FIRST AID AND WATER SAFETY- PECR211

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY

PRELIMS:
FIRST AID o In Britain, civilian ambulance trained specifically for
the railway and the police.
PRE- HISTORIC
• Pre-historic man had to develop ways to stop
FIRST AID IN CROATIA
bleeding, to stabilize broken bones or to determine • First beginnings of the first aid date back to 1914.
whether a particular plant was poisonous or not. When Rescue company operated at the horse
• As the time passed individuals became more skillful carriage, and this situation lasted until 1972, when
and knowledgeable about how to deal with such the company was motorized.
situations.
LATE MODERN PERIOD
MIDDLE AGES
o The great amount of bellicose facts in Europe during
o Many bibliographic sources affirm that first aid, like the era, provided training of other systems in
we knew now, were born during the wars in the XI different countries. Particularly, Crimea’s war was
century, when the medical attention was provided the event paid the idea of Henry Dunant, who in
by religious men who attended beggars, pilgrims 1864 would found the red cross, with the initial
knight who were injured in the battles. intention of improve the lot of the wounded on the
o They were organized in groups to train them to heal battlefield towards 1913 the first World War breaks
the most common wounds in the battlefield out and with it the possibility of “train” the first
o It was in the middle age when the church was therapeutic methods for the attention to mass
investigating in the medicine terrain, and applied victims among which is penicillin in regards to first
techniques of first aid. aid, the army medicine considered essential count
with a medical team that will accompany the troops
About Ambulances:
in a systematic way to the different missions which is
The first ambulance was appeared in the X century, it was verifiable in documents that are conserved to
built by the Anglo-Saxons, it consisted of a hammock nowadays.
located by a horse drawn carriage.
WHAT IS FIRST AID?
• Classically it defines like a vehicle intended for
• First Aid is measures to be taken immediately after
transfer sick and injured people.
an accident after an accident, not to cure but in order
• It is also affirmed that the term was coined by the
to prevent further harm being done.
catholic kings of Spain at the end of the 15th Century
• It uses the available human and material resources
and they are also attributed the introduction of the
at the site of accident to provide initial care to the
ambulances and field hospitals.
victim of injury or sudden illness until more advance
• At that time, the ambulance term was referring to
care is provided.
the tent where the wounded were cared for.
GOALS OF FIRST AID
MID- 19TH CENTURY
First Aid has the following main objectives:
o The first International Geneva Convention was held
at the Red Cross and it was created to provide “aid 1. To preserve life
to sick and wounded soldiers in the field”. 2. To prevent the victim’s condition from worsening
o The term “first aid “first appeared in 1878 as a 3. To promote recovery
combination of “first treatment” and “National Aid”.
WEEK 3: WEEK 4:
FIRST AID CARING FOR BLEEDING AND WOUND MANAGEMENT

• First aid is literally the very FIRST assistance you give CHARACTERISTICS OF BLEEDING
someone who has been injured or suddenly taken ill.
• A temporary care given to an injured or ill person
before a definitive can be given by a medically
trained person.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

SELF AID - a care given to oneself.

FIRST AIDER - a person who give first aid.

EMERGENCY RESPONDER - The first person on the scene of ARTERIAL VENOUS CAPILLARY
an incident with basic emergency medical care skills.
TYPES OF BLEEDING
WOUND - a break in the continuity of the skin, mucous
membrane and tissue. • EXTERNAL BLEEDING
• INTERNAL BLEEDING
FRACTURE - a break in the continuity of the bone.
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT FOR BLEEDING
SHOCK - a state or condition wherein there is not enough
or adequate blood supplies to the vital tissues and 1. Put on Gloves.
organs. 2. Inspect and expose the wound
3. Apply direct pressure
SPLINT - any flat like materials ready-made or improvise 4. Elevate affected extremities
use to hold fracture. 5. Apply pressure bandage
6. If bleeding does not stop, apply tourniquets.
DRESSING - is a sterile pad, a compressed sponge or any
other materials that is clean and directly applied to cover
the wound.
APPLYING
HEMORRHAGE - an escape of large quantities of blood
PRESSURE
from the blood vessels.
BANDAGE
ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION - is a procedure for causing the air
to flow into and out of the lungs of a person when is
normal or natural breathing is inadequate or has ceases.

