploring the habitat
the tree provides. Choosing an outdoor setting helps botany and mycology
to come alive; ecology to make greater sense; and ethology to become
possible. Let's consider the outdoors as a destination for field trips as well.
Is it possible to visit a pond or park or take an urban walk with the intent to
notice and document urban wildlife? Rock doves (pigeons), sparrows, and
squirrels make their homes even in our biggest cities, and it is fascinating
to observe animals and learn about their lives. Such activities cultivate
attention, observation skills, appreciation for nature and animals, joy, and
adventure.

Let's individualize the curriculum for

each child.
There are some school models, such as Montessori, project-based,
problem-based, experiential, and democratic, that regularly include
individualized curricula. Imagining differentiated curricula within the
entire public-school system might seem overwhelming. With 30-plus
children to teach in each class, standards to meet, and high-stakes tests to
make sure students pass, how can teachers and schools be expected to
personalize curricula?
Yet today's world offers opportunities to do just this. Students can use
online educational programs and resources (which often track student
progress, making the process of differentiation much easier for teachers),
meet with mentors, participate in internships, and more. Today's generation
of digital natives31 has the capacity to learn in ways unimagined prior to
the 21st century.32 Through blended learning with online technologies and
project-based/problem-based/solutionary experiences that allow students to
pursue real-world accomplishments, schools can provide students with
options that take advantage of today's diverse opportunities.33 In addition
to new technologies and online platforms for acquiring important reading
and math skills, through MOOCs (massive open online courses) older
students can choose from hundreds of courses offered by some of the
greatest professors in the world, all free of charge.
 We can allow students—in developmentally appropriate ways—to avail
themselves of these many opportunities and incorporate what they learn
into individualized plans that enable them to pursue their interests while
still obtaining necessary knowledge and skills determined by both schools
and society. If some children are having a hard time acquiring certain math
skills, for example, the more mathematically advanced children can forge
ahead to the next level. They can use an online program, coupled with
mentoring oversight, while those needing more support can master the
skills at their own pace.
We no longer need to decide between Spanish, French, Mandarin, or
other language offerings; students and their families can choose among
many world languages. Online language programs offer exciting
opportunities for language acquisition, and these can be augmented by
small-group work with a fluent teacher who can help students practice
conversing, as well as provide lessons about the cultures where the
language is spoken. For students in a region where no fluent teacher is
available, free videoconferencing technologies now provide opportunities
to engage teachers in other regions, which was impossible in previous
generations.
Because solutionaries come with different passions and talents, an
individualized curriculum is important. If a high school student finds
herself interested in architecture or construction, she might pursue an
internship with a green building firm, while another student interested in
the hospitality industry interns with an ecotourism company, and a budding
civil engineer works with a mentor in the design of sustainable cities. We
regularly hear about the need to ensure that high school graduates are
“college- and career-ready.” I can think of few better ways to achieve this
goal than to offer students opportunities for personalizing their education
so that they acquire knowledge and skills relevant to the working world,
while bringing a solutionary mindset that not only increases their value to
an employer or college but also contributes to healthier and more just and
sustainable societal systems.
We could go even further by developing and offering high school
Solutionary Career Certification (SCC) tracks so that students who
participate in internships and mentorships in solutionary-focused
professions can obtain an SCC that demonstrates to future employers and
colleges a high level of real-world preparedness.34 The goal isn't to
encourage students to choose a lifelong career when they are still
teenagers; rather, the purpose is to provide students with opportunities to
explore and test out their interests and to develop them meaningfully.
To make school as relevant and meaningful as possible to young people
who are on the verge of major personal decision-making, and to help them
direct their learning toward their own goals, concerns, and dreams,
imagine if teachers invited students to ask themselves and seek answers to
the following four questions:

1. What challenges in my community and the world most concern me?

2. What do I love to do?
3. What am I good at?
4. What do I need to learn?

When people discover the place where the answers to the first three
questions meet, and then seek out the answer to the fourth, they have
opened the door to perhaps the greatest possibility for achieving a life of
great purpose, meaning, and joy.
While young people don't yet know all the things they are, or will be,
good at (adults don't know this fully, either), they can be encouraged to
identify a range of skills and talents beyond the subject categories that
they've been graded on in school. Such introspection may help them
discover that they're good at mediating conflicts, listening, observing,
building coalitions, organizing, collaborating, being persuasive, fact-
checking and investigating, being equanimous in tense situations, being
efficient, making connections among ideas, creating art, designing, writing
songs, coding, and much more. Recognizing these skills and talents will
empower students whose self-esteem may have suffered because they've
been judged on limited criteria that haven't revealed their unique
combination of positive attributes, talents, and skills.
Imagine if schools helped adolescents embark upon this journey of
discovery by inviting students' deepest questions; by helping them to
explore a variety of issues, experiences, and opportunities to uncover their
talents, concerns, and interests; and ultimately by enabling them to acquire
the knowledge and capacities they need to achieve their goals while
simultaneously making the world a better place.

Let's make school meaningful and joyful.

Most of us learn best when we understand and embrace the meaning and
purpose behind what we are studying. It is enjoyable and deeply engaging
to solve problems we care about, to create, learn, and think. And it is joy-
inducing to be of real service to others. When I was writing my book Most
Good, Least Harm: A Simple Principle for a Better World and Meaningful
Life, I conducted a survey, asking hundreds of people what brought them
joy. Although I received plenty of expected responses (being with family
and loved ones, being in nature, connecting with beloved animals, etc.), I
also received repeated responses that doing good in the world, helping, and
serving a purpose greater than oneself brought joy.
It is not uncommon for people to say that they hate (or, if they are
adults, hated) school, or that school is boring. To me, boring children in
school is a travesty. To take human beings at arguably the most curious and
creative time of their lives and systematically dull and sometimes crush
their curiosity and creativity is not only bad for children, it's bad for our
world. School simply should not be a stress-inducing, unfriendly,
uninspiring place. It should not be an endurance test or a battleground. For
too many children (as well as too many teachers), however, it is all these
things and worse. Given that learning is inherently enjoyable, it is deeply
distressing that school is ever a place that lacks meaning and joy.
Imagine if every child and adolescent awoke eager to go to school to
learn, innovate, participate in the arts, be kind, persevere, and discover
how to become the best and brightest person they are meant to be—for
their own sake and the sake of all those whom their lives affect. Our
children spend such a large percentage of their lives in school. How could
we want any less for them?
If you are a teacher or school administrator, ask yourself what role you
can play in making your classes and school a place where students are
eager to come each day, and where learning is a joyful process with great
meaning. The following questions may help guide you:
 1. Do your students understand and embrace the purpose behind their
studies with you? How do you know? If not, how can you remedy
this?
2. Do your students have the opportunity to utilize the knowledge, skills,
and capacities they are gaining for real-world impact? If not, how
might you provide such opportunities?
3. Do your students have the chance to pursue accomplishments that
make a difference for themselves and others? If not, what tasks and
goals might you help them pursue?

It may seem that these questions place an undue amount of

responsibility on teachers, and this may seem unfair if the system in which
teachers work does not provide the support, trust, time, or professional
development opportunities to make the necessary changes. Yet no harm
can come—and great good will certainly follow for both teachers and
students—from endeavoring to ensure that school is as meaningful,
inspiring, purposeful, and intellectually enriching as possible. Below I
offer some thoughts about supporting teachers in this effort.

Let's invest fully in teachers so that they

can become solutionary educators.
Teachers have the profound and enormous responsibility to educate,
mentor, motivate, hold accountable, love, and support their students. It is
teachers' responsibility to ensure that students are learning and mastering
content while simultaneously assuring that they are also developing
powerful thinking, communication, and collaboration abilities. It is also
teachers' obligation to cultivate and foster among their students qualities
such as compassion, kindness, integrity, honesty, fairness, and
responsibility. And to fulfill all these expectations, teachers must model
these qualities themselves. Included in this quite extraordinary job
description is the necessity that teachers work from early morning until
very late many nights and during part of almost every weekend, all for a
modest salary.
There's more. If teachers work with in the current public-school system
in the U.S., they may have little autonomy as professionals. They will
often be required to teach classes specifically to make sure that their
students do well on largely irrelevant standardized tests. If teachers bring
real-world, potentially controversial issues into classrooms for exploration
and solutionary thinking by students, they may be reprimanded. They may
have too many students in their classroom to possibly attend to the needs
of each, and they may have students who need significant individual
attention that is impossible to provide. They may regularly feel compelled
to spend their own money to purchase supplies, books, and even food for
the children they are charged to educate.
Given all these factors, is it any wonder that many teachers are
demoralized and frustrated, and that such a large percentage of new
teachers leave the profession after only a few years? It's not like this
everywhere. In Finland, teaching is a coveted career. Teachers there have
similar status to physicians, and gaining entry into the teaching profession
is highly competitive. Finnish teachers collaborate regularly, yet are
autonomous in making decisions for their classrooms and in conducting
student assessments.35 And schools across Finland—whether in rural,
urban, suburban, wealthy, or working class communities—are equally
successful at educating students.36 In Japan,37 teachers are paid
significantly more than in the U.S., yet the country spends much less on
education in general. Japanese teachers are expected not only to ensure
that their students have learned the core disciplines and skills, but also to
have built character and be model citizens. Teachers receive support,
mentorship, and plenty of time for interaction and collaboration.
It is essential that we invest in and support the education profession,
thereby attracting and welcoming bright, creative people to bring their
knowledge and skills to classrooms where they will be coached and
mentored by our finest teachers until they are masterful educators
themselves. And it is vital that we treat the teaching profession with the
respect it deserves and give teachers the autonomy to make decisions for
their classrooms and students; the space and time for collaboration with
fellow educators; frequent, high-quality professional development; and
equitable compensation. Without achieving all these factors, it is
unrealistic to expect to attract and retain excellent teachers who will be
able to successfully meet the extraordinary job description presented
above.
 When I was in college my boyfriend was a medical student. One day he
told me that he thought that being a physician was the most noble
profession. I remember feeling irritated by his comment, not only because
I thought it was silly to rank professions based on their nobility, but also
because I'd gone to college pre-med and had abandoned that path, so I was
probably feeling defensive. The comment stuck with me, and decades later
I found myself reflecting on it. While I still believe that ranking
professions on a nobility scale is not a valuable endeavor, if pressed to do
so, I would say that teaching is the most noble profession. This is because
there is no other profession that holds the future in its hands. Will the
future be bright? The answer lies more with teachers than any other
professionals. Given this, I believe we must fully support teachers in their
effort to educate a generation of solutionaries.

