8

Science
Quarter 1 – Module 5
Colors of Light
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you master the Colors of Light. The scope of this module permits it to
be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes
the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow
the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Colors of Light
• Lesson 2 – Hierarchy of Colors
• Lesson 3 – Bending of Colors

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Demonstrate the existence of the color components of visible light
using a prism or diffraction grating; (Week 4 S8FE-If-27)
2. Explain hierarchy of colors in relation to energy; and
3. Explain that red is the least bent color and violet the most bent color
according to their wavelengths and frequencies.

What I Know

Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a

separate sheet of paper.

1. Which has the greatest energy among the colors in a rainbow?

A. green C. red
B. orange D. violet

2. Among the following colors in a rainbow, which has the least energy?
A. green C. violet
B. red D. yellow

3. Which property of light enables the formation of a rainbow?

I. color separation III. reflection
II. dispersion IV. refraction

A. I and III C. I, III and IV

B. II, III, and IV D. I, II, III, IV
4. Red is the least bent among the seven colors because it has the
___________.
A. lowest frequency C. longest wavelength
B. highest frequency D. shortest wavelength

5. What is the acronym used to remember visible light?

A. DOGFOUND C. ROYGBIV
B. KTPERRY D. ROMERO

6. What is called the separation of white light into different colors as it

passes through prism?
A. color separation C. reflection
B. dispersion D. refraction

7. Which of the following orders of visible light colors shows increasing

wavelength?
A. red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
B. red, yellow, green, orange, violet, blue, indigo
C. violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red
D. violet, blue, green, orange, red, indigo, yellow

8. Why does white light separate into different colors as it passes through a
prism?
A. The colors are changed by addition.
B. This is an example of color by subtraction.
C. Different colored light has different wavelengths.
D. The side part of a prism only let certain colors of light pass
through.

9. A second prism will change a spectrum back into white light. What does
it show?
A. Prism distort image.
B. Prisms are transparent.
C. Light travels at a constant speed.
D. White light is composed of colors.

10. Which of the following is true about the relationship between frequency
and energy?
A. The frequency of the color of light and energy are not related.
B. As the frequency of the color of light increases, its energy
decreases.
C. As the frequency of the color of light decreases, the energy
increases.
D. As the frequency of the color of light increases, the energy also
increases.
11. Which color has the shortest wavelength?
 A. green C. yellow
B. red D. violet

12. Which of the following statements is incorrect?

A. Short wavelength corresponds to low frequency.
B. Frequency and wavelength are inversely related.
C. High frequency light corresponds to short wavelength.
D. Low frequency light corresponds to long wavelength.

13. Based on the colors of light, what color comes between blue and violet?
A. indigo C. orange
B. green D. violet

14. Which of the following colors of light bend the most?

A. indigo C. orange
B. green D. violet

15. White light separated through a prism is an example of

___________.
A. diffraction C. reflection
B. rarefaction D. refraction

Lesson

1 Colors of Light
Have you ever wondered how a majestic rainbow is formed? Why do
we see spectacular events in the sky like red sunset, blue sky, and
rainbows? How is the arrangement of color determined by nature?

In this lesson, you will try to find through simple activities how light
disperse to form the colors of light.

What’s In
Activity 1

Draw and Color the rainbow on a separate sheet of paper using your
coloring materials based on how well you remember how a rainbow looks
like.

(https://pixabay.com/illustrations/mountain-river-landscape-rainbow-
3995571/)

What’s New
Activity 2

Perform the activity below and answer the questions on a separate

sheet of paper.

Objective:

At the end of the activity, you will be able to infer that white light is
made up of many different colors of light.
Materials:

Flashlight or any source

of light a big bowl

water small mirror

paper

Procedure:
1. Fill the big bowl with water almost to its rim.

2. Place the mirror with its part partially submerged into the water.

3. Hold the paper above the bowl with one hand and use the other hand to
turn on the flashlight or any source of light into the submerged part of the
mirror.

4. Adjust the position of the mirror until you see color bands on the paper.

5. Record your observation.

Questions:

Q1. What happens when the light hits the mirror?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Q2: List and arrange the observed colors based on how they appear on the

paper.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

What is It

Color

Were you able to get good sets of data from the activity? Did you enjoy
watching how the rainbow colors appear in the paper? Light is a kind of
energy that can travel through space in a form of wave. Light from the sun
or flashlights looks white, but it is really a mixture of many colors. The
colors in white light are red, orange, yellow, green, blue indigo and violet. We
highlight here the arrangement of colors of light as ROYGBIV when
dispersion happens. Dispersion is a kind of refraction which provided us
colors of light. This phenomenon is observed when white light passes
through a prism.

