CH 8 MOTION

Reference point
To describe the position of an object we need a reference point or origin. An
object may seem to be moving to one observer
and stationary to another.

Example: A passenger inside a bus sees the other passengers to be at rest, whereas
an observer outside the bus sees the passengers be
in motion.

MAGNITUDE
Magnitude is the size or extent of a physical quantity.

TIME
Time is the duration of an event that is expressed in seconds.

There are two states for anybody

1) Rest
2) Motion

1) Rest- If an object does not change its position according to time and remains in
the stationary position with respect to its surroundings
is called Rest.

2) Motion- An object is said to be in motion its position according to time

concerning its surroundings and does not remain in the
stationary position.

The main types of motion are:

a) Linear motion
b) circular motion
c) rotatory motion
d) vibratory or oscillatory motion
e) combination of all these motions.

UNIFORM MOTION
An object is said to be in uniform motion if it covers an equal distance in equal
intervals of time.

NON UNIFORM MOTION

An object is said to be in non-uniform motion if it covers an unequal distance in
equal intervals or equal distance in unequal intervals of time.

DISTANCE
Distance is the total length of the path covered by a body irrespective of the
direction in which it travels.

DISPLACEMENT
It is the shortest distance between the initial position and the final position.

Some important points regarding displacement:

1) The magnitude of distance is equal to the magnitude of displacement only if it
continues to move in a straight line.
2) Magnitude of displacement is less than that of distance if the object changes
its direction.
3) Displacement of an object can never be less than that of distance.
4) Displacement can be equal, zero or less than distance.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT

DISTANCE
1) It is the total length of the path covered by anybody.
2) It is a scalar quantity. ie it has only magnitude.
3) It is always positive.
4) Magnitude of displacement can never be less than that of displacement.

DISPLACEMENT
1) It is the shortest distance between the initial position and the final position.
2) It is a vector quantity. ie. It has both magnitude and direction.
3) It can be positive, negative and even zero.
4) Magnitude of displacement is either equal to or less than that of distance.

SPEED
The distance travelled by a body per unit of time is known as speed.
speed= distance travelled/time taken
The SI unit of speed is m/s. It is a scalar quantity
CTM- Speed in km/h can be converted into m/s by multiplying it by 5/18.
For vehicles, instantaneous speed is measured by the speedometer.

UNIFORM SPEED
If an object covers an equal distance in equal intervals of time then the object is
said to be travelling with Uniform Speed.

NON UNIFORM SPEED

If an object covers the unequal distance in equal intervals of time or equal
distance in unequal intervals of time then the
the object is said to be travelling at non-uniform speed

AVERAGE SPEED
It is defined as the total distance travelled by a vehicle divided by the total
time taken to cover this distance.
It is also called mean speed.
Average speed= Total distance/Total Time taken

Instantaneous Speed
The speed of an object at a particular precise moment during the motion of an
object is called instantaneous speed.
It is given by speedometer, speed guns and speed recorders.

VELOCITY
It can be defined as displacement per unit of time
or
The speed of an object in a given direction is called Velocity.
It is a vector quantity. SI unit = m/s

UNIFORM VELOCITY
If an object covers equal displacements in equal intervals of time then the object
is said to have Uniform Velocity.

NON UNIFORM VELOCITY

If an object covers unequal displacements in equal intervals of time or equal
displacements in unequal intervals of time then the object is said
to be travelling with Non-Uniform Velocity.

AVERAGE VELOCITY
The Average velocity is defined as the total displacement divided by the total time
taken.
Average velocity= Total displacement/ Total time

If the velocity of an object in linear motion is changing at a uniform rate, the

average velocity of the object is given by the arithmetic mean of
initial velocity and final velocity for the given time interval.
Average velocity= initial velocity + final velocity/ 2

COMPARISON BETWEEN SPEED AND VELOCITY

SPEED
1) It is the distance travelled per unit of time.
2) It is a scalar quantity. ie, it has only magnitude and no direction.
3) It is always positive.
4) The average speed of an object cannot be zero.
5) An object moving with a uniform speed may have a variable velocity.

