Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES SUR POLYTECNIC COLLEGES

Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

GROUP 3

1. Monica Benavente
2. Wengie Kay San Infelis
3. Angelica Ghea Juliano
4. Guia Ann Labordo
5. Mary Joy Lachanebre
6. Matrk Roldan Legardo
7. Charis Joy Luna
8. Curt Anthony Magistrado
9. Joycene Moraña
10. Chessa Mae Morillo

TOPIC: Building Materials and Assemblies

1. Appropriate selection of interior and exterior construction materials,

Finishes, Products, Components and Environmental Impact and Reuse of
Materials.

Topic Objectives/Outcomes:

Building Materials and Assemblies: Understanding of the basic principles

used in the appropriate selection of interior and exterior construction
materials, finishes, products, components and assemblies based on their
inherent performance, including environment impact and reuse.

Republic of the Philippines

 CAMARINES SUR POLYTECNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

I. BUILDING MATERIALS
- It is any material which is used for construction purposes. Many naturally occurring
substances have been used to construct buildings. Apart from these, many-man
made products are used.

EXAMPLES OF BUILDING MATERIALS

CEMENT - is the binding material that

hydrates after adding water and binds aggregates
more likely stones and bricks. Cement mixed with
fine aggregate produces mortar for masonry.
Types of cement and its uses
1. Rapid hardening cement - can be used in prefabricated
concrete, roadworks and etc.
2. Low heat cement - mostly used in mass concrete construction.
3. Sulfate resisting cement - used in the construction of foundation in soil where subsoil
contains high proportions of sulfate.
4. White cement - mainly used for interior and exterior decorative work like external
renderings, flooring, path of gardens, swimming pool etc.
5. Portland pozzolana cement - considered particularly suitable for construction sea water,
hydraulic works and for mass concrete works.
6. Hydrophobic cement - used for construction of water structures such as dams, water
tanks, spillways, water retaining structures and etc.
7. Colored cement - mainly used for interior
and exterior decorative work.
8. Portland blast furnace cement- is used for
mass concrete work such as dams, foundations,
retaining walls and construction in sea water.
CONCRETE - an intimate mixture of
binding material, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. This can be molded to
desired shape and size before it loses plasticity and hardens
Major ingredients of concrete are: binding material (cement), fine aggregate
(sand), coarse aggregate (crushed stones) and water.

STEEL - is an alloy of iron and carbon

and other elements. Because of its high
tensile strength and low cost, it is a major
component used in buildings, infrastructure,
tools, ships and etc. Steel is not a single
product. There are more than 3500 different
grades of steel with many different physical,
chemical, and environmental properties.
Uses of steel in construction are structural
steel(vertical columns), cold-formed steel(trusses and decking), fastening products(bolts
and nuts) and reinforcing steel bar in concrete reinforcement.

WOOD - the biggest advantage of

using wood as a building material is that it is
a natural resource making it readily available.
Wood is a versatile material that is
commonly used to build houses, light
construction works (door, windows,
flooring ,roofing, and shelters) and boats but
it also extensively used in the furniture and
home decor as well.

GLASS - silica is the main constituent of glass. But it is added with

sodium potassium carbonate to bring down melting. To make it
durable, lime or lead oxide is also added. It is an important and
also expensive material used in building construction. It was
generally used in doors and windows for decorative purposes.
Important properties of glass:
 It absorbs, refracts or transmit light. It can
be made transparent or translucent
 It can take excellent polish
 It is not affected by the atmosphere.
 It is possible to make glass lighter.
 Glass panes can be cleaned easily.
SAND - is a natural product which is obtained from river. It is
consist of small grains of silica and is formed by
disintegration of rocks caused by weather. Sand shall not
contain impurities. Sand is used to provide bulk, strength
and other properties to construction materials like asphalt and concrete.

AGGREGATES - are one of the main ingredients in concrete.