Let's showcase students' solutions.

If schools adopt the ideas in this book, students will be working to solve
real-world problems, and it behooves us to share and showcase their good
ideas. Business leaders, social entrepreneurs, and investors can help turn
students' ideas into meaningful, socially helpful, and potentially lucrative
products and services. Legislators can sponsor new bills suggested by
students that lead to healthy, positive changes for all. Media can share
students' solutions with a wider audience.
To achieve this, schools can have solutionary centers and/or solutionary
weeks to share students' viable answers to problems they've tackled in their
schoolwork. The auditorium or gym can become the center for solutionary
performances; the walls can display solutionary visual arts; the computer
room can showcase the programming, videos, and public service
announcements students produce to solve challenges and educate others;
and an area in the school can be set aside as a store where students sell the
solutionary products and services they've designed.
Science Fairs can morph into Solutionary Fairs through which students
share, display, and compete for real-world opportunities as well as awards
to further implement the most promising solutions, whether they emerge
from the sciences, computer technologies, social studies, communications,
or the arts.
 Imagine how profoundly worthwhile children's education will become
when their deep thinking, dedicated effort, and innovative ideas result in
solutions worthy of a public audience, monetary support, and community
implementation. Imagine how fully engaged and enlivened the entire
school community—students, teachers, administrators, and parents—will
be. And imagine the vast numbers of enthusiastic solutionaries who will
graduate well on their way to contributing to a better world.38

Final Thoughts
The consequences of continuing to pursue our current educational path
include more disengaged children, more demoralized teachers, and the
likely escalation of grave local and global challenges because young
people will graduate ill-prepared to meet and address these challenges
successfully.
At the beginning of this book, I shared my belief that we can solve the
challenges we face in the world. As we all know, however, we might fail to
solve our problems and instead bequeath to future generations a bleak
future in a less and less habitable world. Tragically, it is indeed possible
that we will avoid addressing climate change effectively, or in time to
reverse its worst effects, and that half of all species on Earth will become
extinct by the end of this century.
It is possible that coral reefs, rainforests, and glaciers will continue to
disappear, and that more and more environmental refugees will be forced
to flee flooded or desertified countries.
It is possible that the unrest caused by a growing human population,
coupled with inequity, suffering, and lack of access to essential but scarce
resources, will increase violence and warfare.
It is possible that misinformation, disinformation, polarization, and
conspiracy theories will continue to gain traction, limiting knowledge
about what is actually true and diminishing motivation for solutionary
thinking. Should this darker future be realized, I believe that the primary
reason will be because we failed to transform how and what we teach
children.
 I leave you with a final thought experiment. Imagine what our world
will look like if schools embrace a vision of schooling in which:

Qualities such as compassion, kindness, integrity, perseverance,

honesty, fairness, and responsibility are cultivated and modeled every
day.
Each child's interests and talents are fostered and celebrated.
Students become excellent researchers, and critical, systems, strategic,
and creative thinking and collaboration are all taught and practiced
diligently.
Real-world, viable solutions to problems provide an important and
respected measure of learning, along with a true sense of meaningful
accomplishment.
Self-reflective and restorative practices39 lead to better self-
management and more positive communication, ethical choice-
making, deeper empathy, and more effective collaboration.
The arts are offered regularly and lead to greater creativity, innovation,
and joy.
Physical education is a daily practice leading to better health, fitness,
and wellbeing.
The goal of schooling is to graduate solutionaries who have learned to
put their skills, knowledge, and talents in service of a more just,
humane, and sustainable world through whatever careers and life
choices they pursue.

When I imagine a generation of solutionaries, I can see the grave

problems in the world being solved. I can see our broken political systems,
our inequitable economic systems, our unsustainable energy systems, our
inhumane and destructive agricultural systems, our unjust and polluting
production systems, our dysfunctional and discriminatory criminal justice
systems, our costly healthcare systems, and so many other systems made
more equitable, sustainable, and compassionate. Further, I can see vibrant,
joyful young people not only well prepared and positioned for the
challenges they face in the present, but ready for whatever emerges in the
future.
To be successful at changing our educational system and overcoming
resistance, we can:
 Empower and support teachers as they transition to becoming the
transformational, solutionary leaders in society they are meant to be.
Develop and provide respectful, useful, and appropriate professional
development for teachers and administrators and venues for sharing
experiences to collaboratively and creatively learn from one another.40
Launch a movement to transform all schools into solutionary schools
that are designed around pedagogy, curricula, and practices that foster
real-world accomplishments, interdisciplinary subject matter,
differentiated learning, and solutionary thinking and action.41
Demonstrate and document that students are capable of far more than
the current system expects, and that children succeed best in highly
experiential, cooperative, creative, compassionate, equitable,
purposeful learning environments.
Engage all constituencies in this endeavor—not just teachers, school
administrators, parents, and students. Schools exist in widely divergent
communities and yet are often isolated from those communities. How
children are educated will have lasting effects on the future of all life
on Earth, and therefore we are all stakeholders. Let's all participate in
the system of schooling and transform it into a solutionary system by
paying attention to what happens in the field of education; speaking
out; contacting our elected officials and electing those legislators and
school board members who will work for meaningful shifts in
education; drafting and sharing policy ideas; writing op-ed pieces,
letters to the editor, blogs, and articles; offering and/or attending
presentations; and showing up for change.

