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Roof Pressure Coefficients, Cp, for use with qh

Wind Windward Leeward
Direction
Angle, θ (degrees) Angle, θ (degrees)
h/L 10 15 20 25 30 35 45 >60# 10 15 >20
Normal -0.7 -0.5 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2 0.0*
-0.3 -0.5 -0.6
To ridge for <0.25 -0.18 0.0* 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.01θ
θ >100
-0.9 -0.7 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2 0.0*
-0.5 -0.5 -0.6
0.5 -0.18 -0.18 0.0* 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.01θ
-1.3** -1.0 -0.7 -0.5 -0.3 -0.2 0.0* 0.01θ
-0.7 -0.6 -0.6
>1.0 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18 0.0* 0.2 0.2 0.3
Normal Horizontal distance Cp * Value is provided for interpolation
To ridge for from Windward edge purposes
θ <10o and 0 to h/2 -0.9, -0.18 ** Value can be reduced linearly with area
Parallel to < 0.5 over which it is applicable as follows
ridge for all h/2 to h -0.9, -0.18
θ h to 2 h -0.5, -0.18
> 2h -0.3, -0.18
Area (m2) Reduction Factor
0 to h/2 -1.3**,-0.18
> 1.0 < 9.3 1.0
23.2 0.9
> h/2 -0.7, -0.18
> 92.9 0.8

Notes:
1. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces, respectively.
2. Linear interpolation is permitted for values of L/B, h/L and θ other than shown. Interpolation shall only be carried
out between values of the same sign. Where no value of the same sign is given, assume 0.0 for interpolation
purposes.
3. Where two values of Cp are listed, this indicates that the windward roof slope is subjected to either positive or
negative pressures and the roof structure shall be designed for both conditions. Interpolation for intermediate
ratios of h/L in this case shall only be carried out between Cp values of like sign.
4. For monoslope roofs, entire roof surface is either a windward or leeward surface.
5. For flexible buildings use appropriate Gf as determined by Sec 2.4.8.
6. Refer to Figure 6.2.7 for domes and Figure 6.2.8 for arched roofs.
7. Notation:
B: Horizontal dimension of building, in meter, measured normal to wind direction.
L: Horizontal dimension of building, in meter, measured parallel to wind direction.
h: Mean roof height in meters, except that eave height shall be used for e 10 degrees.
z: Height above ground, in meters.
G: Gust effect factor.
qz,qh: Velocity pressure, in N/m2, evaluated at respective height.
θ: Angle of plane of roof from horizontal, in degrees.
8. For mansard roofs, the top horizontal surface and leeward inclined surface shall be treated as leeward surfaces
from the table
9. Except for MWFRS's at the roof consisting of moment resisting frames, the total horizontal shear shall not be less
than that determined by neglecting wind forces on roof surfaces.
#For roof slopes greater than 80°, use Cp = 0.8

Figure 6.2.6 (Contd.) External pressure coefficients, Cp main wind force resisting system -
Method 2 (All Heights)

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Enclosed, Partially Enclosed Buildings and Structures: Domed Roofs

Notes:
1. Two load cases shall be considered:
Case A. Cp values between A and B and between B and C shall be determined by linear
interpolation along arcs on the dome parallel to the wind direction;
Case B. Cp shall be the constant value of A for θ ≤ 25 degrees, and shall be determined by
linear interpolation from 25 degrees to B and from B to C.
2. Values denote Cp to be used with X3í³ where (hD + f) is the height at the top of the dome.
3. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces,
respectively.
4. Cp is constant on the dome surface for arcs of circles perpendicular to the wind direction;
for example, the arc passing through B-B-B and all arcs parallel to B-B-B.
5. For values of hD/D between those listed on the graph curves, linear interpolation shall be
permitted.
6. 50 degrees on dome springline, θ590 degrees at dome center top point. f is measured
from springline to top.
7. The total horizontal shear shall not be less than that determined by neglecting wind forces
roof surfaces.
8. For f/D values less than 0.05, use Figure 6.2.6.

Figure 6.2.7 External pressure coefficients, Cp main wind force resisting system - Method 2
(All Heights)

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Enclosed, Partially Enclosed Buildings and Structures: Arched Roofs

Condition Rise-to-span Cp
ratio, r Windward Center Leeward
quarter half quarter
0 < r < 0.2 -0.9 -0.7 - r -0.5
Roof on elevated
0.2 ≤ r < 0.3* l.5 r - 0.3 -0.7 - r -0.5
structure
0.3 ≤ r ≤ 0.6 2.75 r - 0.7 -0.7 - r -0.5
Roof springing from
0 < r ≤ 0.6 1.4 r -0.7 - r -0.5
ground level

Notes:
* When the rise-to-span ratio is 0.2 ≤ r ≤ 0.3, alternate coefficients given by
(6r- 2.1) shall also be used for the windward quarter.
1. Values listed are for the determination of average load on main wind force
resisting systems.
2. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces,
respectively.
3. For wind directed parallel to the axis of the arch, use pressure coefficients from
Figure 6.2.6 with wind directed parallel to ridge.
4. For components and cladding: (1) At roof perimeter, use the external pressure
coefficients in Figure 6.2.11 with e based on spring-line slope and (2) for
remaining roof areas, use external pressure coefficients of this Table multiplied by
0.87.