A prism is a transparent optical element with flat and polished

surfaces that disperses light. Usually a prism has a triangular base and
rectangular sides. Prisms can be made from any transparent materials like
glass, plastic or fluorite. Water in a glass can also acts as prism. It also
breaks white light into constituent colors namely: red, orange, yellow, green,
blue, indigo and violet (ROYGVIB). You can see these colors when you look
at a rainbow in our sky. A rainbow is caused by both the reflection and
refraction of light in water droplets on the Earth’s atmosphere. The water
droplets serve as tiny prisms that refract, reflect, and disperse sunlight into
spectrum of light appearing in the sky.
 Figure 1. White Light through a Prism

https://pixabay.com/vectors/refraction-prism-optics-150853/

What’s More
Activity 3

Use crayons or colored pencils to fill in the color spectrum below and
label the dispersed colors on the blank provided. Choose your answers from
the words in the box. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Figure 2. Dispersion of White Light

(Illustrated by: Jinemerie C. Atendido)

Blue Red Violet

Green Orange Indigo Yellow

 What I Have Learned

Fill in the blanks to complete the sentences. Write your answers on a

separate sheet of paper.

1. _____is a kind of energy that can travel through space. It looks white, but
it is really a combination of many colors.
2. The colors in ____ light are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and
violet.
3. When light appears white, it is made up of different colors just like the
colors of the rainbow. The colors can be separated by shining light into
____.
4. ______ is the separation of white light into its component colors as it
passes through a prism.
5. The main purpose of the prism is to separate visible light into constituent
colors namely: ____, ____, _____, ______, _____, ____, and
____ (ROYGVIB).

What I Can Do
Activity 4

Objective: At the end of the activity, you will be able to separate the colors
of light passing through a casing of polygonal-shaped pen.

Materials: paper, pencil, casing of polygonal-shaped pen

Procedure: Make your own prism using a casing of a polygonal-shaped

pen. Be patient and do the experiment until you get the angle just right.
Draw what you observed on a separate sheet of paper.

Additional Activities

Activity 5

Perform the activity below and answer the questions on a separate

sheet of paper.
Objective: At the end of the activity, you will be able to make your own
rainbow using simple experiment.

Materials: water, sunlight, clear glass, small mirror

Procedures:
1. Fill the glass with water.
2. Put the mirror into the water inside the glass at a slant position so that it
leans against the side of the glass.
3. Position the glass so that sunlight shines directly at the mirror. You may
have to shift the mirror so that sunlight perfectly strikes on the mirror.
4. Look for a reflection on the wall. It would be easier to see if the room is
dark.
5. Adjust the position of the mirror until you see a rainbow on the wall.

Questions:
Q1. What is the order of colors in the rainbow shown on the wall?
___________________________________________________________________________
Q2. How are rainbows formed in nature?
___________________________________________________________________________

Lesson
Hierarchy of Colors
2
In the previous lesson, we learned about the arrangement of colors of
white light. But what does the arrangement of colors of light exhibit in terms
of energy? Which color of light has the greatest energy? The next activity will
provide you with answers to these questions. In this lesson, you will be able
to relate the arrangement of colors and its corresponding energy.

What’s In

Activity 6

Give what is asked. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Write the colors of the rainbow that each letter stands for:

R = ____________________________________________________
O =
___________________________________________________
_ Y =
___________________________________________________
_
G=
__________________________________________________
__ B =
__________________________________________________
__ I =
__________________________________________________
__ V =
__________________________________________________
__

2. Use crayons to draw what happens to the beam of light when it passes
through the prism.

Figure 3. Dispersion of light

What’s New
Activity 7

Objectives:

At the end of the activity, you will be able to infer that:

1. light is composed of colors of different frequencies and wavelengths;

2. frequencies of the colors of light are inversely proportional to the
wavelength;
3. arrangement of colors of light shows the hierarchy of the colors with
corresponding energy.