The United States and many other countries mandate a free, appropriate,
and accessible education for every child. This mandate is a great privilege
and responsibility. Let's not squander this opportunity. Rather, let's
embrace it with vigor and commitment so that we truly educate young
people in ways that are most meaningful and relevant to their lives and
futures.
For the sake of our children and our world, please become involved in
this critical endeavor. After all, the world becomes what we teach.
1. My book Most Good, Least Harm: A Simple Principle for a Better World
and Meaningful Life (New York: Atria, 2009) describes the keys to do
 this.
2. Download the guidebook here: https://humaneeducation.org/solutionary-
hub/educate-solutionary-generation/solutionary-guidebook.
3. The list generated by these children was quite similar to lists generated
by older students and adults, so while I believe it's important to protect
young children from the ills of the world, the reality is that even ten-year-
olds know about grave global problems without having been taught about
them in school.
4. I could understand this widespread hopeless response more if these
children were subject to significant hardship and oppression, but these
were children in a private school in an affluent community.
5. I've modified this visualization from one originated by deep ecologist,
activist, and educator, Joanna Macy.
6. For those children suffering abuse, poverty, and/or oppression, the
imperative is to first help these children directly, rather than focus on
convincing them that they should be hopeful and optimistic. Then,
teachers can endeavor to engage these children in collaborative problem-
solving to create positive changes that will relieve their own suffering and
address the problems that harm them. This is empowering, helpful work
for children to conduct in school as long as it is done in age-appropriate
and sensitive ways.
7. Download the True Price activity here:
https://humaneeducation.org/resources/2013/true-price.
8. For an overview, see Mark Bitman's “The True Cost of a Burger,” New
York Times, July 16, 2014,
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/16/opinion/the-true-cost-of-a-
burger.html.
9. See Nathan Fiala, “How Meat Contributes to Global Warming,”
Scientific American, February 2009,
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-greenhouse-hamburger.
Also see the 2010 United Nations Environment Program's report,
Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Consumption and Production,
https://www.resourcepanel.org/reports/assessing-environmental-impacts-
consumption-and-production, which recommends a plant-based diet.
10. See Michael A. Clark, Nina G. G. Domingo, Kimberly Colgan, et al.
“Global Food System Emissions Could Preclude Achieving the 1.5° and
 2°C Climate Change Targets,” Science 370(6517), November 6, 2020,
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/370/6517/705.
11. This is why an organic apple may cost the same amount as a burger, the
question Kiara was addressing in the Introduction.
12. See: Wikipedia, “Food Libel Laws,” n.d.,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_libel_laws.
13. Although it's not hard to identify more humane, sustainable, and
healthy alternatives to fast food, this question can be extremely
challenging when other items—such as electronics—are used in True
Price, because there are no truly sustainable, humane, and just computers
or cell phones. This is why the focus on shifting systems is essential.
14. The Institute for Humane Education's free digital Solutionary
Guidebook addresses the problem of growing rates of type 2 “adult-
onset” diabetes among children to illustrate the solutionary process, and
the sections on leverage points and “solutionary solutions” provide ideas
and approaches to answer these questions.
15. Download the unit here:
https://humaneeducation.org/resources/2016/primary-death-dead-zone-
gulf-mexico-a-solutionary-unit.
16. This question is a modification of one posed by Oberlin College
professor David Orr in his book Earth in Mind: On Education, the
Environment, and the Human Prospect (Washington, D.C.: Island Press,
2004).
17. Ethanol production seemed like a good idea when it was introduced as a
fuel option. It diminished dependence on fossil fuels and offered an
alternative to the unpredictable global oil market. By becoming more
self-sufficient and using a renewable resource, the U.S. hoped to produce
energy, reduce reliance on foreign oil, and make an environmentally
sustainable choice. But ethanol production comes with negative effects,
including nitrogen-and phosphorus-based fertilizer runoff and the
conversion of forests to corn production, which increases greenhouse gas
emissions by reducing the carbon sink that forests provide. Many
scientists have now concluded that when all connected systems are
examined closely, ethanol production actually increases rather than
decreases total greenhouse gases, the opposite effect from its intended use
(see University of Berkeley, California. “Ethanol Production Consumes
 Six Units of Energy to Produce Just One,” Science Daily, April 1, 2005,
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/03/050329132436.htm).
18. The figures are from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC), 2017: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/leading-causes-of-
death.htm. Statistics that include the impact of COVID-19 on these
numbers are not available as of this writing.
19. See the World Health Organization International Agency for Research
on Cancer, “IARC Monographs Evaluate Consumption of Red Meat and
Processed Meat,” October 26, 2015, http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-
centre/pr/2015/pdfs/pr240_E.pdf.
20. See Centers for Disease Control, “Rates of New Diagnosed Cases of
Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Continue to Rise Among Children, Teens,”
n.d., https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/research/reports/children-diabetes-
rates-rise.html.
21. Some of the older students might pursue a Solutionary Career
Certification (described in the Appendix) in solar design and installation
inspired by such a program.
22. Mahatma Gandhi was once asked by a reporter, “What is your
message?” He responded, “My life is my message.” This is true for all of
us, hence this question.
23. In October 2015, President Obama disseminated a video that admitted
that current standardized testing protocols were not working to achieve
their goals. The outcry against frequent high-stakes testing, and the
activism that has led families to opt out of them and some states to limit
them, is being heard. See Rebecca Mead, “Obama's Change of Heart on
Testing,” New Yorker, October 28, 2015,:
http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/obamas-change-of-
heart-on-testing?
24. We might also ask what we can learn from the cancellation of
standardized tests during COVID-19 that can be carried forward post-
pandemic.
25. As a teenager, I felt relieved when our math teacher graded on a curve
after a difficult test. Motivated by grades, I was happy to get a high grade
in comparison with my classmates, even if I didn't understand the
concepts well enough to master the material and do well without the
curve. Only in retrospect did I realize the weakness of this grading model.
26. See articles at the Mindfulness in Schools Project:
http://mindfulnessinschools.org/research/research-evidence-mindfulness-
young-people-general.
27. Passage meditation was brought to the U.S. by India-born teacher
Eknath Easwaran, a professor of literature at the University of California
at Berkeley.
28. For more information about Naikan practice see Naikan: Gratitude,
Grace and the Art of Self Reflection by Gregg Krech (Berkeley, CA:
Stone Bridge Press, 2001).
29. For ideas about how to support children impacted by trauma see Lea
Waters and Tom Brunzell, “Five Ways to Support Students Affected by
Trauma,” Greater Good Magazine, August 13, 2018,
https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/five_ways_to_support_stude
nts_affected_by_trauma.
30. Investigating why this is the norm provides another excellent
opportunity for systems thinking.
31. The term “digital natives” was coined by Marc Prensky in his book of
the same title, to describe children who have grown up with digital
technology. Read his newest thinking on education at his website:
http://marcprenskyarchive.com/writings.
32. TED prize winner, Sugata Mitra's TED talk “Build a School in the
Cloud” offers a glimpse into the power of today's technologies to enable
powerful learning even in places where otherwise disadvantaged children
live without opportunities to attend school.
33. The book Moonshots in Education by Esther Wojcicki and Lance Izumi
offers many resources and ideas for doing this.
34. You can find more about Solutionary Career Certifications, an
extension of CTE, in the Appendix.
35. See Center on International Education Benchmarking, “Finland:
Teacher and Principal Equality,” n.d., http://www.ncee.org/programs-
affiliates/center-on-international-education-benchmarking/top-
performing-countries/finland-overview/finland-teacher-and-principal-
quality.
36. See Maria Annala, “The Place Where Ranking Schools Proves They're
Actually Equal,” The Atlantic, November 27, 2015,
 http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/11/ranking-high-
schools-in-finland/417333.
37. Watch Celia Hatton, “Respect for Japanese Teachers Means Top
Results,” CBS, September 29, 2010, on Japanese teaching,
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/respect-for-japanese-teachers-means-top-
results.
38. At the Institute for Humane Education we are helping to showcase
students' solutionary work ourselves through our curated Solutionary
YouTube Channel as well as an award process to help the best solutions
to be implemented. Criteria can be found through links on our website
here: https://humaneeducation.org/solutionary-hub/become-a-solutionary.
39. See Larry Ferlazzo, “Ways to Implement Restorative Practices in the
Classroom,” Education Week, January 9, 2020,
https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/opinion-ways-to-implement-
restorative-practices-in-the-classroom/2020/01.
40. The Institute for Humane Education offers online graduate programs, a
Solutionary Micro-credential program, workshops, and free
downloadable solutionary guidebooks, lesson plans, and curricula. Find
out more at www.HumaneEducation.org.
41. In the Appendix you'll find more suggestions for such a model.
 APPENDIX

In this Appendix, you'll find examples of where and how the ideas in this
book are taking root, a 14-step solutionary process, and a vision and
suggestions for transforming all schools into solutionary schools. My hope
is that you will use, share, and implement what follows.
As described earlier, The Institute for Humane Education (IHE) has
produced a free digital Solutionary Guidebook for teachers and a
companion free digital guide for students and change-makers, How to Be a
Solutionary. Both of these have been translated into many languages. We
encourage students to share their solutionary efforts and ideas with us via
video for potential inclusion on our Solutionary YouTube Channel. We are
also providing awards to students who produce the most solutionary
solutions. Additionally, we offer free lesson plans, issues guides, and
curricula in the Teacher Resources section of the Solutionary Hub on our
website as well as a Solutionary Micro-credential Program for teachers,
and online graduate programs with Antioch University (M.Ed., M.A.,
Ed.D., and Graduate Certificate).
As you utilize and implement these materials and ideas, please share
your experiences, successes, and challenges with us. We hope to learn
from you and improve education together.
Thanks for all you do,
Zoe
[email protected]
www.HumaneEducation.org

WHERE SOLUTIONARY LEARNING

IS TAKING ROOT
The first edition of this book, published in 2016, sparked solutionary
learning in a number of places, and I'm highlighting three examples to
demonstrate how these ideas can take root in:

An entire county
A school district
A classroom

SAN MATEO COUNTY, CA

After reading this book, Andra Yeghoian, the Environmental Literacy
Coordinator at the Office of Education in San Mateo County, CA, shared it
with the curriculum and instructional development team for the county,
which serves approximately 113,000 students in twenty-three school
districts. The team read the book and adopted its solutionary approach as
the philosophy and framework for the county. They began using these
ideas in their professional development workshops, fellowship programs,
and summer institutes offered to hundreds of teachers.
In turn, teachers throughout the county produced Solutionary Units for
their classrooms. The STEM team in the Office of Education then planned
the first annual Solutionary Fair. One hundred and thirteen student
solutionary teams registered to share their work in just the first year. San
Mateo has continued its solutionary professional development institutes for
teachers and produced a number of resources that educators anywhere can
use to operationalize the ideas in this book.1 I am hopeful that San Mateo
will represent the first of many counties to adopt a solutionary framework
for education and hold solutionary fairs to showcase student solutions.

