So let’s start with the concept of literacy

So, ano yung pumapasok sa isip niyo pag naririnig ang salitang literacy? What’s on your mind
pag naririnig natin yung salitang literacy.
So I have here… (start the slide)
The word literacy stems from the word “literate”
So it comes from the word literate
which first appeared in the 15th century and is turn derived from the Latin word “literatus”,
okay so kung maririnig niyo yung word na “literatus”, that’s the origin of the word LITERACY
what does literatus means? Literatus means… (next slide)
meaning a person marked with letters
so, before people are marked of different letters so that it will be distinguished or identified by
letters—
so if a person noh, you are person a, person b, person c, person d, so on and so forth, you are
being identified according to the label of letters being used to you… and carried with the idea
that such person was cultured and educated.
Imagine noh if you are labeled with the different letters in the alphabet probably using the
Roman alphabet, Greek alphabet, Latin alphabet or what ever alphabet that they are using…
Meaning you have that label of being a person who have been into civilization… so you are
literate,
You are being cultured, you are being exposed to the process of learning, you are being labeled
as an intelligent human being during the 15th century. (next slide)
Okay another definition, the ability to read and write…
Basically when we used the word literacy right now it’s a simple definition of a person who are
able to read and write…
So kung nakakabasa ka, nakakasulat ka, you are a literate individual.
Kaya nga sabi ko sa inyo last meeting according to PSA Philippine Statistic Authority
higit 95% of the Filipino Citizen are literate…
therefore konti na lang yung mga taong hindi pa nakakapagbasa, at nakakapag sulat,
pero halos lahat sa population natin nakakabasa na nakakapagsulat na.
medyo matalino naman tayong mga Pilipino, dahil nakakabasa, nakakaintindi sa binasa at
marunong sumulat.
Pero meron pa rin at least 5% of the total population were not able to read and write because
of some circumstances. We believe on that.
Pero syempre hindi pa rin sumusuko yung ating gobyerno, tinatry nila, lalo na yung ating
education system at yung ating mga guro na yung mga learners natin, yung ating kapwa, our
citizen, na magiging literate din sila pag dating sa pagbabasa at pagsusulat.
therefore the prime importance leading to the strong association of being “literate”
tatawagin kang literate kung nakakapagbasa ka naman at marunong kang magsulat
kung mapapansin niyo yung ilan sa qualification ng ating public servant/ public service
minimum sa requirement nila yun, halimbawa kung gusto mong tumakbo, imaging being able
to read and write..
if you wish to become a public servant/ see a position pwedeng pwede kang maging candidate
di ba
kung napanood niyo yung ilan sa mga presidential interview with boy abunda nabanggit niya
doon yung simpleng qualification na hinihingi ng ating Constitution di ba.. ilan doon yung
marunong sumulat at nakakapagbasa.
Another one… (next slide)
Literacy is critical in helping us make sense of our world
So ano kaya yung meaning nitong word na to, ano yung gusto niyang iparating sa atin “make
sense of the world”
So it means na we understand or naiintindihan natin nauunawaan natin how the world
operates. How the world is working, how the people are working, how are we as people are
interconnected.
Make sense another word, is to understand. If we are literate we understand how the world
operates.
So yun yung ilan sa fundamental ng isang pagiging literate, kung paano mo naiintindihan
nauunawaan.
From the time we wake up to the time we go to sleep, we are constantly making meaning of
the world around us.
Kaya yung mga magulang natin pinag aaral tayo, from preschool until now kasi gusto nilang
maging literate tayo, how we understand or we able to understand the meaning of the world.
Basically yung literacy will start always on the foundation of learning of the students.
Yan yung pinaka critical stage ng learning, kaya yung ibang parents hind mo rin masisisi kung sa
ganong edad pa lang pinag aaral na nila yung mga anak nila, gusto na nilang ma explore ng anak
nila yung iba’t ibang process ng learning. Okay so that is one way kung paano natin ma eexpose
yung mga learners natin sa basic literacy.
Another definition… (next slide)
The term “literacy” is used in this source to refer to a wide ranges of skills
So the word literacy here is being associated with the word skills
So if you are literate you have that skill, kahit ano pa man yan writing skills, reading skills, so
lahat yan associated sa word na literacy.
