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PAPER
PSYCHOLINGUISTICS

Group members :

1.Ahmad Ridho (2111040004)

2.Ema Ervina (2111040035)
3.Neng Sufia (2111040070)
4.Syahra Putri Sahasika (2111040226)

UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI RADEN INTAN LAMPUNG PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN

BAHASA INGGRIS FAKULTAS TARBIYAH DAN KEGURUAN
TAHUN AJARAN 2022/2023
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PREFACE

Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi
wabarakatuh
BismillahirrahmanirRahim
First of all, the writer wants to express his thanks to Allah SWT, because of His bless and
grace,theentitled "PSYCHOLINGUISTICS " can befinished on time. This paper is are
quirement to full fill the assignment from Ms.Nursyamsiah,M.Pd, the in troduction to linguistics
lecturer of Raden Intan Lampung University. The writer also thanks to his for all the guidance
to complete it.

In completing this paper, the writer faced many problems, but with the help of many people, all
the problems could be passed. May Allah SWT give the blessing for them. It provides the
Psycholinguistics in detail explanation.Although this paper has many deficiencies in the
arrangement and explanation, the writer hope that it can be used as a reference for the reader to
understand about Psycholinguistics is.

Wassalamualaikumwarahmatullahiwabarakatuh

Lampung Selatan,17 Oktober2022

Writer
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Table of Contents
PREFACE.......................................................................................................................................................2
PREFACE.......................................................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER I....................................................................................................................................................4
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Background Of The Paper.....................................................................................................................4
A. Purpose Of The Paper......................................................................................................................4
B. Problem Formulation.......................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER II...................................................................................................................................................5
DISCUSSION.................................................................................................................................................5
2.1 What is Psycholinguistics?....................................................................................................................5
A. Theorys...............................................................................................................................................5
2.2 Branches of Psycholinguistics...............................................................................................................7
CHAPTER III..................................................................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION...............................................................................................................................................9
3.1 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................9
BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................................................................................................10
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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Of The Paper

How the human mind constructs a thought and applies it into language
iscalled psycholinguistics. The paper aims to flash a light on psycholinguistics for
abeginner and tries to flash the area untouched so far on psycholinguistics, for a
highend reader of the subject. Psycholinguistics or psychology of language is the
study ofthe psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire,
use, comprehend and produce language. The paper discusses the definition of
Psycholinguistics, research field of linguistics,theorys ,Objects and branches of
Psycholinguistics.

A. Purpose Of The Paper

1. Knowing what is Psycholinguistics

2. Knowing what are Theorys in Psycholinguistics
3. Knowing what are Objects and Scopes of Psycholinguistics
4. Knowing what are Branches of Psycholinguistics

B. Problem Formulation

5. What is Psycholinguistics ?
6. What are Theorys in Psycholinguistics ?
7. What are Objects and Scopes of Psycholinguistics ?
8. What are Branches of Psycholinguistics ?
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CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 What is Psycholinguistics?

Psycholinguistics is the field of study in which researchers investigate the psychological

processes involved in the use of language, including language comprehension, language
production, and first and second language acquisition. The field is interdisciplinary, with
contributions from psychology, linguistics, cognitive science, philosophy, anthropology, and
neuroscience. Modern psycholinguistic study originated with Chomsky’s review of B.F.
Skinner’s book Verbal Behavior (1957) (see Chomsky 1959, cited under Language Processing),
which detailed how language is acquired from a behaviorist perspective. Chomsky claimed that
behaviorist principles were not enough to account for language acquisition or for higher order
mental processes in general. The work of Skinner and Chomsky introduced a long-standing
debate regarding the degree to which language is acquired through innate faculties, and the role
that environmental input plays in language acquisition. Currently, cognitive neuroscience has
enabled further understanding of the role of language in human experience through brain imaging
and other technological advances. This article will focus on the major areas of psycholinguistics
and will showcase both classic and contemporary resources to facilitate further understanding of
this complex and fascinating area of cognitive sciences

A. Theorys

Language learning by young children or by preschoolers is termed by linguists as

language acquisition. In its development, it is also called Children Language Acquisition
(CLA), meaning language acquisition by children.

