Imelda B. Corpuz, RPH, MSPH

IMELDA B.
CORPUZ, RPh,
MSPh
Chemistry
is a branch of science concerned with the
properties, composition, and structure of
substances that makes up matter and the changes
they undergo when they combine or react under
specified conditions.
PHYSICAL PHARMACY
PHYSICAL CHEMICAL
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES STRUCTURE OF MATTER
• characteristic of matter that
is not associated with a
change in its chemical
composition.
 Density
 Color
 Hardness
 Melting point
 Boiling point
 Electrical conductivity
 Malleability
 Solubility
measurement
identification
measurement
to understand and develop dosage forms

and drug delivery systems
MATTER
(1) States of Matter
The "state" of the matter refers to the group of
matter with the same properties.
1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas
4. Plasma
5. Bose Condensates
Some Characteristics of Gases, Liquids and Solids and the
Microscopic Explanation for the Behavior
gas liquid solid
assumes the shape and assumes the shape of retains a fixed volume
volume of its container the part of the container and shape
particles can move past which it occupies rigid - particles locked
one another particles can move/slide into place
past one another
compressible not easily compressible not easily compressible

lots of free space little free space between little free space between
between particles particles particles
flows easily flows easily does not flow easily
particles can move past particles can move/slide rigid - particles cannot
one another past one another move/slide past one
another
Plasma
Plasmas are known as the fourth state of matter.

They are "hotter" than gas.
A plasma occurs when the temperature is between
10000C and 1,000,000,0000C
Examples:flames, lightning, aurora (northern
lights), neon lights, and stars, including our own
sun.
Same with gas that its
particles are very far
apart, plasma has
charge, gas is electrically
neutral
CONDENSATES
 In 1924, Albert Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted

the "Bose-Einstein condensate," the fifth state of matter.
 Created when particles (called bosons) are cooled to
near absolute zero (-273.15 °C or -460 °F) in the
superfluid state
 A Bose-Einstein condensate is "colder" than a solid.
(2) Changes in the States of Matter
(3) Latent Heats
(4) Vapor Pressure
 When the rate of condensation (L – G) of the gas becomes equal
to the rate of evaporation (G-L) of the liquid, the amount of a
gas, liquid and/or solid no longer changes.
 The gas in the container is in equilibrium with the liquid or solid.
 The pressure exerted by the gas in equilibrium with a solid or
liquid in a closed container at a given temperature is called the
vapor pressure.
Factors Affecting Vapor Pressure
Surface Area: the surface area of a solid or liquid in
contact with the gas has not effect on the vapor
pressure.
The types of molecules that make up a solid or a liquid determine its vapor
pressure. Of the intermolecular forces between molecules are:
Temperature
oat a higher temperature, more molecules have enough energy to escape from
the liquid or solid states.
oat a lower temperature, fewer molecules have sufficient energy to escape from
the liquid or solid states.
Nature of Liquid
oLiquids with low boiling points have high vapor pressure
oLiquids with high boiling points have low vapor pressure
Strength of Intermolecular Forces
oLiquids with weaker intermolecular forces have high vapor
pressure
oLiquids with stronger intermolecular forces have low vapor
pressure
Size of Molecules
oLiquids having a greater molecular size have lower vapor
pressure
oLiquids having a small molecular size have higher vapor
pressure
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
INTENSIVE EXTENSIVE
 dependent on the kind of substance  dependent on the quantity (amount)
and independent of the amount of the substance in a given sample
 temperature, pressure, density,  mass, length, volume, weight, area
viscosity, surface tension, specific
gravity, color, melting point, boiling
point, color, concentration
CLASSIFICATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• Additive
- concerned with individual atoms, properties do not change, no
matter which physical or chemical state they exist in.
- e.g. mass and weight
• Constitutive – depends on the arrangement of the number and kind
of atoms within a molecule.
- e.g. Refractive Index, Optical Rotation, Vapor Pressure, Dipole
movement, Viscosity, and Surface Tension)
• Colligative – depends on the number of particles present in a given
solution.
- e.g. Freezing point depression, Boiling point elevation)
BP water – 100 degrees centigrade
+ salt - boiling point elevation (number of particles
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
MATTER
• measuring that property must lead to a change in the
substance’s chemical structure.
carbon dioxide & water

