Chemistry Honours Regular

Syllabus
for B.Sc. (Chemistry Honours)
Berhampur University
Bhanja Bihar
Under
Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)
(Applicable from the Academic Session 2016-17 onwards)

CBCS Course Structure for B.Sc. (Chemistry Honours) Total Credits: 140
SEM – I SEM – II SEM – III SEM – IV SEM – V SEM – VI
Core – 1(6) Core – 3(6) Core – 5(6) Core – 8(6) Core – 11(6) Core – 13(6)
Core Core – 2(6) Core – 4(6) Core – 6(6) Core – 9(6) Core – 12(6) Core – 14(6)
Core – 7(6) Core – 10(6)
Generic GE – 1(6) GE – 2(6) GE – 3(6) GE – 4(6) DSE – 1(6) DSE – 3(6)

Elective
Subject – 1 Subject – 1 Subject – 2 Subject – 2 DSE – 2(6) DSE – 4(6)
(Paper - 1) (Paper - 2) (Paper - 1) (Paper - 2)
Ability ENV. ST. (2) MIL SEC – 1(2) SEC – 2 (2)

Enhancement
Communication Communicative
Course
(2) English
Total 20 20 26 26 24 24
0
CHEMISTRY (HONOURS)
SEMESTER-I
C-1: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY- I
Credits-6: (Theory-4, Practical-2)
Atomic structure (Unit – I)

Bohr’s theory, its limitations and atomic spectrum of hydrogen atom. Wave mechanics: de
Broglie equation, Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle and its significance, Schrodinger’s wave
equation, significance of Ψ and Ψ2: Quantum numbers and their significance. Normalized and
orthogonal wave functions. Sign of wave functions. Radial and angular wave functions for
hydrogen atom. Radial and angular distribution curves. Shapes of s, p, d and f orbitals. Pauli’s
Exclusion Principle, Hunds rule of maximum multiplicity, Aufbau’s principle and its limitations.
Periodicity of elements (Unit – II)

Periodicity of elements: s, p, d, f block elements, the long form of periodic table. Detailed
discussion of the following properties of the elements, with reference to s & p-block.
(a) Effective nuclear charge, shielding or screening effect, Slater rules, variation of effective
nuclear charge in periodic table. (b) Atomic radii (van der Waals) (c) Ionic and crystal radii.
(d) Covalent radii (octahedral and tetrahedral) (e) Ionization enthalpy, Successive ionization
enthalpies and factors affecting ionization energy. Applications of ionization enthalpy.(f)
Electron gain enthalpy, trends of electron gain enthalpy. (g) Electronegativity,
Paulings/Mullikens electronegativity scales. Variation of electronegativity with bond order,
partial charge, hybridization, group electronegativity. Sandersons electron density ratio.
Chemical bonding-I (Unit-III)

(i) Ionic bond: General characteristics, types of ions, size effects, radius ratio rule and its
limitations. Packing of ions in crystals. Born-Land equation with derivation. Madelung
constant, Born-Haber cycle and its application, Solvation energy. (ii) Covalent bond: Lewis
structure, Valence Bond theory (Heitler-London approach). Energetics of hybridization,
equivalent and non-equivalent hybrid orbitals,Bent’s Rule, Resonance and resonance energy,
Molecular orbital theory. Molecular orbital diagrams of diatomic and simple polyatomic
molecules N2; O2; C2; B2; F2; CO; NO; and their ions; Valence shell electron pair repulsion
theory (VSEPR), shapes of simple molecules and ions containing lone pairs and bond pairs of
electrons, multiple bonding ( and bond approach) and bond lengths. Covalent character in
ionic compounds, polarizing power and polarizability. Fajans rules and consequences of
1
polarization. Ionic character in covalent compounds: Bond moment and dipole moment.
Percentage ionic character from dipole moment and electronegativity difference.
Chemical Bonding-II (Unit-IV)

(i) Metallic Bond: Qualitative idea of valence bond and band theories. Semiconductors and
insulators. (ii) Weak Chemical Forces: van der Waals forces, ion-dipole forces, dipole-dipole
interactions, induced dipole interactions, Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interactions.
Repulsive forces, Hydrogen bonding (theories of hydrogen bonding, valence bond treatment)
Effects of chemical force, melting and boiling points, solubility energetics of dissolution
process.
Oxidation-reduction Redox equations, standard electrode potential and its application to
inorganic reactions. Principles involved in some volumetric analyses (iron, copper and
manganese).
Reference:
 Day, M.C. and Selbin, J. Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry, ACS Publications 1962.
 Lee, J.D. Concise Inorganic Chemistry, ELBS, 1991.
 Douglas, B.E. and Mc Daniel, D.H., Concepts & Models of Inorganic Chemistry,
Oxford, 1970. Atkins, P.W. & Paula, J. Physical Chemistry, Oxford Press, 2006.
PRACTICAL: C-1 LAB

(A) Titrimetric Analysis:
(i) Calibration and use of apparatus.
(ii) Preparation of solutions of different Molarity/Normality of titrants.
(B) Acid-Base Titrations:
(i) Estimation of carbonate and hydroxide present together in mixture.
(ii) Estimation of carbonate and bicarbonate present together in a mixture.
(iii) Estimation of free alkali present in different soaps/detergents.
(C) Oxidation-Reduction Titrimetry:
(i) Estimation of Fe(II) and oxalic acid using standardized KMnO4 solution.
(ii) Estimation of oxalic acid and sodium oxalate in a given mixture.
(iii) Estimation of Fe(II) with K2Cr2O7 using internal (diphenylamine, anthranilic acid) and
external indicator.
Reference:
2
Vogel, A.I. A Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, ELBS.
C-2: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY- I

Gaseous state (Unit-I)

Kinetic molecular model of a gas: postulates and derivation of the kinetic gas equation;
collision frequency; collision diameter; mean free path and viscosity of gases, including their
temperature and pressure dependence, relation between mean free path and coefficient of
viscosity; variation of viscosity with temperature and pressure. Maxwell distribution and its use
in evaluating molecular velocities (average, root mean square and most probable) and
average kinetic energy, law of equipartition of energy, degrees of freedom and molecular
basis of heat capacities. Behaviour of real gases: Deviations from ideal gas behaviour,
compressibility factor, Z, and its variation with pressure for different gases. Causes of
deviation from ideal behaviour. van der Waals equation of state, its derivation and application
in explaining real gas behaviour. Isotherms of real gases and their comparison with van der
Waals isotherms, continuity of states, critical state, relation between critical constants and van
der Waals constants, law of corresponding states.
Liquid state (Unit-II)

(i) Qualitative treatment of the structure of the liquid state; physical properties of liquids;
vapour pressure, surface tension and coefficient of viscosity, and their determination. Effect of
addition of various solutes on surface tension and viscosity. Explanation of cleansing action of
detergents. Temperature variation of viscosity of liquids and comparison with that of gases.
Solid state (Unit- III)

Nature of the solid state, law of constancy of interfacial angles, law of rational indices, Miller
indices, elementary ideas of symmetry, symmetry elements and symmetry operations, seven
crystal systems and fourteen Bravais lattices; X-ray diffraction, Braggs law, a simple account
of rotating crystal method and powder pattern method. Analysis of powder diffraction patterns
of NaCl, CsCl and KCl. Defects in crystals.
Ionic equilibria (Unit-IV)

Strong, moderate and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, factors affecting degree of
ionization, ionization constant and ionic product of water. Ionization of weak acids and bases,
pH scale, common ion effect; dissociation constants of mono- and diprotic acids.
Salt hydrolysis-calculation of hydrolysis constant, degree of hydrolysis and pH for different
3
salts. Buffer solutions; derivation of Henderson equation and its applications; buffer capacity,
buffer range, buffer action and applications of buffers in analytical chemistry and biochemical
processes in the human body. Solubility and solubility product of sparingly soluble salts
applications of solubility product principle. Qualitative treatment of acid base titration
curves(calculation of pH at various stages). Theory of acid base indicators; selection of
indicators and their limitations.
Reference:
 Atkins, P. W. & Paula, J. de Atkins Physical Chemistry Ed., Oxford University Press
(2006).
 Ball, D. W. Physical Chemistry Thomson Press, India (2007).
 Castellan, G. W. Physical Chemistry 4th Ed. Narosa (2004).
 Mortimer, R. G. Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed. Elsevier: NOIDA, UP (2009). Principles of
Physical Chemistry, Puri, Sharma, Pathania, Vishal Pub. Co.
PRACTICAL: C-2 LAB
Surface tension measurements.

(a) Determine the surface tension by (i) drop number (ii) drop weight method.
(b) Study the variation of surface tension of detergent solutions with concentration.
Viscosity measurement using Ostwalds viscometer.
(a) Determination of viscosity of aqueous solutions of (i) polymer, (ii) ethanol, and (iii) sugar at
room temperature.
(b) Study the variation of viscosity of sucrose solution with the concentration of solute.
pH metry.
(a) Study the effect on pH of addition of HCl/NaOH to solutions of acetic acid, sodium
acetate and their mixtures.
(b) Preparation of buffer solutions of different pH

(i) Sodium acetate-acetic acid,
(ii) Ammonium chloride-ammonium hydroxide.
(c) pH metric titration of (i) strong acid vs. strong base, (ii) weak acid vs. strong base.
(d) Determination of dissociation constant of a weak acid.
Reference:
 Khosla, B. D.; Garg, V. C. & Gulati, A. Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R. Chand
& Co., New Delhi (2011).
 Garland, C. W., Nibler, J. W. & Shoemaker, D. P. Experiments in Physical Chemistry
8th Ed.; McGraw-Hill, New York (2003).
 Halpern, A. M. & McBane, G. C. Experimental Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed.; W.H.
Freeman & Co., New York (2003).
4
SEMESTER-II
C-3: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-I
Basics of Organic Chemistry (Unit-I)

Electronic Displacements: Inductive, electromeric, resonance and mesomeric effects, hyper
conjugation and their applications; Dipole moment; Organic acids and bases; their relative
strength. Homolytic and Heterolytic fission with suitable examples. Curly arrow rules;
Electrophiles and Nu-cleophiles; Nucleophlicity and basicity; Types, shape and their relative
stability of carbocations, carbanions, free radicals and carbenes. Introduction to types of
organic reactions and their mecha-nism: Addition, Elimination and Substitution reactions.
Carbon-Carbon Sigma Bonds

Chemistry of alkanes: Formation of alkanes, Wurtz Reaction, Wurtz-Fittig Reactions, Free
radical substitutions: Halogenation - relative reactivity and selectivity.
Stereochemistry (Unit-II)
Fischer Projection, Newmann and Sawhorse Projection formulae; Geometrical isomerism: cis-
trans and, syn-anti isomerism E/Z notations with C.I.P rules. Optical Isomerism: Optical
Activity, Specific Rotation, Chirality/Asymmetry, Enantiomers, Molecules with one and two
chiral-centres, Distereoisomers, meso structures, Racemic mixture and resolution. Relative
and absolute configuration: D/L and R/S designations.
Chemistry of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (Unit-III)
A. Carbon-Carbon pi bonds:
Formation of alkenes and alkynes by elimination reactions, Mechanism of E1, E2, E1cb
reactions. Saytze and Hofmann eliminations. Reactions of alkenes: Electrophilic additions
their mechanisms (Markownikov/Anti-Markownikov addition), mechanism of oxymercuration-
demercuration, hydroborationoxidation, ozonolysis, reduction (catalytic and chemical), syn
and anti-hydroxylation (oxidation). 1,2- and 1,4-addition reactions in conjugated dienes and,
Diels-Alder reaction; Allylic and benzylic bromination and mechanism, e.g. propene, 1-butene,
toluene, ethyl benzene. Reactions of alkynes: Acidity, Electrophilic and Nucleophilic additions.
Hydration to form carbonyl compounds, Alkylation of terminal alkynes.
B. Cycloalkanes and Conformational Analysis

Types of cycloalkanes and their relative stability, Baeyer strain theory, Conformation analysis
of alkanes (ethane and n-butane): Relative stability with energy diagrams. Energy diagrams of
cyclohexane: Chair, Boat and Twist boat forms.
5
Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Unit-IV)
Aromaticity: Huckel’s rule, aromatic character of arenes, cyclic carbocations/carbanions and
hetero-cyclic compounds with suitable examples. Electrophilic aromatic substitution:
halogenation, nitration, sulphonation and Friedel-Crafts alkylation/acylation with their
mechanism. Directing effects of the groups.
Reference:
 Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 2): Stereochemistry and the Chemistry of

Natural Products), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education)
 Morrison, R. N. & Boyd, R. N. Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
(Pearson Education).
 Eliel, E. L. & Wilen, S. H. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds; Wiley: London,
1994.
 Kalsi, P. S. Stereochemistry Conformation and Mechanism; New Age International,
2005
 Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson
Education).
PRACTICAL: C-3 LAB

1. Checking the calibration of the thermometer.
2. Purification of organic compounds by crystallization using the following solvents:
 Water
 Alcohol
 Alcohol-Water
3. Determination of the melting points of above compounds and unknown organic
compounds (Kjeldahl method and electrically heated melting point apparatus).
4. Effect of impurities on the melting point mixed melting point of two unknown organic com-
pounds.
5. Determination of boiling point of liquid compounds. (boiling point lower than and more
than 100C by distillation and capillary method)
6. Chromatography
 Separation of a mixture of two amino acids by ascending and horizontal paper
chromatography.
 Separation of a mixture of two sugars by ascending paper chromatography.
 Separation of a mixture of o-and p-nitrophenol or o-and p-aminophenol by thin layer
chromatography (TLC).
Reference:
 Furniss, B.S., Hannaford, A.J.; Smith, P.W.G.; Tatchell, A.R. Practical Organic
Chemistry, 5th Ed., Pearson (2012).
 Mann, F.G. & Saunders, B.C. Practical Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education (2009).
6
C- 4: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY- II
Chemical thermodynamics (Unit-I)

Intensive and extensive variables; state and path functions; isolated, closed and open
systems; zeroth law of thermodynamics. First law: Concept of heat, q, work, w, internal
energy, U, and statement of first law; enthalpy, H, relation between heat capacities,
calculations of q, w, U and H for reversible, irreversible and free expansion of gases (ideal
and van der Waals) under isothermal and adiabatic conditions. Thermochemistry: Heats of
reactions: standard states; enthalpy of formation of molecules and ions and enthalpy of
combustion and its applications; calculation of bond energy, bond dissociation energy and
resonance energy from thermochemical data, effect of temperature (Kirchhoff’s equations)
and pressure on enthalpy of reactions.
Second Law (Unit-II)
Concept of entropy; thermodynamic scale of temperature, statement of the second law of
thermodynamics; molecular and statistical interpretation of entropy. Calculation of entropy
change for reversible and irreversible processes. Third Law: Statement of third law, concept
of residual entropy, calculation of absolute entropy of molecules. Free Energy Functions:
Gibbs and Helmholtz energy; variation of S, G, A with T, V, P; Free energy change and
spontaneity. Relation between Joule-Thomson coefficient and other thermodynamic
parameters; inversion temperature; Gibbs-Helmholtz equation; Maxwell’s relations;
thermodynamic equation of state.
Systems of variable composition (Unit-III)
Partial molar quantities, dependence of thermodynamic parameters on composition; Gibbs
Duhem equation, chemical potential of ideal mixtures, change in thermodynamic functions in
mixing of ideal gases. Chemical equilibrium, Criteria of thermodynamic equilibrium, chemical
equilibria in ideal gases, concept of fugacity. Thermodynamic derivation of relation between
Gibbs free energy of reaction and reaction quotient (vant Hoff’s reaction). Equilibrium
constants and their quantitative dependence on temperature, pressure and concentration.
Free energy of mixing and spontaneity; thermodynamic derivation of relations between the
various equilibrium constants Kp; Kc and Kx: Le Chatelier principle (quantitative treatment) and
its applications.
Solutions and Colligative Properties (Unit-IV)
Dilute solutions; lowering of vapour pressure, Raoults and Henrys Laws and their
applications. Thermodynamic derivation using chemical potential to derive relations between
the four colligative properties [(i) relative lowering of vapour pressure, (ii) elevation of boiling
point, (iii) Depression of freezing point, (iv) osmotic pressure] and amount of solute.
Applications in calculating molar masses of normal, dissociated and associated solutes in
solution.
7
Reference:
 Engel, T. & Reid, P. Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed., Prentice-Hall (2012).
 Assael, M. J.; Goodwin, A. R. H.; Stamatoudis, M.; Wakeham, W. A. & Will, S.
Commonly Asked Questions in Thermodynamics. CRC Press: NY (2011).
 Peter, A. & Paula, J. de. Physical Chemistry 9th Ed., Oxford University Press (2011)
 Levine, I .N. Physical Chemistry 6th Ed., Tata Mc Graw Hill (2010).
 Metz, C.R. 2000 solved problems in chemistry, Schaum Series (2006).
 Castellan, G. W. Physical Chemistry 4th Ed., Narosa (2004).
 McQuarrie, D. A. & Simon, J. D. Molecular Thermodynamics Viva Books Pvt. Ltd.:
New Delhi (2004).
PRACTICAL: C-4 LAB

THERMOCHEMISTRY
(a) Determination of heat capacity of a calorimeter for different volumes using change of
enthalpy data of a known system (method of back calculation of heat capacity of
calorimeter from known enthalpy of solution or enthalpy of neutralization).
(b) Determination of heat capacity of the calorimeter and enthalpy of neutralization of
hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide.
(c) Calculation of the enthalpy of ionization of ethanoic acid.
(d) Determination of heat capacity of the calorimeter and integral enthalpy (endothermic and
exothermic) solution of salts.
(e) Determination of basicity/proticity of a polyprotic acid by the thermochemical method in
terms of the changes of temperatures observed in the graph of temperature versus time
for different additions of a base. Also calculate the enthalpy of neutralization of the rst
step.
(f) Determination of enthalpy of hydration of copper sulphate.
(g) Study of the solubility of benzoic acid in water and determination of AH.
Reference:
 Khosla, B. D.; Garg, V. C. & Gulati, A., Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R. Chand
& Co.: New Delhi (2011).
 Athawale, V. D. & Mathur, P. Experimental Physical Chemistry New Age International:
New Delhi (2001).
8
SEMESTER-III
C – 5: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY- II
General Principles of Metallurgy (Unit-I)