VELOCITY
1) It is displacement per unit of time.
2) it is a vector quantity. ie, it has both magnitudes as well as directions.
3) It can be positive as well as negative.
4) The average velocity of a body cannot be zero.
5) An object moving with a uniform velocity must have uniform speed.

ACCELERATION

The acceleration of a body is defined as the rate of change of velocity. It is

denoted by the letter a.
Acceleration= Change in velocity/Time
Acceleration= v-u/t
a=v-u/t
It is a vector quantity and the SI unit is m/s square.

POSITIVE ACCELERATION
If the direction of acceleration of an object is the same as the direction of
velocity, thus the acceleration of an object is said to be positive.

NEGATIVE ACCELERATION
If the direction of acceleration of an object is opposite to the direction of
velocity, thus the acceleration of an object is said to be negative.

AVERAGE ACCELERATION
If the velocity of an object is v1 at time t1 and it changes to v2 at time t2 then
the average acceleration during the time interval is given by
Average acceleration= v2-v1/t2-t1

UNIFORM ACCELERATION
If the velocity of an object changes by equal amounts in equal intervals of time in
a straight line then this type of acceleration is called uniform
acceleration.

NON UNIFORM ACCELERATION

If the velocity of an object changes by unequal amounts in equal intervals of time
or equal amounts in unequal intervals of time then this
type of acceleration is called Non-Uniform Acceleration.

GRAPHS
1) Importance- Graphs provide a convenient method to present basic information
about a variety of events.
2) To describe a motion of an object, we use line graphs.
There are two types of graph
1) d-t graph
2) v-t graph

We take an independent variable on the x-axis. Time is an independent variable.

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

A) Distance-Time graph

The speed of a particular point in a graph can be directly found by dividing s/t
but if they ask us to find the speed of a particular portion the speed
v= s2-s1/t2-t1

1)Distance-Time graphs show the change in the position of an object concerning

time.

2) The slope gives us speed.

I) DISTANCE TIME GRAPH FOR A STATIONARY OBJECT

1) The distance-time graph for an object at rest is a straight line parallel to the
time axis.

II) DISTANCE TIME GRAPH FOR UNIFORM MOTION

For the uniform motion along a straight line, the distance-time graph is a straight
line inclined at a fixed angle with the time axis.

DETERMINATION OF SPEED FROM S-T GRAPH

Uniform Speed = Distance travelled/time taken
= S2-S1/T2-T1

III) DISTANCE-TIME GRAPH FOR NON-UNIFORM MOTION

For non-uniform motion, the slope of the distance-time graph varies from point to
point.

B) VELOCITY TIME GRAPHS

So the slope of the v-t graph gives us acceleration.

Acceleration= Change in velocity/time taken

I) VELOCITY TIME GRAPH FOR A UNIFORM MOTION

It is a straight line parallel to the time axis.

Determination of the distance covered from the v-t graph.

In a v-t graph area covered by any object is equal to the area enclosed under the
v-t graph.
Since v=s/t so, s=v*t
So the area covered is equal to the area of the rectangle.

II) VELOCITY TIME GRAPH FOR UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION

The velocity-time graph for an accelerated motion initially at rest is an inclined

line passing through the origin.
i) Calculation of uniform acceleration
Acceleration = Change in velocity/Change in time

a=v2-v1/t2-t1

ii) Calculation of distance covered

Distance covered = Area of rectangle + Area of Triangle

III) Velocity time graph for uniformly accelerated motion

IV) Velocity time graph for Non uniformly accelerated motion

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UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

Circular Motion- When a body moves in a circular path then this type of motion is
called circular motion.

And when a body moves in a circular path with uniform speed, its motion is called
Uniform Circular Motion.

It is an example of an accelerated motion.

When a body moves in a circle with uniform speed, its velocity is not constant.

Time Period= distance covered in one revolution/ Uniform Speed

T=2πr/v
v=2πr/t

UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

1) In this type of motion, an object moves along a circular path with a fixed
centre.
2) The direction of uniformly circular motion changes continuously.
3) Speed remains the same but the direction of velocity changes continuously.
4) It is an accelerated motion.

UNIFORM LINEAR MOTION

1) In this type of motion, an object moves along a straight line.
2) The direction of uniform linear motion does not change.
3) Speed as well as velocity remains the same.
4) There is no acceleration.

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