General Chemistry- Matter Composition  Nuclear

 Molecular
1. Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with the properties,
composition, and structure of elements and compounds, how they can TRUE All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms.
change, and the energy that is released or absorbed when they change
2. Connects biology and physics together. Another definition of Brownian motion

: a random movement of microscopic particles suspended in liquids or gases

Brownian Motion resulting from the impact of molecules of the surrounding medium.

Brownian motion is the random motion of a particle as a Phases of the Matter

result
of collisions with surrounding gaseous molecules.

Solid- packed together, no motion

Liquid-may relative motion
Diffusiophoresis is the movement of a group of particles induced by Gas-they can move freely
a concentration gradient. Plasma-may positive and negative charge

Relative motion of particles

Example of Physical Properties

-color, density, hardness,boiling point,electrical conductivity, malleability, S

solubility,melting point ol
id
Example of Chemical Properties
- flammability, toxicity, acidity, reactivity (many types), and heat of
combustion.

Example of Extensive Properties

-Mass and volume

Example of Intensive Properties

-Temperatures, density, colour, melting and boiling point water ( ice) Liquid water Gaseous Water (Steam)

Example of Mixtures
-A solution of salt and water, a combination of sugar and water, various Fix(lattice)molecule(H20) oxygen atom
gases, air
State How the particels are Diagram of particles
Example of Pure Substance arranged
- gold, copper, oxygen, chlorine, diamond Solid The particles in a
solid are arranged in a
Example of Elements fixed pattern or
-Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, gold, silver and iron lattice. Strong forces
hold them together.
Example of Compouds So they cannot leave
-  Water, carbon dioxide and table salt their positions. The
only movements they
Example of Molecular Compounds make are tiny
- water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) vibrations to and fro.
Liquid The particles in a
Example of Ionic Compounds liquid can move about
-table salt, baking soda, lye, Epsom salt, and bleach and slide past each
other. They are still
Main Divisions of Chemistry close together but not
(based on substance studied) in a lattice. The forces
 Organic (carbon) or the
 Inorganic INTERMOLECULA
R FORCE that hold
Main Division of Chemistry them together are
(based on type of study) weaker than in a solid.
 Physical
 Analytical

Main Division of Chemistry

(based on specialization)
 Biochemistry
 Environmental
Gas The particles in a gas heating and ionizing a gas. Examples of plasma include stars,
are far apart and they lightning, fluorescent lights, and neon signs.
move about very
quickly. There are
FILL IN THE BLANK BELOW
almost no forces
holding them
together. They collide
with each other and
bounce off in all
directions

Greatest Volume- Gas

Greatest to least- Gas, Solid, Liquid
Take note: Greater ang volume ng water kapag ito ay nasa
Solid phase

What Is a State of Matter?

The word "matter" refers to everything in the universe that has mass and
takes up space. All matter is made up of atoms of elements. Sometimes,
atoms bond together closely, while at other times they are scattered widely.

States of matter are generally described on the basis of qualities that can be
seen or felt. Matter that feels hard and maintains a fixed shape is called a
solid; matter that feels wet and maintains its volume but not its shape is
called a liquid. Matter that can change both shape and volume is called a
gas.Just as a liquid will boil, changing into a gas when energy is added, Answer: Increasing energy, Thermal or Heat Energy
heating a gas will form a plasma
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Some introductory chemistry texts name solids, liquids, and gases as the
three states of matter, but higher level texts recognize plasma as the fourth Any characteristic that can be measured, such as an object's density,
state of matter. Like a gas, plasma can change its volume and shape, but colour, mass, volume, length, malleability, melting point, hardness,
unlike a gas, it can also change its electrical charge. odour, temperature, and more, are considered properties of matter.

The same element, compound, or solution can behave very differently

depending on its state of matter. For example, solid water (ice) feels hard
and cold while liquid water is wet and mobile. It's important to note,
however, that water is a very unusual type of matter: rather than shrinking
when it forms a crystalline structure, it actually expands. 