Chief modes of occurrence of metals based on standard electrode potentials. Ellingham
diagrams for reduction of metal oxides using carbon and carbon monoxide as reducing agent.
Electrolytic Reduction, Hydrometallurgy. Methods of purification of metals: Electrolytic
process, Parting process, van Arkel-de Boer process and Monds process, Zone refining.
Acids and Bases

Bronsted-Lowry concept of acid-base reactions, solvated proton, relative strength of acids,
types of acid-base reactions, Lewis acid-base concept, Classification of Lewis acids, Hard
and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB) Application of HSAB principle.
Chemistry of s and p Block Elements-I (Unit-II)

Inert pair effect, Relative stability of different oxidation states, diagonal relationship and
anomalous behaviour of first member of each group. Allotropy and catenation. Complex
formation tendency of s and p block elements. Hydrides and their classification ionic, covalent
and interstitial. Basic beryllium acetate and nitrate.
Chemistry of s and p Block Elements-II (Unit-III)

Study of the following compounds with emphasis on structure, bonding, preparation,
properties and uses. Boric acid and borates, boron nitrides, borohydrides (diborane)
carboranes and graphitic compounds, silanes. Oxides and oxoacids of nitrogen, Phosphorus
and chlorine. Peroxo acids of sulphur, interhalogen compounds, polyhalide ions,
pseudohalogens and basic properties of halogens.
Noble Gases(Unit- IV)

Occurrence and uses, rationalization of inertness of noble gases, Clathrates; preparation and
proper-ties of XeF2; XeF4andXeF6; Nature of bonding in noble gas compounds (Valence bond
treatment and MO treatment for XeF2). Molecular shapes of noble gas compounds (VSEPR
theory).
Inorganic Polymers:
Types of inorganic polymers, comparison with organic polymers, synthesis, structural aspects
and applications of silicones and siloxanes. Borazines, silicates and phosphazenes, and
polysulphates.
9
Reference:
 Lee, J.D. Concise Inorganic Chemistry, ELBS, 1991.
 Douglas, B.E; Mc Daniel, D.H. & Alexander, J.J. Concepts & Models of Inorganic
Chemistry 3rd Ed., John Wiley Sons, N.Y. 1994.
 Greenwood, N.N. & Earnshaw. Chemistry of the Elements, Butterworth-Heinemann.
1997.
 Cotton, F.A. & Wilkinson, G. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, Wiley, VCH, 1999.
 Miessler, G. L. & Donald, A. Tarr. Inorganic Chemistry 4th Ed., Pearson, 2010.
 Shriver & Atkins, Inorganic Chemistry 5th Ed.
PRACTICAL: C-5 LAB
(A) Iodo / Iodimetric Titrations

(i) Estimation of Cu(II) and K2Cr2O7 using sodium thiosulphate solution (Iodimetrically). (ii)
Estimation of available chlorine in bleaching powder iodometrically.
(B) Inorganic preparations
(i) Cuprous chloride, Cu2Cl2:
(ii) Preparation of manganese(III) phosphate, MnPO4:H2O:
(iii) Preparation of aluminium potassium sulphate K2SO4:Al2(SO4)2:24H2O (Potash alum).
Reference:
 Vogel, A.I. A Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, ELBS. 1978
C-6: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY- II

Chemistry of Halogenated Hydrocarbons (Unit-I)

Alkyl halides: Methods of preparation, nucleophilic substitution reactions SN1, SN2 and SNi
mechanisms with stereochemical aspects and effect of solvent etc.; nucleophilic substitution
vs. elimination. Aryl halides: Preparation, including preparation from diazonium salts,
nucleophilic aromatic substitution; SNAr, Benzyne mechanism. Relative reactivity of alkyl,
allyl/benzyl, vinyl and aryl halides towards nucleophilic substitution reactions. Organometallic
compounds of Mg and Li use in synthesis of organic compounds.
Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers and Epoxides(Unit-II)

Alcohols: preparation, properties and relative reactivity of 1°, 2°, 3° alcohols, Bouveault-Blanc
Reduction; Preparation and properties of glycols: Oxidation by periodic acid and lead
tetraacetate, Pinacol-Pinacolone rearrangement; Phenols: Preparation and properties; Acidity
and factors effecting it, Ring substitution reactions, Reimer-Tiemann and Kolbes-Schmidt
10
Reactions, Fries and Claisen rearrangements with mechanism; Ethers and Epoxides:
Preparation and reactions with acids. Reactions of epoxides with alcohols, ammonia
derivatives and LiAlH4
Carbonyl Compounds (Unit-III)

Structure, reactivity and preparation: Nucleophilic additions, Nucleophilic addition-elimination
reactions with ammonia derivatives with mechanism; Mechanisms of Aldol and Benzoin
condensation, Knoevenagel condensation, Perkin, Cannizzaro and Wittig reaction, Beckmann
rearrangements, haloform reaction and Baeyer Villiger oxidation, - substitution reactions,
oxidations and reductions (Clemmensen, Wolf-Kishner, LiAlH4, NaBH4, MPV); Addition
reactions of unsaturated carbonyl compounds: Michael addition. Active methylene
compounds: Keto-enol tautomerism. Preparation and synthetic applications of diethyl
malonate and ethyl acetoacetate.
Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives (Unit-IV)

Preparation, physical properties and reactions of monocarboxylic acids: Typical reactions of
dicarboxylic acids, hydroxy acids and unsaturated acids: succinic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric,
maleic and fumaric acids; Preparation and reactions of acid chlorides, anhydrides, esters and
amides; Comparative study of nucleophilic sustitution at acyl group -Mechanism of acidic and
alkaline hydrolysis of esters, Claisen condensation, Dieckmann and Reformatsky reactions,
Hofmann-bromamide degradation and Curtius rearrangement.
Sulphur containing compounds
Preparation and reactions of thiols, thioethers.
Reference:
 Morrison, R. T. & Boyd, R. N. Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
 Graham Solomons, T.W. Organic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
PRACTICAL: C-6 LAB

1. Functional group tests for alcohols, phenols, carbonyl and carboxylic acid group.
2. Organic preparations:
(i) Acetylation of one of the following compounds: amines (aniline, o-, m-, p-toluidines and o-,
m-, p-anisidine) and phenols (-naphthol, vanillin, salicylic acid) by any one method:
(a) Using conventional method.
(b) Using green approach.
(ii) Benzolyation of one of the following amines (aniline, o-, m-, p- toluidines and o-, m-, p-
anisidine) and one of the following phenols (-naphthol, resorcinol, p-cresol) by Schotten-
Baumann reaction.
(iii) Bromination of any one of the following:
11
(a) Acetanilide by conventional methods.
(b) Acetanilide using green approach (Bromate-bromide method).
(iv) Nitration of any one of the following:
(a) Acetanilide/nitrobenzene by conventional method.
(b) Salicylic acid by green approach (using ceric ammonium nitrate).
The above derivatives should be prepared using 0.5-1gm. of the organic compound. The
solid
samples must be collected and may be used for recrystallization, melting point and TLC.
Reference:
 Furniss, B.S.; Hannaford, A.J.; Smith, P.W.G.; Tatchell, A.R. Practical Organic
 Ahluwalia, V.K. & Aggarwal, R. Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry:
Preparation and Quantitative Analysis, University Press (2000).
 Ahluwalia, V.K. & Dhingra, S. Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry: Qualitative
Analysis, University Press (2000).
C-7: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY- III

Phase Equilibria-I (Unit-I)

Concept of phases, components and degrees of freedom, derivation of Gibbs Phase Rule for
nonreactive and reactive systems; Clausius-Clapeyron equation and its applications to solid-
liquid, liquid-vapour and solid-vapour equilibria, phase diagram for one component systems,
with applications (H2O and sulphur system). Phase diagrams for systems of solid-liquid
equilibria involving eutectic, congruent and incongruent melting points, solid solutions (Pb-Ag
system).
Phase Equilibria (Unit-II)
Three component systems, water-chloroform-acetic acid system, triangular plots. Binary
solutions: Gibbs-Duhem-Margules equation, its derivation and applications to fractional
distillation of binary miscible liquids (ideal and non-ideal), azeotropes, partial miscibility of
liquids, CST, miscible pairs. Nernst distribution law: its derivation and applications.
Chemical Kinetics (Unit-III)

Order and molecularity of a reaction, rate laws in terms of the advancement of a reaction,
differential and integrated form of rate expressions up to second order reactions,
12
experimental methods of the determination of orders, kinetics of complex reactions
(integrated rate expressions up to first order only): (i) Opposing reactions (ii) parallel
reactions and (iii) consecutive reactions and their differential rate equations (steady-state
approximation in reaction mechanisms) (iv) chain reactions. Temperature dependence of
reaction rates; Arrhenius equation; activation energy. Collision theory of reaction rates,
qualitative treatment of the theory of absolute reaction rates.
Catalysis (Unit-IV)
Types of catalyst, specificity and selectivity, mechanisms of catalyzed reactions at solid
surfaces; effect of particle size and efficiency of nanoparticles as catalysts. Enzyme
catalysis, Michaelis-Menten mechanism, acid-base catalysis.
Surface chemistry
Physical adsorption, chemisorption, adsorption isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich and Gibbs
isotherms), nature of adsorbed state.
Reference:
 Peter Atkins & Julio De Paula, Physical Chemistry 9th Ed., Oxford University Press
(2010). Castellan, G. W. Physical Chemistry, 4th Ed., Narosa (2004).
 McQuarrie, D. A. & Simon, J. D., Molecular Thermodynamics, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd.:
New Delhi (2004).
 Engel, T. & Reid, P. Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed., Prentice-Hall (2012).
 Assael, M. J.; Goodwin, A. R. H.; Stamatoudis, M.; Wakeham, W. A. & Will, S.
Commonly Asked Questions in Thermodynamics. CRC Press: NY (2011).
 Zundhal, S.S. Chemistry concepts and applications Cengage India (2011). Ball, D. W.
Physical Chemistry Cengage India (2012).
 Mortimer, R. G. Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed., Elsevier: NOIDA, UP (2009). Levine, I. N.
Physical Chemistry 6th Ed., Tata McGraw-Hill (2011).
 Metz, C. R. Physical Chemistry 2nd Ed., Tata McGraw-Hill (2009).
PRACTICAL: C- 7 LAB
I. Distribution of acetic/ benzoic acid between water and cyclohexane.

II. Study the equilibrium of at least one of the following reactions by the distribu-tion method:
III. Study the kinetics of the following reactions.

(1) Integrated rate method:
a. Acid hydrolysis of methyl acetate with hydrochloric acid.
13
b. Saponification of ethyl acetate.
(2) Compare the strengths of HCl and H2SO4 by studying kinetics of hydrolysis of methyl
acetate.
Adsorption
Verify the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms for adsorption of acetic acid on activated
charcoal.
Reference:
 Garland, C. W.; Nibler, J. W. & Shoemaker, D. P. Experiments in Physical Chemistry
8th Ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York (2003).
Freeman & Co.: New York (2003).
SEMESTER- IV
C-8: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY-III
Coordination Chemistry (Unit-I)

Werners theory, Valence bond theory (inner and outer orbital complexes), electroneutrality
principle and back bonding. Crystal field theory, measurement of CFSE weak and strong
fields, pairing energies, factors affecting the magnitude of 10 Dq in octahedral vs. tetrahedral
coordination, tetragonal distortions from octahedral geometry, Jahn-Teller theorem, square
planar geometry. Qualitative aspect of ligand field and MO Theory. IUPAC nomenclature of
coordination compounds, isomerism in coordination compounds. Stereochemistry of
complexes with 4 and 6 coordination numbers. Chelate effect, Labile and inert complexes.
Transition Elements-I (Unit-II)

General group trends with special reference to electronic configuration, colour, variable
valency, magnetic and catalytic properties, ability to form complexes. Stability of various
oxidation states and e.m.f. (Latimer & Bsworth diagrams). Difference between the first,
second and third transition series.
Transition Elements-II (Unit-III)

Chemistry of Ti, V, Cr Mn, Fe and Co in various oxidation states (excluding their metallurgy).
Lanthanoids and Actinoids (Unit-IV)

Electronic configuration, oxidation states, colour, spectral and magnetic properties, lanthanide
14
con-traction, separation of lanthanides (ion-exchange method only). General features of
actinoids, separation of Np, Pm, Am from U.
Bioinorganic Chemistry
Metal ions present in biological systems, classification of elements according to their action in
bi-ological system. Na/K-pump, carbonic anhydrase and carboxypeptidase. Excess and
deficiency of some trace metals. Toxicity of metal ions (Hg, Pb, Cd and As), reasons for
toxicity, Use of chelating agents in medicine. Iron and its application in bio-systems,
Haemoglobin; Storage and transfer of iron.
Reference:
 Purcell, K.F & Kotz, J.C. Inorganic Chemistry W.B. Saunders Co, 1977. Huheey, J.E.,
Inorganic Chemistry, Prentice Hall, 1993.
 Lippard, S.J. & Berg, J.M. Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry Panima Publishing
Company 1994.
 Cotton, F.A. & Wilkinson, G, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Wiley-VCH, 1999.
 Basolo, F, and Pearson, R.C., Mechanisms of Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley &
Sons, NY, 1967. Greenwood, N.N. & Earnshaw A., Chemistry of the Elements,
Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997.
PRACTICAL: C-8 LAB
Gravimetric Analysis:
i. Estimation of nickel (II) using Dimethylglyoxime (DMG).
ii Estimation of copper as CuSCN.
iii. Estimation of iron as Fe2O3 by precipitating iron as Fe(OH)3:
iv. Estimation of Al(III) by precipitating with oxine and weighing as Al(oxine)3 (aluminium
oxinate).
Chromatography of metal ions
Principles involved in chromatographic separations. Paper chromatographic separation of
following metal ions:
i. Ni(II) and Co(II)
ii. Fe(III) and Al(III)
Reference:
 Vogel, A.I. A text book of Quantitative Analysis, ELBS 1986.
15
C-9: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY- III
Nitrogen Containing Functional Groups (Unit-I)
Preparation and important reactions of nitro compounds, nitriles. Amines: Effect of substituent
and solvent on basicity; Preparation and properties: Gabriel phthalimide synthesis,
Carbylamine reaction, Mannich reaction, Hoffmanns exhaustive methylation, Hofmann
elimination reaction; Distinction between 1, 2 and 3 amines with Hinsberg reagent and nitrous
acid.
Diazonium Salts (Unit-II)

Preparation and their synthetic applications. Polynuclear Hydrocarbons, Reactions of
naphthalene and anthracene Structure, Preparation and structure elucidation and important
derivatives of aphthalene and anthracene. Polynuclear hydrocarbons.
Heterocyclic Compounds (Unit-III)

Classification and nomenclature, Structure, aromaticity in 5-numbered and 6-membered rings
containing one heteroatom; Synthesis, reactions and mechanism of substitution reactions of:
Furan, Pyrrole (Paal-Knorr synthesis, Knorr pyrrole synthesis, Hantzsch synthesis),
Thiophene, Pyridine (Hantzsch synthesis), Pyrimidine. Fischer indole synthesis and Madelung
synthesis, structure of quinoline and isoquinoline. Derivatives of furan: Furfural and furoic acid
(preparation only).
Alkaloids (Unit-IV)
Natural occurrence, General structural features, Isolation and their physiological action
Hoffmanns exhaustive methylation, Emde's modification, Structure elucidation and synthesis
of Hygrine and Nicotine. Medicinal importance of Nicotine, Hygrine, Quinine, Morphine,
Cocaine, and Reserpine.
Terpenes Occurrence, classification, isoprene rule; Elucidation of stucture and synthesis of
Citral, Neral and terpineol.
Reference:
 Acheson, R.M. Introduction to the Chemistry of Heterocyclic compounds, John Welly
& Sons (1976).
 Kalsi, P. S. Textbook of Organic Chemistry 1st Ed., New Age International (P) Ltd.
Pub.
 Clayden, J.; Greeves, N.; Warren, S.; Wothers, P.; Organic Chemistry, Oxford
University Press. Singh, J.; Ali, S.M. & Singh, J. Natural Product Chemistry, Prajati
Parakashan (2010).
 Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
(Pearson Educa-tion).
16
 Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 2: Stereochemistry and the Chemistry of
Natural Products), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education).
PRACTICAL: C-9 LAB
1. Detection of extra elements (N, X, S).

