Given Data Lab Units Field Units

Formation depth 400 m 13120ft

Formation 20m 65.6ft
thickness
k 1md
porosity 0.1
Pres 40Mpa 5801.50 psia
re 300 m 984 ft
Rw 0.1 m 0.328 ft
u 1 m pas
Bo 1.2
Ks 0.1 md
rs 0.6 m 1.96 ft
Formation density 2650 kg/m3 165.43 lbft3
Poision ratio 0.25
E 3000 Mpa 435113.2 psia
qi 4 m3/min
Frac. Fluid 100 cp
viscosity
Proppant porosity 0.4
kf 90D 90000md
Proppant density 2700 kg/m3 168.55 lb/ft3

Q1:

Calculate damage skin factor and productivity index

 Damage Skin Factor:
By using the formula
k r
S= ( −1 )ln s
ks rw
By putting the values
1 1.96
S= ( −1)ln
0.1 0.328
S = 16.08
 Productivity index
By using the formula
 1
PI =
ln
( )
re
rw
−0.75+ s

Putting the values

1
PI =
ln ( 0.328
984
)−0.75+16.08
PI = 0.13

Q2:

What kind of fracture will be created (vertical or horizontal)? What is the azimuth direction of the
fracture? Give explanation. Calculate formation breakdown pressure.
Ans:
 Azimuth Direction of Fracture:

Magnitude of insitu stress

Surface elevations change over geologic time. Figure shows how surface erosion has changed the
vertical stress profile while the horizontal stresses have remained "locked-in" due to, for example,
inelastic rock deformation. This explains why the vertical stress is normally not the largest one at
shallow depths. Other geological processes, such as burial and uplift, also lead to similar anomalous
stress patterns.
The presence of a minimum horizontal stress implies that there will be a preferred direction of
fracture propagation. The fracture will grow in "easiest" direction (requires the least amount of
energy) i.e., as a vertical fracture perpendicular to the minimum horizontal stress below the critical
depth and as a horizontal fracture at shallower depths.
  Formation Breakdown Pressure:
Pbd = 3δhmin -δhmax + To - Pp
Where:
δhmin = minimum horizontal stress
δhmax = maximum horizontal stress
To = tectonic stress
δ’ v = δ v - αPP
Where:
δ’ v = vertical effective stress
Pp = pore pressure
δ v = over burden stress
α = Biot’s constant = 0.72
ρH
δv=
144
165.443∗13120
¿
144
δ v = 15072.51 psi
Pp = (1.1) *(13120) = 14432psi
δ’ v = δ v - αPP
Put the values:
δ’ v = 15072.51 – (0.72) *(14432)
= 4681.47 psi
The effective horizontal stress:
v ’
δ’ h = δv
1−v
Put the values
0.25
= *4681.47
1−0.25
= 1537.95psi
The minimum horizontal stress
δ h = δ’ h + αPP
put the values
δ h = 1537.95 + 0.72*14432
= 11928.9 psi
The maximum horizontal stress
δ h max = δ h min + δTec
assume the tectonic stress = 2000 psi
 δ h max = 11928.99 + 2000
= 13928.99psi
Break down pressure:
Pbd = 3δhmin -δhmax + To - Pp
Put the values:
Pbd = 3(11928.99) -13928.99 + 725.18 – 14432
Pbd = 8149.18 psi
Q5:

Calculate proppant mass and proppant concentration in the fracture. Design a proppant addition
schedule. Make a curve of proppant concentration versus time
 Proppant Mass:
For a 20/40 bauxite with proppant porosity of 0.42 and density of 168.55 lb/ft3.
Assumed cf = 3 and ɛ = 0.42
The slurry concentration is:
cf
Cp =
1+ ɛ
3
Cp =
1+ 0.42
= 2.11 ppg
MP = Cp (Vi – Vf )
Because of mixing date, we assumed (Vi – Vf) to be 2.38*10^5 gal
Put the value
MP = 2.11 (2.38*10^5)
= 5.02*10^5lbs
Proppant Concentration:
MP
Cp =
2 Xf h f

Put the values:

In our case we have assumed xf = 1000ft and hf = 130ft
5.02∗105
Cp =
2∗1000∗130
= 1.93lb/ft2
Proppant Concentration Vs. time:
The equation for proppant concentration with respect to time is
 ɛ
t−t pad
Cp(t) = ( )
t i −t pad
Ti and tpad values are assume to be = 270 min and 115min
Cpt pg T min
0 115
1.941486 170
2.330976 200
2.740843 240
3 270

Cpt Vs T
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

Q6:

Calculate production index after hydraulic fracturing. Calculate production index ratio after and
before the stimulation. Explain the stimulation mechanism of hydraulic fracturing. Calculate
equivalent skin factor after fracturing
 Equivalent Skin Factor:
Assume the hydraulic fracturing creates 2000ft long with a width of 1.96ft fracture having
permeability 90D, for the equivalent skin factor first we find fracture conductivity by
kf w
FCD =
k∗x f
Put the values:
9000∗1.96
FCD = = 176.4
1∗1000
From the above graph at FCD = 176.6 value of
xf
Sf +ln ( ¿=¿ 0.78
rw
Sf = -7.24
 Production index after hydraulic fracturing:
Dimensionless productivity index for pseudo steady state after hydraulic fracturing is given by.
1
JDPSS =
ln
( )
re
xf
x
( )
−0.75+ ln f +Sf
rw
Putting the values:
1
JDPSS =
ln ( 1000
984
)−0.75+ln ( 0.328
1000
)−7.24
JDPSS = 17.74
 Stimulation mechanism of hydraulic fracturing
Hydraulic fracture stimulation is an underground oil and gas extraction process used to stimulate the
flow of oil and gas. During a hydraulic fracture stimulation activity, fluid is pumped at pressure down
a well lined with steel casing. The fluid passes through perforations in the casing target zone to create
small fractures (cracks) within a gas-bearing rock formation. These fractures enable oil and gas,
previously held tightly within the rock, to flow to the well.
Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids:

Typically, fracture fluids contain 90% water, 9.5 % sand (or proppants) and up to 0.5 % chemicals.
Fresh, salt, bore or recycled water can be used to create pressure to fracture the rock. It is also used to
transport the sand and chemical additives through the well to the fractures (see information sheet on
water use and management).

Sand is used to hold the fractures open to increase the amount of natural gas that can be extracted.
Chemicals are used to thicken the water to suspend the sand in the cracks. They are also used to
prevent corrosion inside the well and prevent mineral and bacteria build-up.

Hydraulic Fracturing Stages:

Hydraulic fracture stimulation can occur during three stages of well development – exploration,
evaluation and production.

During exploration, hydraulic fracture stimulation of a vertical well may occur to test different rock
formations for oil and/or gas.

During evaluation, multiple vertical and/or horizontal wells can be drilled and undergo hydraulic
fracture stimulation to determine the physical extent of a newly discovered oil and/or gas field.

During production, vertical and/or horizontal wells are drilled and can undergo hydraulic fracture
stimulation to enhance commercial flows of oil and/or gas.

Usually hydraulic fracture stimulation activities take between one to 10 days.

 Production index ratio after and before the stimulation

Production index ratio after and before stimulation can be calculated by fold of increase formula as.
re
ln ⁡( )
rw
FOI =
re
ln + sf
rw
Put the values:
984
ln ⁡( )
0.328
FOI =
984
ln −7.24
0.328
FOI = 10.44