 When an atom gain or loss an electron it
become an ions.
• Loss of electrons leaves an atom with a
positive (+) net charge, the atom is called
cations
• Gain of electrons leaves an atom with a
negative (-) net charge, the atom is called
anions
ATOMIC NUMBER and MASS NUMBER
•ATOMIC NUMBER – the number of protons
(+ charges) in the nucleus of an atom.
•MASS NUMBER – sum of the number of
neutrons and protons in its nucleus.
•ISOTOPES – atoms of the same element that
have different masses.
- the same number of protons (same atomic
number) but different in neutrons
Note: Number of protons = number of electrons
ATTRACTION IN MOLECULES
INTRAMOLECULAR – forces that hold atoms together

within a molecules
INTERMOLECULAR - forces that exist between molecules

Stronger in Attraction/Interaction (Intra or
Intermolecular?)
TYPES OF INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES OF
ATTRACTION
transfer of electrons between a metal and a non metal

2. Covalent bond: involves the sharing of electron pairs
between atoms. Responsible for holding the atoms together.
Atoms share electrons so that they can obtain a stable
electronic configuration following the octet rule.
sharing of electrons between 2 non -

metals
unequal sharing
equal sharing
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF
ATTRACTION
• Binding Forces between Molecules
 Cohesion- between similar molecules
 Adhesion- between different molecules
 Repulsive forces arise when a dipolar molecules

approach one another close enough that their electron
cloud when another repulsion (positive to positive;
negative to negative).
 Attractive forces arise when a dipolar molecules
approach one another so that the positive pole is close to
the negative pole of the other causing a dipole dipole
attraction.
TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES OF ATTRACTION
1. Van der Waal’s Forces - forces of attraction
that binds covalent molecules.
1.1 Dipole-dipole interaction (Keesom forces) - 2 polar molecules
- occur when partially positively charged part of a molecule
interacts with the partially negatively charged part of the
neighboring molecule (water, HCl, ethanol, acetone, phenol)
2. Dipole-induced dipole interaction (Debye forces) –
attractive force between a polar and a non – polar
molecule (ether, methylene chloride, methylacetate)
3. Induced dipole-induced dipole interaction
(London Dispersion forces)- induces polarity between 2
non-polar molecules.
- results when the electrons two adjacent atoms occupy positions that make the
atoms form temporary dipoles.
- causes non polar substances to condense to liquid (liquefaction) and freeze into
solids when temperature is lowered sufficiently. (Carbon disulfide, Carbon
tetrachloride, hexane)
the unequal distribution of electrons in an atom can induce some dipole in

the atom. When another atom comes in contact with the induced dipole, it
can be distorted that leads to an electrostatic attraction between this atoms
4.
5. Ion-dipole- attractive forces – polar molecules
are attracted to either positive or negative
charges.
explains solubility of ionic substances in water
(NaCl and water) – when salt dissolves in a polar
solvent.
6. Ion-induced dipole forces- between an ionic
compound that induces a dipole in a non -
polar compound.
- explains the solubility of iodine crystals in
the presence of KI – formation of the iodide
complex.
7. Ion-ion Interaction
- attractive forces between ions with opposite
charges.
- salts

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Imelda B. Corpuz, RPH, MSPH

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IMELDA B.

to understand and develop dosage forms

compressible not easily compressible not easily compressible

Plasmas are known as the fourth state of matter.

 In 1924, Albert Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted

carbon dioxide & water

INTRAMOLECULAR – forces that hold atoms together

INTERMOLECULAR - forces that exist between molecules

transfer of electrons between a metal and a non metal

sharing of electrons between 2 non -

 Repulsive forces arise when a dipolar molecules

the unequal distribution of electrons in an atom can induce some dipole in

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