MMW-Chapter 3-1 Reasoning (New)

Problem Solving and
Reasoning
Chapter III
Objectives
At the end of this lesson , you (students) must be able to:
1. Enumerate and describe the different kinds of reasoning.
2. Use different types of reasoning to justify statements and

arguments made about mathematics and mathematical
concepts;
3. Apple the different types of reasoning to solve a problem

Introduction
Problem-solving and critical thinking are the key
goals of the K-12 curriculum in the area of
mathematics. How else can the problem-solving
and critical thinking skills of students be established,
strengthened and maximized, but exposed to
quality non-routine word problems.
“We cannot solve our problems with the
same thinking we used when we create
them.”
—Albert Einstein
What is a
Problem?
"A question is deemed a problem if
the approach or method of answer is
unknown and involves the application
of imagination and prior knowledge in
a novel and unfamiliar scenario.”
A problem is defined as "the conscious

quest for some activity appropriate to
achieve some clearly defined but not
immediately accessible goal." -George Polya
Problem Solving The ability to make decisions,
view, construct, model, and
analyze difficult situations, as well
as successfully communicate
solutions, is referred to as problem
solving.
In layman's terms, problem solving

is the capacity to overcome or
remove obstacles so that we can
achieve our goals.
Topics
Reasoning
Reasoning
Lesson 1
Reasoning
A practice of stating ideas

clearly and precisely to
arrive at a conjecture.
01 INTUITION 03 INDUCTIVE
REASONING
02 ANALOGY 04 DEDUCTIVE
REASONING
Kinds Reasoning
Intuition
• Similar to guessing
• Reasoning by guessing or
reasoning by common sense.
Ability to acquire knowledge without proof,
evidences, or conscience reasoning, or without
understanding how the knowledge was
acquired.
Examples
1. Which is bigger?
Examples
2. Dog or Panda?
Examples
3. Is it a 9 or 6?
Examples
4. Rabbit or Duck
Analogy
Reasoning by comparison
A form of reasoning in which other similarities

are inferred from a particular similarity
between two or more things.
Examples
1. Tree is to leaf as Flower is to Petal.
2. Hammer: Nail :: comb : hair
3. mother : home :: teacher : school
The process of gathering
specific information, usually
through observation and
measurement and then
making a conjecture based on
the gathered information.
Inductive
Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning should be:
Specific Pattern General

Observation Recognition Conclusion
Examples
1 is an odd number
11 is an odd number
21 is an odd number
Therefore, all number ends
with 1 are odd numbers.
Examples
2. Use inductive reasoning to predict the
next number in each of the following:
a. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, …?
b. b. 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, …?
c. c. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, …?
a. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, …? Examples
Solution:
6-3=3
9-6=3
12 - 9 = 3
15 – 12 = 3
Each successive number is 3 larger than the previous
number. Thus, we predict that the next number in the
list is 3 larger than 15, which is 18.
b. 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, …? Examples
3-1 = 2
6-3 = 3
10-6 = 4
15-10 = 5
The difference between any two numbers is 1 greater than the
difference before it. Because the difference between 10 and 15 is 5,
we anticipate that the next number on the list will be 6 greater than
15, which will be 21.
c. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, …? Examples
Each successive numbers is an even number.
Each successive numbers is differ by 2..
Therefore, the answer is 14.
Make a conjecture between the
relationship of the size of the
resulting number and size of
original number
Examples
Steps:
1. Pick a number (5) Therefore, the
given procedure
2. Multiply the number by 10 (5x10=50) produces a
(50+8=58) number that is five
3. Add 8 to the product times the original
(58 ÷ 2=29)
4. Divide the sum by 2 number.
5. And subtract 4. (29 - 4=25)

Now, not all assumptions or
conclusions are correct.
Providing a counterexample is
the simplest way to disprove a
statement or claim.
Counter example
A counterexample is one
example that disproves a
statement. And the cool
thing about
counterexamples is that
you only need to provide
one example, even if
there are many.
Deductive
Reasoning
The process of showing that a

certain statements follow logically
from agreed upon assumptions
and proven facts.
Examples
Every Filipino of age 18 and
above can vote.
Wendy Adams is 24 years old
Therefore Wendy can Vote
Examples
All birds can fly.
Tweetie is a bird
Therefore, Tweetie can fly.
Examples
All quadrilaterals have four sides.
Square is a quadrilateral.
Therefore, Square has four sides.
Activity!
Tell whether each of the following is an INTUITION, ANALOGY,
INDUCTIVE or DEDUCTIVE REASONING.
1. All fruits are nutritious. Apple is a fruit, therefore, it is nutritious.

2. Hat is to head as slippers is to feet.
3. The brothers, Jose, Ben, Ron and Sam love Geometry. The fifth
brother, Jake must love Geometry also
4. Every quiz in Mathematics has been easy. Therefore the test will
be easy.
5. All students in this class use cellphones. Juan Dela Cruz is a
student in this class. Therefore, Juan Dela Cruz use cellphone..
6. I think I love him/her.
Thank you for listening!

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Problem Solving and

2. Use different types of reasoning to justify statements and

3. Apple the different types of reasoning to solve a problem

A problem is defined as "the conscious

In layman's terms, problem solving

A practice of stating ideas

A form of reasoning in which other similarities

Specific Pattern General

5. And subtract 4. (29 - 4=25)

The process of showing that a

1. All fruits are nutritious. Apple is a fruit, therefore, it is nutritious.

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