Study the table and answer the questions that follow on a separate sheet of
paper.
Table 1. Range of Wavelength, Frequency and Energy of Light
 Wavelength (nm) Frequency (THz) Photon Energy
Color
(eV)
Violet 380-445 675-789 2.80-3.26
Indigo 445-450 668-675 2.75-2.80
Blue 450-495 606-668 2.50-2.75
Green 495-570 526-606 2.17-2.50
Yellow 570-590 508-526 2.10-2.17
Orange 590-620 484-508 2.00-2.10
Red 620-750 400-484 1.65-2.00
Legend: nm (nanometer: unit of
wavelength) THz (Terahertz: unit
of frequency) eV (electron volt: unit
of energy)

Questions:

Q1. Which color has the highest frequency? the shortest wavelength?
___________________________________________________________________________
_______ Q2. Which color has the lowest frequency? the longest wavelength?
___________________________________________________________________________
_______ Q3. What did you observe about the wavelengths and frequencies of
the different colors of light?

_____________________________________________________________________
______
Q4. Do the frequencies of colors of light increase from red to violet?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____ Q5. What did you observe about the corresponding energies from red
to violet?
___________________________________________________________________________
_______

What is It

The frequency of light wave refers to the number of waves that move
past a certain point in one second. Frequency is generally measured in
Hertz, the units of cycles per second. Color has the frequency ranging from
430 trillion Hertz to 750 trillion Hertz. Waves can also go beyond
and below those frequencies, but they are not visible to the human eye.
 Wave frequency is related to wave energy. The more energy in the
wave, the higher its frequency. The lower the frequency is, the less
energy in the wave. When it comes to light waves, violet has the highest
energy while red has the lowest energy. Related to energy and frequency is
the wavelength, or the distance between corresponding points on
subsequent waves. You can measure wavelength from peak to peak, trough
to trough or between two consecutive corresponding points of waves.

Within the band of visible light, the different wavelengths are

perceived by people as different colors. The shortest wavelength is violet, and
the longest wavelength is red.

Figure 4. Wavelengths of Visible light (nanometers

(Illustrated by: Jinemerie C. Atendido)

What’s More
Activity 8

Observe the illustration below and answer the questions by writing

Yes if the statement is correct and No if the statement is incorrect. Write
your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
 Figure 5. Refraction of Colors
(bulb: https://pixabay.com/vectors/bulb-light-electric-energy-power-307687/)

1. Does white light split into different colors? ______

2. Do all colors of light travel at the same speed in a vacuum? ______
3. Do all colors of light have the same energy? ______
4. Does blue have the shortest wavelength? ______
5. Does red have the longest wavelength? ______

What I Have Learned

Fill in the blanks to complete the sentences. Write your answers on a

separate sheet of paper.

1. The color of white light ranges from _____, 430 trillion Hertz, to ____, 750
trillion Hertz.
2. The more energy in a wave, the ____ its frequency. The lower the
frequency is, the ____ energy in the wave.
3. _____ has the highest energy color while ____ has the lowest energy.
4. The shortest wavelength is _____, and the longest wavelength is ____.
5. The ____ energy of the wave, the faster it moves from one medium to
another. On the other hand, the ____ energy of the wave,
the slower it travels from one medium to another.

What I Can Do

Activity 9

Give what is asked. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. List the colors of white light in 2. List the colors of white light in
order of decreasing wavelength. the order of decreasing energy.
 1. ___________________________ 1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________ 2. ___________________________
3. ___________________________ 3. ___________________________
4. ___________________________ 4. ___________________________
5. ___________________________ 5. ___________________________
6. ___________________________ 6. ___________________________
7. ___________________________ 7. ___________________________

3. State the relationship among frequency, energy and wavelength of colors.

____________________________________________________________________________
__
____________________________________________________________________________
__

Additional Activities

Activity 10

Give what is asked. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Q1. The figure below shows the visible spectrum with their wavelengths.
Identify the color that is asked using the given wavelengths.

Figure 6. Wavelengths of Visible light (nanometers)

(Illustrated by: Jinemerie Atendido)

A. ____________________ D. ____________________ G. ____________________

B.____________________ E. ____________________
C.____________________ F. ____________________

Q2. Which of the colors has the highest frequency and energy?
___________________________________________________________________________
_______

Q3. Which of the colors has the longest wavelength? the shortest
wavelength?
___________________________________________________________________________
__

Lesson

3 Bending of Colors
Rainbows are created just like the colors of light appeared in previous
activity. A prism separates the white light into the different colors of light.
With the different refractive indices of the colors of light, bending is also
different for each of the colors of light. In this lesson, you will know which
color bend the most and which color bend the least.