OCEANSIDE SCHOOL DISTRICT, NY

Mitch Bickman, the Director of Social Studies for the Oceanside School
District on Long Island, NY, is integrating solutionary learning into the
entire K–12 social studies curriculum for the district.
Thus far, the high school has offered an annual multidisciplinary
solutionary unit, which revolves around the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs), to 10th and 11th graders through the History and English
departments. The students identify issues related to the SDGs that they are
passionate about, focus on a specific topic, and use the solutionary process
described in the Solutionary Guidebook to provide the framework for
students to devise and implement solutions.
In March 2020, the high school students who completed solutionary
units led and mentored the district's 5th graders at the district's first “World
We Want” Solutionary Fair. During the fair, the high schoolers introduced
the 5th graders to the SDGs and created stations to educate and excite them
about different solutionary concepts, all in preparation for their ongoing
solutionary learning in middle school.
I attended Oceanside's first Solutionary Fair and was deeply moved by
the incredible enthusiasm of the high school mentors, the excitement of the
fifth graders, and the dedication of the teachers and administrators. With
several schools participating, there is great potential for district-wide
contributions, cross-pollination of ideas at events like the fair described
above, and a community solutionary mindset taking hold as solutionary
learning becomes infused into the entire K–12 social studies curriculum.

EVERGREEN MIDDLE SCHOOL, CO

Julia Fliss is a 6th-grade language arts teacher at Evergreen Middle School
in Evergreen, CO. She'd been teaching her students about the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), and after downloading the Solutionary
Guidebook in 2020, as well as reading the first edition of this book, she
began using the solutionary process to “activate and develop a solutionary
mindset” among her students in order to enable them to design, launch,
and carry out their SDG-based Personalized Action Projects.
Julia invites her students to identify problems and concerns in their
community and then helps them cultivate solutionary thinking to discover
how they can best make a difference. Using root cause diagrams, her
students examine the complexity of and interconnections between the
problems they identify, along with the systems that perpetuate them, and
then develop solutions that do the most good and the least harm.
Integrating information and media literacy lessons, Julia has her
students research, synthesize, collaborate, and co-create “InfoMurals” to
share their learning with each other and practice persuasive speaking.
Next, her students take action. They choose their scope, goals, and
platform and make a measurable positive impact in their community. In
2021 Julia initiated the first Solutionary Summit to enable students to share
their work.
Julia's approach to teaching and learning—in which she makes her
classroom real-world and solutionary-focused—is exactly the goal of this
book. By helping her students to bring a solutionary lens to all issues and
problems, Julia is leading the way for the emergence of a solutionary
generation.

THE SOLUTIONARY PROCESS

At the Institute for Humane Education we have create a 14-step
Solutionary Process that is described in detail in both the free digital
Solutionary Guidebook for educators and the free How to Be a Solutionary
guide for students and change-makers. Here you'll find a condensed
version to help you get started teaching your students to be solutionaries.
It's worthwhile to go through this process yourself, choosing a problem of
concern to you, so that you have some experience before guiding your
students.

1. Cultivate compassion.
Introduce your students to issues in their community and the world that
impact people, animals, and the environment. Share stories of individuals
(people and animals) who are experiencing challenges or enduring
suffering to awaken and foster their compassion.

2. Learn about issues in your community and in the world.

Invite your students to learn more about the issues you brought to their
attention in step 1, encouraging them to focus on an issue that they care
about deeply. Have them conduct research and investigate the issue to gain
a solid understanding of it.

3. Identify a specific problem you care about solving.

Have your students identify a specific problem that they uncover in their
research—one they want to solve. Have them write a clear problem
statement to guide their solutionary work.

4. Connect with stakeholders and those working to solve the problem.

Help your students connect with everyone they can who has a stake in the
problem, including those who are already working to solve it. Stakeholders
include not only those who are harmed by the problem (or the people
representing them if the problem revolves around animals or the
environment), but also those who are benefiting from the problem and the
systems that support it.

5. Identify the causes of the problem from systemic structures to

psychological factors, worldviews, and mindsets.
Using a systems thinking methodology like the one described in the
Solutionary Guidebook, have students dive deeper into their research and
investigation to understand the societal systems that are causing and
perpetuating the problem, as well as the deeper causes—such as beliefs,
mindsets, and psychological factors—that have led us to create those
systems.

6. Determine who and what is harmed by the problem, and who and
what benefits.
Problems usually impact more than we initially notice. Have students
identify everyone who is impacted, both positively and negatively,
including all people, animals, and the environment.

7. Research what has been done to solve the problem thus far.
Have your students investigate the different solutions that have already
been tried. What's worked? What's failed? What great ideas could be
improved upon? What systems are preventing good solutions from
spreading widely and becoming fully implemented?

8. Devise solutions that address the causes of the problem, and which
do the most good and least harm to people, animals, and the
environment.
Mentor and support your students as they develop solutions that address
the causes of the problem, so it doesn't continue. Help them understand
that humanitarian and charitable acts, while important, won't prevent the
problem from persisting. Guide them in devising solutions that do the most
good and least harm to everyone, so that their solutions don't cause
unintended negative consequences to any groups or individuals, whether
human or nonhuman.

9. Determine which solutions are most solutionary and most feasible

for implementation.
Assist your students as they identify which of their ideas are (a) most
solutionary and (b) most practical for implementation. Use the Solutionary
Scale to help them identify (a).

The most feasible solution will be the one they are both excited about
implementing and have the capacity to put into effect. NOTE: the most
solutionary solution may not be the most feasible, so help your students
find the sweet spot where they have the means to put one of their
solutionary ideas into practice. It's possible that they'll come up with a
solutionary way to put an existing, but languishing, solution into effect.
This is a great way to be a solutionary!

10. Create a plan to implement your solution.

Using this planning chart as a guide (described in more detail in the
Solutionary Guidebook), support your students in completing their plan.
11. Implement your solution.
Support your students in implementing their solutions to the greatest
degree possible within the constraints of your classroom and curriculum.

12. Present your work.

Ideally, your students will present their work in a classroom, school, and/or
district forum, such as a Solutionary Fair or Solutionary Summit. We
encourage students to follow the guidelines described in our guidebooks—
or create their own innovative approach—for video submissions to the
Institute for Humane Education for potential inclusion in our curated
Solutionary YouTube Channel as well as to be eligible for an award.

13. Assess, share, iterate.

We all become better solutionaries when we carefully evaluate our
solutions, inform others by sharing our successes (as well as our failures),
and make improvements along the way. Help your students to self-reflect,
collect meaningful feedback and data, and adjust their solutionary efforts.

14. Celebrate!
Don't forget to celebrate your students' good work. Here are some ideas:

Host a mural-making party during which students share images and

words to depict the world solutionaries like them will create.
Hold a Solutionary Council in which students publicly state why each
classmate in the circle is a solutionary.
Plan a “good news” class highlighting the positive actions and
outcomes of young solutionaries in the classroom and beyond.
 WHAT IF ALL SCHOOLS BECAME
SOLUTIONARY SCHOOLS?
Let's think big. Let's imagine that all schools become solutionary schools.
What would the foundational philosophy, purpose, and approaches look
like? Below are some ideas developed by a team at the Institute for
Humane Education to help get us started.

A Purpose, Vision, Mission, and Promise Statement for Solutionary

Schools

Purpose of Solutionary Schools

To provide young people with an engaging, personalized, real world–

oriented education that serves their full development as human beings
in an interdependent world.
To provide the world with motivated, knowledgeable, and
compassionate citizens who have demonstrable abilities to solve real-
world problems successfully, collaboratively, creatively, and wisely.

Vision for Solutionary School Communities

Kind, creative, skilled, knowledgeable, and joyful people learning together
and co-creating a thriving world for all people, animals, and the
ecosystems that sustain life.

Mission of Solutionary Schools

To educate students to be solutionaries who are:

Loved, supported, and appreciated for their unique qualities, interests,

and talents.
Helped to become compassionate and responsible people with
integrity.
Provided with opportunities to gain knowledge and skills in order to
become excellent critical, systems, strategic, scientific, logical, and
creative thinkers and collaborators who are able to pursue goals that
 are personally meaningful, and which contribute to a more just,
humane, and sustainable world.

Promise of Solutionary Schools

To provide young people with an education that cultivates and honors all
their capacities as human beings, solutionary schools will:

Ensure that students acquire excellent research and thinking capacities

(students demonstrate highly developed critical, systems, strategic,
creative, scientific, analytic, design, mathematical, and logical
thinking).
Foster emotional health and excellent communication (students
demonstrate compassion, kindness, self-awareness, motivation for
good, fairness, honesty, active listening, and effective, respectful
writing, speaking, and videography).
Provide opportunities for genuine accomplishments in which students
solve real-world problems, demon strate collaboration, engage in the
community, and are able to pursue solutionary-focused intern ships
and opportunities.
Offer daily opportunities for creativity through the expressive arts as
well as physical exercise and practice.

Foundational Understandings of Solutionary Schools

1. A humane, just, and healthy world is possible.

So many things have improved dramatically, which reminds us that a
better future attainable. We can and must learn how to live wisely and
peacefully; to create equitable, humane, and sustainable systems; and to
protect the biosphere on which all life depends.
2. We are inextricably connected, ecologically and societally.
What we each do and do not do affects people, animals, and the
environment. Ecological and social systems interact, and we have the
capacity to discover these interactions and interconnections and act
compassionately and with integrity.
3. We are all responsible.
 To the degree that we are able, we each have a responsibility to
contribute to the creation of healthy, equitable, peaceful, and humane
systems and to solve the challenges we face, as well as to strive to make
ethical choices that do the most good and least harm for all people,
especially the most marginalized; for all animals; and for the
ecosystems that sustain life.
4. Solutions are dependent upon accurate information and multiple
perspectives.
We can and must learn to identify credible information; to distinguish
fact from conjecture and misinformation/disinformation; to reason; and
to seek out a variety of perspectives to inform our opinions and efforts.
5. Solutionary solutions emerge from solutionary thinking.
Either/or thinking limits our capacity to identify and create innovative,
visionary solutions that work for all. We can and must strive to develop
solutions that move beyond simplistic, dichotomous responses in order
to discover the most successful and comprehensive answers to
problems.
6. An ideal solution does not harm people, animals, or the ecosystems
that sustain life.
We can and must strive to find solutions that are sustainable, just, and
humane toward all beings and the environment and that respect both
individual humans and nonhumans and the commons we share.
7. An ideal solution addresses root and/or systemic causes.
While treating symptoms of problems is often important, to solve
systemic challenges we can and must identify and address the
underlying root and/or systemic causes that lead to problems.