Figure 6.2.8 External pressure coefficients, Cp main wind force resisting system component
and cladding - Method 2 (All Heights)

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Case 1. Full design wind pressure acting on the projected area perpendicular to
each principal axis of the structure, considered separately along each
principal axis.
Case 2. Three quarters of the design wind pressure acting on the projected area
perpendicular to each principal axis of the structure in conjunction with a
torsional moment as shown, considered separately for each principal axis.
Case 3. Wind loading as defined in Case 1, but considered to act simultaneously at
75% of the specified value.

Case 4. Wind loading as defined in Case 2, but considered to act simultaneously at

75% of the specified value.

Notes:

1. Design wind pressures for windward and leeward faces shall be determined in
accordance with the provisions of Sec 2.4.11 as applicable for building of all heights.

2. Diagrams show plan views of building.

3. Notation:
Pwx, PwY: Windward face design pressure acting in the x, y principal axis,
respectively.

PLX, PLY: Leeward face design pressure acting in the x, y principal axis,
respectively.

e(ex, ey): Eccentricity for the x, y principal axis of the structure, respectively.

MT: Torsional moment per unit height acting about a vertical axis of the
building.

Figure 6.2.9 Design wind load cases for main wind force resisting system-Method 2
(All Heights)

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Enclosed, Partially Enclosed Buildings: Low-rise Walls & Roofs

Figure 6.2.10 External pressure coefficients, GCpf for main wind force resisting
system- Method 2 (h ≤ 18.3 m)

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Enclosed, Partially Enclosed Buildings: Low-rise Walls & Roofs

Roof Building Surface

Angle θ
(degrees) 1 2 3 4 5 6 1E 2E 3E 4E
0-5 0.40 -0.69 -0.37 -0.29 -0.45 -0.45 0.61 -1.07 -0.53 -0.43
20 0.53 -0.69 -0.48 -0.43 -0.45 -0.45 0.80 -1.07 -0.69 -0.64
30-45 0.56 0.21 -0.43 -0.37 -0.45 -0.45 0.69 0.27 -0.53 -0.48

90 0.56 0.56 -0.37 -0.37 -0.45 -0.45 0.69 0.69 -0.48 -0.48

Notes:
1. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces, respectively.
2. For values of θ other than those shown, linear interpolation is permitted.
3. The building must be designed for all wind directions using the 8 loading patterns shown. The load
patterns are applied to each building corner in turn as the Reference Corner.
4. Combinations of external and internal pressures (see Figure 6.2.5) shall be evaluated as required
to obtain the most severe loadings.
5. For the torsional load cases shown below, the pressures in zones designated with a “T” (1T, 2T, 3T,
4T) shall be 25% of the full design wind pressures (zones 1, 2, 3, 4).
Exception: One story buildings with h less than or equal to 9.1m, buildings two stories or less
framed with light frame construction, and buildings two stories or less designed with flexible
diaphragms need not be designed for the torsional load cases.
Torsional loading shall apply to all eight basic load patterns using the figures below applied at each
reference corner.
6. Except for moment-resisting frames, the total horizontal shear shall not be less than that
determined by neglecting wind forces on roof surfaces.
7. For the design of the MWFRS providing lateral resistance in a direction parallel to a ridge line or for flat
roofs, use θ 5 0° and locate the zone 2/3 boundary at the mid-length of the building.
8. The roof pressure coefficient GCpf, when negative in Zone 2 or 2E, shall be applied in Zone 2/2E for
a distance from the edge of roof equal to 0.5 times the horizontal dimension of the building parallel
to the direction of the MWFRS being designed or 2.5 times the eave height, he, at the windward
wall, whichever is less; the remainder of Zone 2/2E extending to the ridge line shall use the
pressure coefficient GCpf for Zone 3/3E.
9. Notation:
a: 10 percent of least horizontal dimension or 0.4h, whichever is smaller, but not less than either
4% of least horizontal dimension or 0.9 m.
h: Mean roof height, in meters, except that eave height shall be used for θ ≤ 10°.
: Angle of plane of roof from horizontal, in degrees.

Figure 6.2.10 (Contd.) External pressure coefficients, GCpf for main wind force
resisting system - Method 2 (h ≤ 18.3 m)

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Enclosed, Partially Enclosed Buildings: Walls

Notes:
1. Vertical scale denotes GCP to be used with qh.
2. Horizontal scale denotes effective wind area, in square meters.
3. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the
surfaces, respectively.
4. Each component shall be designed for maximum positive and negative
pressures.
5. Values of GCP for walls shall be reduced by 10% when θ ≤ 100.
6. Notation:
a: 10 percent of least horizontal dimension or 0.4h, whichever is smaller,

h: Mean roof height, in meters, except that eave height shall be used for θ ≤ 100.
but not less than either 4% of least horizontal dimension or 0.9m.

θ: Angle of plane of roof from horizontal, in degrees.

Figure 6.2.11(a) External pressure coefficients, GCp for components and cladding–Method
2 (h ≤ 18.3 m)

BNBC 2020 Part VI Chapter 2