What’s In

Activity 11
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct answers found in the box
below.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Using a 1. _____, you can split up white light to form a spectrum. It is
a block of glass with a triangular cross-section. The light waves are 2. _____
as they enter and leave the prism. The shorter the wavelength of light, the 3.
____ its frequency and the longer the wavelength, the 4. _____its frequency.
The colors are arranged in the order from longest wavelength: 5. ______, 6.
________, 7. _______, 8. _______, 9. _____ indigo and violet. Thus, when it
comes to light waves, 10.
_____has the highest energy color while red has the lowest energy color.

red prism orange yellow

violet

refracted higher lower blue

green

What’s New
Activity 12

Use the table below as your guide in answering the questions below.

Table 2. Colors of light and variation of refractive index

Color Wavelength (nm) Index of Refraction

in Crown Glass
Red 620-750 1.512
Orange 590-620 1.514
Yellow 570-590 1.518
Green 495-570 1.519
Blue 450-495 1.524
Indigo 445-450 1.526
Violet 380-445 1.530

Arranged from least

bent to most
bent Legend: nm (nanometer: unit of wavelength)

Modified True or False

Write TRUE if the statement is correct but if it is false, change the

underlined word to make the whole statement correct. Write your answers
on separate sheet of paper.
_______1. Red has the greatest refractive index among the seven colors.
_______2. Violet has the lowest refractive index among them.
_______3. Red is the least bent color among them.
_______4. Violet is the most bent color among them.
_______5. The greater the refractive index of the color of light, the more
bending is observed.
 What is It

Light exhibits the characteristics of a wave. It moves in its maximum

speed in vacuum but this speed decreases as it moves along different media.
Refraction is the bending of light when it travels from one medium to
another. When light crosses the boundary of two media of different
optical density, a change in speed takes place. The optical density is the
measurement of a component’s ability to slow the transmission of light. This
change in speed is manifested by the bending of the light ray. A known
indicator of the optical density of a material is the index of refraction of the
material (n). The index of refraction of a material is a quantity that
compares the speed of light in a material to its speed in a vacuum.

normal line

Angle of incidence ( 1 )
Angle of refraction ( 2 )

Incident ray Index of refraction in glass (n 2)

Figure 7. Refraction of Light in a Prism

In figure 7, light travels from air to the prism. When the light enters
the glass, which is denser than air, it slows down and is bent. You observe
that the angle of incidence (1) is greater than the angle of refraction (2).
You can see that the light ray refracts or bends towards the normal. Thus,
light bends towards the normal when travelling from a less dense medium to
a higher density medium and light bends away from the normal when
travelling from denser to less dense medium like when light ray leaves the
prism.

The incoming ray is called the incident ray from medium 1 and the
outgoing ray is the refracted ray in medium 2, and the associated angles are
the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction.
When white light enters a prism, separation into seven different colors
is observed. The refractive indices of the different colors of light indicate that
it travels at different speeds in the prism which accounts for the different
degrees of bending.

In terms of frequency and energy of colors, blue, indigo and violet

are the ones with the highest frequency and energy. These colors are the
ones that are bent the most. At the end of the spectrum, red is the one with
the lowest frequency and energy. It is the color that is bent the least and
violet is the most bent.
 What’s More

Activity 13

Observe the illustration and answer the questions after. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Figure 8: Bending of white light

(Illustrated by: Jinemerie C. Atendido)

1. Which color has the higher index of refraction (n)? Lower index of
refraction (n)?
___________________________________________________________________________
_______

2. Based from the illustration, which color is the most bent? Least bent?
___________________________________________________________________________
_______

3. What is the relationship between the bending of colors to its index of

refraction?

___________________________________________________________________________
______
 What I Have Learned

Fill in the blanks to complete the idea of the sentences. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. ______ is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another of

different optical densities.
2. The _____ of a material is a quantity that compares the speed of light in
that material to its speed in a vacuum.
3. When light moves from one medium to another of different _____, the
speed changes, bringing changes in the direction of the refracted ray
with respect to the normal line.
4. The component colors of white light arranged from the ____bent to the
___bent are as follows: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo and
Violet.