IMPORTANCE OF FIRST AID

1. SAVE LIFE.
2. PREVENT PERMANENT DISABILITY.
3. REDUCED PROLONG HOSPITALIZATION. APPLICATION
OF A
TOURNIQUET
SHOCK AMPUTATION

• Shock develops when poor blood flow creates a o Save and preserve the avulsed or amputated part.
shortage of oxygen to body tissues. Any serious
BURN
illness or injury has the potential to cause shock.
If not treated properly, it can get worse and become • An injury involving the skin, muscles, bones, nerves
life threatening. and blood vessels.
• This results from Heat, Chemicals, Electricity or Solar
WOUND
or other forms of Radiation.
• is a break in continuity of a tissue of the body either
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO DEPTH
internal or external

OPEN WOUND
1ST DEGREE
o Abrasion
o Laceration
o Avulsion
o Impaled Object
o Eye Injuries 2ND DEGREE
o Protruded Abdominal Organs
o Burns
o Amputation

CLOSED WOUND 3RD DEGREE

o Contusion
o Hematoma

ABRASION
WEEK 5:
• Outer most layer of the skin is damaged by rubbing
or scraping. PRINCIPLES OF PATIENT ASSESSMENT

LACERATION • The gathering of information to determine a possible

illness or injury. It includes interviews and physical
• Cut or tear in the skin caused by either sharp or blunt examination.
object. Bleeding may be severe if large vessel is • First Responders are trained to identify, prioritize,
affected. and care for major signs and symptoms. Do not try to
- Smooth Cut (Incusion) diagnose patient's specific problems.
- Jagged Cut
COMPONENTS OF PATIENT ASSESSMENT
AVULSION
1. Scene Size-up
• These wounds most frequently involve the tearing 2. Active Medical Assistance
loose or the tearing off of underlying tissues or large 3. Primary Assessment
flaps of skin. 4. Secondary Assessment
5. Ongoing Assessment
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT: AMPUTATION & AVULSION

• Expose the wound

• Control the bleeding with bulky dressing
 PATIENT ASSESSMENT ALGORITHM - Scan the body to identify injuries that must be
managed immediately
SCENE SIZE UP - Take 60 to 90 seconds to perform
• Safety - Not a focused physical examination
• BSIP
SECONDARY ASSESSMENT
- Body Substance Isolation Precaution
• Identify Mechanism Injury • Head-Toe Assessment (DCAP BTLS)
- The way in which an injury occurs, as well as the - Look for DCAP-BTLS
forces involved in producing the injury. (Responsive & Unresponsive)
• Number of Patient D-deformity B-burn
• Identify Self and get Consent C-contusion T-tenderness
- Expressed Consent A-abrasion L-laceration
- Implied Consent P-puncture S-swelling
• Sample History
ACTIVATE MEDICAL ASSISTANCE
- S – Signs & Symptoms
• Request a bystander to call for EMS and get the AED A - Allergy
if available M - Medications
• What to report? P – Past Medical History
- What happened L – Last Oral Intake
- Exact location with landmarks E – Events Leading to Injury or Illness
- Number of patient and their condition • Additional sources of Information
- Observation in the scene - Family members, bystanders, first responders;
patient unresponsive or unable to provide medical
PRIMARY ASSESSMENT
history
• Detect and correct all immediate life-threatening - Record all the assessments including the time
problems. Not to compromise ABC-B
ONGOING ASSESSMENT
• General Impression
- Formed to determine the priority care • Reassessment
- Based on your immediate assessment, Make note of • Check and adjust interventions as appropriate
the persons: • Repeat primary assessment
Age, gender and race
Level of distress
Position of patient
Overall appearance
Stable or unstable
• Level of Consciousness
- A - ALERT
V - VERBAL STIMULI
P – PAINFUL STIMULI
U – UNRESPONSIVE
- A - AIRWAY
B - BREATHING
C - CIRCULATION
B - BLEEDING
• Rapid Assessment
- If responsive, check ABC-B
- If unresponsive, check CAB-B