Important Elements of Solutionary Schools

• Solutionary-focused Curriculum: The curriculum is real-world and

solutionary-focused, relevant to both students' lives and the world,
personalized, modifiable, and updated regularly.
• Solutionary Centers: Solutionary Centers within the school showcase
student solutions through any/all of the following: examples of
implemented ideas, solutionary theater and the arts, solutionary
 presentations and summits (live-streamed to the world during day-long
events), maker spaces, exhibition areas, entrepreneurial opportunities
through a solutionary store that sells students' solutionary products and
services, and more.
• Student Support: Students are loved, nurtured, and supported to
discover and develop their unique gifts and their capacities to best
contribute. Restorative practices have replaced punitive disciplinary
policies.
• Solutionary Career Certificates (SCCs): Students are able to pursue a
certificate(s) in a solutionary field(s) of their choice.
• Emphasis on the Whole Child: The school provides a balance between
academic subjects, the arts and design, and physical, mental, and
emotional wellness to ensure that students are able to cultivate and
utilize their thinking, affective, creative, and physical capacities
synergistically and positively for the benefit of themselves and others.
• Assessment: Assessments are constructed to best help children learn,
accomplish, and develop their research skills, thinking capacities,
collaborative abilities, solutionary ideas, and knowledge, and to achieve
their personal goals and the goals of the school.
• Democracy: To the degree possible, all school members (students,
faculty, administration, parents, staff) have a voice in school decision-
making.
• Faculty: All teachers are expected to continually strive for excellence
and to embrace being a worthy role model for children. They receive
competitive compensation, are respected as professionals, receive
professional development and training in solutionary-focused humane
education, and contribute to the continual refinement of the curriculum.
• Most Good, Least Harm Ethic: To the degree possible, the school
models choices that do the most good and least harm for people, animals,
and the environment, taking into account those who are most
marginalized. In practice, these choices may include (but are not limited
to): renewable energy; sustainable building materials/furniture; active
attention to product usage and recycling; fair trade policies for school
purchases; a cafeteria that chooses healthy, humanely, justly, and
sustainably produced food; school garden/living walls that contribute to
 the cafeteria and demonstrate healthy and sustainable food systems,
restorative practices, etc.
• Values: The following qualities are actively cultivated among the entire
school community (students, faculty, administrators, staff): compassion,
responsibility, kindness, honesty, fairness, integrity, perseverance, self-
awareness, positive communication and active listening, wonder and
curiosity, creativity, and collaboration.
• Inclusive and Systemic Solutionary Approach: The school eschews
either/or thinking and always seeks solutions that are healthy, humane,
and just for all.

Core Values of Solutionary Schools

The following core values and qualities are cultivated daily among all
members of the school community.
Compassion
The ability to understand and relate to others and their experiences
coupled with the desire to be helpful and of service.
Responsibility
The understanding that everything we do and do not do has an impact,
and therefore we should do our best to make choices that do the most
good and least harm for ourselves and others, including other species
and the environment, and to enthusiastically participate in efforts to
make systems in our society sustainable, equitable, and humane.
Kindness
The act of doing good and helping in both our interpersonal
relationships and through choices that affect others who may be far-
removed but with whom we are connected through globalized systems.
Perseverance
The effort to pursue goals even in the face of obstacles and setbacks.
Self-Awareness
The ability to observe and understand ourselves, our impact on others,
and our capacities, talents, passions, and struggles. Engagement in
introspection and reflection.
Positive Communication and Active Listening
The commitment to pay attention to others, welcome divergent voices,
understand the power of language, and consider differing perspectives
and experiences.
Wonder and Curiosity
The ability to marvel and experience awe and amazement, coupled with
the desire to know and understand.
Creativity
The practice of innovation, making things, designing, improvising,
putting ideas together that didn't exist before, and developing new
thoughts and perspectives that matter.
Collaboration
The effort to learn from and with one another and work together toward
common goals.
Honesty
The quality of being truthful, straightforward, and sincere.
Fairness
The commitment to equity and justice such that everyone receives what
they need to survive and thrive, including access to opportunity,
resources, and support.
Integrity
The commitment to live according to all these values to the best of our
ability and do what is consistent with the above when no one is looking.

Solutionary Dispositions, Abilities, Literacies, and Competencies

Dispositions

Committed to choice-making that does the most good and least harm
for oneself and others, including other species
Compassionate
Conscientious
Ethical
Mindful
 Open-minded
Solutions-oriented

Thinking Abilities

Ability to conduct research and analyze for validity

Ability to consider different viewpoints, experiences, and perspectives
Ability to make causal interconnections
Ability to transfer knowledge
Design thinking
Logical thinking
Mathematical thinking
Scientific thinking
Solutionary thinking, comprised primarily of:
Critical thinking
Systems thinking
Strategic thinking
Creative thinking

Literacies and Competencies

Collaborative competency
Computer/technology competency
Financial/economic literacy
Foundational verbal and written literacy
Foundational numeracy
Foundational scientific literacy
Global awareness literacy
Media literacy (including literacy around disinformation and
misinformation)
Problem finding competency
Problem solving competency
Project management competency
Root and systemic cause analysis
Structural oppression literacy

Communication and Expression Skills

 Ability to advocate effectively
Active listening skills
Artistic skills
Conflict resolution skills
Cross-cultural communication skills
Public speaking skills
Writing skills
Videography skills

Solutionary Career Certification Tracks

In some schools, students are able to pursue a CTE (Career and Technical
Education) in fields such as plumbing, construction, landscaping, and
electrical work. These certification tracks allow students to gain important
life experiences and skills that prepare them for employment upon high
school graduation. This approach to employment opportunity and job
security can be expanded to embrace solutionary career tracks as well.
There are many possibilities for Solutionary Career Certification (SCC)
tracks that students can pursue in high school. Any career, job, or
profession can be solutionary; what matters is that practitioners understand
and embrace their responsibility to ensure that the systems within that
profession or job are ethical, sustainable, and healthy for people, animals,
and the environment. Some fields are more obviously solutionary than
others. In the list below, you'll find professions and jobs that are, by their
nature, generally solutionary, as well as other fields explicitly modified to
have a solutionary focus.
This list represents a small portion (with some personal additions) of
those identified by school developer, school director, and Institute for
Humane Education M.Ed. graduate, Marion MacGillivray. Students
participating in an SCC can pursue and receive certification for a certain
number of hours of study, internships, mentoring, and accomplishments.
Students may be able to gain substantial proficiency in some of these
tracks, while in others their certification will specify a more narrow focus
and specific accomplishment geared toward professional preparation.

Agriculture: sustainable farming; permaculture; soil regeneration;

restorative forestry; myco-remediation; plant-based protein
 development; cultivated meat development; organic gardening and
landscaping; renewable-energy hydroponics
Architecture, Design, Construction, Building Trades: green
architecture; sustainable design; restorative land-use planning; eco-
friendly building and furniture production; energy efficiency; solar and
wind design and installation; sustainable trade specialties (carpentry,
electrical, plumbing, insulation, painting, flooring, etc.)
Art and Theater: solutionary-focused: playwriting; filmmaking;
performance poetry; puppetry; dance; improvisational and/or stand up
comedy; story-telling; media entertainment; visual arts (photography,
sculpture, fine art)
Communication: investigative reporting; documentary production;
solutionary-focused writing, illustration, graphic design, and
publishing; campaigning; public speaking; advocacy
Business, Management, and Administration: social business
development; nonprofit start-ups and management; green consulting;
ethical investing; fundraising and grant writing; public service
advertising; microfinance
Education and Training: humane education; teaching; solutionary
curriculum development; solutionary workshop facilitation
Government and Public Administration: policy-making; political
action and service; legislative aid work; solutionary think tanks
Health and Medicine: preventive health care; nutritional science and
consulting; counseling and social work; fitness; solutionary-focused
medicine
Hospitality and Tourism: volunteer tourism; ecotourism; educational
tourism; solutionary tourism
Law, Public Safety, Corrections, Security: environmental, social justice,
and animal protection law; restorative justice; conflict resolution and
peacemaking; immigration solutions
Manufacturing: fair-trade, eco-friendly, cruelty-free production; cradle to
cradle production;2 recycling
STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Math) Careers: green
chemistry; humane research; civil engineering for sustainable cities and
 towns; non-polluting/regenerative transportation systems; clean energy
systems
1. You can find San Mateo's framework here:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1cbqGYDvUJmN5uZKaHmj0SkYw
vaH749SDJnPfvs8wcus/edit#;.
2. Cradle to cradle refers to production that isn't simply less toxic or
destructive, but which is actually nourishing and helpful to the
environment. The book Cradle to Cradle by William McDonough and
Michael Braungart details such a vision for production.
 FURTHER READING
AND RESOURCES