2. Functional group test for nitro, amine and amide groups.
3. Qualitative analysis of unknown organic compounds containing simple functional groups
(alcohols, carboxylic acids, phenols and carbonyl compounds).
Reference:
 Furniss, B.S.; Hannaford, A.J.; Smith, P.W.G.; Tatchell, A.R. Practical Organic
C-10: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY- IV
Electrochemistry-I (Unit-I)
Quantitative aspects of Faradays laws of electrolysis, rules of oxidation/reduction of ions
based on half-cell potentials, applications of electrolysis in metallurgy and industry. Chemical
cells, reversible and irreversible cells with examples. Electromotive force of a cell and its
measurement, Nernst equation; Standard electrode (reduction) potential and its application to
different kinds of half-cells. Application of EMF measurements in determining (i) free energy,
enthalpy and entropy of a cell reaction, (ii) equilibrium constants, and (iii) pH values, using
hydrogen, quinone-hydroquinone, glass electrodes.
Electrochemistry-II (Unit-II)
Concentration cells with and without transference, liquid junction potential; determination of
activity coefficients and transference numbers. Qualitative discussion of potentiometric
titrations (acid-base, redox, precipitation). Electrical properties of atoms and molecules Basic
ideas of electrostatics, Electrostatics of dielectric media. Clausius-Mosotti equation and
Lorenz-Laurentz equation (no derivation), Dipole moment and molecular polarizabilities and
their measurements. Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism, Magnetic Susceptibility and its
Measurements.
17
Conductance-I (Unit-III)
Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation. Conductivity, equivalent and molar conductivity
and their variation with dilution for weak and strong electrolytes. Molar conductivity at infinite
dilution. Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions. Debye-Hckel-Onsager equation,
Wien effect.
Conductance-II (Unit-IV)
Ionic velocities, mobilities and their determinations, transference numbers and their relation to
ionic mobilities, determination of transference numbers using Hittorf and Moving Boundary
methods. Applications of conductance measurement: (i) degree of dissociation of weak
electrolytes, (ii) ionic product of water (iii) solubility and solubility product of sparingly soluble
salts, (iv) conductometric titrations, and (v) hydrolysis constants of salts.
Reference:
 Rogers, D. W. Concise Physical Chemistry Wiley (2010).
 Silbey, R. J.; Alberty, R. A. & Bawendi, M. G. Physical Chemistry 4th Ed., John Wiley
& Sons, Inc. (2005).
 Atkins, P.W & Paula, J.D. Physical Chemistry, 9th Ed., Oxford University
Press (2011). Castellan, G. W. Physical Chemistry 4th Ed., Narosa (2004).
 Mortimer, R. G. Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed., Elsevier: NOIDA, UP (2009).
 Barrow, G. M., Physical Chemistry 5th Ed., Tata McGraw Hill: New Delhi (2006).
Engel, T. & Reid, P. Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed., Prentice-Hall (2012).
PRACTICAL: C-10 LAB
Conductometry
I. Determination of cell constant.
II. Determination of equivalent conductance, degree of dissociation and dissociation
constant of a weak acid.
III. Perform the following conductometric titrations:
i. Strong acid vs. strong base
ii. Weak acid vs. strong base
iii. Strong acid vs. weak base
Potentiometry
I. Perform the following potentiometric titrations:
i. Strong acid vs. strong base
ii. Weak acid vs. strong base
iii. Dibasic acid vs. strong base
18
Reference:
SEMESTER- V
C-11: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY- IV
Nucleic Acids (Unit-I)
Components of nucleic acids, Nucleosides and nucleotides; Structure, synthesis and
reactions of: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil and Thymine; Structure of polynucleotides.
Enzymes
Introduction, classification and characteristics of enzymes. Salient features of active site of
enzymes. Mechanism of enzyme action (taking trypsin as example), factors affecting enzyme
action, coenzymes and cofactors and their role in biological reactions, specificity of enzyme
action (including stereo specificity), enzyme inhibitors and their importance, phenomenon of
inhibition (competitive, uncompetitive and non-competitive inhibition including allosteric
inhibition).
Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins (Unit-II)

Amino acids, peptides and their classification. -Amino acids - Synthesis, ionic properties and
reactions. Zwitterions, pKa values, isoelectric point and electrophoresis. Study of peptides:
determination of their primary structures-end group analysis, methods of peptide synthesis.
Synthesis of peptides using N-protecting, C-protecting and C-activating groups -Solid-phase
synthesis.
Lipids (Unit-III)
Introduction to oils and fats; common fatty acids present in oils and fats, Hydrogenation of fats
and oils, Saponification value, acid value, iodine number. Reversion and rancidity.
Concept of Energy in Biosystems

Cells obtain energy by the oxidation of food stuff (organic molecules). Introduction to
metabolism (catabolism and anabolism). Overview of catabolic pathways of fat and protein.
Interrelationship in the metabolic pathways of protein, fat and carbohydrate. Caloric value of
food, standard caloric content of food types.
19
Pharmaceutical Compounds: Structure and Importance (Unit-IV)
Classification, structure and therapeutic uses of antipyretics: Paracetamol (with synthesis),
Analgesics: Ibuprofen (with synthesis), Antimalarials: Chloroquine (with synthesis). An
elementary treatment of Antibiotics and detailed study of chloramphenicol, Medicinal values of
curcumin (haldi), azadirachtin (neem), vitamin C and antacid (ranitidine).
Reference:
 Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L. and Stryer, L. (2006) Biochemistry. VIth Edition. W.H.
Freeman and Co.
 Nelson, D.L., Cox, M.M. and Lehninger, A.L. (2009) Principles of Biochemistry. IV
Edition. W.H. Freeman and Co.
 Murray, R.K., Granner, D.K., Mayes, P.A. and Rodwell, V.W. (2009) Harpers
Illustrated Biochemistry. XXVIII edition. Lange Medical Books/ McGraw-Hill.
PRACTICAL: C-11 LAB

1. Preparations of the following compounds:
i. Aspirine,
ii. Phenacetin,
iii. Milk of magnesia,
iv. Aluminium hydroxide gel,
v. Divol.
2. Saponification value of an oil or a fat.
3. Determination of Iodine number of an oil/ fat.
Reference:
 Manual of Biochemistry Workshop, 2012, Department of Chemistry, University of
Delhi. Arthur, I. Vogel, Quantitative Organic Analysis, Pearson.
C-12: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY- V

Quantum Chemistry (Unit-I)

Postulates of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical operators, Schrodinger equation and
its application to free particle and particle in one dimensional box (rigorous treatment),
quantization of energy levels, zero-point energy and Heisenberg Uncertainty principle; wave
functions, probability distribution functions, nodal properties. Extension to three dimensional
boxes, separation of variables, degeneracy. Qualitative treatment of simple harmonic
oscillator model of vibrational motion: Setting up of Schrodinger equation and discussion of
solution and wave functions. Vibrational energy of diatomic molecules and zero-point energy.
20
Angular momentum: Commutation rules, quantization of square of total angular momentum
and z-component. Rigid rotator model of rotation of diatomic molecule. Schrodinger equation,
transformation to spherical polar coordinates. Separation of variables (Preliminary treatment).
Qualitative treatment of hydrogen atom and hydrogen-like ions: setting up of Schrodinger
equation in spherical polar coordinates, radial part, quantization of energy (only final energy
expression). Average and most probable distances of electron from nucleus.
Chemical Bonding (Unit-II)

Chemical bonding: Covalent bonding, valence bond and molecular orbital approaches,
LCAO-MO treatment of H2+: Bonding and antibonding orbitals. Qualitative extension to H2:
Comparison of LCAO-MO and VB treatments of H2 (only wavefunctions, detailed solution not
required) and their limitations. Qualitative description of LCAO-MO treatment of homonuclear
and heteronuclear diatomic molecules (HF, LiH). Localised and non-localised molecular
orbitals treatment of triatomic (BeH2, H2O) molecules. Qualitative MO theory and its
application to AH2 type molecules
Molecular Spectroscopy-I (Unit-III)

Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with molecules and various types of spectra; Born-
Oppenheimer approximation. Rotational spectroscopy: Selection rules, intensities of spectral
lines, determination of bond lengths of diatomic and linear triatomic molecules, isotopic
substitution.
Vibrational spectroscopy: Classical equation of vibration, computation of force constant,
amplitude of diatomic molecular vibrations, anharmonicity, Morse potential, dissociation
energies, fundamental frequencies, overtones, hot bands, degrees of freedom for polyatomic
molecules, modes of vibration. Vibration-rotation spectroscopy: diatomic vibrating rotator, P,
Q, R branches.
Raman spectroscopy: Qualitative treatment of Rotational Raman effect; Effect of nuclear spin,
Vibrational Raman spectra, Stokes and anti-Stokes lines; their intensity difference, rule of
mutual exclusion.
Molecular Spectroscopy-II (Unit-IV)

Electronic spectroscopy: Franck-Condon principle, electronic transitions, singlet and triplet
states, fluorescence and phosphorescence, dissociation and predissociation.
Photochemistry
Characteristics of electromagnetic radiation, Lambert-Beers law and its limitations, physical
significance of absorption coefficients. Laws, of photochemistry, quantum yield, examples
of low and high quantum yields, photochemical equilibrium and the differential rate of
photochemical reactions, photosensitised reactions, quenching. Role of photochemical
reactions in biochemical processes, photostationary states, chemiluminescence.
21
Reference:
 Banwell, C. N. & McCash, E. M. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy 4th Ed.
Tata McGraw- Hill: New Delhi (2006).
 Chandra, A. K. Introductory Quantum Chemistry Tata McGraw-Hill (2001).
 House, J. E. Fundamentals of Quantum Chemistry 2nd Ed. Elsevier:
USA (2004). Lowe, J. P. & Peterson, K. Quantum Chemistry, Academic
Press (2005).
 Kakkar, R. Atomic & Molecular Spectroscopy, Cambridge University Press
(2015).
PRACTICAL: C-12 LAB
Colourimetry
1. Determine the concentration of HCl against 0.1 N NaOH spectrophotometrically. 2. To nd
the strength of given ferric ammonium sulfate solution of (0.05 M) by using EDTA
spectrophotometrically. 3. To nd out the strength of CuSO4 solution by titrating with EDTA
spectrophotometrically. 4. To determine the concentration of Cu(II) and Fe(III) solution
photometrically by titrating with EDTA.
Reference:
 Khosla, B. D.; Garg, V. C. & Gulati, A., Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R. Chand
 Experimental Physical Chemistry by J. N. Gurtu, R. Kapoor.
SEMESTER- VI
C-13: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY- IV
Organometallic Compounds-I (Unit-I)

Definition and classification of organometallic compounds on the basis of bond type. Concept
of hapticity of organic ligands. Metal carbonyls: 18 electron rule, electron count of
mononuclear, polynuclear and substituted metal carbonyls of 3d series. General methods of
preparation (direct combination, reductive carbonylation, thermal and photochemical
decomposition) of mono and binuclear carbonyls of 3d series. Structures of mononuclear and
binuclear carbonyls of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and Ni using VBT. - acceptor behaviour of CO (MO
diagram of CO to be discussed), Synergic effect and use of IR data to explain extent of back
bonding. Zeise’s Salt: Preparation and structure, evidences of synergic effect and
comparison of synergic effect with that in carbonyls.
22
Organometallic Compounds-II (Unit-II)
Metal Alkyls: Important structural features of methyl lithium (tetramer) and trialkyl aluminium
(dimer), concept of multicentre bonding in these compounds. Role of triethylaluminium in
polymerisation of ethene (Ziegler Natta Catalyst). Species present in ether solution of
Grignard reagent and their structures. Ferrocene: Preparation and reactions (acetylation,
alkylation, metallation, Mannich Condensation), structure and aromaticity, comparison of
aromaticity and reactivity with that of benzene.
Theoretical Principles in Qualitative Analysis (H2S Scheme) (Unit-III)

Basic principles involved in analysis of cations and anions and solubility products, common
ion effect. Principles involved in separation of cations into groups and choice of group
reagents. Interfering anions (fluoride, borate, oxalate and phosphate) and need to remove
them after Group II.
Catalysis by Organometallic Compounds

Study of the following industrial processes and their mechanism:
1. Alkene hydrogenation (Wilkinsons Catalyst).
2. Hydroformylation (Co salts).
3. Wacker Process.
4. Synthetic gasoline (Fischer Tropsch reaction).
Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism (Unit-IV)

Introduction to inorganic reaction mechanisms. Substitution reactions in square planar
complexes, Trans-effect and its applications, theories of trans effect, Mechanism of
nucleophilic substitution in square planar complexes. Thermodynamic and kinetic stability,
Kinetics of octahedral substitution (classification of metal ions based on water exchange rate),
General mechanism of substitution in octahedral complexes (D, I, Id, Ia).
Reference:
 Huheey, J. E.; Keiter, E.A. & Keiter, R.L. Inorganic Chemistry, Principles of Structure
and Reactivity 4th Ed., Harper Collins 1993, Pearson,2006.
 Sharpe, A.G. Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Indian Reprint (Pearson Education) 2005.
 Douglas, B. E.; McDaniel, D.H. & Alexander, J.J. Concepts and Models in Inorganic
Chemistry, 3rd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, NY, 1994.
 Greenwood, N.N. & Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements, Elsevier 2nd Ed, 1997
(Ziegler Natta Catalyst and Equilibria in Grignard Solution).
 Lee, J.D. Concise Inorganic Chemistry 5th Ed., John Wiley and sons 2008. Powell, P.
Principles of Organometallic Chemistry, Chapman and Hall, 1988.
 Shriver, D.D. & P. Atkins, Inorganic Chemistry 2nd Ed., Oxford University Press, 1994.
 Basolo, F. & Person, R. Mechanisms of Inorganic Reactions: Study of Metal
Complexes in Solution 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons Inc; NY.
 Purcell, K.F. & Kotz, J.C., Inorganic Chemistry, W.B. Saunders Co. 1977.
23
 Miessler, G. L. & Donald, A. Tarr, Inorganic Chemistry 4th Ed., Pearson, 2010.
 Collman, James P. et al. Principles and Applications of Organotransition Metal
Chemistry. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books, 1987.
 Crabtree, Robert H. The Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Metals, New
York, NY: John Wiley, 2000.
 Spessard, Gary O., & Gary L. Miessler. Organometallic Chemistry. Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1996.
 Mehrotra R.C. and Singh, A. Organometallic Chemistry, New Age International

Publishers, 2nd Edn, 2000.
PRACTICAL: C-13 LAB
Qualitative semimicro analysis of mixtures containing 3 anions and 3 cations. Emphasis

should be given to the understanding of the chemistry of di erent reactions. The following
radicals are suggested:
CO32 ; NO2 ; S ; SO3 ; S2O32 ; CH3COO ; F ; Cl ; Br ; I ; NO3 ; BO3 ; C2O42 ; PO43 ; NH4+; K+;
Pb+2; Cu+2; Cd+2; Bi+3; Sn2+ ; Sb3+ ; Fe3+ ; Al3+; ; Cr3+ ; Zn2+ ; Mn2+ ; Co2+ ; Ni2+; Ba2+; Sr2+; Ca2+;
Mg2+ : Mixtures should preferably contain one interfering anion, or insoluble component
(BaSO4; SrSO4; PbSO4; CaF2orAl2O3) or combination of anions e.g. CO32 and SO32 ; NO2 and
NO3 ; Cl and Br ; Cl and I ; Br and I ; NO3 and Br ; NO3 and I : Spot tests should be done
whenever possible.
Reference:
 Vogels Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, Revised by G. Svehla.
 Marr & Rockett Inorganic Preparations.
C-14: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY- V

Organic Spectroscopy-I (Unit-I)

UV-Visible Spectroscopy: Types of electronic transitions, λmax, Chromophores and
Auxochromes, Bathochromic and Hypsochromic shifts, Intensity of absorption; Application of
Woodward rules for calculation of λmax for the following systems: the unsaturated aldehydes:
ketones, carboxylic acids and esters; Conjugated dienes: alicyclic, homoannular and
heteroannular; Extended conjugated systems (aldehydes, ketones and dienes); distinction
between cis and trans isomers.
IR Spectroscopy: Fundamental and non-fundamental molecular vibrations; IR absorption
positions of O, N and S containing functional groups; Effect of H-bonding, conjugation,
resonance and ring size on IR absorptions; Fingerprint region and its significance; application
in functional group analysis.
24
Organic Spectroscopy-II (Unit-II)
NMR Spectroscopy: Basic principles of Proton Magnetic Resonance, chemical shift and
factors influencing it; Spin-spin coupling and coupling constant; Anisotropic effects in alkene,
alkyne, aldehydes and aromatics; Interpretation of NMR spectra of simple compounds. Mass
Spectroscopy-Basic principle, Fragmentation pattern, Instrumentation, Determination of m/e
ratio. Application of Mass Spectroscopy on CH4, C2H6, n-butane and neo-pentane.
Applications of IR, UV and NMR for identification of simple organic molecules.
Carbohydrates (Unit-III)
Occurrence, classification and their biological importance. Monosaccharides: Constitution and
absolute configuration of glucose and fructose, epimers and anomers, mutarotation,
determination of ring size of glucose and fructose, Haworth projections and conformational
structures; Inter conversions of aldoses and ketoses; Killiani-Fischer synthesis and Ruff
degradation; Disaccharides Structure elucidation of maltose. Polysaccharides Elementary
treatment of starch, cellulose.
Dyes
Classification, colour and constitution; Mordant and Vat dyes; Chemistry of dyeing.
Synthesis and applications of: Azo dyes Methyl orange and Congo red (mechanism of
Diazo Coupling); Triphenyl methane dyes - Malachite Green, and crystal violet; Phthalein
dyes Phenolphthalein and Fluorescein; Natural dyes Alizarin and Indigo; Edible dyes with
examples.
Polymers (Unit-IV)
Introduction and classification including di-block, tri-block and amphiphilic polymers; Number
average molecular weight, Weight average molecular weight, Degree of polymerization,
Polydispersity Index. Polymerisation reactions -Addition and condensation -Mechanism of
cationic, anionic and free radical addition polymerization; Metallocene-based Ziegler-Natta
polymerisation of alkenes; Preparation and applications of plastics thermosetting (phenol-
formaldehyde, Polyurethanes) and thermosoftening (PVC, polythene); Fabrics natural and
synthetic (acrylic, polyamido, polyester); Rubbers natural and synthetic: Buna-S and
Neoprene; Vulcanization; Polymer additives; Biodegradable and conducting polymers with
examples.
Reference:
 Billmeyer, F. W. Textbook of Polymer Science, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 Gowariker, V. R.; Viswanathan, N. V. & Sreedhar, J. Polymer Science, New Age
International (P) Ltd. Pub.
 Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 2: Stereochemistry and the Chemistry of
Natural Prod-ucts), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education).
 Kalsi, P. S. Textbook of Organic Chemistry 1st Ed., New Age International (P) Ltd.
Pub.
25
 Clayden, J.; Greeves, N.; Warren, S.; Wothers, P.; Organic Chemistry, Oxford University
Press.
 Singh, J.; Ali, S.M. & Singh, J. Natural Product Chemistry, Pragati Prakashan (2010).
 Kemp, W. Organic Spectroscopy, Palgrave.
PRACTICAL: C-14 LAB.
1. Extraction of caffeine from tea leaves.

