Letters

Letter from the Board of Dais

Indah Pratiwi Eri Putri (Head Chair of DISEC)

Greetings Delegates!
It is my privilege to welcome you to AYIMUN VC 2022! My name is Indah Pratiwi,
and it is my honor to serve as your chair in the DISEC committee. I am an
international relations graduate from Universitas Padjadjaran, with concentrations in
Gender Studies, Human Rights, and Security. I consider myself to be a person with a
wide range of interests, but at the moment, I'm particularly interested in learning new
recipes.
A little bit of side note from me, I believe the topic of this council is quite broad
and complex, given by the number of actors that are involved in WMD and the
interest that each one of them trying to pursue. Therefore, I hope this committee will
be a constructive, positive, and enjoyable experience for every delegate. This means
that I will have absolutely no tolerance for underhanded tactics, prewriting,
plagiarism, sexism, racism, or really anything that makes committee a toxic
environment.
The following guide has been meticulously researched and composed by your
chairs. It will serve as your main resource for preparation before the conference, and
thus I recommend you read it in full. As someone who only recently began
participating in Model United Nations in university, it is very important to me that new
delegates feel welcomed into the MUN community. I'm hoping that this committee
will allow both new and experienced delegates to benefit from each other's
experiences. If you have any questions regarding the topic, please do not hesitate to
reach out to me through my email: [email protected], I am very excited to
see you all! Good luck!

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 Naman Sharma (Vice Chair of DISEC)
“More than ever before in human history, we share a common destiny. We can
master it only if we face it together. And that is why we have the United Nations.”
- Kofi Annan (UN’s 7th Secretary-General)

Distinguished delegates, Greetings of the day!

My name is Naman Sharma and I take great pleasure and honor to welcome
you all to the General Assembly First Committee. I am a Sophomore at SRCC, New
Delhi majoring in Economics. I started doing Model United Nations in high school
and have been fortunate enough to attend myriad national as well as international
conferences, including the Asia Youth International MUN’ 2019, where I was
delegated in the INTERPOL council. I have also chaired prestigious international
MUNs such as WFUNA's WIMUN New York and Geneva as well as Harvard MUN
India. I am also serving as the regional head for two different NGOs, namely RGN
and Globe for Change. Apart from MUNs, I spend the most time watching movies
and football and exploring different cafes. I love to travel and MUNs have always
been an integral part of all my expeditions.
For this virtual conference of Asia Youth International MUN, I expect
delegates to answer the complex questions of this new world and be the agents of
change. The topic which this GA1 has adopted is very colossal and meticulous and
can be divided into three major subparts, i.e 1) Identifying the major threats posed by
NSAs 2) Combating WMD terrorism to ensure complete safety and 3) Deliberation
on policies and strategies to foster global peace and solidarity. I expect delegates to
deliberate upon the problems which we’ve identified and find multidisciplinary and
cohesive solutions for them. However, your research should not be confined to this
guide as there’s no alternative to one’s personal research. I’m looking for some more
intriguing and enthralling debates from your side. I wish all the best to each one of
you and hope to see you all soon!
Best regards.

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Introduction
Introduction to the Disarmament and International Security Committee
(DISEC)

The General Assembly is the main deliberative, policymaking, and

representative organ of the United Nations. All 193 Member States of the United
Nations are represented in this unique forum to discuss and work together on a wide
array of international issues covered by the UN Charter, such as development,
peace and security, and international law. Therefore, the GA covers six
subcommittees, e.g. Specpol, Legal, DISEC, etc., to discuss certain topics in more
detail. Annually in September, all member states meet in the General Assembly Hall
in New York City for an all-including session, carrying issues together and finding
common solutions with the aim to present a unified answer to the world's major
topics (UN, n.d.).
The First Council of the General Assembly which is the United Nations
Disarmament and International Security Committee was set up by the General
Assembly of the United Nations, tasked with the founding objective of the United
Nations: to avert another world war. DISEC discussed numerous topics during the 71
years of the General Assembly with regards to the prevention of weapons
proliferation, mitigation of regional disputes, territorial dispute agreements, and much
more (UN, United Nations, n.d.). This committee works closely with the United
Nations Disarmament Commission and the Geneva-based Conference on
Disarmament. Although DISEC cannot directly advise the decision-making process
of the Security Council, the 4th chapter of the UN Charter explains that DISEC can
suggest specific topics for the Security Council’s consideration.