And another word is ability
Pag sinabi nating ability kakayahan, okay. Kung paano natin gamitin yung skill na meron tayo
So that literacy also always related to reading, writing, listening, speaking, viewing, and
performing
So these are 5 macro skills, so kung naaalala niyo pa sa English niyo before, it is what we call 5
MACRO SKILLS.
reading, writing, listening, speaking, viewing, and performing so lahat to, part ng literacy, okay
all of these are part of what we call literacy, syempre ito yung matututunan natin sa school, or
natututunan natin sa school, sa eskwelahan… school is a formal ways of learning… kahit na nasa
virtual space tayo kaya niyo ng mag research sa internet para matutunan yung mga bagay
bagay, yung mga parents niyo pa rin pinag aaral kayo, they send you to school to facilitate these
learning with your teachers.
Although pwede tayong turuan ng mga magulang natin sa reading, writing, listening, speaking,
they send us to school to formalize the education process.
Okay so lets continue… (next slide)
Okay so ilan lang to sa ano ilang authors, ilang resources, para mas maintindihan natin yung
concept.
While traditional definitions of literacy have centered mostly on the ability to read and write
Ibig sabihin traditionally kapag narinig mo yung word na literacy it is connected dito sa word na
read and write
contemporary definitions okay so when we say tradition, it is in the past, nakaraan, noon, and
contemporary, that is recent, so in the recent era the definition of literacy has changed. It also
include social practices okay so what are those associated with culture and power.
So this is a very important word that being use here, na hindi lang si reading and writing yung
literacy na kailangan, or gusto natin, ngayon sa 21st century in the contemporary world kasali
din si social practices that includes our culture and power. So it is interwoven meaning
interconnected to each other among all literacy practices, including our teaching, our learning
and how we use the literacy.
So if you are a future educator, if you are a future licensed teacher literacy is very important,
kasi ito yung shineshare natin, ito yung pinapractice natin, and kung ano yung dinideliver natin,
so ito yung service na inooffer natin sa ating mga future learners. Para maging effective sila,
effective literate individual in our country or being a citizen in our country. (next slide)
Furtheremore, okay so dahil nga nasa era na tayo ng digitalization, the digital age has brought
more innovations, changes, development, enhancement, of the literacy.
how people make meaning… it also changes, kung paano natin iniinterpret yung mga bagay
bagay, kung paano natin naiiintindihan yung iba’t ibang situations, how we learn that also
involves changes.
Meaning so the term literacy also includes making meaning from different modes of
communication
So kailangan ngayon kayo ma challenge na kayo, ma expose na kayo into different
communication, doon pa lang sa pakikisali sa group, or pag gawa niyo ng group niyo sa
reporting natin is a way of communication. Kasi number 1 sa concept natin yang
communication.
This is what we need to improve, okay we need to improve our communication skills.
Kasi yan yung pinaka primary skills or literacy na indemand sa atin, that are demanded to us as
an individual when we are into education institution, lalo na profession ninyo ay EDUCATION,
communication is very important. So kahit hindi man education, or kung anuman ang
profession/ future profession, communication is very important. Skill in communication is very
important. Regardless sa future profession ninyo dito sa mundo. (next slide)
Concept (idea)
Conventional, pag narinig niyo yung word na conventional, that is associated with the word
TRADITIONAL na pagbibigay pangangahulugan sa konsepto ng literacy
Miller (1973) subdivided literacy into three categories:
Okay so please focus on the subdivision of the literacy into conventional way/ traditional way
  1. Basic Literacy
 2. Comprehension and
 3. Functional or Practical Literacy
So we are being challenge by our parents before, don’t go to school because what we want
what you need is just how to read, write, compute, and that’s enough. So that’s the idea of
literacy before.
Kung tapos ka na sa elementary years, or high school years, hindi na pinag aaral sa college yung
iba kasi yung belief nila conventionally speaking gusto lang nila sa mga anak nila matuto
magbasa, matuto sumulat at mag compute, yun lang. that’s what we call the basic literacy. Of
course if we have also simple comprehension that’s enough, kung naiintindihan mon a yung
binasa mo that’s enough, and the most important one is functional literacy or practical literacy,
we need to become a street smart, I know you hear the word street smart, not all professional
are street smart, not all undergrad are street smart or those who are not able to finish their
degree, their education, are not that off good. Because there are individuals who are not being
sent to formal education they are street smart. Okay so dapat tong mga learners natin, tao, o
sinuman, na nandito nabubuhay sa mundo, dapat marunong dumiskarte sa buhay, that’s what
we call functional or practical literacy. (next slide)
According to Miller,
Basic Literacy – means the ability to use correspondences of visual shapes
Okay so, visual shapes circle, triangle, so pinag aaralan na natin yan noong preschool tayo kahit
na sa bahay lang or nung kinder, or day care, basic literacy..