2. Preparation of sodium polyacrylate.
3. Preparation of urea formaldehyde.
4. Analysis of Carbohydrate: aldoses and ketoses, reducing and non-reducing sugars.
5. Qualitative analysis of unknown organic compounds containing mono-functional groups
(car-bohydrates, aryl halides, aromatic hydrocarbons, nitro compounds, amines and amides)
and simple bifunctional groups, for e.g. salicylic acid, cinnamic acid, nitrophenols etc.
Reference:
 Vogel, A.I. Quantitative Organic Analysis, Part 3, Pearson (2012).
 Furniss, B.S., Hannaford, A.J.; Smith, P.W.G.; Tatchell, A.R. Practical Organic
26
DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE (DSE)
DSE-1: POLYMER CHEMISTRY
Introduction and history of polymeric materials: (Unit-I)

Different schemes of classification of polymers, Polymer nomenclature, Molecular forces and
chemical bonding in polymers, Texture of Polymers.
Functionality and its importance:

Criteria for synthetic polymer formation, classification of polymerization processes,
Relationships between functionality, extent of reaction and degree of polymerization. Bi-
functional systems, Polyfunctional systems.
Kinetics of Polymerization: (Unit-II)

Mechanism and kinetics of step growth, radical chain growth, ionic chain (both cationic and
anionic) and coordination polymerizations, Mechanism and kinetics of copolymerization,
polymerization techniques.
Crystallization and crystallinity:

Determination of crystalline melting point and degree of crystallinity, Morphology of crystalline
polymers, Factors affecting crystalline melting point. Nature and structure of polymers-
Structure property relationships. .
Determination of molecular weight of polymers: (Unit-III)

(Mn, Mw, etc.) by end group analysis, viscometry, light scattering and osmotic pressure
methods. Molecular weight distribution and its significance. Polydispersity index.
Glass transition temperature (Tg) and determination of Tg

WLF equation, Factors affecting glass transition temperature (Tg).
Polymer Solution (Unit-IV)

Criteria for polymer solubility, Solubility parameter, Thermodynamics of polymer solutions,
entropy, enthalpy, and free energy change of mixing of polymers solutions.
Properties of Polymers
(Physical, thermal & mechanical properties). Brief introduction to preparation, structure, prop-
erties and application of the following polymers: polyolefins, polystyrene and styrene
copolymers, poly(vinyl chloride) poly(vinyl acetate), polyacrylamide,fluoro polymers (Teflon),
polyamides (nylon-6 and nylon 6,6). Phenol formaldehyde resins (Bakelite, Novalac),
polyurethanes, silicone polymers (polysiloxane), Polycarbonates, Conducting Polymers,
(polyacetylene, polyaniline).
27
Reference:
 Seymours Polymer Chemistry, Marcel Dekker
 G. Odian: Principles of Polymerization, John Wiley.
 F.W. Billmeyer: Text Book of Polymer Science, John Wiley. P. Ghosh: Polymer
Science & Technology, Tata Mcgraw-Hill. R.W. Lenz: Organic Chemistry of Synthetic
High Polymers.
PRACTICAL: DSE-1 LAB
Polymer synthesis
1. Free radical solution polymerization of styrene (St) / Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) / Methyl
Acrylate (MA) / Acrylic acid (AA).
(a) Purification of monomer.
(b) Polymerization using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) / 2,2-azo-bis-isobutylonitrile (AIBN).
2. Preparation of nylon 66/6.
3. Interfacial polymerization, preparation of polyester from isophthaloyl chloride (IPC) and
phenolphthalein.
(a) Preparation of IPC.
(b) Purification of IPC.
(c) Interfacial polymerization.
4. Redox polymerization of acrylamide.
5. Precipitation polymerization of acrylonitrile.
6. Preparation of urea-formaldehyde resin.
7. Preparations of novalac resin/resold resin.
8. Microscale Emulsion Polymerization of poly(methylacrylate).
Polymer characterization
1. Determination of molecular weight by viscometry:
(a) Polyacrylamide-aq. NaNO2 solution
(b) (Poly vinyl proplylidine (PVP) in water
2. Determination of the viscosity-average molecular weight of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) and
the fraction of head-to-head monomer linkages in the polymer.
3. Determination of molecular wt. by end group analysis: Polyethylene glycol (PEG) (OH
group).
4. Determination of hydroxyl number of a polymer using colorimetric method.
Polymer analysis
1. Estimation of the amount of HCHO in the given solution by sodium sulphite method
2. Instrumental Techniques
3. IR studies of polymers
*at least 5 experiments to be carried out.
Reference:
 Malcohm P. Stevens, Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction, 3rd Ed.
 Harry R. Allcock, Frederick W. Lampe and James E. Mark, Contemporary Polymer
Chemistry, 3rd ed. Prentice-Hall (2003).
28
 Fred W. Billmeyer, Textbook of Polymer Science, 3rd ed. Wiley-Interscience
(1984). Joel R. Fried, Polymer Science and Technology, 2nd ed. Prentice-
Hall (2003).
 Petr Munk and Tejraj M. Aminabhavi, Introduction to Macromolecular Science, 2nd ed.
John
 Wiley & Sons (2002).
 L.H. Sperling, Introduction to Physical Polymer Science, 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons
(2005).
DSE-2: GREEN CHEMISTRY

Introduction to Green Chemistry (Unit-I)

What is Green Chemistry? Need for Green Chemistry. Goals of Green Chemistry. Limitations/
Obstacles in the pursuit of the goals of Green Chemistry.
Principles of Green Chemistry and Designing a Chemical synthesis-I
Twelve principles of Green Chemistry with their explanations and examples with special
emphasis on: Designing a Green Synthesis using these principles; Prevention of Waste/
byproducts; maximum incorporation of the materials used in the process into the final
products, Atom Economy, calculation of atom economy of the rearrangement, addition,
substitution and elimination reactions. Prevention/ minimization of hazardous/ toxic products
reducing toxicity. risk = (function) hazard exposure; waste or pollution prevention hierarchy.
Green solvents supercritical fluids, water as a solvent for organic reactions, ionic liquids.
Principles of Green Chemistry and Designing a Chemical synthesis-II

(Unit-II)
Explanation of principles with special emphasis on: Energy requirements for reactions
alternative sources of energy: use of microwaves and ultrasonic energy. Selection of starting
materials; avoidance of unnecessary derivatization careful use of blocking/protecting groups.
Use of catalytic reagents (wherever possible) in preference to stoichiometric reagents;
catalysis and green chemistry, comparison of heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis,
biocatalysis, asymmetric catalysis and photo catalysis. Prevention of chemical accidents
designing greener processes, inherent safer design, principle of ISD What you dont have
cannot harm you, greener alternative to Bhopal Gas Tragedy (safer route to carcarbaryl) and
Flixiborough accident (safer route to cyclohexanol) subdivision of ISD, minimization,
simplification, substitution, moderation and limitation. Strengthening/ development of
analytical techniques to prevent and minimize the generation of hazardous substances in
chemical processes.
Examples of Green Synthesis/ Reactions and some real world cases-I

(Unit-III)
Green Synthesis of the following compounds: adipic acid, catechol, disodium iminodiacetate
(alternative to Strecker synthesis) Microwave assisted reactions in water: Hofmann
Elimination, methyl benzoate to benzoic acid, oxidation of toluene and alcohols; microwave
assisted reactions in organic solvents: Diels-Alder reaction and Decarboxylation reaction.
Ultrasound assisted reactions: sonochemical Simmons-Smith Reaction (Ultrasonic alternative
to Iodine). Surfactants for carbon dioxide replacing smog producing and ozone depleting
solvents with CO2 for precision cleaning and dry cleaning of garments. Designing of
Environmentally safe marine antifoulant.
29
Examples of Green Synthesis/ Reactions and some real world cases-II (Unit-IV)
Rightfit pigment: synthetic azopigments to replace toxic organic and inorganic pigments. An
efficient, green synthesis of a compostable and widely applicable plastic (poly lactic acid)
made from corn. Healthier Fats and oil by Green Chemistry: Enzymatic Inter etherification for
production of no Trans Fats and Oils Development of Fully Recyclable Carpet: Cradle to
Cradle Carpeting.
Future Trends in Green Chemistry
Oxidation reagents and catalysts; Biomimetic, multifunctional reagents; Combinatorial green
chemistry; Proliferation of solvent less reactions; co-crystal controlled solid state synthesis
(C2S3); Green chemistry in sustainable development.
Reference:
 V.K. Ahluwalia & M.R. Kidwai: New Trends in Green Chemistry, Anamalaya
Publishers (2005). P.T. Anastas & J.K. Warner: Oxford Green Chemistry- Theory and
Practical, University Press (1998).
 A.S. Matlack: Introduction to Green Chemistry, Marcel Dekker (2001).
 M.C. Cann & M.E. Connely: Real-World cases in Green Chemistry, American
Chemical Society, Washington (2000).
 M.A. Ryan & M. Tinnesand, Introduction to Green Chemistry, American Chemical
Society, Wash-ington (2002).
1. Safer starting materials.
 The Vitamin C clock reaction using Vitamin C tablets, tincture of iodine, hydrogen
peroxide and quid laundry starch.
 Effect of concentration on clock reaction.
 Preparation and characterization of nanoparticles (Ag, Au) using plant extract.
2. Using renewable resources
 Preparation of biodiesel from vegetable oil.

3. Avoiding waste
 Principle of atom economy.

 Use of molecular model kit to stimulate the reaction to investigate how the atom
economy can illustrate Green Chemistry.
 Preparation of propene by two methods can be studied.
H 2 SO4 / 
(I) Triethylamine ion + OH-   propene + trimethylpropene + water
(II) 1-propanol  propene + water
 The other types of reactions, like addition, elimination, substitution and rearrangement
should also be studied for the calculation of atom economy.
4. Use of enzymes as catalysts
 Benzoin condensation using Thiamine Hydrochloride as a catalyst instead of cyanide
5. Alternative Green solvents
Diels Alder reaction in water
30
 Extraction of D-limonene from orange peel using liquid CO2 prepared form dry ice.
 Mechanochemical solvent free synthesis of azomethines
6. Alternative sources of energy
 Solvent free, microwave assisted one pot synthesis of phthalocyanine complex of

Cu(II).
 Photoreduction of benzophenone to benzopinacol in the presence of sunlight.
Reference:
 Anastas, P.T & Warner, J.C. Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, Oxford
University Press (1998).
 Kircho , M. & Ryan, M.A. Greener approaches to undergraduate chemistry
experiment. American Chemical Society, Washington DC (2002).
 Ryan, M.A. Introduction to Green Chemistry, Tinnesand; (Ed), American Chemical
Society, Wash-ington DC (2002).
 Sharma, R.K.; Sidhwani, I.T. & Chaudhari, M.K. I.K. Green Chemistry Experiment: A
monograph International Publishing House Pvt Ltd. New Delhi. Bangalore CISBN 978-
93-81141-55-7 (2013).
 Cann, M.C. & Connelly, M. E. Real world cases in Green Chemistry, American
Chemical Society (2008).
 Cann, M. C. & Thomas, P. Real world cases in Green Chemistry, American Chemical
Society (2008).
31
DSE-3: INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS AND ENVIRONMENT
Industrial Gases and Inorganic Chemicals (Unit-I)

Industrial Gases: Large scale production, uses, storage and hazards in handling of the
following gases: oxygen, nitrogen, argon, neon, helium, hydrogen, acetylene, carbon
monoxide, chlorine, sulphur dioxide. Inorganic Chemicals: Manufacture, application and
hazards in handling the following chemicals: hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid,
caustic soda, common salt, bleaching powder, sodium thiosulphate, hydrogen peroxide,
potash alum, potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate.
Industrial Metallurgy
Preparation of metals (ferrous and nonferrous) and ultrapure metals for

semiconductor technology.
Environment and its segments (Unit-II)

Ecosystems. Biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur. Air Pollution: Major
regions of atmosphere. Chemical and photochemical reactions in atmosphere. Air pollutants:
types, sources, particle size and chemical nature; Photochemical smog: its constituents and
photochemistry. Environmental effects of ozone. Major sources of air pollution. Pollution by
SO2; CO2; CO; NOx; and H2S and control procedures. Effects of air pollution on living
organisms and vegetation. Greenhouse effect and global warming, Ozone depletion by oxides
of nitrogen, chlorofluorocarbons and halogens, removal of sulphur from coal.
Water Pollution (Unit-III):

Hydrological cycle, water resources, aquatic ecosystems, Sources and nature of water
pollutants, Techniques for measuring water pollution, Impacts of water pollution on
hydrological and ecosystems. Water purification methods. Effluent treatment plants (primary,
secondary and tertiary treatment). Industrial effluents from the following industries and their
treatment: electroplating, textile, tannery, dairy, petroleum and petrochemicals, fertilizer.
Sludge disposal. Industrial waste management, incineration of waste. Water treatment and
purification (reverse osmosis, ion exchange). Water quality parameters for waste water,
industrial water and domestic water.
Energy & Environment (Unit-IV)

Sources of energy: Coal, petrol and natural gas. Nuclear fusion/fission, solar energy,
hydrogen, geothermal, tidal and hydel. Nuclear Pollution: Disposal of nuclear waste, nuclear
disaster and its management. (10 Lectures)
Biocatalysis: Introduction to biocatalysis: Importance in green chemistry and chemical
industry.
32
Reference:
 E. Stocchi: Industrial Chemistry, Vol-I, Ellis Horwood Ltd. UK.
 R.M. Felder, R.W. Rousseau: Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Wiley
Publishers, New Delhi.
 Kent: Riegels Handbook of Industrial Chemistry, CBS Publishers, New Delhi.
 S. S. Dara: A Textbook of Engineering Chemistry, S. Chand & Company Ltd. New
Delhi. De, Environmental Chemistry: New Age International Pvt., Ltd, New Delhi.
 S. M. Khopkar, Environmental Pollution Analysis: Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi. S.E.
Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, CRC Press (2005).
 G.T. Miller, Environmental Science 11th edition. Brooks/ Cole (2006).
 Mishra, Environmental Studies. Selective and Scienti c Books, New Delhi (2005).

20 Classes (2 hr duration)
1. Determination of dissolved oxygen in water.

2. Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).
3. Determination of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD).
4. Percentage of available chlorine in bleaching powder.
5. Measurement of chloride, sulphate and salinity of water samples by simple titration
method (AgNO3 and potassium chromate).
6. Estimation of total alkalinity of water samples (CO32 ; HCO3 ) using double titration
method.
7. Measurement of dissolved CO2:
8. Study of some of the common bio-indicators of pollution.
9. Estimation of SPM in air samples.
10. Preparation of borax/ boric acid.
Reference:
 E. Stocchi: Industrial Chemistry, Vol-I, Ellis Horwood Ltd. UK.
 R.M. Felder, R.W. Rousseau: Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Wiley
 Kent: Riegels Handbook of Industrial Chemistry, CBS Publishers, New Delhi.
 S. S. Dara: A Textbook of Engineering Chemistry, S. Chand & Company Ltd.
New Delhi. De, Environmental Chemistry: New Age International Pvt., Ltd, New
Delhi.
 S. M. Khopkar, Environmental Pollution Analysis: Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi.
33
DSE-4: NOVEL INORGANIC SOLIDS
Synthesis and modification of inorganic solids (Unit-I)

Conventional heat and beat methods, Co-precipitation method, Sol-gel methods, Hydrothermal
method, Ion-exchange and Intercalation methods.
Inorganic solids of technological importance
Solid electrolytes - Cationic, anionic, mixed Inorganic pigments - coloured solids, white and
black pigments. Molecular material and fullerides, molecular materials & chemistry - one-
dimensional metals, molecular magnets, inorganic liquid crystals.
Nanomaterials (Unit-II)
Overview of nanostructures and nanomaterials: classification. Preparation of gold and silver
metallic nanoparticles, self-assembled nanostructures-control of nanoarchitecture-one
dimensional control. Carbon nanotubes and inorganic nanowires. Bio-inorganic nanomaterials,
DNA and nanomaterials, natural and antisical nanomaterials, bionano composites.
Introduction to engineering materials for mechanical construction (Unit-III)

Composition, mechanical and fabricating characteristics and applications of various types of
cast irons, plain carbon and alloy steels, copper, aluminum and their alloys like duralumin,
brasses and bronzes cutting tool materials, super alloys thermoplastics, thermosets and
composite materials.
Composite materials:
Introduction, limitations of conventional engineering materials, role of matrix in composites,
classification, matrix materials, reinforcements, metal-matrix composites, polymer-matrix
composites, fibre-reinforced composites, environmental effects on composites, applications of
composites.
Speciality polymers (Unit-IV)

Conducting polymers - Introduction, conduction mechanism, polyacetylene,
polyparaphenylene and polypyrrole, applications of conducting polymers, Ion-exchange resins
and their applications. Ceramic & Refractory: Introduction, classification, properties, raw
materials, manufacturing and applications.
Reference:
 Shriver & Atkins. Inorganic Chemistry, Peter Alkins, Tina Overton, Jonathan Rourke,
Mark Weller and Fraser Armstrong, 5th Edition, Oxford University Press (2011-2012).
 Adam, D.M. Inorganic Solids: An introduction to concepts in solid-state structural
chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, 1974.
 Poole, C.P. & Owens, F.J. Introduction to Nanotechnology John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
 Rodger, G.E. Inorganic and Solid State Chemistry, Cengage Learning India Edition,
2002.
34
1. Determination of cation exchange method

2. Determination of total difference of solids.
3. Synthesis of hydrogel by co-precipitation method.
4. Synthesis of silver and gold metal nanoparticles.
Reference:
 Fahlman, B.D. Materials Chemistry, Springer, 2004.
DSE-5: INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF CHEMICAL

ANALYSIS
Introduction to spectroscopic methods of analysis:
Recap of the spectroscopic methods covered in detail in the core chemistry syllabus:
Treatment of analytical data, including error analysis. Classification of analytical methods and
the types of instrumental methods. Consideration of electromagnetic radiation.
Molecular spectroscopy:
Infrared spectroscopy:
Interactions with molecules: absorption and scattering. Means of excitation (light sources),
separation of spectrum (wavelength dispersion, time resolution), detection of the signal (heat,
differential detection), interpretation of spectrum (qualitative, mixtures, resolution),
advantages of Fourier Transform (FTIR). Samples and results expected. Applications: Issues
of quality assurance and quality control, Special problems for portable instrumentation and
rapid detection.
UV-Visible/ Near IR - emission, absorption, fluorescence and photoaccoustic. Excitation
sources (lasers, time resolution), wavelength dispersion (gratings, prisms, interference filters,
laser, placement of sample relative to dispersion, resolution), Detection of signal (photocells,
photomultipliers, diode arrays, sensitivity and S/N), Single and Double Beam instruments,
Interpretation (quantification, mixtures, absorption vs. fluorescence and the use of time,
photoaccoustic, fluorescent tags).
Separation techniques
Chromatography: Gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, supercritical fluids,
Importance of column technology (packing, capillaries), Separation based on increasing
number of factors (volatility, solubility, interactions with stationary phase, size, electrical
field), Detection: simple vs. specific (gas and liquid), Detection as a means of further analysis
(use of tags and coupling to IR and MS), Electrophoresis (plates and capillary) and use with
DNA analysis.
Immunoassays and DNA techniques