Books Primarily on Education

Berger, Warren. A More Beautiful Question: The Power of Inquiry to
Spark Breakthrough Ideas. New York: Bloomsbury USA, 2014.
Berry, Barnett, et al. Teaching 2030: What We Must Do for Our Students
and Our Public Schools . . . Now and in the Future. New York:
Teachers College Press, 2011.
Block, Joshua. Teaching for a Living Democracy: Project-Based Learning
for the English and History Classroom. New York: Teachers College
Press, 2020.
Burger, Edward B., and Michael Starbird. The 5 Elements of Effective
Thinking. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012.
Chaltain, Sam. Our School: Searching for Community in the Era of
Choice. New York: Teachers College Press, 2014.
Chapin, Dexter. Master Teachers: Making a Difference on the Edge of
Chaos. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Education, 2008.
Christensen, Linda, and Stan Karp, Eds. Rethinking School Reform: Views
from the Classroom. Milwaukee, WI.: Rethinking Schools, 2003.
Cowhey, Mary. Black Ants and Buddhists. Portland, ME: Stenhouse
Publishers, 2006.
Dintersmith, Ted. What Schools Could Be. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press, 2018.
Esquith, Rafe. Teach Like Your Hair's on Fire. New York: Viking, 2007.
Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Continuum, 2000.
Friedman, Audrey A., and Luke Reynolds, Eds. Burned In: Fueling the
Fire to Teach. New York: Teachers College Press, 2011.
Gardner, Howard. Five Minds for the Future. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
Business Review Press, 2009.
Gatto, John Taylor. Dumbing Us Down: The Hidden Curriculum of
Compulsory Schooling. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers,
2002.
Goldstein, Dana. The Teacher Wars: A History of America's Most
Embattled Profession. New York: Anchor Books, 2015.
Goleman, Daniel, Lisa Bennett, and Zenobia Barlow. Ecoliterate: How
Educators are Cultivating Emotional, Social, and Ecological
Intelligence. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2012.
Gorski, Paul C. Reaching and Teaching Students in Poverty: Strategies
for Erasing the Opportunity Gap. New York: Routledge, 2017
Goyal, Nikhil. Schools on Trial: How Freedom and Creativity Can Fix
Our Educational Malpractice. New York: Doubleday, 2016.
Hunter, John. World Peace and Other 4th-Grade Achievements. New
York: Houghton Mifflin, 2013.
Jacobs, Heidi Hayes. Curriculum 21: Essential Education for a Changing
World. Alexandria, VA: ASCD, 2010.
Johnson, LouAnne. The Queen of Education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass,
2007.
Khan, Salman. The One World Schoolhouse: Education Reimagined. New
York: Twelve, 2012.
Kohn, Alfie. Schooling Beyond Measure and Other Unorthodox Essays
About Education. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2015.
Kottler, Jeffrey A., Stanley J. Zehm, and Ellen Kottler. On Being a
Teacher: The Human Dimension, Third Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA.:
Corwin Press, 2005.
Lickona, Thomas. Educating for Character. New York: Bantam, 1992.
McCarthy, Colman. I'd Rather Teach Peace. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis
Books, 2008.
McCarty, Marietta. Little Big Minds. New York: Penguin Group, 2006.
Meier, Deborah. In Schools We Trust: Creating Communities of Learning
in an Era of Testing and Standardization. Boston: Beacon Press, 2014.
Merrow, John. The Influence of Teachers: Reflections on Teaching and
Leadership. New York: LM Books, 2011.
Mintz, Jerry, and Carlo Ricci, Eds. Turning Points: 27 Visionaries in
Education Tell Their Own Stories. Roslyn Heights, NY: Alternative
Education Resource Organization, 2010.
Olson, Kirsten. Wounded by School. New York: Teachers College Press,
2009.
Palmer, Parker. The Courage to Teach. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2007.
Pearlman, Steven J. America's Critical Thinking Crisis: The Failure and
Promise of Education. PublishDrive, 2020.
Perkins, David. Future Wise: Educating Our Children for a Changing
World. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2014.
Prensky, Marc. Education to Better Their World: Unleashing the Power of
21st Century Kids. New York: Teachers College Press, 2016.
Reigeluth, Charles M., and Jennifer R. Karnopp. Reinventing Schools: It's
Time to Break the Mold. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield
Education, 2013.
Reynolds, Luke, Ed. Imagine It Better: Visions of What School Might Be.
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2014.
Roberts, Rohan. Cosmic Citizens and Moonshot Thinking: Education in
an Age of Exponential Technologies. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse,
2018.
Robinson, Sir Ken, and Lou Aronica. Creative Schools: The Grassroots
Revolution That's Transforming Education. New York: Viking, 2015.
Russakoff, Dale. The Prize: Who's in Charge of America's Schools. New
York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015.
Schauffler, Marina. Kids As Planners: A Guide to Strengthening Students,
Schools and Communities Through Service-Learning (Revised and
Expanded 3rd Edition). Lewiston, ME: Kids Consortium, 2011.
Stern, Julie H., et al. Learning That Transfers: Designing Curriculum for
a Changing World. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin, 2021.
Swope, Kathy, and Barbara Miner, Eds. Failing Our Kids: Why the
Testing Craze Won't Fix Our Schools. Milwaukee, WI: Rethinking
Schools, 2000.
Trilling, Bernie and Fadel, Charles. 21st Century Skills: Learning for Life
in Our Times. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2009.
Weil, Zoe. Above All, Be Kind: Raising a Humane Child in Challenging
Times. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers, 2003.
Wiggins, Grant, and Jay McTighe. Understanding by Design (Expanded
2nd Edition). Alexandria, VA: ASCD, 2005.
Wojcicki, Esther, and Lance Izumi. Moonshots in Education: Launching
Blended Learning in the Classroom. San Francisco: Pacific Research
Institute, 2015.

Books Primarily on Human Rights and

Social Justice
Alexander, Michelle. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age
of Colorblindness. New York: The New Press, 2012.
Baird, Robert M., and Stuart E. Rosenbaum, Eds. Hatred, Bigotry, and
Prejudice. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1999.
Bales, Kevin. Ending Slavery. Berkeley: University of California Press,
2007.
Batstone, David. Not for Sale: The Return of the Global Slave Trade and
How We Can Fight It. New York: HarperOne, 2010.
Cohen, Stanley. States of Denial: Knowing About Atrocities and Suffering.
Cambridge, MA: Polity Press, 2001.
Eberhardt, Jennifer. Biased: Uncovering the Hidden Prejudice That
Shapes What We See, Think, and Do. New York: Penguin Books, 2020.
Johnson, Allan. G. Privilege, Power and Difference. Boston, MA:
McGraw-Hill, 2006.
Kassindja, Fauziya. Do They Hear You When You Cry. New York: Delta,
1999.
Kressel, Neil J. Mass Hate: The Global Rise of Genocide and Terror.
Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2002.
Kristof, Nicholas, and Sheryl WuDunn. Half the Sky: Turning Oppression
into Opportunity for Women Worldwide. New York, NY: Vintage
Books, 2009.
Sloan, Judith, and Warren Lehrer. Crossing the Boulevard. New York: W.
W. Norton & Co., 2003.
Tomasevski, Katarina. Education Denied: Costs and Remedies. New
York: Zed Books, 2003.
Wilkerson, Isabel. Caste: The Origin of Our Discontents. New York:
Random House, 2020.
Yousafzai, Malala, and Christina Lamb. I Am Malala: The Girl Who
Stood Up for Education and Was Shot by the Taliban. Boston, MA:
Little, Brown and Company, 2013.
Yunus, Muhammad. Creating a World Without Poverty: Social Business
and the Future of Capitalism. New York: Public Affairs, 2009.

Books Primarily on Environmental

Preservation
AtKisson, Alan. Sustainability Is for Everyone. Oxford, UK: Isis
Academy (Iffley Academy), 2013.
Berners-Lee, Michael. How Bad Are Bananas? The Carbon Footprint of
Everything. Berkeley, CA: Greystone Books, 2011.
Diamond, Jared. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed.
New York: Penguin, 2011.
Ellis, Richard. The Empty Ocean. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2004.
Kolbert, Elizabeth. The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History. New
York: Henry Holt & Co., 2014.
Hawken, Paul. Drawdown: The Most Comprehensive Plan Ever Proposed
to Reverse Global Warming. New York, NY: Penguin Books, 2017.
Henley, Thom, and Kenny Peavy. As If the Earth Matters: Recommitting
to Environmental Education. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society
Publishers, 2006.
McDonough, William, and Michael Braungart. Cradle to Cradle:
Remaking the Way We Make Things. New York: North Point Press,
2010.
Orr, David. Earth in Mind: On Education, Environment and the Human
Prospect (2nd Edition). Washington, DC: Island Press, 2004.
Ryan, John C., and Alan Thein Durning. Stuff: The Secret Lives of
Everyday Things. Seattle, WA: Sightline Institute, 2012.
Speth, James. The Bridge at the End of the World. New Haven, Conn.:
Yale University Press, 2009.

