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    Kinetic Particle Theory

    O level Chemistry
    By
    Waqar Ahmad (0334-9543124)
    Matter: Anything which has mass and occupies space is known as matter

    States of Matter
    There are three states of matter
    1) Solid
    2) Liquid
    3) Gas

    SOLID LIQUID GAS

    Strong forces of Weaker attractive forces Almost no intermolecular


    attraction between than solids forces
    particles
    Fixed pattern (lattice) No fixed pattern, liquids Particles far apart, and
    take up the shape of their move quickly
    container

    change position ∴ fixed


    Atoms vibrate but can’t Particles slide past each Collide with each other
    other and bounce in all
    volume and shape directions

    1
    Kinetic Particle Theory
     When a solid is heated, particles gain energy vibrate faster (increase in kinetic energy)
    about a fixed point causing particles to move further apart and so solid expands
     When particles gain sufficient energy to overcome strong forces of attraction, they move
    out of their fixed position and can slide over each other in a continuous random motion –
    solid has melted.
     Particles in liquid have energy to move around but are still close to each other and do
    not have enough energy to overcome the forces that hold them close to each other.
     If more heat’s supplied, particles move faster until they have enough energy to
    overcome the forces of attraction. Particles escape the liquids surface and move around
    in continuous rapid motion – the liquid has boiled
     In the vapor, the particles move in rapid random motion. This movement is due to
    collision of vapor particles with air particles.

    Change of state

    PROCESS HEAT ENERGY EXO/ENDOTHERMIC

    Melting ( temperature at Gained Endothermic


    which solid changes to
    liquid)

    Boiling (temperature at Gained Endothermic


    which liquid changes to
    gas)

    Condensing (the Lost Exothermic


    conversion of gas to liquid)

    2
    Freezing (the conversion of Lost Exothermic
    liquid to solid )

    Sublimation (conversion Gained Endothermic


    of solid directly to gas)

    Reverse Lost Exothermic


    Sublimation (conversion
    of gas directly to solid)

    Heating Curve

    Forms of Matter

    Element

    Substance that cannot be split into anything simpler, in a chemical reaction. It is a pure substance
    made up of only one type of atom.
     Each element has a unique proton number.

    3
     Each element has symbol which is a single capital letter like H or F or a capital letter +
    small letter e.g. cobalt Co

    Compound:
    Compound is a pure substance formed by chemical combination of two or more different elements.

    Mixture:
    Two or more elements or compounds mixed together but not chemically combined
    Alloy
    Two or more than two metals combine to form an alloy e.g. brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.

    Difference between compound and Mixture


    Mixture Compound

    1) Components can be separated by physical Constituent elements cannot be separated by


    means physical means.

    2) A mixture composition can vary A compounds composition cannot vary.


    Constituent elements are present in a fixed ratio.

    3) No energy is released or absorbed Energy is usually taken in or given out when a


    compound is formed.

    4) Its physical properties (color, density etc.) Its physical properties are individual and not the
    are an average of those substances in it. result of its elements.

    5) Its chemical properties are the result of Its chemical properties are quite different from
    the substances in the mixture those of its elements.

    Atom
    The smallest particle of any element that may or may not exist independently. Example Cu can exist
    independently while hydrogen cannot. It consist of single nucleus.
    Molecule

    4
    Two or more than two atoms combine to form a molecule. It can exist independently. It consists of more
    than one nucleus.

    Composition of atom

    Subatomic/ Charge Mass Position


    Fundamental
    Particles
    Electron -1 1/1840 Arranged in shells
    around the nucleus
    Proton +1 1 In the nucleus (a
    nucleon)
    Neutron 0 1 In the nucleus (a
    nucleon)

    Isotopes
    Isotopes are atoms of same element having the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
    They have following features
    1) Same atomic number
    2) Different mass number
    3) Same Chemical properties (the properties of elements are dependent on the valence shell
    electronic configuration. Since they have same atomic number so they show same chemical
    properties.)
    4) They have different physical properties since they have different masses.

    Relative Atomic weight


    It is the weighted average mass of the isotopes of an atom relative to 1/12 th the weight of an atom of
    carbon whose weight is taken as 12 units.

    Relative Molecular weight


    It is the weight of the molecule relative to 1/12th the weight of an atom of carbon whose weight is taken as
    12 units. Or it may be defined as the sum of the elements making up the molecule.

    5
    Atomic Number/Proton Number

    The number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom. In the Periodic table elements are
    arranged on the basis of increasing atomic number. It is the proton number that determines the
    specific identity of a particular element and its electron structure.

    Mass Number/Nucleon Number


    Sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

    Diffusion
    Diffusion is the spreading of one substance through another from a region of high concentration to a
    region of low concentration due to the continuous random motion of particles.
    It is a spontaneous process (i.e. occurs by itself)

    Evidence for diffusion:


     In liquids: potassium manganate (VII) (purple ) in a beaker of water
     In gases: a gas jar of air and a gas jar of bromine (reddish brown) connected

    Factors that affect the rate of diffusion:


     Temperature increases → rate of diffusion increases. Increase in temperature results in an
    increase in the kinetic energy of the molecules and a high rate of diffusion.
     Relative Molecular weight increases → rate of diffusion is decreases.

    6
    Experiment explaining the relationship between rate of Diffusion and the
    Relative Molecular weight
    Experiment Number 01

    Explanation
    The relative molecular weight of Ammonia is less than the relative atomic weight of
    Hydrochloric acid. So it travels a greater distance in the same time. Since the rate of diffusion is
    directly proportional to the relative molecular weight.

    Experiment Number 02

    The apparatus shown in the diagram is set up


    Over a period of time the water level of X will change.
    Explanation
    Hydrogen is less dense than air and diffuses rapidly through
    The porous pot. The pressure increases and pushes the water
    Level at X down.

    7
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