Mass spectroscopy: Making the gaseous molecule into an ion (electron impact, chemical
ionization), Making liquids and solids into ions (electrospray, electrical discharge, laser
desorption, fast atom bombardment), Separation of ions on basis of mass to charge ratio,
35
Magnetic, Time of flight, Electric quadrupole. Resolution, time and multiple separations,
Detection and interpretation (how this is linked to excitation).
Elemental analysis:
Mass spectrometry (electrical discharges). Atomic spectroscopy: Atomic absorption, Atomic
emission, and Atomic fluorescence. Excitation and getting sample into gas phase (flames,
electrical discharges, plasmas), Wavelength separation and resolution (dependence on
technique), Detection of radiation (simultaneous/scanning, signal noise), Interpretation (errors
due to molecular and ionic species, matrix effects, other interferences).
NMR spectroscopy: Principle, Instrumentation, Factors affecting chemical shift, Spin-

coupling, Applications.
Electroanalytical Methods: Potentiometry & Voltammetry
Radiochemical Methods
X-ray analysis and electron spectroscopy (surface analysis)
Reference:
 D.A. Skoog, F.J. Holler & S. Crouch (ISBN 0-495-01201-7) Principles of Instrumental
Analysis, Cengage Learning India Edition, 2007.
 Willard, Merritt, Dean, Settle, Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th ed, IBH Book
House, New Delhi.
 Atkins, P.W & Paula, J.D. Physical Chemistry, 10th Ed., Oxford University Press
(2014).
 Kakkar, R. Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy: Concepts and Applications.
Cambridge University Press, 2015.
 Castellan, G. W. Physical Chemistry 4th Ed., Narosa (2004).
 Banwell, C. N. & McCash, E. M. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy 4th Ed.
Tata McGraw-Hill: New Delhi (2006).
1. Safety Practices in the Chemistry Laboratory

2. Determination of the isoelectric pH of a protein.
3. Titration curve of an amino acid.
4. Determination of the void volume of a gel filtration column.
5. Determination of a Mixture of Cobalt and Nickel (UV/Vis spec.)
6. Study of Electronic Transitions in Organic Molecules (i.e., acetone in water)
7. IR Absorption Spectra (Study of Aldehydes and Ketones)
8. Determination of Calcium, Iron, and Copper in Food by Atomic Absorption
9. Separation of Carbohydrates by HPLC
10. Determination of Caffeine in Beverages by HPLC
11. Potentiometric Titration of a Chloride-Iodide Mixture
12. Cyclic Voltammetry of the Ferrocyanide/ Ferricyanide Couple
13. Use of fluorescence to do "presumptive tests" to identify blood or other body fluids.
14. Use of "presumptive tests" for anthrax or cocaine
15. Laboratory analysis to confirm anthrax or cocaine
36
16. Detection of illegal drugs or steroids in athletes
17. Detection of pollutants or illegal dumping
Reference:
18. Skoog, D.A. Holler F.J. & Nieman, T.A. Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Cengage
Learning India Ed.
19. Willard, H.H., Merritt, L.L., Dean, J. & Settoe, F.A. Instrumental Methods of Analysis,
7th Ed. Wadsworth Publishing Company Ltd., Belmont, California, USA, 1988.
DSE:6- INORGANIC MATERIALS OF INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANCE
Recapitulation of s- and p-Block Elements
Periodicity in s- and p-block elements with respect to electronic configuration, atomic and
ionic size, ionization enthalpy, electronegativity (Pauling, Mulliken, and Alfred-Rochow
scales). Allotropy in C, S, and P.
Oxidation states with reference to elements in unusual and rare oxidation states like carbides
and nitrides), inert pair effect, diagonal relationship and anomalous behaviour of first member
of each group.
Silicate Industries
Glass: Glassy state and its properties, classification (silicate and non-silicate glasses).
Manufacture and processing of glass. Composition and properties of the following types of
glasses: Soda lime glass, lead glass, armoured glass, safety glass, borosilicate glass,
fluorosilicate, coloured glass, photosensitive glass.
Ceramics: Important clays and feldspar, ceramic, their types and manufacture. High
technology ceramics and their applications, superconducting and semiconducting oxides,
fullerenes carbon nanotubes and carbon fibre.
Cements: Classification of cement, ingredients and their role, Manufacture of cement and the
setting process, quick setting cements.
Fertilizers:
Different types of fertilizers. Manufacture of the following fertilizers: Urea, ammonium nitrate,
calcium ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphates; polyphosphate, superphosphate,
compound and mixed fertilizers, potassium chloride, potassium sulphate.
Surface Coatings:
Objectives of coatings surfaces, preliminary treatment of surface, classification of surface
coatings. Paints and pigments-formulation, composition and related properties. Oil paint,
Vehicle, modified oils, Pigments, toners and lakes pigments, Fillers, Thinners, Enamels,
emulsifying agents. Special paints (Heat retardant, Fire retardant, Eco-friendly paint, Plastic
paint), Dyes, Wax polishing, Water and Oil paints, additives, Metallic coatings (electrolytic and
electroless), metal spraying and anodizing.
37
Batteries:
Primary and secondary batteries, battery components and their role, Characteristics of
Battery. Working of following batteries: Pb acid, Li-Battery, Solid state electrolyte battery. Fuel
cells, Solar cell and polymer cell.
Alloys:
Classification of alloys, ferrous and non-ferrous alloys, Specific properties of elements in
alloys. Manufacture of Steel (removal of silicon decarbonization, demanganization,
desulphurization dephosphorisation) and surface treatment (argon treatment, heat treatment,
nitriding, carburizing). Composition and properties of different types of steels.
Catalysis:
General principles and properties of catalysts, homogenous catalysis (catalytic steps and
examples) and heterogenous catalysis (catalytic steps and examples) and their industrial
applications, Deactivation or regeneration of catalysts. Phase transfer catalysts, application of
zeolites as catalysts.
Chemical explosives:
Origin of explosive properties in organic compounds, preparation and explosive properties of
lead azide, PETN, cyclonite (RDX). Introduction to rocket propellants.
Reference:
 E. Stocchi: Industrial Chemistry, Vol-I, Ellis Horwood Ltd. UK.
 R. M. Felder, R. W. Rousseau: Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Wiley
 W. D. Kingery, H. K. Bowen, D. R. Uhlmann: Introduction to Ceramics, Wiley
 J. A. Kent: Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry, CBS Publishers, New Delhi.
 P. C. Jain & M. Jain: Engineering Chemistry, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, Delhi.
 R. Gopalan, D. Venkappayya, S. Nagarajan: Engineering Chemistry, Vikas
Publications, New Delhi.
 B. K. Sharma: Engineering Chemistry, Goel Publishing House, Meerut

20 Classes (2 hr duration)
1. Determination of free acidity in ammonium sulphate fertilizer.

2. Estimation of calcium in calcium ammonium nitrate fertilizer.
3. Estimation of phosphoric acid in superphosphate fertilizer.
4. Electroless metallic coatings on ceramic and plastic material.
5. Determination of composition of dolomite (by complexometric titration).
6. Analysis of (Cu, Ni); (Cu, Zn ) in alloy or synthetic samples.
7. Analysis of Cement.
8. Preparation of pigment (zinc oxide).
Reference:
38
 R. M. Felder, R. W. Rousseau: Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Wiley
Publishers, New Delhi
 W. D. Kingery, H. K. Bowen, D. R. Uhlmann: Introduction to Ceramics, Wiley
 P. C. Jain, M. Jain: Engineering Chemistry, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, Delhi.
 Sharma, B.K. & Gaur, H. Industrial Chemistry, Goel Publishing House, Meerut (1996)
DSE: 7- Project
(Credits: 06) (Compulsory)
39
GENERIC ELECTIVE (GE)
B.Sc.(Hons.) Students other than Chemistry Honours will opt two Chemistry GE
Papers.
GE- 1: ATOMIC STRUCTURE, BONDING, GENERAL

ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY & ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY-1
Atomic Structure (Unit-I)
Review of: Bohrs theory and its limitations, dual behaviour of matter and radiation, de-
Broglies relation, Heisenberg Uncertainty principle. Hydrogen atom spectra.
What is Quantum mechanics ? Time independent Schrodinger equation and meaning of
various terms in it. Significance of , Schrodinger equation for hydrogen atom. Radial and
angular parts of the hydogenic wave functions (atomic orbitals) and their variations for 1s, 2s,
2p, 3s, 3p and 3d orbitals (Only graphical representation). Significance of quantum numbers,
orbital angular momentum and quantum numbers ml and ms. Shapes of s, p and d atomic
orbitals, nodal planes. Discovery of spin, spin quantum number (s) and magnetic spin
quantum number (ms). Rules for filling electrons in various orbitals, Electronic configurations
of the atoms. Stability of half- filled and completely filled orbitals, concept of exchange energy.
Relative energies of atomic orbitals, Anomalous electronic configurations.
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure (Unit-II)

Ionic Bonding: General characteristics of ionic bonding. Energy considerations in ionic
bonding, lattice energy and solvation energy and their importance in the context of stability
and solubility of ionic compounds. Statement of Born-Land equation for calculation of lattice
energy, Born-Haber cycle and its applications, polarizing power and polarizability. Fajans
rules, ionic character in covalent compounds, bond moment, dipole moment and percentage
ionic character.
Covalent bonding: VB Approach: Shapes of some inorganic molecules and ions on the basis
of VSEPR and hybridization with suitable examples of linear, trigonal planar, square planar,
tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal and octahedral arrangements. Concept of resonance and
resonating structures in various inorganic and organic compounds.
MO Approach: Rules for the LCAO method, bonding and antibonding MOs and their
characteristics for s-s, s-p and p-p combinations of atomic orbitals, nonbonding combination
of orbitals, MO treatment of homonuclear diatomic molecules (N2; O2) and and heteronuclear
diatomic molecules (CO, NO). Comparison of VB and MO approaches.
Organic Chemistry-1
Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry (Unit- III)
Physical Effects, Electronic Displacements: Inductive Effect, Electromeric Effect, Resonance
and Hyper conjugation. Cleavage of Bonds: Homolysis and Heterolysis.Structure, shape and
reactivity of organic molecules: Nucleophiles and electrophiles. Reactive Intermediates:
Carbocations, Carbanions and free radicals. Strength of organic acids and bases:
Comparative study with emphasis on factors affecting pK values. Aromaticity: Huckels rule.
40
Stereochemistry
Conformations with respect to ethane, butane and cyclohexane. Interconversion of Wedge
Formula, Newmann, Sawhorse and Fischer representations. Concept of chirality (upto two
carbon atoms). Configuration: Geometrical and Optical isomerism; Enantiomerism,
Diastereomerism and Meso compounds). D and L; cis-trans nomenclature; CIP Rules: R/S
(for one chiral carbon atoms) and E/Z Nomenclature (for up to two C=C systems).
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (Unit- IV)

Functional group approach for the following reactions (preparations & reactions) to be studied
in context to their structure. Alkanes: (Upto 5 Carbons). Preparation: Catalytic hydrogenation,
Wurtz reaction, Kolbes synthesis, from Grignard reagent. Reactions: Free radical Substitution:
Halogenation.
Alkenes: (Upto 5 Carbons) Preparation: Elimination reactions: Dehydration of alkenes and
dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides (Saytzeff’s rule); cis alkenes (Partial catalytic
hydrogenation) and trans alkenes (Birch reduction). Reactions: cis-addition (alk. KMnO4) and
trans-addition (bromine), Addition of HX (Markownikoff’s and anti-Markownikoff’s addition),
Hydration, Ozonolysis, Alkynes: (Upto 5 Carbons) Preparation: Acetylene from CaC2 and
conversion into higher alkynes; by de-halogenation of tetra halides and dehydrohalogenation
of vicinal-dihalides.
Reactions: formation of metal acetylides, addition of bromine and alkaline KMnO4,
ozonolysis.
Reference:
 J. D. Lee: A new Concise Inorganic Chemistry, E L. B. S.
 F. A. Cotton & G. Wilkinson: Basic Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley.
 Douglas, McDaniel and Alexader: Concepts and Models in Inorganic Chemistry,
John Wiley. T. W. Graham Solomon: Organic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons.
 Peter Sykes: A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Orient Longman.
 E. L. Eliel: Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds, Tata McGraw Hill. I. L. Finar:
Organic Chemistry (Vol. I & II), E. L. B. S.
 R. T. Morrison & R. N. Boyd: Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall.
 Arun Bahl and B. S. Bahl: Advanced Organic Chemistry, S. Chand.
PRACTICAL: GE-1 LAB
Section A: Inorganic Chemistry-Volumetric Analysis
1. Estimation of sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate present in a mixture.

2. Estimation of oxalic acid by titrating it with KMnO4:
3. Estimation of water of crystallization in Mohrs salt by titrating with KMnO 4:
4. Estimation of Fe (II) ions by titrating it with K2Cr2O7 using internal indicator.
5. Estimation of Cu (II) ions iodometrically using Na2S2O3:
Section B: Organic Chemistry
1. Detection of extra elements (N, S, Cl, Br, I) in organic compounds (containing upto two
extra elements).
2. Separation of mixtures by Chromatography: Measure the Rf value in each case

(combination of two compounds to be given).
(a) Identify and separate the components of a given mixture of 2 amino acids (glycine,
41
aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine or any other amino acid) by paper chromatography.
(b) Identify and separate the sugars present in the given mixture by paper chromatography.
Large Reference Books:
 Vogels Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, A.I.

 Vogel, Prentice Hall, 7th Edition. Vogels Quantitative Chemical Analysis, A.I. Vogel,
Prentice Hall, 6th Edition.
 Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, A.I. Vogel , Prentice Hall, 5th edition.
 Practical Organic Chemistry, F. G. Mann. & B. C. Saunders, Orient Longman, 1960.
GE-2: CHEMICAL ENERGETICS, EQUILIBRIA &

FUNCTIONAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY- I
Physical Chemistry-1
Chemical Energetics (Unit-I)
Review of thermodynamics and the Laws of Thermodynamics. Important principles and
definitions of thermo chemistry. Concept of standard state and standard enthalpies of
formations, integral and differential enthalpies of solution and dilution. Calculation of bond
energy, bond dissociation energy and resonance energy from thermo chemical data. Variation
of enthalpy of a reaction with temperature Kirchhoff’s equation. Statement of Third Law of
thermodynamics
Chemical Equilibrium:
Free energy change in a chemical reaction. Thermodynamic derivation of the law of chemical
equilibrium. Distinction between AG and AG°, Le Chateliers principle. Relationships between
Kp, Kc and Kx for reactions involving ideal gases.
Ionic Equilibria (Unit- II)
Strong, moderate and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, factors affecting degree of
ionization, ionization constant and ionic product of water. Ionization of weak acids and bases,
pH scale, common ion effect. Salt hydrolysis-calculation of hydrolysis constant, degree of
hydrolysis and pH for different salts. Buffer solutions. Solubility and solubility product of
sparingly soluble salts applications of solubility product principle.
Organic Chemistry-2 (Unit- III)
Functional group approach for the following reactions (preparations & reactions) to be studied
in context to their structure. Aromatic hydrocarbons: Preparation (in case of benzene): from
phenol, by decarboxylation, from acetylene, from benzene sulphonic acid. Reactions: (in case
of benzene): Electrophilic substitution: nitration, halogenation and sulphonation. Friedel-Crafts
reaction (alkylation and acylation) (upto 4 carbons on benzene). Side chain oxidation of alkyl
benzenes (up to 4 carbons on benzene).
42
Alkyl and Aryl Halides
Alkyl Halides (Up to 5 Carbons) Types of Nucleophilic Substitution (SN1; SN2 and SNi)
reactions. Preparation: from alkenes and alcohols.
Reactions: hydrolysis, nitrite & nitro formation, nitrile & isonitrile formation. Williamsons ether
synthesis: Elimination vs substitution.
Aryl Halides Preparation: (Chloro, bromo and iodo-benzene case): from phenol, Sandmeyer
& Gattermann reactions. Reactions (Chlorobenzene): Aromatic nucleophilic substitution
(replacement by OH group) and effect of nitro substituent. Benzyne Mechanism: KNH2=NH3
(or NaNH2=NH3).
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers (Upto 5 Carbons) (Unit- IV)
Alcohols: Preparation: Preparation of 1, 2 and 3 alcohols: using Grignard reagent, Ester

hydrolysis, Reduction of aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acid and esters.
Reactions: With sodium, HX (Lucas test), esterification, oxidation (with PCC, alk. KMnO4,
acidic dichromate, conc. HNO3). Oppeneauer oxidation Diols: (Upto 6 Carbons) oxidation of
diols. Pinacol-Pinacolone rearrangement.
Phenols: (Phenol case) Preparation: Cumene hydroperoxide method, from diazonium salts.
Reactions: Electrophilic substitution: Nitration, halogenation and sulphonation.
ReimerTiemann Reaction, Gattermann-Koch Reaction,
Ethers (aliphatic and aromatic): Cleavage of ethers with HI.
Aldehydes and ketones (aliphatic and aromatic): Formaldehye, acetaldehyde, acetone and
benzalde-hyde
Preparation: from acid chlorides and from nitriles.
Reactions Reaction with HCN, ROH, NaHSO3, NH2 G derivatives. Iodoform test. Aldol
Condensation, Cannizzaros reaction, Benzoin condensation. Clemensen reduction and Wolf
Kishner reduction.
Reference:
 T. W. Graham Solomons: Organic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons.

 Peter Sykes: A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Orient
Longman. I.L. Finar: Organic Chemistry (Vol. I & II), E. L. B. S.
 R. T. Morrison & R. N. Boyd: Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall.
 Arun Bahl and B. S. Bahl: Advanced Organic Chemistry, S. Chand.
 G. M. Barrow: Physical Chemistry Tata McGraw-Hill (2007). G. W. Castellan: Physical
Chemistry 4th Edn. Narosa (2004).
 H. Mahan: University Chemistry 3rd Ed. Narosa (1998).
 R. H. Petrucci: General Chemistry 5th Ed. Macmillan Publishing Co.: New York
(1985).
PRACTICAL: GE-2 LAB
Section A: Physical Chemistry
Thermo chemistry
1. Determination of heat capacity of calorimeter for different volumes.
2. Determination of enthalpy of neutralization of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide.
43
3. Determination of enthalpy of ionization of acetic acid.
4. Determination of integral enthalpy of solution of salts (KNO3, NH4Cl).
5. Determination of enthalpy of hydration of copper sulphate.
6. Study of the solubility of benzoic acid in water and determination of H. Ionic equilibria
pH measurements a) Measurement of pH of different solutions like aerated drinks, fruit juices,

shampoos and soaps (use dilute solutions of soaps and shampoos to prevent damage to the
glass electrode) using pH-meter.
b) Preparation of buffer solutions:
(i) Sodium acetate-acetic acid.
Measurement of the pH of buffer solutions and comparison of the values with theoretical
values.
1. Purification of organic compounds by crystallization (from water and alcohol) and

distillation.
2. Criteria of Purity: Determination of melting and boiling points.
3. Preparations: Mechanism of various reactions involved to be discussed. Recrystallisation,

determination of melting point and calculation of quantitative yields to be done.
(a) Bromination of Phenol/Aniline.
(b) Benzoylation of amines/phenols.
(c) Oxime and 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazone of aldehyde/ketone.
Reference:
 A.I. Vogel: Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th edition, Prentice-Hall.