It is an ingredient in portland cement and asphalt concrete.
It is the important constituent of the concrete which give
body to the concrete and also reduces shrinkage.
Aggregates occupy 70% to 80% of total volume of concrete.

BRICKS - is a building material used to make walls,

pavements and other element in masonry construction.
Bricks can be joined together using mortar, adhesives or
interlocking them. Block is a similar term referring to a
rectangular building unit composed of similar materials but
it is usually larger than brick. Lightweight bricks or also
called as lightweight blocks are made from expanded clay
aggregate.

CERAMICS- made from a mixture of minerals and fired at

extremely high temperature, ceramics are durable, fire
resistant and water resistant building materials. Common
uses for ceramics include countertops, bathtubs, sinks,
tile, roofing, fireplace,mortar and chimneys

PLASTICS - is a versatile material whose properties can be

changed when used at different places in a building.
Plastic on heating and it could be mould into any desired
shapes. Plastics are weighed or filled with fibers and
granular substance.

Uses of plastics
There are variety of plastics made to suit different uses. The typical uses of plastics in
buildings are:
 Corrugated and plain sheets for roofing
 For making jointless flooring
 Flooring tiles
 Overhead water tanks
 Bath and sink units
 Cistern hall floats
 Decorative laminates and moulding
 Window and door frames and shutters for bathroom doors
 Lighting fixtures
 Electrical conduits and insulator
 Pipes to carry cold water

Presentors: Monica Benavente

Wengie Kay Infelis

Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES SUR POLYTECNIC COLLEGES
 Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

II. FACTORS IN CHOOSING BUILDING MATERIALS

COST
 For most construction clients, one of their major concerns is the cost of the building
materials.
 Materials should be Cost-efficient

AVAILABILITY
 The source of materials must be considered to keep transport costs and resultant
emissions to a minimum.

STRENGTH AND DURABILITY

 Materials’ strength and durability are crucial factors in building construction. It will
determine the structure’s overall integrity and quality.

AESTHETIC APPEAL
 “Everyone has diverse tastes, specifications, and needs. Hence if one person
considers something charming and attractive, it may not interest the other.”

SUSTAINABLE
 Quality matter more than cheap pricing.

CLIMATE
 The characteristic of materials are evolve and help respond to the climate.

FIRE RESISTANCE
 The aim therefore is to minimize anything that might enhance such accident.

HEALTH SAFETY
 Building design & site management aim to minimize waste.

Presentors: Angelica Ghea Juliano

Guia Ann Labordo

Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES SUR POLYTECNIC COLLEGES
 Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

III. BUILDING ASSEMBLIES

- An assortment of devices or products, that are linked together to have a specific

purpose.
- An assembly in construction can be a window assembly, door assembly or basically
any combination of materials, equipment, electronic devices that when assembled
together, will have specific purpose and function.

WALL ASSEMBLY
o The wall assembly consists of a system of components that fulfill the support,
control, and finish function of the building envelope. While the precise
placement and configuration of each component may vary between climates
and individual buildings.

7 COMPONENTS OF WALL ASSEMBLY

1. EXTERIOR CLADDING -is the first barrier to prevent bulk moisture penetration into the
building interior.
TYPICAL MATERIALS:
 Stucco, Cedar Siding, Clay Brick, Exterior Insulation Finishing System (EIFs),
Vinyl Siding
2. EXTERIOR SHEATHING MEMBRANE –is the waterproofing membrane that protects
the underlying structure from bulk moisture ingress.
TYPICAL MATERIALS:
 Building Wrap and Self-Adhering Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) Rubberized
Asphalt Sheets
3. EXTERIOR SHEATHING –the flat surface that receives the exterior sheathing
membrane around the perimeter of the building.
TYPICAL MATERIALS:
 Manufactured wood product such as Plywood or Oriented Strand Board (OSB)
4. INSULATION –is any material used in the wall assembly to retard the transfer of heat
through the wall.