Solids

A solid has a definite shape and volume because the molecules that make up
the solid are packed closely together and move slowly. Solids are often
crystalline; examples of crystalline solids include table salt, sugar,
diamonds, and many other minerals. Solids are sometimes formed when
liquids or gases are cooled; ice is an example of a cooled liquid which has
become solid. Other examples of solids include wood, metal, and rock at PhysicalProperties
room temperature. - characteristics that might be deteremined by simple observation or
measurement and involve no chemical change.
Liquids Ex. Color,odor,taste,physical appearance and involved no chemica l change

Chemical Properties
A liquid has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container. - are characteristics that involve chemical change. These are the properties
Examples of liquids include water and oil. Gases may liquefy when they pertaining to a substance’s ability to undergo chemical reactions.
cool, as is the case with water vapor. This occurs as the molecules in the gas Ex. Iron rusts in the presence of air and moisture; hydrogen combines with
slow down and lose energy. Solids may liquefy when they heat up; molten oxygen to form water,gasoline burns readily
lava is an example of solid rock which has liquefied as a result of intense
heat.

Physical/ Chemical Change

Gases

A gas has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape. Some gases can be  Physical Change involves NO change in substance
seen and felt, while others are intangible for human beings. Examples of
gases are air, oxygen, and helium. Earth's atmosphere is made up of gases  Chemical change involves a change of a substance which means that
including nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. one or more substance have been converted into something entirely
different. Chemical change involves a chemical reaction.

Plasma
ANSWER THIS!
Chemical Change or Physical Change?
Plasma has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape. Plasma often is 1. Crabon and oxygen forming carbon dioxide (Chemical)
seen in ionized gases, but it is distinct from a gas because it possesses 2. Liquid water evaporating (Physical )
unique properties. Free electrical charges (not bound to atoms or ions) cause 3. Moth balls “disappearing” gradyally.(Physical)
the plasma to be electrically conductive. The plasma may be formed by 4. Electrolysis of water(Chemical)
5. Ripening of mangoes (Chemical)  Saltwater
6. Dissolving coffee and sugar in hot water (Physical) If salt dissolves in water, it disperses evenly throughout the
7. Silver tarnishes (Chemical) water. Note that seawater can be heterogeneous if pieces of
particulate matter are present, as in nature.
 Coffee, milk
These drinks consist of many chemicals dissolved in water,
How do you know if a property is intensive or extensive? spread evenly like in saltwater. However, when milk curdles, it
becomes a heterogeneous mixture.
Extensive properties vary with the amount of the substance and include  Cement, glue
mass, weight, and volume. Intensive properties, in contrast, do not depend These are homogeneous mixtures of chemicals that set (harden)
on the amount of the substance; they include colour, melting point, boiling on drying or exposure to other special conditions. They may
point, electrical conductivity, and physical state at a given temperature. have other things added which could make them heterogeneous
(see “Concrete” below)
ANSWER THIS!  Bronze, steel
These are alloys, made by mixing copper and tin (for bronze) or
Extensive or Intensive Property? iron and carbon (for steel). Because the resulting mixtures do not
1. Boiling point (Intensive) have distinguishable regions of each component, they are
Why? The boiling temperature of any liquid does not change even if the homogeneous.
container shape, its size, and the quantity of a liquid kept for boiling  Air
changes. The boiling point of all the liquid is fixed in this pure Air is a mixture of gases spread evenly throughout the
form thus the boiling point is an intensive property of liquids. atmosphere. Because gas molecules are distant from one another,
they always mix evenly and do not form heterogeneous
2. Length (Extensive) mixtures.
Why? It depends on the quantity or size of the matter, these properties
are called an extensive property of matter and their value changes if the

Examples of heterogeneous mixtures
size or quantity of matter changes.