Leonard Bloomfield is a well-known linguist in the United States who has contributed to
making linguistics equal to other sciences, namely being independent (autonomous) and
scientific (scientific). The father of linguistics in Europe is Ferdinand de Saussure
because he has succeeded in making linguistics independent and scientific.

In America, Bloomfield became famous after he authored the book Language (1993).
However, Bloomfield's theory contradicts Noam Chomsky's theory due to different
linguistic and psychological foundations. Bloomfield starts his study of language from
phonemes, while Noam Chomsky starts from sentences. Bloomfield is more inclined
towards behavioristic schools while Chomsky is towards rationalist schools.

However, this difference is considered reasonable/flexible for Linguistic practitioners.

Applied Linguists can also use William Stern's theory which combines the concepts of
talent and a few.

a. The Habbit Formation Theory

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The Habit Formation Theory (habit formation theory) explains that young children
can master the mother tongue (the mother tongue) or the first language (L1) due to
habit formation factors carried out by parents, family, or the environment, especially
mothers. . This theory is in line with the theory of empiricism/tabula rasa put
forward by John Lock, in which a small child is likened to a white paper or a white
candle table that can be written on, painted on, or shaped by his family environment.

Habituation of behavior including language by the family accompanied by

encouragement of feelings of love will foster a good climate for language mastery by
children. According to this theory, educators need to provide stimulus, rewards, gifts
or other forms so that children are motivated to study more diligently. This theory
also encourages giving drills (continuous practice) so that children can automatically
respond to other people. In addition, reinforcement (motivational strengthening, gifts
and praise) also needs to be given.

b. The Cognitive-Code Learning

The theory put forward by Noam Chomsky's school suggests that there is a process
of language learning through mastery of codes, rules, rules or grammatical rules
through cognitive processes (thinking) by the child. In essence, small children have
been gifted by God in the form of a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) or some
kind of tool to master their first language (L1). Young children are also able to make
"hypotheses" for language input that comes from their environment/family. The
language of young children basically starts with crying/screaming (crying). In this
way, parents/other people will approach the baby and will provide help/protection to
him.

Along with their physical growth, children will begin to be able to say words such as
"ma", "pa", "mother", "father" etc. Again the little boy hypothesizes that his
language can act as an intermediary to fulfill his desires. Furthermore, as their
development progresses, the child can say longer words such as "father of ice",
"mother of oti" and so on. It turned out that his language was quite effective because
his mother was responsive and praised him, "wow, you're smart, you can already call
mom----do you want some bread? Or is it the father who came and said, "call daddy,
okay? ----want some ice?

c. The Convergence Theory

Convergence theory is a melting point between talent theory (nativism) and
teaching/education theory (empiricism). Nativism theory holds that the child's
development or success depends on the talent (talent or aptitude) that the child has
from birth. For example, many great artists do not go to school but become artists
due to talent.

Noam Chomsky, who created the "Transformational Generative Grammar" linguistic

school, prefers nativism because he believes that with the LAD (Language
Acquisition Device), the child will be able to learn languages, conduct experiments,
make hypotheses and finally be able to master adult language.

The theory of empiricism (by John Lock) holds that a child's development/success is
determined by the education or teaching that the child receives from parents, the
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environment, and the wider community. This theory is widely used by people in the
world, it is proven that almost every parent sends their child to school.

Convergence theory holds that child development/child success is determined by 2

factors, namely talent and teaching. As an illustration, many people claim that they
are not gifted to become teachers, then they enter teacher training schools (SPG,
PGA, IKIP, etc.), so that they become teachers according to their field. If people
who are not gifted can be trained to become teachers, let alone those who have
talent, it will be easier to educate.