Mandate, Functions, and Powers

The mandate of the General Assembly is set out in Chapter IV of the UN
Charter; Article 11 requires that the General Assembly address issues of
international peace and security and notably disarmament (Publications, 2021). The
mandate of this Assembly has evolved over time and ultimately centered on
disarmament, international affairs, and the growing range of issues faced by the
international community. The problem of disarmament is divided into seven separate

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clusters, namely: nuclear weapons, other WMDs, disarmament aspects in outer
space, conventional weapons, regional disarmament and security, other
disarmament measures and security, and the disarmament machinery. The mandate
of the General Assembly makes this a gateway to the notion that, through discussion
and debate, can become the engine of new policies and common norms (UNITAR,
n.d.). This is one of the main differences between the Security Council and the
Commission. More precisely, the Security Council tackles security threats, such as
international conflicts.
The Assembly seeks to maintain peace by establishing cooperative habitats.
That is, while the Security Council can authorize the use of force to combat terrorism
and freeze assets for illicit arms trafficking, it will work on the development of
international conventions to avoid the acquisition of nuclear weapons and other
WMDs by terrorists.
However, it should be pointed out that, when the matter is not addressed by
the Security Council, only the General Assembly addresses matters of international
security. At the heart of the UN structure, the General Assembly and its six major
Committees serve their central deliberative and policymaking bodies, as well as their
respective legislative bodies. The role of the General Assembly is to launch studies
and recommendations to encourage international cooperation in the political field;
promote the sustainability of international law; promote the enforcement of economic,
social, and human rights.
The General Assembly is advised by the Six Key Committees for the
allocation of the UN funds and programs. The General Assembly may also receive a
report from the other principal institutions formed in compliance with the Charter of
the United Nations and from its own subordinate bodies (Oxford, n.d.).
The First Committee is able to table resolutions authorizing new arms control
and disarmament negotiations, which can, in effect, establish and fund agencies or
meetings and ad hoc committees or working groups which discuss a particular issue
in order to report to the General Assembly. In the first committee, the General
Assembly Plenary must always approve resolutions passed before they are
introduced. However, it should be noted that the General Assembly resolutions are
not legally binding even though they are ratified by the plenary.
The unity reached in the First Committee also contributes to more concrete
United Nations initiatives. The First Committee works in close cooperation with the

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United Nations Disarmament Commission (UNDC) and the Commission on
Disarmament (CD). The CD plays a crucial role in tackling disarmament issues and
was central to international negotiations, such as the NPT.
In comparison to the CD, UNDC is a First Committee subsidiary body
composed of 193 member states. In the formulation of principles and guidelines,
which were subsequently endorsed by the Committee in its own reports, the General
Assembly made mainly recommendations. All entities report to the First Committee
either quarterly or more frequently. Civil society organizations have a strong
relationship with the General Assembly as a key member in the United Nations
system and are regularly invited to address the General Assembly.

Introduction to the Agenda

Nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons are legitimately referred to as

weapons of mass destruction (WMD) (Tikannen, n.d.). They are designed to terrorize
as well as destroy, and they have the capability to kill huge numbers of people in a
single attack, and their impacts may last in the environment and in our bodies
indefinitely, in some cases.
WMD, in the hands of states or, in the worst-case scenario, irresponsible non-
state actors, have the potential to cause far more destruction than conventional
weapons. Others will want such weapons as long as any state has them, particularly
nuclear weapons. And there is no denying that there is a strong probability that they
will be used, either intentionally or unintentionally, in the future. Any such application
would be utterly devastating. Despite the end of the Cold War balance of terror,
stocks of such weapons remain incredibly and alarmingly large: approximately
27,000 in the case of nuclear weapons, with approximately 12,000 still actively
deployed (Commission, 2006).
The rapid progress of chemical science and industry, as well as the
developments of biotechnology and life sciences, creates opportunities for important
peaceful uses, but also for the production of chemical weapons and the horrific use
of viruses and bacteria as weapons. During World War II, the Imperial of Japan
perpetrated one of the most well-known biological and chemical weapons crimes.