We can identify shapes, interpret shape that this is a table kasi siya ay rectangle, square, this is
a chair because it’s a circle, so that is a simple association.
So kung maoobserve mo yung 2-3 or 4-5 child, nahihirapan sila na intindihin yung ibang bagay
into reality kasi hindi pa fully developed yung kanilang brain, kaya basic literacy sa elem, grade
1 kinder day care we are being introduced into different shapes, like circle, example of it is
clock..
And of course another ability to spoken sounds / phonic sounds / sa preschool, letters are being
pronounce in its sound, like A, aa B, bb C, cc
In order to decode written materials,
Example po diyan yung word na apple, kailangan isulat mom una lalo na kayo magiging
elementary teacher kayo, you are going to introduce apple, syempre kasama na rin diyan yung
picture/ image/ example. Una ipapa identify mom una sa kanila yung mga letters, kung meron
kang difficulty identifying the letters mahihirapan ka din sa sound nito, syempre you start with
class what letter is this,
We need to decode written materials and to translate them into oral language, para ma identify
natin yung word na apple.
Hindi natin masasabing literacy, itong word na literacy kung wala tayong materials di natin
masasabi letter L letter I, okay yun po ang basic literacy. (next slide)
Comprehension Literacy – means having the ability to understand the meaning of verbal
materials
So medyo mataas na siya, naiiintidhan mon a yung word, kung ito ay apple at meron din image/
picture so alam mo yung ibig sabihin ng apple that this is a fruit. Syempre involved din natin
yung mga students natin bigyan natin or ipapatikim natin sakanila kung ano ang lasa ng apple,
kaya maaalala na nila na yun ay apple. (next slide)
Functional or Practical Literacy – means ability to read (decode and comprehend) materials
needed to perform everyday vocational tasks.
So pag narinig niyo na yung vocational tasks, ito na yung day to day basis natin sa buhay natin,
halimbawa yung chair, so alam mo yung purpose ng isang chair/ upuan, halimbawa pinggan,
kutsara, tinidor, para makakain ka, so yun yung tinatawag nating practical or functional...
Nakakabasa tayo, kaya natin I identify, kaya natin interpret the verbal material, kaya din natin
iperform yung mga vocational tasks due to the literacy that we acquire so that is functional or
practical literacy.
To repeat, MILLER subdivided categories in conventional way according to him in his research,
we have basic literacy, comprehension literacy and the functional or practical literacy… (next
slide)
Again, according to Miller.
 Miller’s views and definitions are all centered on the conventional skills of reading and
writing.
It will really start in reading and writing.
While conventional literacy is used to measure academic success
Yes, correct, we can say that you are successful, honor student kayo, cum laude, you did or
perform well, if you are good in reading and writing this success are being set in our school.
its definitions in most cases, excludes literacy as knowledge, competence or expertise in a
specialized area.
※ Based on this conventional view of literacy, there are 2 things in reading to exist
 (1) a text (consisting of symbols and grammar to be read; and
 Example na lang nito yung grammar, yung phrases and yung sentence na kailangan
nating intindihin, and yung symbols na ginamit how to stop when it has a period, how to
pause, yung mga punctuation marks, that is written so that is a text
 (2) a meaning or message being communicated by the text, there would be nothing
to read; w/o meaning, the text is reduced to series of incomprehensible doodles.
Next, kailangan yung binabasa mo naiintidihan mo. Hindi lang basta yung word per word
na definition, most especially kapag it is written through idioms or pag ginamitan ng
figure of speech para mas malalim, mas malawak yung pang unawa natin yung
comprehension natin dun sa text na binasa natin, tulad na lang yung kasabihan na read
between the lines, kasi hindi naman lahat ng statement na mababasa mo ay yun yung
literal na ibig sabihin or yun yung gusto niyang iparating, or word by word, halimbawa
mother cooked adobo for kuya manuel, di katulad nung phrases or statement na you
need to comprehend you need to broaden your understanding, widen your
understanding, yun yung higher level ng comprehension yung hindi mol ang
naiintindihan yung basta word by word, naiaapply din to sa mga exams, kasi minsan di
ba nagkakamali din yung iba sa pag intindi sa questions, or instructions, yon.