TYPICAL MATERIALS:
  Fiberglass batts, polyisocyanurate rigid board, and polyurethane foam.
5. STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS –A variety of structural support forms are available to
transfer loads through the wall assembly.
TYPICAL MATERIALS:
 Wood Studs, Structural Steel Bars and Reinforced Concrete
6. VAPOUR BARRIER –the air and/or vapour barrier is an essential component of the
wall assembly. If water makes its way through the wall and wets the insulation, significant
damage can occur to the insulation, decreasing its heat retention, and potentially growing mold.

7. INTERIOR SHEATHING –is the “finished” surface of the wall assembly that the
occupants will interact with on the interior of the building.
TYPICAL MATERIALS:
 Gypsum board colloquially known as drywall.

DOOR ASSEMBLY
- the joining, in common assembly, of different door panels and types, to form a single
entity for ease in installation or stability purposes. A door assembly can consist of
several door units, several window and door units, or combinations of both. Door
assembly identification used in this reference is to several units mulled together.
However, a door assembly like window assembly can also reference a combination of
both door and frame which makes up the assembly.
WINDOW ASSEMBLY
- The joining, in a common assembly, of several window units, to form a single entity,
for ease during installation or stability. The joining of multiple windows is also a
process to fill the gaps of large facades and interior walls. The mulling together of
multiple window units will allow the coverage of large square foot areas of space.
Research and development has increased the insulation properties of the individual
windows, therefore increasing the properties of the entire window assemblies.
Architects are creatively assembling different types of windows to provide different
types of functions and presentations. The use of round top windows, together with
special casement assemblies, etc. allows the architect and interior designers to
create almost any type of wall presentation possible.

FLOOR/CEILING ASSEMBLY
- is the term used to describe how a floor/ceiling is built. It is important because each
assembly has different thickness, components, and more importantly fire and sound
rating. The biggest issue in floor/ceiling between live/work units is that they must
attain an impact rating of IIc 50 (
Impact Insulation Class) 8” thick solid concrete floor, for example, will not achieve IIC
50, which means someone walking in the floor above with high heels will be hurt.
Ways to address this include a concrete topping slab over thin soundproofing
material or carpet on pad – usually not the material of choice for live/work. Wood
frame floor/ceiling assemblies which can meet IIC 50 usually include at least one
layer of 5/8 “gyp board(sheetrock) on the ceiling hung resilient channels.

Composite Materials and Assemblies

 Architects and engineers often use “composite” materials and assemblies to
achieve greater strength using less material, saving space inside the building and often
reducing cost.

A composite material is one in which two dissimilar materials are combined to

take advantage of the best characteristics of both materials.

A common example is the composite of concrete and steel. Concrete has little
tensile strength, but greater compressive strength. Steel has both tensile and
compressive strength, but it has a greater cost than concrete. Adding steel reinforcing
bars, cables, or wire to concrete at the locations in a column, beam, or structural slab
where greater tensile strength is needed results in a composite called reinforced
concrete. The reinforced concrete structural assemblies have more compressive strength
than ordinary concrete, most of the tensile strength of steel, and it occupies less space
inside the building than a concrete assembly of equivalent strength (although it occupies
more space than one made of more expensive steel). A composite beam of concrete and
steel can also allow greater unobstructed spans in a building without interior columns or
load-bearing walls.
1. The assembly of reinforcing bars and wire in foundation wall and load-bearing
column

2. Show’s a pre stressed concrete “double-tee” presenting the array of steel cable
tendons near the bottom of the load-bearing beam.
 3. Shows a composite of concrete on corrugated galvanized sheet steel with
embossing to better bind to the concrete.

4. Shows the underside of this floor, supported by steel bar joints.

5. Wood trusses are engineered frames of lumber joined together in triangular

shape by galvanized steel connector plates. Truss plates

Compression member – are structural elements that are pushed together that
are subjected to compressive force.
- 2 type of material (heavy timber and dimensional lumber)
Tension member – are structural elements that are subjected to axial tensile
force.
- 2 kinds of material (steel tubing and rod with smaller dimension)

Ceiling lining system is used under timber or concrete flooring with any proprietary
gypsum plasterboard and cavities that contain an insulation material. Resilient bar is
designed to offer improved acoustic insulation when constructing a conventional ceiling
under timber joist.