2.1 Objects and Scopes of Psycholinguistics

The scope of psycholinguistics is divided into 2, namely:
a. How people use language as a system

b. How people learn a language or how people can acquire a language and use it for
communication

The scope of linguistics can be expanded into several topics, including:

a. How the language is received and produced by language users

b. How the human brain works related to language

c. Language acquisition theory by children (language acquisition theory)

d. The difference between children's language acquisition and language learning

e. Interference of the mother tongue system to the language being studied (linguistic
interference)

f. Language development (language development)

2.2 Branches of Psycholinguistics

After the cooperation between psychology and linguistics lasted for some time, it was felt that
the two disciplines were no longer sufficient to carry out the very heavy taskof explaining the
nature of language as reflected in the definitions above. Help from othersciences is needed,
including the help of interdisciplinary sciences that have existed beforesuch as
neurophysiology, neuropsychology, and others. Although now we still use the
termpsycholinguistics, it no longer means that only the two disciplines of psychology and
linguistics are applied. Other interdisciplinary findings have also been utilized. The help
inquestion has been around for a long time and will continue to increase because in additionto
linguistics and psychology, there are many other disciplines that also study language
intheirown ways and theories. for example, anthropology, sociology, philosophy, education,
communication, and others. The discipline of psycholinguistics has developed so rapidly that it
has spawned several new subdisciplines to focus attention on certain specialized areas that
require careful research. The subdiscipline of psycholinguistics looks like in the following
scheme.
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1. Theoretical Psycholinguistics (Theorethycal Psycholinguistic)

Theoretical psycholinguistics examines matters relating to language theory,
forexample about the nature of language, the characteristics of human
language, competence and performance theory (Chomsky) or langue and parole
theory (Saussure), and so on.
2. Development Psycholinguistics (Development Psycholinguistic)
Developmental psycholinguistics talks about language acquisition, for example
talking about language acquisition theory, both first and second language
acquisition, language acquisition devices. critical period of language
acquisition, and so on.
3. Social Psycholinguistics (Social Psycholinguistics)
Social psycholinguistics is often also referred to as cultural speaking
psycholinguistics. about the social aspects of language, for example, language
attitudes, culture shock acculturation, social distance, cultural critical periods,
language exposure, education, length of education,and so on.
4. Educational Psycholinguistics (Educational Psycholinguistic)

Educational psycholinguistics talks about aspects of education in general in

schools, especially regarding the role of language inlanguage teaching.
ingeneral, especially inteaching reading, communication skills, oratory
skills,and knowledge of improving language in improving the process of
conveying ideas. Handout of Psycholinguistics
5. Neuropsikolinguistik (Neuropsycholinguistics)
Neuropsycholinguistics talks about the relationship between language and
thehuman brain. For example, which side of the brain is related to language
skills? What nerves are damaged when a person has Broca's aphasia and which
nervesare damaged with Wernicke's aphasia? Is the language really lateralized?
When does lateralization occur? Is the critical period really related to the
flexibility of the nerves of the brain?
6. Experimental Psycholinguistics (Experimental Psycholinguistic)
Experimental psycholinguistics talks about experiments in all fields involving
language and language behavior.
7. Applied Psycholinguistics (Applied Psycholinguistic)
Applied psycholinguistics talks about the application of the sixth findings
psycholinguistic subdisciplines above into specific fields, such as psychology,
linguistics. speaking and listening, education, language teaching and learning,
teaching reading, neurology, psychiatry, communication. literature, and so on.
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CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

3.1 Conclusion
Psycholinguistics is the field of study in which researchers investigate the psychological
processes involved in the use of language, including language comprehension, language
production, and first and second language acquisition. The field is interdisciplinary,
with contributions from psychology, linguistics, cognitive science, philosophy,
anthropology, and neuroscience.
Those are 3 Theorys

 The Habbit Formation Theory

 The Cognitive-Code Learning

 The Convergence Theory

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Rimbey,Chad.(2022)."WhatarePsycholinguistics&LinguisticPsychology?".Study.com.England.
Dr Balamurugan K.1& Dr Thirunavukkarasu S.2. (2018). " Introduction to Psycholinguistics
".BharathiyarCollegeof Engineering&Technology,Karaikal,PondicherryUT,India.112-113.
Sumardiono.
(2014)."Psycholinguistics:CompilationofPsycholinguisticsMaterials".STKIPPGRI:BLITAR. 8-
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