Books Primarily on Animal Protection

Akhtar, Aysha. Our Symphony with Animals: On Health, Empathy, and
Our Shared Destinies. New York: Pegasus, 2019.
Baur, Gene. Farm Sanctuary: Changing Hearts and Minds About
Animals. New York: Touchstone, 2008.
Bekoff, Marc. The Emotional Lives of Animals. Novato, CA: New World
Library, 2011.
Eisnitz, Gail. Slaughterhouse. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2007.
Foer, Jonathan Safran. Eating Animals. New York: Back Bay Books,
2010.
Fouts, Roger. Next of Kin: What Chimps Taught Me About Who We Are.
New York, NY: Quill, 1997.
Ginsberg, Caryn. Animal Impact: Proven Secrets to Achieve Results and
Move the World. Priority Ventures Group, 2011.
Joy, Melanie. Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs and Wear Cows. San
Francisco, CA.: Conari Press, 2010.
Masson, Jeffrey Moussaieff. When Elephants Weep. New York: Delta,
1995.
McCarthur, Jo-Anne. We Animals. Brooklyn, NY: Lantern Books, 2013.
Patterson, Charles. Eternal Treblinka. Brooklyn, NY: Lantern Books,
2002.
Reitman, Judith. Stolen for Profit. New York: Kensington Books, 1995.
Safina, Carl. Becoming Wild: How Animal Cultures Raise Families,
Create Beauty, and Achieve Peace: New York: Henry Holt, 2020.
Singer, Peter. Animal Liberation. New York, NY: Harper Perennial
Modern Classics, 2009.
Stevens, Kathy. Where the Blind Horse Sings: Love and Healing at an
Animal Sanctuary. New York: Skyhorse, 2009.
Taylor, Sunaura. Beasts of Burden: Animal and Disability Liberation.
New York: The New Press, 2017.
Wise, Steven. Rattling the Cage. London: Profile, 2001.
Wulff, Gypsy. Turning Points in Compassion: Personal Journeys of
Animal Advocates. Spirit Wings Humane Education, 2015.

Books Primarily on Culture, Progress,

and Change-making
Abdullah, Sharif. Creating a World That Works for All. San Francisco,
CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 1999.
AtKisson, Alan. Believing Cassandra: An Optimist Looks at a Pessimist's
World. London: Earthscan, 2010.
Barasch, Marc Ian. The Compassionate Life: Walking the Path of
Kindness. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2009.
Barnes, Peter. Capitalism 3.0: A Guide to Reclaiming the Commons. San
Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2006.
Bornstein, David. How to Change the World. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2007.
Chase, Robin. Peers Inc: How People and Platforms Are Inventing the
Collaborative Economy and Reinventing Capitalism. New York: Public
Affairs, 2015.
Enriquez, Juan. Right/Wrong: How Technology Transforms Our Ethics.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2020.
Gardner, Daniel. The Science of Fear: How the Culture of Fear
Manipulates Your Brain. New York: Plume, 2009.
Goffman, Alice. On the Run: Fugitive Life in an American City. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2014.
Greenspan, Miriam. Healing Through the Dark Emotions. Boston, Mass.:
Shambhala, 2004.
Haidt, Jonathan. The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by
Politics and Religion. New York: Vintage, 2013.
Harari, Yuval Noah. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. New York:
Harper Perennial, 2018.
Harper, A. Breeze. Sistah Vegan: Black Women Speak on Food, Identity,
Health, and Society (10th Anniversary Edition). Brooklyn, NY: Lantern
Publishing & Media, 2020.
Heath, Dan. Upstream: The Quest to Solve Problems Before They
Happen. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2020.
Hinkley, Robert. Time to Change Corporations: Closing the Citizenship
Gap. Scotts Valley, CA: Create Space, 2011.
Kiernan, Stephen. Authentic Patriotism: Restoring America's Founding
Ideals Through Selfless Action. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2010.
Ko, Aph & Syl. Aphro-ism: Essays on Pop Culture, Feminism, and Black
Veganism from Two Sisters. Brooklyn, NY: Lantern Books, 2017.
Krech, Gregg. Naikan: Gratitude, Grace and the Art of Self Reflection.
Berkeley, CA: Stone Bridge Press, 2001.
Mckeown, Greg. Essentialism: The Disciplined Pursuit of Less. New
York: Crown Business, 2014.
Meadows, Donnella, and Donna Wright. Thinking in Systems: A Primer.
White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2008.
Pinker, Steven. Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science,
Humanism, and Progress. New York: Penguin Books, 2019.
Raworth, Kate. Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st-
Century Economist. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2018.
Rosling, Hans, et al. Factfulness: Ten Reasons Why We're Wrong About
the World, and Why Things Are Better Than You Think. New York:
Flatiron Books Reprint Edition, 2020
Shapiro, Paul. Clean Meat: How Growing Meat without Animals Will
Revolutionize Dinner and the World. New York: Gallery Books, 2018.
Singer, Peter. The Most Good You Can Do: How Effective Altruism Is
Changing Ideas About Living Ethically. New Haven, CT: Yale
University Press, 2015.
Steele, Claude. Whistling Vivaldi: How Stereotypes Affect Us and What
We Can Do. New York: Norton, 2011.
Sunstein, Cass. Conspiracy Theories and Other Dangerous Ideas. New
York: Simon & Schuster, 2014.
Sunstein, Cass. Wiser: Getting Beyond Groupthink to Make Groups
Smarter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Review Press, 2014.
Ury, William. The Third Side. New York: Penguin Books, 2000.
Weil, Zoe. Most Good, Least Harm: A Simple Principle for a Better World
and Meaningful Life. New York: Beyond Words/Atria, 2009.
Wrangham, Richard. The Goodness Paradox: The Strange Relationship
Between Virtue and Violence in Human Evolution. New York: Vintage,
2019.
Yang, Andrew. The War on Normal People: The Truth About America's
Disappearing Jobs and Why Universal Basic Income Is Our Future.
New York: Hachette Books, 2019.
Zaki, Jamil. The War for Kindness: Building Empathy in a Fractured
World. New York: Crown, 2020.

ORGANIZATIONS AND RESOURCES IN

EDUCATION
Algalita: algalita.org/work
Alternative Education Resource Organization:
www.educationrevolution.org
Americans Who Tell the Truth: www.americanswhotellthetruth.org
Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education:
www.aashe.org
Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD):
www.ascd.org/Default.aspx
Awecademy: www.awecademy.org
BetterLesson: betterlesson.com
Big Picture Learning: www.bigpicture.org
BSCS Science Learning: bscs.org
Buck Institute for Education Project Based Learning:
bie.org/about/what_pbl
Ceeds of Peace: ceedsofpeace.org
Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education:
ccare.stanford.edu
Center for Ecoliteracy: www.ecoliteracy.org
Center for Teaching Quality: www.teachingquality.org
Challenge Success: www.challengesuccess.org
Changemaker Project: www.thechangemakerproject.org
Character Education Partnership (CEP): character.org
Clayton Christensen Institute for Disruptive Innovation:
www.christenseninstitute.org
Clear the Air: cleartheaireducation.wordpress.com/about-cleartheair
Cloud Institute for Sustainability Education: cloudinstitute.org
Collaborative for Academic, Social and Emotional Learning (CASEL):
www.casel.org
Creaza: www.creaza.com
Critical Thinking Foundation: www.criticalthinking.org
Critical Thinking Initiative: www.thecriticalthinkinginitiative.org
Curriculum 21 Clearinghouse: www.curriculum21.com/clearinghouse
Design for Change: www.dfcworld.com/SITE
Education for Liberation: www.edliberation.org
Education Next: www.educationnext.org
Education to Save the World: edtosavetheworld.com
Education Week: www.edweek.org/ew/index.html
Edutopia: www.edutopia.org
Equity Literacy Institute: www.equityliteracy.org/team
Facing History and Ourselves: www.facinghistory.org
For Each and Every Child: foreachandeverychild.org
Global Future Education Foundation: global-future-education.org
Global Oneness Project: www.globalonenessproject.org
Greater Good (education): greatergood.berkeley.edu/education
Green Teacher: greenteacher.com
Happy World Foundation: happyworldfoundation.us
HEART: teachhumane.org
Heroic Imagination Project: heroicimagination.org
Human Restoration Project: www.humanrestorationproject.org
Humane Education Coalition: www.hecoalition.org
HundrEd: hundred.org/en
Inspire Citizens: inspirecitizens.org
Institute for Climate and Peace: www.climateandpeace.org
Institute for Democratic Education in America:
www.democraticeducation.org
Institute for Humane Education www.HumaneEducation.org
Khan Academy: www.khanacademy.org
Learning for Justice: www.learningforjustice.org
Map the System: mapthesystem.web.ox.ac.uk/home
Mastery Connect: www.masteryconnect.com
Operation Breaking Stereotypes: www.operationbreakingstereotypes.org
Partnership for 21st Century Learning: www.p21.org
Peace First: peacefirst.org
Peace Learning Center: peacelearningcenter.org
Progressive Education Network: www.progressiveeducationnetwork.org
Rethinking Schools: www.rethinkingschools.org/index.shtml
RISE Travel Institute: www.risetravelinstitute.org
River Phoenix Center for Peacebuilding: www.centerforpeacebuilding.org
Roots and Shoots: www.rootsandshoots.org
SCOPE (Stanford Center for Opportunity Policy in Education):
edpolicy.stanford.edu
Solutionary Athlete: solutionaryathlete.com
Solutionary School: www.thesolutionaryschool.org
Solutions Journalism Network: www.solutionsjournalism.org
Stanford Earth Matters: earth.stanford.edu/earth-matters
Systems-led Leadership: systems-ledleadership.com
Taking IT Global: www.tigweb.org
Teachers Pay Teachers: www.teacherspayteachers.com
Teachers—YouTube: www.youtube.com/user/teachers
Teaching for Change: www.teachingforchange.org
Teach the Future: www.teachthefuture.org
TED-Ed Lessons: ed.ted.com/lessons
Uniting for Kids: www.uniting4kids.com
Uprooting Inequity: uprootinginequity.com
World Citizen: www.peacesites.org
World Peace Game Foundation: www.worldpeacegame.org
World Savvy: www.worldsavvy.org
Worldmapper: worldmapper.org
Yale Center for Emotional Intelligence: ei.yale.edu
Youth Empowered Action: yeacamp.org
YES!: www.yesworld.org
Yes! Magazine for teachers: www.yesmagazine.org/for-teachers