Presentors: Mary Joy Lachanebre

Mark Roldan Legardo
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

IV. Environmental impact of building materials production and building construction

a. Excessive fuel consumption – during material transport from the site, between the
plant and the site, and the construction operation themselves.

b. Traffic delay, congestion, and noise emissions generated during construction and
production of building materials as well.

c. The pollution and energy consequences of the manufacturing/ production process

d. Toxicity of product and chemical etc. used in manufacturing process e.g. global
warming potential/ozone depletion potential.

e. Waste issues at all stages of production and construction process.

Presentors: Charis Joy Luna

Curt Anthony Magistrado
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

V. Building materials that can be reused after demolition

MATERIALS METHODS REPURPOSE

CONCRETE, BRICKS & Concrete and bricks can Once they sorted, screened
recycled by crushing them and contaminants are
into rubble. removed, the concrete bricks
can be used in concrete
aggregates, fill, road based or
riprap.
BLOCKS
GYPSUM Is relatively easy to recycle. it can be ground into a
Contaminants need to be powder or turned into
removed such as screws and pellets. The resulting
nails and separate the paper. material is sold to
manufacturers that use
gypsum for different
applications.

WOOD Can be reused, repurposed, wood can be used in

recycled or burned as pathways, coverings,
bioenergy. mulches, compost, animal
bedding or particle board.

GLASS There are various methods of Glass can be used for pretty
recycling glass in order to much anything including
make it fit for repurposing decorative materials, fluxing
such as crushing, screening agent in the manufacture of
to remove contamination, air bricks and ceramics,
classification, optical sorting, insulation, containers and
size classification and even sport turf application.
washing and drying
Metal It is collected, sorted and Metals including steel,
then shredded. The scrap is copper, and brass are
then melted and purified and valuable commodities to
finally allowed to cool to recycle. Like glass, they can
 solidity. be repurposed into a vast
array of items such as
appliances, furnishings,
fixtures, and lighting.

Aggregates Concrete aggregates it can be used as a base

collected from demolition material under foundations,
sites is put through a roads and railroad
crushing machine. Crushing
facilities accepted only
uncontaminated concrete,
which must be free of trash
wood, paper and other such
material.
Plastics All plastered board recycling In construction, plastics are
goes through a thorough generally used for pipe work,
process which takes away all interior fittings, window
of the added material which frames, scaffolding boards
is left on the plasterboard and kerbstone. These can be
when it’s removed from wall repurposed into packaging,
or ceiling. textile fibre and clothing,
street furniture to name only
a few.

Floor and wall coverings fibresolve- subjecting wood There tends to be a lot of
fibre to a vacuum and wastage when it comes to
pressurised steam with floor and wall coverings due
mechanical agitation at a to over ordering pairing this
high temperature. with the fact that a lot of it
Microrelease- using can also be recycled
microwaves to reclaim wood afterwards. Materials such as
fibres from resin. ceramics and terrazzo tiles,
Thermohydraulic process – wallpaper, carpet, carpet
separating the adhesive from tiles, vinyl and linoleum and
the wood fibres. laminate flooring can be
repurposed into many things
including road cone
manufacturing and animal
bedding material
Insulation It can be recycled by similarly materials involved
returning materials through in insulation such as glass
take-back schemes offered by and stone wool, polystyrene,
manufacturers, but sheep’s wool, spray foam,
reclamation and reprocessing polyurethane and fibreboard
can only happen after can be transformed into
removing impurities such as concrete blocks, fibreglass
nails and screws. board and fibreglass ceiling
tiles.
Presentors: Joycene Moraña
Chessa Mae Morillo