Kasi meron din mga message or sentence or phrases na meron talagang meaning or
meron talagang gustong iparating sayo behind those, kaya kailangan we read between
the text.
w/o meaning, the text is reduced to series of incomprehensible doodles.
So incomprehensible doodles, yan yung mga abstract na naccreate ng mga students or
even kayo lalo na sa mga mayroong visual learning style or kinesthetic, that’s why I’m
telling you that each child is unique, every students has a different learning styles, they
have strength and weaknesses, kaya syempre as a teacher observer ka rin.
Incomprehensible doodles yun yung mga nasa likuran ng notebook ninyo/ or ng ibang
students during face to face classes kapag naboboring yung ilan or yung bawat isa sa
inyo, ganon. Naaalala niyo pa ba noon, so yun po yung example doon sa yon
incomprehensible doodles, so ganon yung mga hindi natin madalas maintindihan
tanging yung naka discover lang, nagdrawing or gumawa don sa image.
Kaya kailangan nating maging literate sa pamamagitan kung paano natin nababasa yung
text, kung paano natin naiintindihan yung text, and how you give meaning to the text.
(next slide)
Based on Schlechty (2001) he defines the concept of functional literacy as the state of
being able to read, but not well enough to manage daily living
So meron ulit na association sa functional literacy na kapag ginagamit natin to in our
daily life and syempre lahat kayo, or even kami are expected to become professional
individual and we are in our workplace and we are beig employed (employment task)
 halimbawa tayo, our task is to impart our knowledge, mold our future learners, through
the process of teaching
--that require reading skills beyond basic level.
Beyond basic level, basic level is reading and writing. Pag nai apply na natin yung
understanding and learning in our daily life, employment task, therefore we are
fuctionally working, so itong functional literacy na ito kung paano mo napeperform or
kung paano mo imanage yung daily living and perform a task as an employee.
※ This synchronicity between decoding textual symbols and being able to extract and
understand their meaning is a necessary part of being literate,
Kung gaano kataas yung level, in order for us to decode the label of literate. We need to
decode the text, kaya na natin siyang I identify kung halimbawa itong word na nakasulat
as text symbols (s-y-m-b-o-l) kapag itong letter na magkakasama kaya natin siyang
basahin as SYMBOLS pero syempre we need to extract and understand their meaning.
--even as the new contexts of the 21st century change the nature of what the “text” is,
and what it means to “read” and “write”.
(okay so higher level na sa 21st century, hindi lang basta decoding the text,

(Decoding is the ability to apply your knowledge of letter-sound relationships,

including knowledge of letter patterns, to correctly pronounce written words.)

but we need to understand and extract the meaning of the textual symbols kung ano
yung sinusulat natin and yung binabasa natin. (next slide)

EXPANDED (expansion, okay so higher na talaga)

Despite the popularity of American films in the Philippines…
Lalong lalo na ngayon may NETFLIX na, merong mga sites kung saan kayo pwedeng
manuod ng bagong movies, may mga nadin, so marami sa internet because of
digitalization, nagkakaroon din tayp ng access kung saan pwedeng manuod ng movies…
--many Filipinos cannot follow the actors’ dialogue
Why? Kasi kahit na nanunuod tayo ng movies lalo na mga Hollywood or foreign movies,
American movies, kumbaga nakakasunod tayo or naiintidihan natin yung flow ng movie
sa actions nila pero hindi sa lahat ng pagkakataon na naiintidihan natin yung dialogue na
sinasabi nila, kaya kung mapapansin ninyo may mga subtitles na available para mas
maintihan natin yung scenario, yung mga scenes na nangyayari, or yung situation ng
movie, pero mas nauubos yung time natin sa pagbabasa ng sub titles para maintidihan
 natin yung dialogue or yung sinasabi nila doon sa movie, so ano yung possible na
mangyayari?
--resort to guessing the overall story based on the actions on screen.
kaya ayun ang nangyayari, we are guessing the overall story, so pag may nagtanong
anong nangyari, andon ka sa stage na huhulaan mo na lang, based doon sa action na
Nakita mo… ganon minsan yung nararanasan natin… kaya we need to engage or we
need to expose ourselves into English movies. Para or isang way din para mag improve
and mag develop din tayo to be equipped in that kind of skills. (next slide)
(UNESCO, 2006) acknowledging that literacy as a concept has proven to be complex and
dynamic
--so doon pa lang sa unang concept and definition about literacy marami na tayong
nadiscuss about doon, pero sabi ni UNESCO noong 2006 ang statement nila ay
acknowledging that literacy as a concept has proven to be complex and dynamic, it is
continually defined and interpreted in multiple ways.