 F. G. Mann & B. C. Saunders, Practical Organic Chemistry, Orient Longman (1960).
B.D. Khosla, Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R. Chand & Co.
GE-3: CHEMISTRY OF S- AND P-BLOCK ELEMENTS, STATES OF

MATTER & CHEMICAL KINETICS
General Principles of Metallurgy (UNIT-I)

Chief modes of occurrence of metals based on standard electrode potentials. Ellingham
diagrams for reduction of metal oxides using carbon as reducing agent. Hydrometallurgy,
44
Methods of purification of metals (Al, Pb, Fe, Cu, Ni, Zn): electrolytic, oxidative refining,
Parting process, van Arkel-de Boer process and Monds process.
s- and p-Block Elements

Periodicity in s- and p-block elements with respect to electronic configuration, atomic and
ionic size, ionization enthalpy, electronegativity (Pauling & Mulliken scales). Allotropy in C, S,
and P. Oxidation states with reference to elements in unusual and rare oxidation states like
carbides and nitrides), inert pair effect, diagonal relationship and anomalous behaviour of first
member of each group.
Compounds of s- and p-Block Elements (UNIT-II)

Hydrides and their classification (ionic, covalent and interstitial), structure and properties with
respect to stability of hydrides of p- block elements. Concept of multicentre bonding
(diborane). Structure, bonding and their important properties like oxidation/reduction,
acidic/basic nature of the following compounds and their applications in industrial, organic and
environmental chemistry. Hydrides of nitrogen (NH3; N2H4; N3H; NH2OH)
Oxoacids of P, S and Cl.
Halides and oxohalides: PCl3; PCl5; SOCl2:
Section B: Physical Chemistry-3
Kinetic Theory of Gases (UNIT-III)

Postulates of Kinetic Theory of Gases and derivation of the kinetic gas equation. Deviation of
real gases from ideal behaviour, compressibility factor, causes of deviation. van der Waals
equation of state for real gases. Boyle temperature (derivation not required). Critical
phenomena, critical constants and their calculation from van der Waals equation. Maxwell
Boltzmann distribution laws of molecular velocities and molecular energies (graphic
representation derivation not required) and their importance.
Temperature dependence of these distributions. Most probable, average and root mean
square velocities (no derivation). collision number, collision frequency, collision diameter and
mean free path of molecules. Viscosity of gases and effect of temperature and pressure on
coefficient of viscosity (qualitative treatment only).
Liquids
Surface tension and its determination using stalagmometer. Viscosity of a liquid and
determination of coefficient of viscosity using Ostwald viscometer. Effect of temperature on
surface tension and coefficient of viscosity of a liquid (qualitative treatment only).
Solids (UNIT-IV)
Forms of solids. Symmetry elements, Unit cells, crystal systems, Bravais lattice types and
identification of lattice planes. Laws of Crystallography - Law of constancy of interfacial
angles, Law of rational indices. Miller indices. XRay diffraction by crystals, Braggs law.
Structures of NaCl, and CsCl (qualitative treatment only). Defects in crystals.
45
Chemical Kinetics
The concept of reaction rates. Effect of temperature, pressure, catalyst and other factors on
reaction rates. Order and molecularity of a reaction. Derivation of integrated rate equations for
zero, first and second order reactions (both for equal and unequal concentrations of
reactants). Half life of a reaction. General methods for determination of order of a reaction.
Concept of activation energy and its calculation from Arrhenius equation. Theories of
Reaction Rates: Collision theory and Activated Complex theory of bimolecular reactions.
Comparison of the two theories (qualitative treatment only).
Reference:
 G. M. Barrow: Physical Chemistry Tata McGraw-Hill (2007). G. W. Castellan: Physical
 C. Kotz, P. M. Treichel & J. R. Townsend: General Chemistry Cengage Lening India
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (2009).
 H. Mahan: University Chemistry 3rd Ed. Narosa (1998).
 F.A. Cotton & G. Wilkinson: Basic Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley.
 F. Shriver and P. W. Atkins: Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford University Press. Gary
Wulfsberg: Inorganic Chemistry, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd.
PRACTICAL: GE-3 LAB

Section A: Inorganic Chemistry
Semi-micro qualitative analysis using H2S of mixtures- not more than four ionic species (two
anions and two cations and excluding insoluble salts) out of the following:
Cations : NH4+; Pb2+; Ag+; Bi3+; Cu2+; Cd2+; Sn2+; Fe3+; Al3+; Co; Cr3+; Ni2+; Mn2+; Zn2+; Ba2+;
Sr2+; Ca2+; K+
Anions: CO32- ; S2- ; SO32- ; NO3- ; Cl- ; Br- ; I- ; SO42- ; PO43- ; F-
Section B: Physical Chemistry

1. Chemical Kinetics
2. Study the kinetics of the following reactions.
3. Initial rate method: Iodide-persulphate reaction.
4. Integrated rate method:
a) Acid hydrolysis of methyl acetate with hydrochloric acid.
b) Saponification of ethyl acetate.
c) Compare the strengths of HCl and H2SO4 by studying kinetics of hydrolysis of methyl
acetate.
Reference:
 A.I. Vogel, Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, Prentice Hall, 7th Edn
 A.I. Vogel, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall, 6th Edn.
 B.D. Khosla, Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R. Chand
& Co.
46
GE:4 ORGANOMETALLICS, BIOINORGANIC CHEMISTRY,
POLYNUCLEAR HYDROCARBONS AND UV, IR SPECTROSCOPY
Inorganic Chemistry- 4
Chemistry of 3d metals (UNIT-I)
Oxidation states displayed by Cr, Fe, Co, Ni and Co. A study of the following compounds
(including preparation and important properties); Peroxo compounds of Cr, K2Cr2O7; KMnO4;
K4[Fe(CN)6], sodium nitroprusside, [Co(NH3)6]Cl3; Na3[Co(NO2)6]:
Organometallic Compounds Definition and Classification with appropriate examples based on

nature of metal-carbon bond (ionic, s, p and multicentre bonds). Structures of methyl lithium,
Zeise’s salt and ferrocene. EAN rule as applied to carbonyls. Preparation, structure, bonding
and properties of mononuclear and polynuclear carbonyls of 3d metals. - acceptor behaviour
of carbon monoxide. Synergic effects (VB approach).
Bio-Inorganic Chemistry (UNIT-II)

A brief introduction to bio-inorganic chemistry. Role of metal ions present in biological
systems with special reference to Na+; K+ and Mg2+ ions: Na/K pump; Role of Mg2+ ions in
energy production and chlorophyll. Role of Ca2+ in blood clotting, stabilization of protein
structures and structural role (bones).
Section B: Organic Chemistry- 4
Polynuclear and heteronuclear aromatic compounds (UNIT-III)
Properties of the following compounds with reference to electrophilic and nucleophilic

substitution: Naphthalene, Anthracene , Furan, Pyrrole, Thiophene, and Pyridine.
Active methylene compounds
Preparation: Claisen ester condensation. Keto-enol tautomerism. Reactions: Synthetic uses

of ethylacetoacetate (preparation of non-heteromolecules having upto 6 carbon).
Application of Spectroscopy to Simple Organic Molecules (UNIT-IV)
Applications of visible, ultraviolet and Infrared spectroscopy in organic molecules.

Electromagnetic radiations, electronic transitions, λmax and εmax, chromophore, auxochrome,
bathochromic and hypsochromic shifts. Application of electronic spectroscopy and Woodward
rules for calculating λmax of conjugated dienes and α, β - unsaturated compounds. Infrared
radiation and types of molecular vibrations, functional group and fingerprint region. IR spectra
of alkanes, alkenes and simple al-cohols (inter and intramolecular hydrogen bonding),
aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives (effect of substitution on > C = O
stretching absorptions).
47
Reference:
 James E. Huheey, Ellen Keiter & Richard Keiter: Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of
Structure and Reactivity, Pearson Publication.
 G.L. Miessler & Donald A. Tarr: Inorganic Chemistry, Pearson Publication.
 J.D. Lee: A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry, E.L.B.S.
 F.A. Cotton & G. Wilkinson: Basic Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley
& Sons. I.L. Finar: Organic Chemistry (Vol. I & II), E.L.B.S.
 John R. Dyer: Applications of Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds,
Prentice Hall. R.M. Silverstein, G.C. Bassler & T.C. Morrill: Spectroscopic Identi cation
of Organic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons.
 R.T. Morrison & R.N. Boyd: Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall.
 Peter Sykes: A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Orient
Longman. Arun Bahl and B. S. Bahl: Advanced Organic Chemistry, S.
Chand.
PRACTICAL: GE-4 LAB
Section A: Inorganic Chemistry

1. Separation of mixtures by chromatography: Measure the Rf value in each case.
(Combination of two ions to be given).
Paper chromatographic separation of Fe3+; Al3+ and Cr3+ or Paper chromatographic
separation of Ni2+; Co2+; Mn2+ and Zn2+
Systematic Qualitative Organic Analysis of Organic Compounds possessing mono-functional
groups (-COOH, phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, amide, nitro, amines) and preparation of one
derivative.
Reference:
 A.I. Vogel: Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, Prentice Hall, 7th
Edn. A.I. Vogel: Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall,
6th Edn.
 A.I. Vogel: Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall, 5th Edn.
 F. G. Mann & B. C. Saunders: Practical Organic Chemistry, Orient Longman (1960).
48
Syllabus for B.Sc. (Chemistry Regular)
Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar
Under
Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)
(Applicable from the Academic Session 2016-17 onwards)
49
CBCS Course Structure for B.Sc. (Chemistry Regular) Total Credits: 120
SEM – I SEM – II SEM – III SEM – IV SEM – V SEM – VI
Core – A1(6) Core – A2(6) Core – A3(6) Core – A4(6)
Core Core –B1(6) Core –B2(6) Core –B3(6) Core –B4(6)
Core-C1(6) Core-C2(6) Core-C3(6) Core-C4(6)
Discipline DSE-A(6) DSE-A(6)

Specific
Elective DSE-B(6) DSE-B(6)
DSE-C(6) DSE-C(6)
Ability ENV. ST. (2) MIL SEC – 1(2) SEC – 2 (2) SEC-3(2) SEC-4(2)
Enhancement Communication
Course
(2)
Total 20 20 20 20 20 20
50
SEMESTER-I
DSC A-1: ATOMIC STRUCTURE, CHEMICAL BONDING, BASIC
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, STEREOCHEMISTRY, HYDROCARBON
Inorganic Chemistry
Atomic Structure (Unit-I):

Bohrs theory and its limitations, dual behaviour of matter and radiation, de-Broglies relation,
Heisenberg Uncertainty principle. Hydrogen atom spectra.
What is Quantum mechanics? Time independent Schrodinger equation and meaning of various
terms in it. Significance of ψ and ψ2, Schrodinger equation for hydrogen atom. Radial and angular
parts of the hydogenic wave functions (atomic orbitals) and their variations for 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p
and 3d orbitals (Only graphical representation). Significance of quantum numbers, orbital angular
momentum and quantum numbers. Shapes of s, p and d atomic orbitals, nodal planes. Discovery
of spin, spin quantum number (s) and magnetic spin quantum number (m s). Rules for filling
electrons in various orbitals, Electronic configurations of the atoms. Stability of half- filled and
completely filled orbitals, concept of exchange energy. Relative energies of atomic orbitals,
Anomalous electronic configurations.
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure (Unit-II):

Ionic Bonding: General characteristics of ionic bonding. Energy considerations in ionic bonding,
lattice energy and solvation energy and their importance in the context of stability and solubility of
ionic compounds. Statement of Born-Land equation for calculation of lattice energy, Born-Haber
cycle and its applications, polarizing power and polarizability. Fajan’s rule, ionic character in
covalent compounds, bond moment, dipole moment and percentage ionic character.
Covalent bonding: VB Approach: Shapes of some inorganic molecules and ions on the basis of
VSEPR and hybridization with suitable examples of linear, trigonal planar, square planar,
tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal and octahedral arrangements. Concept of resonance and
resonating structures in various inorganic and organic compounds.
MO Approach: Rules for the LCAO method, bonding and antibonding MOs and their characteristics
for s-s, s-p and p-p combinations of atomic orbitals, nonbonding combination of orbitals, MO
treatment of homonuclear diatomic molecules (N2; O2) and heteronuclear diatomic molecules (CO,
NO). Comparison of VB and MO approaches.
51
Organic Chemistry
Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry (Unit-III):
Physical Effects, Electronic Displacements: Inductive Effect, Electromeric Effect, Resonance and
Hyperconjugation. Cleavage of Bonds: Homolysis and Heterolysis.
Structure, shape and reactivity of organic molecules: Nucleophiles and electrophiles. Reactive
Intermediates: Carbocations, Carbanions and free radicals. Strength of organic acids and bases:
Comparative study with emphasis on factors affecting pK values. Aromaticity: Huckels rule.
Stereochemistry
Conformations with respect to ethane, butane and cyclohexane. Interconversion of Wedge
Formula, Newmann, Sawhorse and Fischer representations. Concept of chirality (upto two carbon
atoms). Configuration: Geometrical and Optical isomerism; Enantiomerism, Diastereomerism and
Meso compounds). D and L; cis-trans nomenclature; CIP Rules: R/S (for one chiral carbon atoms)
and E/Z Nomenclature (for up to two C=C systems).
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (Unit- IV):

Functional group approach for the following reactions (preparations & reactions) to be studied in
context to their structure. Alkanes: (Upto 5 Carbons). Preparation: Catalytic hydrogenation, Wurtz
reaction, Kolbes synthesis, from Grignard reagent. Reactions: Free radical Substitution:
Halogenation.
Alkenes: (Upto 5 Carbons) Preparation: Elimination reactions: Dehydration of alkenes and

dehydro-halogenation of alkyl halides (Saytzeff’s rule); cis alkenes (Partial catalytic hydrogenation)
and trans alkenes (Birch reduction). Reactions: cis-addition (alkaline KMnO4) and trans-addition
(bromine), Addition of HX (Markownikoffs and anti-Markownikoffs addition), Hydration, Ozonolysis.
Alkynes: (Upto 5 Carbons) Preparation: Acetylene from CaC2 and conversion into higher alkynes;
by de-halogenation of tetra halides and dehydrohalogenation of vicinal-dihalides.
Reactions: formation of metal acetylides, addition of bromine and alkaline KMnO 4, ozonolysis.
Reference:
 Douglas, McDaniel and Alexander: Concepts and Models in Inorganic Chemistry, John
Wiley. T. W. Graham Solomon: Organic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons.
 F. A. Cotton & G. Wilkinson: Basic Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley
 Arun Bahl and B. S. Bahl: Advanced Organic Chemistry, S. Chand
 J. D. Lee: A new Concise Inorganic Chemistry, E L. B. S.
 Peter Sykes: A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Orient Longman.
 E. L. Eliel: Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds, Tata McGraw Hill. I. L. Finar: Organic
Chemistry (Vol. I & II), E. L. B. S.
52
 R. T. Morrison & R. N. Boyd: Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall.
PRACTICAL: DSC A-1 LAB
Section A: Inorganic Chemistry-Volumetric Analysis

1. Estimation of Cu (II) ions iodometrically using Na2S2O3
2. Estimation of oxalic acid by titrating it with KMnO4:
3. Estimation of water of crystallization in Mohrs salt by titrating with KMnO 4:
4. Estimation of Fe (II) ions by titrating it with K2Cr2O7 using internal indicator.
5. Estimation of sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate present in a mixture

1. Detection of extra elements (N, S, Cl, Br, I) in organic compounds (containing upto two extra
elements).
2. Separation of mixtures by Chromatography: Measure the Rf value in each case (combination of
two compounds to be given).
(a) Identify and separate the components of a given mixture of 2 amino acids (glycine, aspartic
acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine or any other amino acid) by paper chromatography.
(b) Identify and separate the sugars present in the given mixture by paper chromatography.
Reference:
 Vogels Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, A.I. Vogel, Prentice Hall, 7th
Edition. Vogels Quantitative Chemical Analysis, A.I. Vogel, Prentice Hall,
6th Edition.
 Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, A.I. Vogel , Prentice Hall, 5th edition.
 Practical Organic Chemistry, F. G. Mann. & B. C. Saunders, Orient Longman, 1960.
53
SEMESTER-II
DSC A-2: CHEMICAL ENERGETICS, EQUILIBRIA & FUNCTIONAL
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Physical Chemistry
Chemical Energetics (Unit-I) :
Review of thermodynamics and the Laws of Thermodynamics. Important principles and definitions
of thermochemistry. Concept of standard state and standard enthalpies of formations, integral and
differential enthalpies of solution and dilution. Calculation of bond energy, bond dissociation energy
and resonance energy from thermochemical data. Variation of enthalpy of a reaction with
temperature-Kirchhoff’s equation. Statement of Third Law of thermodynamics
Chemical Equilibrium:
Free energy change in a chemical reaction. Thermodynamic derivation of the law of chemical
equilibrium. Distinction between G and Go, Le Chateliers principle. Relationships between Kp, Kc
and Kx for reactions involving ideal gases.
Ionic Equilibria (Unit- II) :