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Imperial Japan formed Unit 731, a covert Biological and Chemical Warfare Unit,
during World War II (Roblin, 2021). In their eagerness to win the war, the scientists
involved perpetrated numerous horrible crimes, including human experimentation on
Chinese, Korean, Russian, and Mongolian prisoners of war, and then utilized the
information gathered to damage a large number of Chinese people (Jung, 2018).

The plague, a bacterial infection that wiped out much of Europe's population
during the Black Death in the fourteenth century, appears to have been one of the
biological weapons selected by Japanese biowarfare experts (Roblin, 2021). A
plague-infected person may develop symptoms such as hideous buboes, high fever,
gangrene in the extremities, chills, or convulsions a few days after infection, with a
fatality rate of roughly 50% for those who go untreated. For instance, under
Operation Sei-Go, the Japanese included the use of bioweapons such as cholera,
typhoid, plague, and dysentery, which, in addition to killing tens of thousands of
Chinese, may have also killed 1,700 Japanese troops, according to one estimate
(Roblin, 2021).

(The Black Death Infections)

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 Many efforts have been made to get rid of the world’s threat posed by these
weapons, with some success. International actors realized that weapons of mass
destruction (WMD) cannot be uninvented. However, they can be forbidden, much
like biological and chemical weapons, and their use is made inconceivable by the
help of global treaties (Commission, 2006). But again, these global treaties must be
generally accepted and thoroughly enforced. Nuclear weapons must be prohibited as
well. Before this goal can be fulfilled, new steps to lower the number of nuclear
weapons and the threat they pose must be implemented. Preventing proliferation
and taking special precautions to guarantee that terrorists do not obtain weapons of
mass devastation are equally important.

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Body
Key Terms

● CBM
Confidence-building measure
● CBW
Chemical and biological weapons
● CTBT
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
● GTRI
Global Threat Reduction Initiative
● HCOC
Hague Code of Conduct
● IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
● ICJ
International Court of Justice
● NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
● NPT
Non-Proliferation Treaty
● NSG
Nuclear Suppliers Group
● NWFZ
nuclear-weapon-free zone
● NWS
nuclear-weapon state
● OPCW
Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

● P5
Five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council
● PTBT

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 Partial Test-Ban Treaty (Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the
Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water)
● SSOD
Special Session on Disarmament (of the UN General Assembly)
● START
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
● UNDDA
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs
● UNIDIR
United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research
● WMDC
Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission

Current Situations and Key Problems

The three significant obstacles that the world faces – existing weapons,
further proliferation, and terrorism – are politically and rationally intertwined: the
larger the existing stockpile, the greater the risk of leakage and misuse. The terrorist
attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001, demonstrated to the world in
an instant that if terrorists successfully collect WMD, they won't wait to use it directly.

● Nuclear Weapons Threats and Terrorism

The most difficult obstacle for terrorists looking to develop or acquire nuclear
weapons is obtaining weapons-usable fissile. Terrorist groups nowadays are
also unlikely to try to create and implement the massive infrastructure

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 required to produce enriched uranium or plutonium for arms and ammunition.
Terrorists, on the other hand, could steal nuclear weapons and weapon
supplies from storage or during road transport. Since 1995, the IAEA has
maintained an Illicit Trafficking Database, which contained 662 confirmed
incidents of theft since about December 2004, 18 of which involved highly
enriched uranium or plutonium, with a few matters involving kilogram quantity
of products (Commission, 2006). Terrorist goals could also be achieved by
using a dirty bomb, which is an instrument intended to scatter radioactive
materials. Such materials could be obtained by a terrorist group from nuclear
waste or radioactive materials used in health facilities and other industries.
Although such armaments are not typically regarded as WMD because they
are unlikely to result in a massive number of fatalities, they are much easier to
produce than nuclear fusion weapons and also can cause terror and mass
interruptions, particularly if blown up in the center of big cities.

● Biological Weapon Threats and Terrorism

Many people are skeptical of terrorists using such weapons on a large scale,
owing to the numerous technical challenges involved in managing such
weapon systems as well as effectively conveying them. Terrorist failures in
the past, however, provide a flawed premise for self-assured predictions that
bioterrorist events will not happen in the future. For example, despite the fact
that the Japanese Aum Shinrikyo cult failed at least ten times in its attempts to
use biological weapons, the fact that they were able to keep trying until the
tenth attempt, and that with each attempt, they were learning on perfecting the
weapon systems, indicates that the possibility of biological weapon threats
resurfacing in the future to be successful attempts is very high (Commission,
2006).