What I Can Do

Activity 14

Objective: At the end of the activity, you will be able to give scientific
explanations of certain superstitious beliefs related to observable
phenomena in the sky.

Materials: Paper and Pen

Procedure:
You are to give the scientific explanation to clarify the beliefs of the people in
your locality on phenomena.

1. Red sky in the afternoon (Sunset)

___________________________________________________________________________
_______
___________________________________________________________________________
_______

2. Rainbows only appear after the rain

___________________________________________________________________________
_______
___________________________________________________________________________
_______

3. There’s a pot of gold at the end of the rainbow.

___________________________________________________________________________
_______
___________________________________________________________________________
_______

Scoring Rubrics
3: Discussions did not have misconceptions with complete scientific
evidence.
2: Discussions did not completely show scientific evidence.
1: Discussions did not show complete scientific evidence
with misconceptions. 0: There was no discussions
shown.

Additional Activities

Activity 15
Objective: At the end of the activity, you will be able to make a color wheel
showing the wavelengths, frequencies and energies of the colors of light.

Materials:
Color wheel pattern
Folder/Any paper
Cutter/Scissors
Glue/Paste Split Pin/button
fastener/coconut broomstick
Procedures:

1. Cut the color wheel patterns (already distributed by the teacher) that
make up the wheel found in the next page.
2. To make it thicker, put the color wheel patterns on a folder or any paper
and cut it out.
3. Cut the shapes drawn on the top wheel. The shapes which will be the
small window located near the center of the wheel should be completely
cut out and removed.
4. Punch a hole at the center of the two wheels. You may use split pin/
button fastener/coconut broomstick to secure the two wheels together
one on top of the other, but both should be free to rotate relative to each
other.
5. When you see a region of the color spectrum that shows up in the open
window and the wavelength, frequency, and energy that corresponds to
the region then you know that you have done it correctly.
 Assessment

Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a

separate sheet of paper.
1. Which has the least energy among the colors of a rainbow?
A. green C. red
B. orange D. violet

2. Violet is bent most among the seven colors because it has the
___________.
A. highest frequency C. longest wavelength
B. lowest frequency D. shortest wavelength

3. Which of the following can separate white light into seven colors?
A. box C. paper
B. cellphone D. prism

4. Nina sent an arrow beam of white light through a prism. As a result,

she observed the light dispersing into ___.
A. four colors C. five colors
B. three colors D. seven colors

5. Rainbows are formed through ______.

I. dispersion
II. reflection III. refraction

A. I only C. III only

B. I and II D. I, II and III

6. What can prisms do?

A. Change sunlight into a single color.
B. Invert a light ray’s frequency and wavelength.
C. Separate the incoming light into its constituent colors.
D. Slow down light to few meters per second, when used back to back.

7. For visible light, which property changes with color?

I. frequency
II. period III. wavelength
 A. III only C. I and III
B. I and II D. I, II, and III

8. Which of the following colors has the highest energy?

A. orange C. violet
B. red D. yellow
9. What refers to the bending of light as it passes from one medium into
another?
A. frequency C. refraction
B. reflection D. wavelength

10. Which of the following arrangements of visible light colors shows

decreasing wavelength?
A. red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
B. red, yellow, green, orange, violet, blue, indigo C. violet, blue, green,
orange, red, indigo, yellow
D. violet, indigo, blue, green, orange, yellow, red

11. A ray of light passes through a glass block. When it passes through the
glass, it changes direction. Which of the refracted rays A, B, C or D is
most likely to leave the glass block?

A. A C. C
B. B D. D

12. What refers to the splitting of white light into seven different colors?
A. dispersion C. reflection
B. refractive index D. refraction

13. Refractive Index is a ratio between the speed of light in vacuum and
____.
A. speed of light in vacuum C. speed of light in a medium
B. speed of sound in vacuum D. speed of sound in a medium

14. The diagram shows a ray of white light passing through a prism and
emerges as a band of colored light which strikes a screen. What is the
color of X and Y?

A. X=Blue, Y=Red C. X=Green, Y=Red

B. X=Red, Y=Violet D. X=Green, Y=Blue
15. Based on the colors of light, what color comes between red and yellow?

A. indigo C. orange
B. green D. violet