Strong, moderate and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, factors affecting degree of ionization,
ionization constant and ionic product of water. Ionization of weak acids and bases, pH scale,
common ion effect. Salt hydrolysis-calculation of hydrolysis constant, degree of hydrolysis and pH
for different salts. Buffer solutions. Solubility and solubility product of sparingly soluble salts
applications of solubility product principle.
Organic Chemistry (Unit- III):

context to their structure: Aromatic hydrocarbons Preparation (in case of benzene): from phenol, by
decarboxylation, from acetylene, from benzene sulphonic acid. Reactions: (in case of benzene):
Electrophilic substitution: nitration, halogenation and sulphonation. Friedel-Crafts reaction
(alkylation and acylation) (upto 4 carbons on benzene). Side chain oxidation of alkyl benzenes (up
to 4 carbons on benzene).
Alkyl and Aryl Halides:
Alkyl Halides (Up to 5 Carbons) Types of Nucleophilic Substitution (SN1; SN2 and SNi) reactions.
Preparation: from alkenes and alcohols.
Reactions: hydrolysis, nitrite & nitro formation, nitrile & isonitrile formation. Williamsons ether
synthesis: Elimination vs substitution.
Aryl Halides Preparation: (Chloro, bromo and iodo-benzene case): from phenol, Sandmeyer &
Gattermann reactions. Reactions (Chlorobenzene): Aromatic nucleophilic substitution (replacement
by OH group) and effect of nitro substituent. Benzyne Mechanism: KNH 2=NH3 (or NaNH2=NH3).
54
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers (Upto 5 Carbons) Unit- IV:
Alcohols: Preparation: Preparation of 1, 2 and 3 alcohols: using Grignard reagent, Ester hydrolysis,
Reduction of aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acid and esters.
Reactions: With sodium, HX (Lucas test), esterification, oxidation (with PCC, alk. KMnO4, acidic
dichromate, conc. HNO3). Oppeneauer oxidation Diols: (Upto 6 Carbons) oxidation of diols.
Pinacol-Pinacolone rearrangement.
Phenols: (Phenol case) Preparation: Cumene hydroperoxide method, from diazonium salts.
Reactions: Electrophilic substitution: Nitration, halogenation and sulphonation. ReimerTiemann
Reaction, Gattermann-Koch Reaction,
Ethers (aliphatic and aromatic): Cleavage of ethers with HI.
Aldehydes and ketones (aliphatic and aromatic): Formaldehye, acetaldehyde, acetone and
benzaldehyde
Preparation: from acid chlorides and from nitriles.
Reactions Reaction with HCN, ROH, NaHSO3, G-NH2 derivatives. Iodoform test. Aldol
Condensation, Cannizzaros reaction, Benzoin condensation. Clemensen reduction and Wolf
Kishner reduction.
Reference:
 R. T. Morrison & R. N. Boyd: Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall.
 Arun Bahl and B. S. Bahl: Advanced Organic Chemistry, S. Chand. G. M. Barrow: Physical
Chemistry Tata McGraw-Hill (2007).
 T. W. Graham Solomons: Organic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons.
 Peter Sykes: A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Orient Longman. I.L. Finar:
Organic Chemistry (Vol. I & II), E. L. B. S.
 G. W. Castellan: Physical Chemistry 4th Edn. Narosa (2004).
 C. Kotz, P. M. Treichel & J. R. Townsend: General Chemistry Cengage Lening India Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi (2009).
 H. Mahan: University Chemistry 3rd Ed. Narosa (1998).
 R. H. Petrucci: General Chemistry 5th Ed. Macmillan Publishing Co.: New York (1985).
55
Physical Chemistry
Thermochemistry
1. Determination of integral enthalpy of solution of salts (KNO3, NH4Cl).
2. Determination of enthalpy of hydration of copper sulphate.
3. Determination of heat capacity of calorimeter for different volumes.
4. Determination of enthalpy of neutralization of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide.
5. Determination of enthalpy of ionization of acetic acid.
6. Study of the solubility of benzoic acid in water and determination of H. Ionic equilibria
pH measurements
a) Measurement of pH of different solutions like aerated drinks, fruit juices, shampoos and soaps
(use dilute solutions of soaps and shampoos to prevent damage to the glass electrode) using
pH-meter.
b) Preparation of buffer solutions:
(i) Sodium acetate-acetic acid.
Measurement of the pH of buffer solutions and comparison of the values with theoretical values.
Organic Chemistry
1. Purification of organic compounds by crystallization (from water and alcohol) and distillation.
2. Criteria of Purity: Determination of melting and boiling points.
3. Preparations: Mechanism of various reactions involved to be discussed. Recrystallisation,
determination of melting point and calculation of quantitative yields to be done.
(a) Bromination of Phenol/Aniline.
(b) Benzoylation of amines/phenols.
(c) Oxime and 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazone of aldehyde/ketone.
Reference:
 F. G. Mann & B. C. Saunders, Practical Organic Chemistry, Orient Longman
(1960). B.D. Khosla, Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R. Chand & Co.
 A.I. Vogel: Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th edition, Prentice-Hall.
56
SEMESTER-III
DSC A-3: SOLUTIONS, PHASE EQUILIBRIUM, CONDUCTANCE,
ELECTROCHEMISTRY & FUNCTIONAL GROUP ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY-II
Physical Chemistry
Solutions (Unit-I):
Thermodynamics of ideal solutions: Ideal solutions and Raoults law, deviations from Raoults law
non-ideal solutions. Vapour pressure-composition and temperature composition curves of ideal and
non-ideal solutions. Distillation of solutions. Lever rule. Azeotropes.
Partial miscibility of liquids: Critical solution temperature; effect of impurity on partial miscibility of
liquids. Immiscibility of liquids- Principle of steam distillation. Nernst distribution law and its
applications, solvent extraction.
Phase Equilibrium
Phases, components and degrees of freedom of a system, criteria of phase equilibrium. Gibbs
Phase Rule and its thermodynamic derivation. Derivation of Clausius Clapeyron equation and its
importance in phase equilibria. Phase diagrams of one-component systems (water and sulphur)
and two component systems involving eutectics, congruent and incongruent melting points
(lead-silver, FeCl3- H2O and Na-K only).
Conductance (Unit-II):
Conductivity, equivalent and molar conductivity and their variation with dilution for weak and strong
electrolytes. Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions. Transference number and its
experimental determination using Hittorf and Moving boundary methods. Ionic mobility.
Applications of conductance measurements: determination of degree of ionization of weak
electrolyte, solubility and solubility products of sparingly soluble salts, ionic product of water,
hydrolysis constant of a salt. Conductometric titrations (only acid-base).
Electrochemistry
Reversible and irreversible cells. Concept of EMF of a cell. Measurement of EMF of a cell. Nernst
equation and its importance. Types of electrodes. Standard electrode potential. Electrochemical
series. Thermodynamics of a reversible cell, calculation of thermodynamic properties: G, H and S
from EMF data. Calculation of equilibrium constant from EMF data. Concentration cells with
transference and without transference. Liquid junction potential and salt bridge. pH determination
using hydrogen electrode and quinhydrone electrode. Potentiometric titrations qualitative treatment
(acid-base and oxidation-reduction only).
57
Organic Chemistry (Unit-III) :
context to their structure.
Carboxylic acids and their derivatives.
Carboxylic acids (aliphatic and aromatic) Preparation:
Acidic and Alkaline hydrolysis of esters. Reactions:
Hell Vohlard - Zelinsky Reaction.
Carboxylic acid derivatives (aliphatic): (Upto 5 carbons)
Preparation: Acid chlorides, Anhydrides, Esters and Amides from acids and their interconversion.
Reactions: Comparative study of nucleophilicity of acyl derivatives. Reformatsky Reaction, Perkin
condensation.
Amines and Diazonium Salts

Amines (Aliphatic and Aromatic): (Upto 5 carbons) Preparation: from alkyl halides, Gabriels Ph-
thalimide synthesis, Hofmann bromamide reaction. Reactions: Hofmann vs. Saytzeff elimination,
Carbylamine test, Hinsberg test, with HNO2, Schotten Baumann Reaction. Electrophilic substitution
(case aniline): nitration, bromination, sulphonation. Diazonium salts: Preparation: from aromatic
amines. Reactions: conversion to benzene, phenol, dyes.
Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins (Unit-IV) :

Preparation of Amino Acids: Strecker synthesis using Gabriels phthalimide synthesis. Zwitter ion,
Isoelectric point and Electrophoresis. Reactions of Amino acids: ester of COOH group, acetylation
of NH2 group, complexation with Cu2+ ions, ninhydrin test.
Overview of Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary Structure of proteins. Determination of
Primary structure of Peptides by degradation Edmann degradation (N-terminal) and C-terminal
(thiohydantoin and with carboxypeptidase enzyme). Synthesis of simple peptides (upto dipeptides)
by N-protection (t-butyloxycarbonyl and phthaloyl) & C-activating groups and Merrifield solid-phase
synthesis.
Carbohydrates: Classification, and General Properties, Glucose and Fructose (open chain and
cyclic structure), Determination of configuration of monosaccharides, absolute
configuration of Glucose and Fructose, Mutarotation, ascending and descending in
monosaccharides. Structure of disacharrides (sucrose, maltose, lactose) and polysacharrides
(starch and cellulose) excluding their structure elucidation.
Reference:
 Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1 &2), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson
Education).
 G. M. Barrow: Physical Chemistry Tata McGraw-Hill (2007). G. W. Castellan: Physical
Chemistry 4th Ed. Narosa (2004).
 J. C. Kotz, P. M. Treichel, J. R. Townsend, General Chemistry, Cengage Learning India Pvt.
Ltd.: New Delhi (2009).
 B. H. Mahan: University Chemistry, 3rd Edn. Narosa (1998).
58
 R. H. Petrucci, General Chemistry, 5th Edn., Macmillan Publishing Co.: New York (1985).
 Morrison, R. T. & Boyd, R. N. Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
 Nelson, D. L. & Cox, M. M. Lehningers Principles of Biochemistry 7th Ed., W. H. Freeman.
Physical Chemistry
Distribution
Study of the equilibrium of one of the following reactions by the distribution method:
Conductance
I. Determination of cell constant.
II. Determination of equivalent conductance, degree of dissociation and dissociation
constant of a weak acid.
III. Perform the following conductometric titrations:
i. Strong acid vs. strong base.
ii. Weak acid vs. strong base.
Potentiometry
Perform the following potentiometric titrations:
i. Strong acid vs. strong base.
ii. Weak acid vs. strong base.
iii. Potassium dichromate vs. Mohr's salt.
Organic Chemistry
I. Systematic Qualitative Organic Analysis of Organic Compounds possessing monofunctional
groups (-COOH, phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, amide, nitro, amines) and preparation of one
derivative.
II. Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography.
2. Determination of the concentration of glycine solution by formylation method.
3. Titration curve of glycine.
4. Action of salivary amylase on starch.
5. Effect of temperature on the action of salivary amylase on starch.
6. Differentiation between a reducing/non reducing sugar.
Reference:
 Ahluwalia, V.K. & Aggarwal, R. Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry, Universities
Press.
 A.I. Vogel: Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall, 5th Edn.
 F. G. Mann & B. C. Saunders: Practical Organic Chemistry, Orient Longman,
1960. B.D. Khosla: Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R. Chand & Co.
59
SEMESTER-IV
DSC A-4: CHEMISTRY OF S- AND P-BLOCK ELEMENTS, STATES OF
MATTER & CHEMICAL KINETICS
General Principles of Metallurgy (Unit-I):

Chief modes of occurrence of metals based on standard electrode potentials. Ellingham diagrams
for reduction of metal oxides using carbon as reducing agent. Hydrometallurgy, Methods of
purification of metals (Al, Pb, Fe, Cu, Ni, Zn): electrolytic, oxidative refining, van Arkel-de Boer
process and Monds process.
s- and p-Block Elements
Periodicity in s- and p-block elements with respect to electronic configuration, atomic and ionic
size, ionization enthalpy, electronegativity (Pauling & Mulliken scales). Allotropy in C, S, and P.
Oxidation states with reference to elements in unusual and rare oxidation states like carbides and
nitrides), inert pair effect, diagonal relationship and anomalous behaviour of first member of each
group.
Compounds of s- and p-Block Elements (Unit-II):

Hydrides and their classification (ionic, covalent and interstitial), structure and properties with
respect to stability of hydrides of p- block elements. Concept of multicentre bonding (diborane).
Structure, bonding and their important properties like oxidation/reduction, acidic/basic nature of the
following compounds and their applications in industrial, organic and environmental chemistry.
Hydrides of nitrogen (NH3; N2H4; N3H; NH2OH) Oxoacids of P, S and Cl. Halides and oxohalides:
PCl3; PCl5; SOCl2:
Physical Chemistry
Kinetic Theory of Gases (Unit-III):
Postulates of Kinetic Theory of Gases and derivation of the kinetic gas equation. Deviation of real
gases from ideal behaviour, compressibility factor, causes of deviation. van der Waals equation of
state for real gases. Boyle temperature (derivation not required). Critical phenomena, critical
constants and their calculation from van der Waals equation. Maxwell Boltzmann distribution laws
of molecular velocities and molecular energies (graphic representation derivation not required) and
their importance.
Temperature dependence of these distributions. Most probable, average and root mean square
velocities (no derivation). Collision cross section, collision number, collision frequency, collision
diameter and mean free path of molecules. Viscosity of gases and effect of temperature and
pressure on coefficient of viscosity (qualitative treatment only).
Liquids
Surface tension and its determination using stalagmometer. Viscosity of a liquid and determination
of coefficient of viscosity using Ostwald viscometer. Effect of temperature on surface tension and
coefficient of viscosity of a liquid (qualitative treatment only).
60
Solids (Unit-IV):
Forms of solids. Symmetry elements, unit cells, crystal systems, Bravais lattice types and identification
of lattice planes. Laws of Crystallography - Law of constancy of interfacial angles, Law of rational
indices. Miller indices. XRay diffraction by crystals, Braggs law. Structures of NaCl, and CsCl
(qualitative treatment only). Defects in crystals.
Chemical Kinetics
The concept of reaction rates. Effect of temperature, pressure, catalyst and other factors on reaction
rates. Order and molecularity of a reaction. Derivation of integrated rate equations for zero, 1st and
second order reactions (both for equal and unequal concentrations of reactants). Halflife of a reaction.
General methods for determination of order of a reaction. Concept of activation energy and its
calculation from Arrhenius equation. Theories of Reaction Rates: Collision theory and Activated
Complex theory of bimolecular reactions. Comparison of the two theories (qualitative treatment only).
Reference Books:
 C. Kotz, P. M. Treichel & J. R. Townsend: General Chemistry Cengage Lening India Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi (2009).
 H. Mahan: University Chemistry 3rd Ed. Narosa (1998).
 G. M. Barrow: Physical Chemistry Tata McGraw-Hill (2007). G. W. Castellan: Physical
 F.A. Cotton & G. Wilkinson: Basic Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley.
 F. Shriver and P. W. Atkins: Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford University Press. Gary Wulfsberg:
Inorganic Chemistry, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd.

Inorganic Chemistry
Semi-micro qualitative analysis using H2S of mixtures- not more than four ionic species (two anions
and two cations and excluding insoluble salts) out of the following:
Cations : NH4+; Pb2+; Ag+; Bi3+; Cu2+; Cd2+; Sn2+; Fe3+; Al3+; Co; Cr3+; Ni2+; Mn2+; Zn2+; Ba2+; Sr2+;
Ca2+; K+
Anions: CO32- ; S2- ; SO32- ; NO3- ; Cl- ; Br- ; I- ; NO3- ; SO42- ; PO43-
Physical Chemistry
Chemical Kinetics
Study the kinetics of the following reactions.
1. Initial rate method: Iodide-persulphate reaction.
2. Integrated rate method:
a) Acid hydrolysis of methyl acetate with hydrochloric acid.
b) Saponification of ethyl acetate.
c) Compare the strengths of HCl and H2SO4 by studying kinetics of hydrolysis of methyl
acetate.
Reference:
 A.I. Vogel, Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, Prentice Hall, 7th
 Edn A.I. Vogel, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Prentice
 Hall, 6th Edn. B.D. Khosla, Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R. Chand & Co.
61
DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE
Select two papers
DSE – 1 POLYMER CHEMISTRY
Introduction and history of polymeric materials (Unit-I):

Different schemes of classification of polymers, Polymer nomenclature, Molecular forces and
chemical bonding in polymers, Texture of Polymers.
Functionality and its importance:

Criteria for synthetic polymer formation, classification of polymerization processes, Relationships
between functionality, extent of reaction and degree of polymerization. Bi-functional systems, Poly
functional systems.
Kinetics of Polymerization (Unit-II):

Mechanism and kinetics of step growth, radical chain growth, ionic chain (both cationic and anionic)
and coordination polymerizations, Mechanism and kinetics of copolymerization, polymerization
techniques.
Crystallization and crystallinity:

Determination of crystalline melting point and degree of crystallinity, Morphology of crystalline
polymers, Factors affecting crystalline melting point.
Nature and structure of polymers-Structure property relationships.
Determination of molecular weight of polymers (Unit-III):

(Mn, Mw, etc.) by end group analysis, viscometry, light scattering and osmotic pressure methods.
Molecular weight distribution and its significance. Polydispersity index.
Glass transition temperature (Tg) and determination of Tg
WLF equation, Factors affecting glass transition temperature (Tg).
Polymer Solution (Unit-IV):

Criteria for polymer solubility, Solubility parameter, Thermodynamics of polymer solutions, entropy,
enthalpy, and free energy change of mixing of polymers solutions.
Properties of Polymers (Physical, thermal & mechanical properties).