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 (Shoko Asahara - the founder and leader of the Japanese doomsday cult, Aum Shinrikyo)

● Chemical Weapon Threats and Terrorism

Terrorists could obtain toxic chemical agents via attacks on industries, stocks,
or
shipments. Terrorist organizations may also create such agents. The most
well-known case of chemical-weapons terrorism took place in 1995, when
Aum Shinrikyo used sarin nerve gas in an attack on a Tokyo metro train,
killing 12 people and injuring thousands more (McCurry, 2018). However, as
with biological terrorism, delivering toxic materials effectively enough to kill a
great number of people is more complicated than simply obtaining or
manufacturing the weapon agents.

(The evacuated victims of Aum Shinrikyo Sarin Attack)

Past Actions

● The First Hague Peace Conference (1899)

Tsar Nicholas II of Russia convened the First Hague Peace Conference on
his own initiative. The Russian Foreign Minister, on behalf of Tsar Nicholas II,
issued a letter to practically all diplomatic missions in St. Petersburg, as well
as to several countries that did not have a representative there. The Tsar
requested that the contacted countries attend an international peace

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 conference in this letter. The aim of this conference was to put a stop to the
global arms race and to find means to avoid the war. It prohibited the use of
certain types of modern technology in war, including airstrikes, biological
weapons, and hollow-point bullets, in an effort to set standards for
international conflict resolution (Hague, 2017). Many were skeptical about this
conference, but in the end, this conference managed to gather hundreds of
delegates from 26 countries for 3 months at Huis ten Bosch (the royal
residence of Queen Wilhelmina) for the First Peace Conference. One of the
main results of this conference was the creation of the Permanent Court of
Arbitration (PCA) (Hague, 2017).

● The 1925 Geneva Protocol

The Geneva Protocol is an international treaty that prohibits the use of
chemical and biological weapons in international armed conflicts. It forbids the
use of "suffocating, toxic, or other gases, as well as all analogous liquids,
substances, or equipment," as well as "bacteriological warfare mechanisms"
(UN, United Nations: Office for Disarmament Affairs, n.d.). This is
acknowledged to be a broad sense prohibition on chemical and biological
weapons, but it suggests nothing about their production, collection, or transfer.
Later treaties, such as the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) and
the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), did address these issues.
Following the widespread use of gas during World War I, states agreed in the
Geneva Protocol of 1925 to prohibit the use of both chemical and biological
weapons. Hiroshima and Nagasaki were bombed and obliterated by nuclear
weapons in the last days of World War II. Since then, attempts have been
made over the world to reduce their quantities, prevent their spread, outlaw
their usage, and eradicate them.

● Creation of 3 Key Global WMD Treaties

1. Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)
The NPT aims to prevent nuclear weapons from spreading further,
foster coordination in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and strive
toward nuclear disarmament (Kimball & Bugos, Arms Control
Association, 2020). The NPT has 189 signatories, including the five

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 nuclear-weapon powers — China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom,
and the United States. India, Israel, and Pakistan are the only countries
that have not joined (Kimball & Bugos, Arms Control Association, 2020).
North Korea has stated its withdrawal from the treaty. The NPT has
attracted more countries than any other weapons control or
disarmament agreement. The NPT is the only multilateral pact that
contains a legally binding commitment to nuclear-weapon nations'
disarmament.

(NPT states-parties voted to extend the treaty indefinitely on May 11, 1995 at UN
Headquarters in New York)

2. Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production

and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons
and on Their Destruction (BTWC)
The BTWC is the very first multilateral disarmament deal to prohibit the
recruitment and retention of an entire category of WMDs (Phelan,
2015). It expands on the 1925 Geneva Protocol's prohibition on the
employment of such armaments. There are 155 states that have
signed the BTWC (Phelan, 2015). A verification framework to monitor
conformity with the Convention has yet to be agreed upon.

3. Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production,

Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their
Destruction (CWC)

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 Chemical weapons invention, manufacture, stockpiling, transfer, and
use
are all prohibited under the CWC. There are 178 countries that have
signed the CWC (Kimball, Arms Control Association, 2018). Members
of the CWC must declare any chemical weapons-related activities,
safeguard and dismantle any chemical weapons stockpiles within
specified timeframes, and deactivate and destroy any chemical
weapons manufacturing capacity within their authority. Chemical
weapons have been declared by six nations' parties. The CWC is the
first disarmament treaty to call for the total elimination of a class of
weapons of mass destruction under universal worldwide control
(Kimball, Arms Control Association, 2018). The OPCW (Organisation
for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons) is in charge of its operational
functions.

● A convention on nuclear terrorism

The International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism
was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 2005. It has 102
signatories as of April 2006. Actions of nuclear terrorism must be criminalized
on a national level, and the Convention commits its signatories to international
cooperation in the prevention, investigation, and punishment of such acts.

Bloc Positions

● The Nuclear Weapon States

Despite post-Cold War reductions, approximately 12,000 nuclear weapons
are still in use or deployed. More than 90% of those armaments are in the
armory of the United States and Russia. The total number of deployed and
non-deployed weapons is predicted to be around 27,000 (Commission, 2006).
China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States are the
only five NPT signatories with nuclear weapons. India and Pakistan, both non-
NPT states, have performed nuclear test operations and also have

14
 announced that they have nuclear weapons. Israel, which is also a non-NPT
participant, is widely thought to have nuclear weapons – some estimates put
the number in the hundreds – despite the fact that it has never admitted to
having them (Commission, 2006).

● North Korea
North Korea has claimed to have nuclear weapons but has produced no
evidence to back up this statement. It has twice declared its exit from the NPT
after violating the pact. Although the scale of North Korea's enrichment
capabilities is unknown, Pakistan's President Musharaff said in August 2005
that the A. Q. Khan network had delivered centrifuge units and blueprints to
the North Korean regime. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty has
not been signed by North Korea (Commission, 2006).

● Middle East
According to most unofficial estimates, Israel has a nuclear arsenal in the
hundreds, probably larger than the United Kingdom's (Commission, 2006).
Both fission and fusion bombs are thought to be in Israel's arsenal. It has an
unguarded plutonium production reactor and reprocessing capacity, as well as
perhaps some uranium enrichment and other uranium-processing equipment.
It is the only nation in the region that is not a signatory to the Nuclear
Nonproliferation Treaty (Commission, 2006). No other country in the region is
said to have nuclear weapons, however, the US and others have alleged that

15
Iran has a program to create such weapons, despite the fact that it is still in
the initial stages of fuel-cycle ability. Iran has a uranium enrichment plant
under development, along with accompanying infrastructure, as well as a 40-
MW heavy water reactor, thanks to Pakistan's A. Q. Khan supplier network.
Iraq had a long-term nuclear weapons program; Israel bombed Iraq's Osirak
reactor in 1981, and a UN coalition struck other nuclear facilities in 1991; the
rest of Iraq's nuclear weapons capabilities were eventually destroyed under
IAEA supervision (Commission, 2006). Iraq also has not been signed the
CTBT. Syria and Saudi Arabia have also refused to sign the CTBT, owing to
the fact that neither country has the infrastructure to support a nuclear
weapons program. The CTBT has been signed but not ratified by Egypt, Iran,
and Israel.

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Tackling the Issue
Questions A Resolution Must Answer (QARMAs)

1. How can we prevent the Non-State Actors from accessing WMD and WMD
materials globally?

2. How can the committee persuade Member States to join the NPT and other
key WMD treaties?

3. Understanding that WMD in the hands of states or irresponsible non-state

actors has the potential to cause far more destruction and fatalities, how can
we create confidence in states’ compliance by detecting possible violations of
their WMD commitments?

4. Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) cannot be uninvented. However, they

can be banned and forbidden, much like biological and chemical weapons.
Thus, what is the most efficient mechanism that can be carried out to prevent
the proliferation of WMD – no new weapon systems and no new possessors?

5. Looking back at 9/11 and the Aum Shinrikyo attack, we can see that the
possibility of terrorist groups carrying out daring attacks in the future is high.
So, what are the national efforts and international cooperation to prevent such
attacks and significantly improve measures to protect the public from these
lethal and indiscriminate weapons?

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