3. Density (Intensive)  Sand

Why? Density is an intensive property because there is a narrow range
Sand usually consists of many different types and sizes of
of densities across the samples. No matter what the initial mass was,
particles, including different minerals and pockets of air in
densities were essentially the same. Since intensive properties do not
between grains (or water if wet sand)
depend on the amount of material, the data indicate that density is an
intensive property of matter  Oil and water
Most oils do not mix well with water, so they have
4. Thermal conductivity (Intensive) heterogeneous regions of mostly oil and mostly water
Why? It doesn’t depend on the amout of substances.  Salad
Salads contain many distinguishable components: vegetables,
5. Diameter (Extensive) cheese, chicken, dressing, or others
Why?  Granite
Granite, a common type of rock, consists of grains of multiple
Classifications of Matter minerals, like quartz, mica and feldspar. The grains are
distinguishable, so this is a heterogeneous mixture.
Pure Substance  Concrete
1. A pure substance (element or compound) always has a definite Concrete has pieces of gravel dispersed in it which are
composition by mass. distinguishable from the surrounding material (cement) that
2. The elements in a compound lose their identites and may be holds them together. Sometimes these particles are as large as
seperated only by chemical means small stones.
 Vegetable soup
TWO TYPES OF PURE SUBSTANCE
Similar to a salad, a soup is not homogeneous because there are
many distinguishable parts. Even if you blend it up, it will not be
Elements are pure substances which are composed of only one type of atom.
homogeneous on a molecular level.
Compound are substances which are formed by two or more different types  Opened soda
of elements that are united chemically in fixed proportions An open soda is a heterogeneous mixture because gases in the
drink begin to come out of solution when it depressurizes. This
results in the formation of gas bubbles, which are distinguishable
MIxture from the surrounding drink.

1. A mixture always contains two or more substances that can be present

in varying amounts
2. The components of a mixture do not lose thei identities and may ANSWER THIS!
seperated by physical means.
Pure Substance (element or compound) or Mixture (homogeneous or
TWO TYPES OF MIXTURE heterogeneous)?
A homogeneous mixture (from the root “homo” meaning same) has uniform
composition throughout. Furthermore, in a homogeneous mixture, all 1.Vinegar- Mixture,Homogeneous
substances exist in one state of matter. Liquids can be homogeneously 3. Stainless Steel - Mixture-Heterogeneous
mixed with liquids, solids with solids, and so on. 4. Gold - Pure Substance, Element
5. Milk-MIxture Heterogeneous
On the other hand, a heterogeneous mixture (from the root “hetero” 6. Carbon dioxide- Pure Substance, Compound
meaning different) has non-uniform composition, meaning that there may 7. Air-Mixture-Homogeneous
be distinct regions with more or less of one component. Substances in a 8. Seawater- Mixture, Homogeneous
heterogeneous mixture can exist in different states of matter at once – solid
with liquid or liquid with gas, for example.

Examples of homogeneous mixtures

Common Seperation Techniques of Mixture
Simple distillation is a method for separating the solvent from a solution.
For example, water can be separated from salt solution by simple
distillation. This method works because water has a much lower boiling
point than salt. When the
solution is heated, the water
evaporates

Discussion:
-consissts of elements and
compounds
-elements ay naseseperate
-pwede ma breakdown through
nuclear fission
-and compound ay naseseperate
through chemical reaction
-distilled water is “pure water”
only
-nagseseperate ng solid at liquid

Fractional distillation this is used to

separate amixture of liquids from
each otger. It makes use of their
different boiling points
Example: Seperation of water and
ethyl alcohol
Discussion:
Used to separate liquid to liquid
mixture
-pwedeng inumin and ethyl alcohol

Paper chromatography is a technique

which is used to separate low-
molecular-mass compounds based on
their distribution between stationary
phase and mobile phase. Due to its low
cost and availability of various
protocols for the separation of
compounds, paper chromatography is
considered a powerful analytical tool.
Discussion:
Used to separate mixture of substances
(many)