BLOGS AND PODCASTS OF VALUE TO

EDUCATORS
Blog21: www.curriculum21.com/blog
Brainwaves Video Anthology:
www.youtube.com/user/TheBrainwavesChannel
Sam Chaltain: www.samchaltain.com/blog
The Critical Thinking Initiative:
www.thecriticalthinkinginitiative.org/podcasts
Cult of Pedagogy: www.cultofpedagogy.com
Education Week: www.edweek.org/ew/section/blogs/index.html?
intc=main-topnav
Ethical Schools Podcast: ethicalschools.org
Jesse Hagopian: iamaneducator.com
Joshua Block: mrjblock.com
Hidden Brain: www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain
Human Restoration Project: www.humanrestorationproject.org/podcast
Institute for Humane Education: humaneeducation.org/blog
Mind Shift: ww2.kqed.org/mindshift
Paul C. Gorski: edchange.org/publications.html
Scott McLeod: dangerouslyirrelevant.org
National Geographic Education Blog:
blog.education.nationalgeographic.com/about-our-blog
Diane Ravitch: dianeravitch.net
Will Richardson: willrichardson.com/blog
Teach 100 (ranks and conglomerates best education blogs):
teach.com/teach100
Teach Thought: www.teachthought.com
Teaching to Thrive: podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/atn-teaching-to-
thrive/id1525043025
Ten of the best podcasts for teachers: www.weareteachers.com/must-listen-
podcasts
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am so grateful to the many people who have been involved in various

ways with this book and its ideas. There are hundreds of brilliant,
insightful teachers and authors whose books and articles I have read (see
the Further Reading section), whose presentations I have watched and
heard, and who have informed my perspectives about schooling over the
many decades I've been an educator. My hope is that this book builds upon
and adds to their work.
Many aspects of this book were the result of eighteen months of
collaborative work developing ideas and a model for solutionary schools
among people connected with the Institute for Humane Education (IHE),
including IHE's current and past staff, faculty, board of directors, board of
advisors, students, graduates, partners, and colleagues.
Many people read and provided feedback on the first edition as well as
this edition. Thank you Victoria Anderson, Liz Behrens, Abba Carmichael,
Mary Pat Champeau, Victoria Chiatula, Allan Cohen, Pierce Delahunt,
Kathryn Dillon, Mark Doscow, Mary Lee Duff, Susan Feathers, Melissa
Feldman, Hope Ferdowsian, Barbara Fiore, Alison Foster, Margery
Gallow, Michael Gillis, Bill Gladstone, Chitra Golestani, Lexie Greer,
Mark Heimann, Rachel Josephs, Steve Kaufman, Sandra Kleinman,
Natalja Lekecinskiene, Dora Lievow, Marion MacGillivray, Dana
McPhall, Julie Meltzer, Robyn Moore, Carol Nash, Marsha Rakestraw,
Mark Schulman, Sarah Speare, Kristine Tucker, and Lori Weir. This book
was significantly improved because of their combined input. Many thanks,
as always, to Martin Rowe at Lantern Publishing & Media. Martin
suggested crowd-sourcing feedback to the first draft of this book, a
wonderful way to learn from many people, and make changes based on
multiple perspectives.
Finally, and always, my deepest gratitude to my husband, Edwin
Barkdoll, and son, Forest Barkdoll-Weil, both of whom also read and
critiqued this book. Forest did so on Mother's Day, which was the perfect
mother's day gift.
 ABOUT THE
INSTITUTE FOR
HUMANE EDUCATION

www.HumaneEducation.org
The Institute for Humane Education (IHE) offers free resources,
professional development opportunities, and online graduate programs
with Antioch University for teachers and change-makers who want to
create a more just, humane, and sustainable future by educating about the
interconnected issues of human rights, environmental sustainability, and
animal protection and building a society of solutionaries.

Our Mission
IHE educates people to create a world in which all humans, animals, and
nature can thrive.

Our Strategy
• Online M.Ed., M.A., Ed.D., and Graduate Certificate programs,
delivered in partnership with Antioch University and designed to prepare
teachers and change-makers to educate about the interconnected issues
of human rights, environmental sustainability, and animal protection and
help others to become solutionaries.
• A Solutionary Hub that provides opportunities for learning, a
Solutionary Micro-credential Program for teachers, free resources, and
methodologies for advancing the growing solutionary movement.
• High Impact Outreach through keynote addresses, books, articles,
workshops, TEDx talks, and consultation.
 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Zoe Weil is the co-founder and president of the Institute for Humane
Education (IHE) and is considered a pioneer in the comprehensive humane
education movement that works to create a peaceful, regenerative, and
equitable world. Zoe created IHE's online graduate programs as well as
IHE's acclaimed workshops and online professional development
opportunities.
Zoe is the author of Nautilus Silver Medal winner, Most Good, Least
Harm: A Simple Principle for a Better World and Meaningful Life (2009),
The Power and Promise of Humane Education (2004), and Above All, Be
Kind: Raising a Humane Child in Challenging Times (2003). She has also
written books for young people, including Moonbeam Gold Medal winner,
Claude and Medea (2007), about twelve-year-old activists inspired by
their teacher to right wrongs where they find them, and So, You Love
Animals: An Action-Packed, Fun-Filled Book to Help Kids Help Animals
(1994). She has written numerous articles and book chapters on humane
education and humane and sustainable living and writes the blog
“Becoming a Solutionary” at Psychology Today.
In 2010, Zoe gave her first TEDx talk “The World Becomes What You
Teach,” which became among the fifty top-rated TEDx talks within a year
of upload. Since then, she has given other TEDx talks, including
“Solutionaries,” “Educating for Freedom,” “How to be a Solutionary,”
“Extending Our Circle of Compassion,” and “How Will You Answer This
Question?”
Zoe speaks regularly at universities, conferences, and schools across the
United States and Canada as well as overseas. She has served as a
consultant on humane education to people and organizations around the
world, and her vision has become the model for the first solutionary school
in India.
In 2012, Zoe debuted her one-woman show, “My Ongoing Problems
with Kindness: Confessions of MOGO Girl,” bringing humane issues to
communities through comedy. That same year, she was honored with the
Women in Environmental Leadership award from Unity College, and her
portrait was painted by Robert Shetterly for the Americans Who Tell The
Truth portrait series. In 2020 she and IHE were featured in the Apple TV+
episode 7 “Dear . . .” series and in the film 8 Billion Angels.
Zoe received a Master's in Theological Studies from Harvard Divinity
School (1988) and a Master's and Bachelor's in English Literature from the
University of Pennsylvania (1983). In 2015, she was awarded an honorary
Doctor of Humanities degree from Valparaiso University. Zoe is certified
in Psychosynthesis counseling, a form of psychotherapy which relies upon
the intrinsic power of each person's imagination to promote growth,
creativity, health, and transformation. She's also a graduate of the Maine
Master Naturalist Program.
Zoe lives with her husband and rescued animals on the coast of Maine,
where she can often be found exploring and taking photographs in nature.
 ABOUT THE
PUBLISHER

LANTERN PUBLISHING & MEDIA was founded in 2020 to follow and

expand on the legacy of Lantern Books—a publishing company started in
1999 on the principles of living with a greater depth and commitment to
the preservation of the natural world. Like its predecessor, Lantern
Publishing & Media produces books on animal advocacy, veganism,
religion, social justice, and psychology and family therapy. Lantern is
dedicated to printing in the United States on recycled paper and saving
resources in our day-to-day operations. Our titles are also available as e-
books and audiobooks.

To catch up on Lantern's publishing program, visit us at www.

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