Complex and dynamic, difficult to understand so maraming pasikot sikot, masyadong
malawak, kumbaga sa topic out of the blue, abstract, mahirap maintindihan, and
dynamic when it comes to system or process, pabago bago siya, tuloy tuloy, continuous,
According to writer Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, complex personalities are often associated with
creativity. They not only adapt well to their environment, but they are also able to thrive through
adversity (NEXT SLIDE)

 In 2004, UNESCO formally defined literacy as “the ability to identify, understand,kung

mapapansin niyo ito yung mga skills na kailangan meron tayo, identify so ito yung mga
text, or textual symbols para maging literate and able to read and write, interpret, kung
paano mo bibigyan ng meaning, create, communicate, always remember as a teacher
dapat mataas ang percentage mo when it comes to communication skills or dapat mas
mag focus ka din dito, and compute, using printed and written materials associated with
varying contexts. (NEXT SLIDE)
 Literacy involves a continuum (continuous process—tuloy tuloy noh) of learning in
enabling individuals to achieve their goals, to develop their knowledge and potential,
and to participate fully in their community and wider society.”
--so kung paano natin magagamit yung literacy sa ating community, sa society na
kinabibilangan natin and sa mundo. (NEXT SLIDE)
 Note that “reading” does not appear in UNESCO’s definition of literacy, instead, literacy
has taken on a definition more akin to “knowing about something and what to do with
it.”
 --okay so very important statement ito from UNESCO, okay so reflect from it… “knowing
about something and what to do with it.” That’s literacy, pero kung dimo alam yung
gagawin mo don sa bagay na yun hindi siya literacy. So yun yung definition na binigay ni
UNESCO sa atin (NEXT SLIDE)
 Mkandawire (2018) more succinctly posits that literacy is a “form of knowledge,
competence, and skills in a particular field or area.” –so nadagdagan na naman ng
sources yung ating word na literacy noh,
being supported by UNESCO and yung mga researchers pa na dumagdag or nagdagdag
ng definition sa word na LITERACY (2006), Barton (2007), and Mkandawire. Simooyo
Mudenda, & Cheelo (2017), which acknowledge that – as we have just pointed out –
modern views appear to equate literacy with knowledge.
(so modern views sabi ditto, so hindi na siya conventional way or traditional ways, dahil
it is modern views, of how to equate literacy with knowledge. So if you have knowledge
meaning to say you are literate, if you are literate you need to have knowledge, so ito
yung kung paano nila sinabi nila yung (POV) point of view nila about literacy, it’s a form
of knowledge, competency, and skills in a particular filed. –example, alam ko kung
paano magluto, so yun yung skill ko, and that is a specific field or area, I have a
knowledge and I am literate when it comes to cooking. I am computer literate, I know
how to use computer or laptop, that’s a skill, I know different tools and it’s use or their
functions, okay in specific field or area therefore I am literate when using computer or
laptop. So yan po yung view or modern views of literacy appear to equate literacy with
knowledge.(NEXT SLIDE)
>> This shift in the definition of literacy from “reading and writing” to “knowledge” is
especially important as we explore the “new” literacies of the 21st century that seem far-
removed from the contexts upon which conventional literacy is based.
---so yung conventional way/ or conventional definition ng literacy, it’s only reading and
writing… pero sa modern views it is shifted to the word knowledge (broader scope kasi it
is already talking about knowledge na)
--okay so new literacy so when we explore the word literacy in the 21st century it is
related to knowledge… in modern views ah, 21st century na eh, pero sa basic literacy, it’s
just reading and writing. >> that seem far-removed from the contexts upon which
conventional literacy is based. Conventional literacy so it is removed, or conventional
way was being removed, kasi you need to have this criteria (KNOWLEDGE) in order for
us to become literate, ngayong 21st century, knowledge, competence, and skills
street-smart
/ˈstrētˌsmärt/
adjective
1. having the experience and knowledge necessary to deal with the potential difficulties or
dangers of life in an urban environment.
"a street-smart hustler on a motorcycle"
noun
1. the experience and knowledge necessary to deal with the potential difficulties or dangers of
life in an urban environment.
"take the advice of somebody who's got a little more street smarts than you"