© MAY 2021 | IRE Journals | Volume 4 Issue 11 | ISSN: 2456-8880

Underground Cable Fault Distance Locator

P. DURGA
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sasi Institute of Technology and Engineering,
Tadepalligudem

Abstract- This project suggests fault location model I. INTRODUCTION

for underground power cable using microcontroller.
The main concept of this project is to find the Till the last decades, a million miles of cables are
distance of underground cable fault from the base threaded in the air across the country. But currently, it
station in kilometers. In many urban areas, cable is laid in the underground, which is larger than an
fault is a common problem. when a fault occurs due earlier method. Because, underground cables are not
to some reasons, the process of fault tracking without affected by any adverse weather conditions like
knowing the location related to that particular cable pollution, heavy rainfall, snow, and storm, etc. But,
is very difficult the proposed system is designed to when any problem occurs in cable, it is very difficult
track the exact location of the fault occurred in the to find the exact location of the fault due to not
cable. this project uses the ohm's law concept when knowing the exact location of the cable. Day by day,
a low voltage DC is applied to the feeder end through the world is becoming digitized so the project is
a series resistor, then the current would differ based proposed to find the location of the
on the location of fault occurred in the cable. in case
is there any short circuit occurred from line to
ground, then the voltage across series resistor alters
accordingly, then it is fed to an analog to digital
converter to develop exact data, which the
preprogramed 8051 microcontrollers will display in
kilometers.

fault in a digital way. When the fault occurs, the

process of repairing related to that particular cable is
very difficult. The fault of the cable mainly occurs due
to many reasons. They are: inconsistent, any defect,
weakness of the cable, insulation failure, and breaking
Indexed Terms- 8051 microcontroller, Resistors, of the conductor. To overcome this problem, here is a
LCD display, ohm’s law, DC voltage, analog to project namely an underground cable fault distance
voltage converter. locator, used to find the location of the fault for
underground cable.

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conductors. The same step is repeated for othe

conductors taking two at a time.

3. Earth fault: When the conductor of a cable comes

in contact with earth, it is called earth fault or
ground fault. To identify this fault, one terminal of
the megger is connected to the conductor and the
other terminal connected to the earth. If the megger
indicates zero reading, it means the conductor is
earthed. The same procedure is repeated for other
conductors of the cable.

III. LOOP TESTS FOR LOCATION OF

FAULTS IN UNDERGROUND CABLES
II. TYPES OF UNDERGROUND CABLE
FAULTS 1. Sectionalizing: This procedure risks reducing
cable reliability, because it depends on physically
Cables are generally laid directly in the ground or in cutting and splicing the cable. Dividing the cable
ducts in the underground distribution system. For this into successively smaller sections and measuring
reason, there are little chances of faults in underground both ways with an ohmmeter or high_voltage
cables. However, if a fault does occur, it is difficult to insulation resistance (IR) tester enable to narrow
locate and repair the fault because conductors are not down search for a fault. This laborious procedure
visible. Nevertheless, the following are the faults most normally involves repeated cable excavation.
likely to occur in underground cables:
2. Time domain reflectometry (TDR): The TDR
1. Open_circuit fault
sends a low_energy signal through the cable,
2. Short_circuit fault
causing no insulation degradation. A theoretically
3. Earth fault
perfect cable returns that signal in a known time
and in a known profile. Impedance variations in a
1. Open_circuit fault: When there is a break in the
“real_world” cable alter both the time and profile,
conductor of a cable, it is called open_circuit fault.
which the TDR screen or printout graphically
The open_circuit fault can be checked by a
represents. One weakness of TDR is that it does not
megger. For this purpose, the three conductors of
pinpoint faults.
the 3_core cable at the far end are shorted and
earthed. Then resistance between each conductor
3. Murray loop test: Murray loop test is the most
and earth is measured by a megger. The megger
common and accurate method for locating earth
will indicate zero resistance in the circuit of the
faults and short-circuit faults. However, to perform
conductor that is not broken. However, if the
the Murray loop test, it is necessary that a sound
conductor is broken, the megger will indicate
(good) cable runs along the faulty cable. This test
infinite resistance in its circuit.
employs the principle of Wheatstone bridge for
fault location.
2. Short_circuit fault: When two conductors of a
multi_core cable come in electrical contact with
To perform the Murray loop test, the alongside sound
each other due to insulation failure, it is called a
cable and the faulty cable are shorted with a jumper
short_circuit fault. Again, we can seek the help of
conductor at the far end. The test side end is connected
a megger to check this fault. For this purpose, the
through a pair of resistors to a voltage source. Also, a
two terminals of the megger are connected to any
null detector or galvanometer is connected between
two conductors. If the megger gives zero reading,
the two conductors at the test end. The circuit diagram
it indicates short_circuit fault between these
is as shown in the image below.

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then, Rx + Ry + Rg = 2r
Once the connections are made as shown in the above Putting this in the above equation,
circuit, adjust the values of R1 and R2 so the null
detector/galvanometer shows zero reading. That is,
bring the bridge to the balance. Now, in the balanced
position of Wheatstone bridge, we have,

We know, the value of resistance is proportional to the

length of the cable. Therefore, the value of Rx is
proportional to the length Lx. Therefore,

Where L is the total length of the cable under test. (The

Now, if r is the resistance of each cable, value of L is proportional to the value of Rg.)

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IV. VARLEY LOOP TEST

Varley loop test is also for locating short-circuit and

earth faults in underground cables. This test also
employs the principle of the wheatstone bridge.
However, the difference between Murray loop test and
Varley loop test is that, in Varley loop test resistances
R1 and R2 are fixed, and a variable resistor is inserted
in the faulted leg. If the fault resistance is high, the
sensitivity of Murray loop test is reduced and Varley
loop test may be more suitable.

Now, the switch K is thrown to the position 2 and the

bridge is balanced by varying the resistor S. Say, the
bridge is

balanced at the value of resistor S is equal to S2.

Then,

Now, putting the result of eq.(ii) in eq.(i),

Since the values of R1, R2, S1 and S2 are known, Rx can

be calculated. When Rx is known, the distance from
the test end to the fault point Lx can be calculated as,

Lx =Rx/r
To perform Varley loop test, connections are done as
Where, r = resistance of the cable per meter.
shown in the circuit diagram above. Resistors, R1 and
R2 are fixed and the resistor S is variable. In this test,
CONCLUSION
the switch K if first thrown to the position 1. Then the
variable resistor S is varied till the galvanometer
This hardware model can locate the exact fault
shows zero deflection (i.e., bridge is balanced). Let’s
location in underground cable. Further in this project
say, the bridge is balanced for the
we can locate the open circuited cable by using
capacitor in an ac circuit, and also locate the short-
value of S equal to S1 Then,
circuited fault by using resistors in dc circuit as
followed in the above proposed project. A

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microcontroller is used to make the necessary

calculations so that the fault distance is displayed on
the LCD display.

REFERENCES

[1] Bhuvneshwari, B., Jenifer, A., John Jenifer, .,

Durga Devi, S., and Shanthi, G., ”Underground
cable fault distance locator”, department of
electronics & communication engineering, SVS
College of engineering, Volume 1, Issue 3, Pages
95-98, April 2017.
[2] Chand, S., Metha, V.K., Metha Rohit, Principles
of power system, Edition 4, Pages 264-299.
[3] M. Jaya Baraga Reddy, D. Vanuatu Rajesh, D.K.
Mohanta,” Robust transmission line fault
classification using wavelet multi-resolution
analysis.”, Computers & Electrical Engineering,
Volume 39, Issue 4, Pages 1219-1247., May
2013.

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