Brief introduction to preparation, structure, properties and application of the following polymers:
polyolefins, polystyrene and styrene copolymers, poly(vinyl chloride) poly(vinyl acetate),
polyacrylamide, fluoro polymers (Teflon), polyamides (nylon-6 and nylon 6,6). Phenol formaldehyde
resins (Bakelite, Novalac), polyurethanes, silicone polymers (polysiloxane), Polycarbonates,
Conducting Polymers, (polyacetylene, polyaniline).
Reference:
 F.W. Billmeyer: Text Book of Polymer Science, John Wiley. P. Ghosh: Polymer Science &
Technology, Tata Mcgraw-Hill. R.W. Lenz: Organic Chemistry of Synthetic High Polymers.
62
 Seymours Polymer Chemistry, Marcel Dekker, Inc. G. Odian: Principles of Polymerization,
John Wiley.
Polymer synthesis
1. Free radical solution polymerization of styrene (St) / Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) / Methyl
Acrylate (MA) / Acrylic acid (AA).
(a) Purification of monomer.
(b) Polymerization using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) / 2,2-azo-bis-isobutylonitrile (AIBN).
2. Preparation of nylon 66/6.
3. Interfacial polymerization, preparation of polyester from isophthaloyl chloride (IPC) and phe-
nolphthalein.
(a) Preparation of IPC.
(b) Purification of IPC.
(c) Interfacial polymerization.
4. Redox polymerization of acrylamide.
5. Precipitation polymerization of acrylonitrile.
6. Preparation of urea-formaldehyde resin.
7. Preparations of novalac resin/resold resin.
8. Microscale Emulsion Polymerization of poly(methylacrylate).
Polymer characterization
1. Determination of molecular weight by viscometry:
(a) Polyacrylamide-aq. NaNO2 solution
(b) (Poly vinyl proplylidine (PVP) in water
2. Determination of the viscosity-average molecular weight of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) and the
fraction of head-to-head monomer linkages in the polymer.
3. Determination of molecular wt. by end group analysis: Polyethylene glycol (PEG) (OH group).
4. Determination of hydroxyl number of a polymer using colorimetric method.
Polymer analysis
1. Estimation of the amount of HCHO in the given solution by sodium sulphite method
2. Instrumental Techniques
3. IR studies of polymers
4. DSC analysis of polymers
5. Preparation of polyacrylamide and its electrophoresis
*at least 5 experiments to be carried out.
Reference:
 Fred W. Billmeyer, Textbook of Polymer Science, 3rd ed. Wiley-Inter science (1984). Joel
R. Fried, Polymer Science and Technology, 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall (2003).
 Petr Munk and Tejraj M. Aminabhavi, Introduction to Macromolecular Science, 2nd ed. John
Wiley & Sons (2002).
 L.H. Sperling, Introduction to Physical Polymer Science, 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons (2005).
 Malcohm P. Stevens, Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction, 3rd Ed.
63
 Harry R. Allcock, Frederick W. Lampe and James E. Mark, Contemporary Polymer
Chemistry, 3rd ed. Prentice-Hall (2003).
 Malcolm P. Stevens, Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press
(2005). Seymour/ Carrahers Polymer Chemistry, 9th ed. by Charles E. Carraher, Jr. (2013).
DSE – 2 GREEN CHEMISTRY

Introduction to Green Chemistry

What is Green Chemistry? Need for Green Chemistry. Goals of Green Chemistry. Limitations/
Obstacles in the pursuit of the goals of Green Chemistry.
Principles of Green Chemistry and Designing a Chemical synthesis
 Twelve principles of Green Chemistry with their explanations and examples and special
emphasis on the following:
 Designing a Green Synthesis using these principles; Prevention of Waste/ byproducts;
maximum incorporation of the materials used in the process into the final products , Atom
Economy, calculation of atom economy of the rearrangement, addition, substitution and
elimination reactions.
 Prevention/ minimization of hazardous/ toxic products reducing toxicity. risk = (function)
hazard × exposure; waste or pollution prevention hierarchy.
 Green solvents– supercritical fluids, water as a solvent for organic reactions, ionic liquids,
fluorous biphasic solvent, PEG, solventless processes, immobilized solvents and how to
compare greenness of solvents.
 Energy requirements for reactions – alternative sources of energy: use of microwaves and
ultrasonic energy.
 Selection of starting materials; avoidance of unnecessary derivatization – careful use of
blocking/protecting groups.
 Use of catalytic reagents (wherever possible) in preference to stoichiometric reagents;
catalysis and green chemistry, comparison of heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis,
biocatalysis, asymmetric catalysis and photocatalysis.
 Prevention of chemical accidents designing greener processes, inherent safer design,
principle of ISD “What you don’t have cannot harm you”, greener alternative to Bhopal Gas
Tragedy (safer route to carcarbaryl) and Flixiborough accident (safer route to cyclohexanol)
subdivision of ISD, minimization, simplification, substitution, moderation and limitation.
 Strengthening/ development of analytical techniques to prevent and minimize the generation
of hazardous substances in chemical processes.
Examples of Green Synthesis/ Reactions and some real world cases

1. Green Synthesis of the following compounds: adipic acid, catechol, disodium iminodiacetate
(alternative to Strecker synthesis)
64
2. Microwave assisted reactions in water: Hofmann Elimination, methyl benzoate to benzoic acid,
oxidation of toluene and alcohols; microwave assisted reactions in organic solvents Diels-Alder
reaction and Decarboxylation reaction
3. Ultrasound assisted reactions: sonochemical Simmons-Smith Reaction (Ultrasonic alternative
to Iodine)
4 Surfactants for carbon dioxide – replacing smog producing and ozone depleting solvents with
CO2 for precision cleaning and dry cleaning of garments.
5 Designing of Environmentally safe marine antifoulant.
6 Right fit pigment: synthetic azopigments to replace toxic organic and inorganic pigments.
7 An efficient, green synthesis of a compostable and widely applicable plastic (poly lactic acid)
made from corn.
8 Healthier fats and oil by Green Chemistry: Enzymatic interesterification for production of no
Trans-Fats and Oils
9 Development of Fully Recyclable Carpet: Cradle to Cradle Carpeting
Future Trends in Green Chemistry

Oxidation reagents and catalysts; Biomimetic, multifunctional reagents; Combinatorial green
chemistry; Proliferation of solvent less reactions; co crystal controlled solid state synthesis (C 2S3);
Green chemistry in sustainable development.
Reference:
 Ahluwalia, V.K. & Kidwai, M.R. New Trends in Green Chemistry, Anamalaya Publishers
(2005).
 Anastas, P.T. & Warner, J.K.: Green Chemistry - Theory and Practical, Oxford University
Press (1998).
 Matlack, A.S. Introduction to Green Chemistry, Marcel Dekker (2001).
 Cann, M.C. & Connely, M.E. Real-World cases in Green Chemistry, American Chemical
Society, Washington (2000).
 Ryan, M.A. & Tinnesand, M. Introduction to Green Chemistry, American Chemical Society,
Washington (2002).
 Lancaster, M. Green Chemistry: An Introductory Text RSC Publishing, 2nd Edition, 2010.
1. Safer starting materials

 Preparation and characterization of nanoparticles of gold using tea leaves. 
2. Using renewable resources
 Preparation of biodiesel from vegetable/ waste cooking oil. 
3. Avoiding waste
Principle of atom economy.
65
 Use of molecular model kit to stimulate the reaction to investigate how the atom economy
can illustrate Green Chemistry.
 Preparation of propene by two methods can be studied
-
(I) Triethylamine ion + OH → propene + trimethylpropene + water
H2SO4/
(II) 1-propanol propene + water
 Other types of reactions, like addition, elimination, substitution and rearrangement should
also be studied for the calculation of atom economy. 

4. Use of enzymes as catalysts
 Benzoin condensation using Thiamine Hydrochloride as a catalyst instead of cyanide .
5. Alternative Green solvents
 Extraction of D-limonene from orange peel using liquid CO2 prepared form dry ice.
 Mechanochemical solvent free synthesis of azomethines
6. Alternative sources of energy
 Solvent free, microwave assisted one pot synthesis of phthalocyanine complex of copper (II).
 Photoreduction of benzophenone to benzopinacol in the presence of sunlight.
Reference:
 Anastas, P.T & Warner, J.C. Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, Oxford University
Press (1998).
 Kirchoff, M. & Ryan, M.A. Greener approaches to undergraduate chemistry experiment.
American Chemical Society, Washington DC (2002).
 Ryan, M.A. Introduction to Green Chemistry, Tinnesand; (Ed), American Chemical Society,
Washington DC (2002).
 Sharma, R.K.; Sidhwani, I.T. & Chaudhari, M.K. I.K. Green Chemistry Experiment: A
monograph International Publishing House Pvt Ltd. New Delhi. Bangalore CISBN 978-93-
81141-55-7 (2013).
 Cann, M.C. & Connelly, M. E. Real world cases in Green Chemistry, American Chemical
Society (2008).
 Cann, M. C. & Thomas, P. Real world cases in Green Chemistry, American Chemical
Society (2008).
 Lancaster, M. Green Chemistry: An Introductory Text RSC Publishing, 2nd Edition, 2010.
 Pavia, D.L., Lampman, G.M., Kriz, G.S. & Engel, R.G. Introduction to Organic Laboratory
Techniques: A Microscale and Macro Scale Approach, W.B.Saunders, 1995.
DSE – 3 INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS AND ENVIRONMENT

Industrial Gases and Inorganic Chemicals (Unit-I):

Industrial Gases: Large scale production, uses, storage and hazards in handling of the following
gases: oxygen, nitrogen, argon, neon, helium, hydrogen, acetylene, carbon monoxide, chlorine,
66
sulphur dioxide. Inorganic Chemicals: Manufacture, application and hazards in handling the
following chemicals: hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, caustic soda, common salt,
bleaching powder, sodium thiosulphate, hydrogen peroxide, potash alum, potassium dichromate
and potassium permanganate.
Industrial Metallurgy
Chief modes of occurrence of metals based on standard electrode potentials. Ellingham diagrams
for reduction of metal oxides using carbon as reducing agent.
Hydrometallurgy, Methods of purification of metals (Al, Pb, Ti, Fe, Cu, Ni, Zn): electrolytic, oxidative
refining, Kroll process, Parting process, van Arkel-de Boer process and Mond’s process
Preparation of metals (ferrous and nonferrous) and ultrapure metals for semiconductor technology.
Environment and its segments (Unit-II):

Ecosystems. Biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur. Air Pollution: Major regions of
atmosphere. Chemical and photochemical reactions in atmosphere. Air pollutants: types, sources,
particle size and chemical nature; Photochemical smog: its constituents and photochemistry.
Environmental effects of ozone. Major sources of air pollution. Pollution by SO2; CO2; CO; NOx;
and H2S and control procedures. Effects of air pollution on living organisms and vegetation.
Greenhouse effect and global warming, Ozone depletion by oxides of nitrogen,
chlorofluorocarbons and halogens, removal of sulphur from coal.
Water Pollution (Unit-III):

Hydrological cycle, water resources, aquatic ecosystems, Sources and nature of water pollutants,
Techniques for measuring water pollution, Impacts of water pollution on hydrological and
ecosystems. Water purification methods. Effluent treatment plants (primary, secondary and tertiary
treatment). Industrial effluents from the following industries and their treatment: electroplating,
textile, tannery, dairy, petroleum and petrochemicals, fertilizer. Sludge disposal. Industrial waste
management, incineration of waste. Water treatment and purification (reverse osmosis, ion
exchange). Water quality parameters for waste water, industrial water and domestic water.
Energy & Environment (Unit-IV):
Sources of energy: Coal, petrol and natural gas. Nuclear fusion/fission, solar energy, hydrogen,
geothermal, tidal and hydel. Nuclear Pollution: Disposal of nuclear waste, nuclear disaster and its
management.
Biocatalysis: Introduction to biocatalysis: Importance in green chemistry and chemical industry.
Reference:
 R.M. Felder, R.W. Rousseau: Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Wiley
 Kent: Riegels Handbook of Industrial Chemistry, CBS Publishers, New Delhi.
 S. S. Dara: A Textbook of Engineering Chemistry, S. Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi.
De, Environmental Chemistry: New Age International Pvt., Ltd, New Delhi.
67
 S. M. Khopkar, Environmental Pollution Analysis: Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi. S.E.
Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, CRC Press (2005).
 G.T. Miller, Environmental Science 11th edition. Brooks/ Cole (2006).
 Mishra, Environmental Studies. Selective and Scienti c Books, New Delhi (2005).
1. Determination of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD).

2. Percentage of available chlorine in bleaching powder.
3. Determination of dissolved oxygen in water.
4. Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).
5. Measurement of chloride, sulphate and salinity of water samples by simple titration method
(AgNO3 and potassium chromate).
6. Estimation of total alkalinity of water samples (CO32 ; HCO3 ) using double titration method.
7. Measurement of dissolved CO2:
8. Study of some of the common bio-indicators of pollution.
9. Estimation of SPM in air samples.
10. Preparation of borax/ boric acid.
Reference:
 R.M. Felder, R.W. Rousseau: Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Wiley
 Kent: Riegels Handbook of Industrial Chemistry, CBS Publishers, New Delhi.
 S. S. Dara: A Textbook of Engineering Chemistry, S. Chand & Company Ltd. New
Delhi. De, Environmental Chemistry: New Age International Pvt., Ltd, New Delhi.
 S. M. Khopkar, Environmental Pollution Analysis: Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi.
DSE-4 INORGANIC MATERIALS OF INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANCE
Recapitulation of s- and p-Block Elements
Periodicity in s- and p-block elements with respect to electronic configuration, atomic and ionic size,
ionization enthalpy, electronegativity (Pauling, Mulliken, and Alfred-Rochow scales). Allotropy in C, S,
68
and P.
Oxidation states with reference to elements in unusual and rare oxidation states like carbides and
nitrides), inert pair effect, diagonal relationship and anomalous behaviour of first member of each group.
Silicate Industries
Glass: Glassy state and its properties, classification (silicate and non-silicate glasses). Manufacture and
processing of glass. Composition and properties of the following types of glasses: Soda lime glass, lead
glass, armoured glass, safety glass, borosilicate glass, fluorosilicate, coloured glass, photosensitive
glass.
Ceramics: Important clays and feldspar, ceramic, their types and manufacture. High technology
ceramics and their applications, superconducting and semiconducting oxides, fullerenes carbon
nanotubes and carbon fibre.
Cements: Classification of cement, ingredients and their role, Manufacture of cement and the setting
process, quick setting cements.
Fertilizers:
Different types of fertilizers. Manufacture of the following fertilizers: Urea, ammonium nitrate, calcium
ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphates; polyphosphate, superphosphate, compound and mixed
fertilizers, potassium chloride, potassium sulphate.
Surface Coatings:
Objectives of coatings surfaces, preliminary treatment of surface, classification of surface coatings.
Paints and pigments-formulation, composition and related properties. Oil paint, Vehicle, modified oils,
Pigments, toners and lakes pigments, Fillers, Thinners, Enamels, emulsifying agents. Special paints
(Heat retardant, Fire retardant, Eco-friendly paint, Plastic paint), Dyes, Wax polishing, Water and Oil
paints, additives, Metallic coatings (electrolytic and electroless), metal spraying and anodizing.
Batteries:
Primary and secondary batteries, battery components and their role, Characteristics of Battery. Working
of following batteries: Pb acid, Li-Battery, Solid state electrolyte battery. Fuel cells, Solar cell and
polymer cell.
Alloys:
Classification of alloys, ferrous and non-ferrous alloys, Specific properties of elements in alloys.
Manufacture of Steel (removal of silicon decarbonization, demanganization, desulphurization
dephosphorisation) and surface treatment (argon treatment, heat treatment, nitriding, carburizing).
Composition and properties of different types of steels.
Catalysis:
General principles and properties of catalysts, homogenous catalysis (catalytic steps and examples)
and heterogenous catalysis (catalytic steps and examples) and their industrial applications,
Deactivation or regeneration of catalysts.
Phase transfer catalysts, application of zeolites as catalysts.
Chemical explosives:
Origin of explosive properties in organic compounds, preparation and explosive properties of lead
69
azide, PETN, cyclonite (RDX). Introduction to rocket propellants.
Reference:
 R. M. Felder, R. W. Rousseau: Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Wiley Publishers,
New Delhi.
 W. D. Kingery, H. K. Bowen, D. R. Uhlmann: Introduction to Ceramics, Wiley Publishers,
New Delhi.
 P. C. Jain & M. Jain: Engineering Chemistry, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, Delhi.
 R. Gopalan, D. Venkappayya, S. Nagarajan: Engineering Chemistry, Vikas Publications, New
Delhi.
 B. K. Sharma: Engineering Chemistry, Goel Publishing House, Meerut
9. Determination of free acidity in ammonium sulphate fertilizer.

10. Estimation of calcium in calcium ammonium nitrate fertilizer.
11. Estimation of phosphoric acid in superphosphate fertilizer.
12. Electroless metallic coatings on ceramic and plastic material.
13. Determination of composition of dolomite (by complexometric titration).
14. Analysis of (Cu, Ni); (Cu, Zn ) in alloy or synthetic samples.
15. Analysis of Cement.
16. Preparation of pigment (zinc oxide).
Reference:
 R. M. Felder, R. W. Rousseau: Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Wiley Publishers,
New Delhi
 W. D. Kingery, H. K. Bowen, D. R. Uhlmann: Introduction to Ceramics, Wiley Publishers,
New Delhi.
 P. C. Jain, M. Jain: Engineering Chemistry, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, Delhi.
 Sharma, B.K. & Gaur, H. Industrial Chemistry, Goel Publishing House, Meerut (1996)
DSE-5 DISSERTATION AND PROJECT WORK

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Syllabus

for B.Sc. (Chemistry Honours)

Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)

(Applicable from the Academic Session 2016-17 onwards)

SEM – I SEM – II SEM – III SEM – IV SEM – V SEM – VI

Core – 7(6) Core – 10(6)

Generic GE – 1(6) GE – 2(6) GE – 3(6) GE – 4(6) DSE – 1(6) DSE – 3(6)

(Paper - 1) (Paper - 2) (Paper - 1) (Paper - 2)

Ability ENV. ST. (2) MIL SEC – 1(2) SEC – 2 (2)

Atomic structure (Unit – I)

Periodicity of elements (Unit – II)

Chemical bonding-I (Unit-III)

Chemical Bonding-II (Unit-IV)

PRACTICAL: C-1 LAB

C-2: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY- I

Gaseous state (Unit-I)

Liquid state (Unit-II)

Solid state (Unit- III)

Ionic equilibria (Unit-IV)

Salt hydrolysis-calculation of hydrolysis constant, degree of hydrolysis and pH for different

PRACTICAL: C-2 LAB

Surface tension measurements.

(b) Preparation of buffer solutions of different pH

(d) Determination of dissociation constant of a weak acid.

Basics of Organic Chemistry (Unit-I)

Carbon-Carbon Sigma Bonds

Chemistry of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (Unit-III)

B. Cycloalkanes and Conformational Analysis

 Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 2): Stereochemistry and the Chemistry of

PRACTICAL: C-3 LAB

Chemical thermodynamics (Unit-I)

PRACTICAL: C-4 LAB

Credits-6: (Theory-4, Practical-2)

General Principles of Metallurgy (Unit-I)

Acids and Bases

Chemistry of s and p Block Elements-I (Unit-II)

Chemistry of s and p Block Elements-II (Unit-III)

Noble Gases(Unit- IV)

PRACTICAL: C-5 LAB

(A) Iodo / Iodimetric Titrations

C-6: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY- II

Chemistry of Halogenated Hydrocarbons (Unit-I)

Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers and Epoxides(Unit-II)

Carbonyl Compounds (Unit-III)

Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives (Unit-IV)

PRACTICAL: C-6 LAB

C-7: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY- III

Phase Equilibria-I (Unit-I)

Chemical Kinetics (Unit-III)

I. Distribution of acetic/ benzoic acid between water and cyclohexane.

III. Study the kinetics of the following reactions.

Coordination Chemistry (Unit-I)

Transition Elements-I (Unit-II)

Transition Elements-II (Unit-III)

Lanthanoids and Actinoids (Unit-IV)

PRACTICAL: C-8 LAB

Diazonium Salts (Unit-II)

Heterocyclic Compounds (Unit-III)

PRACTICAL: C-9 LAB

1. Detection of extra elements (N, X, S).