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INSTRUCTOR’S
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Aimee L. Calhoun
Monroe Community College
Richard C. Stewart
A SURVEY OF MATHEMATICS
WITH APPLICATIONS
SEVENTH EDITION AND
EXPANDED SEVENTH EDITION
Allen R. Angel
Christine D. Abbott
Dennis C. Runde
Manatee Community College
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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley, 75 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116
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ISBN 0-321-20594-4
1 2 3 4 5 6 VHG 07 06 05 04
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS
1.1 Inductive Reasoning 1
1.2 Estimation 3
1.3 Problem Solving 5
Review Exercises 12
Chapter Test 15
Group Projects 17
CHAPTER 2 SETS
2.1 Set Concepts 19
2.2 Subsets 21
2.3 Venn Diagrams and Set Operations 23
2.4 Venn Diagrams With Three Sets and Verification of Equality of Sets 29
2.5 Applications of Sets 38
2.6 Infinite Sets 43
Review Exercises 44
Chapter Test 47
Group Projects 48
CHAPTER 3 LOGIC
3.1 Statements and Logical Connectives 49
3.2 Truth Tables for Negation, Conjunction, and Disjunction 51
3.3 Truth Tables for the Conditional and Biconditional 59
3.4 Equivalent Statements 61
3.5 Symbolic Arguments 69
3.6 Eurler Circles and Syllogistic Arguments 76
Review Exercises 79
Chapter Test 83
Group Projects 85
CHAPTER 4 SYSTEMS OF NUMERATION

4.1 Additive, Multiplicative, and Ciphered Systems of Numeration 87
4.2 Place-Value or Positional-Value Numeration Systems 90
4.3 Other Bases 93
4.4 Computation in Other Bases 99
4.5 Early Computational Methods 102
Review Exercises 106
Chapter Test 109
Group Projects 111
CHAPTER 5 NUMBER THEORY AND THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEM

5.1 Number Theory 113
5.2 The Integers 117
5.3 The Rational Numbers 119
5.4 The Irrational Numbers and the Real Number System 126
5.5 Real Numbers and Their Properties 129
5.6 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 132
5.7 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences 137
5.8 Fibonacci Sequence 141
Chapter Test 147
Group Projects 148
CHAPTER 6 ALGEBRA, GRAPHS, AND FUNCTIONS
6.1 Order of Operations 151
6.2 Linear Equations in One Variable 153
6.3 Formulas 161
6.4 Applications of Linear Equations in One Variable 173
6.5 Variation 178
6.6 Linear Inequalities 183
6.7 Graphing Linear Equations 189
6.8 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables 202
6.9 Solving Quadratic Equations by Using Factoring and by Using
the Quadratic Formula 209
6.10 Functions and Their Graphs 215
Chapter Test 237
Group Projects 239
CHAPTER 7 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

7.1 Systems of Linear Equations 241
7.2 Solving Systems of Equations by the Substitution and Addition
Methods 247
7.3 Matrices 254
7.4 Solving Systems of Equations by Using Matrices 262
7.5 Systems of Linear Inequalities 265
7.6 Linear Programming 268
Chapter Test 276
Group Projects 278
CHAPTER 8 THE METRIC SYSTEM

8.1 Basic Terms and Conversions Within the Metric System 279
8.2 Length, Area, and Volume 281
8.3 Mass and Temperature 282
8.4 Dimensional Analysis and Conversions to and from the Metric System 285
Chapter Test 292
Group Projects 293
CHAPTER 9 GEOMETRY
9.1 Points, Lines, Planes, and Angles 295
9.2 Polygons 299
9.3 Perimeter and Area 304
9.4 Volume 309
9.5 Transformational Geometry, Symmetry, and Tessellations 313
9.6 The Mobius Strip, Klein Bottle, and Maps 317
9.7 Non-Euclidean Geometry and Fractal Geometry 318
Chapter Test 323
Group Projects 324
CHAPTER 10 MATHEMATICAL SYSTEMS

10.1 Groups 327
10.2 Finite Mathematical Systems 328
10.3 Modular Arithmetic 332
Chapter Test 339
Group Projects 341
CHAPTER 11 CONSUMER MATHEMATICS
11.1 Percent 343
11.2 Personal Loans and Simple Interest 346
11.3 Compound Interest 350
11.4 Installment Buying 353
11.5 Buying a House with a Mortgage 359
Chapter Test 365
Group Projects 366
CHAPTER 12 PROBABILITY
12.1 The Nature of Probability 367
12.2 Theoretical Probability 369
12.3 Odds 371
12.4 Expected Value (Expectation) 375
12.5 Tree Diagrams 378
12.6 "Or" and "And" Problems 382
12.7 Conditional Probability 387
12.8 The Counting Principle and Permutations 389
12.9 Combinations 392
12.10 Solving Probability Problems by Using Combinations 395
12.11 Binomial Probability Formula 399
Chapter Test 404
Group Projects 405
CHAPTER 13 STATISTICS
13.1 Sampling Techniques 407
13.2 The Misuses of Statistics 408
13.3 Frequency Distributions 411
13.4 Statistical Graphs 414
13.5 Measures of Central Tendency 420
13.6 Measures of Dispersion 424
13.7 The Normal Curve 430
13.8 Linear Correlation and Regression 435
Chapter Test 453
Group Projects 454
CHAPTER 14 GRAPH THEORY

14.1 Graphs, Paths, and Circuits 455
14.2 Euler Paths and Euler Circuits 459
14.3 Hamilton Paths and Hamilton Circuits 464
14.4 Trees 471
Chapter Test 487
Group Projects 489
CHAPTER 15 VOTING AND APPORTIONMENT

15.1 Voting Systems 491
15.2 Flaws of Voting 496
15.3 Apportionment Methods 500
15.4 Flaws of Apportionment Methods 507
Chapter Test 515
APPENDIX GRAPH THEORY 517

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank Allen Angel, Christine Abbott, and Dennis Runde, the authors of A Survey of
Mathematics with Applications, for their support and encouragement; Joe Vetere from Addison Wesley for
his computer expertise; Lauren Morse from Addison Wesley for her assistance; and Jane Cummings from
Monroe Community College for her technical support.
Aimee L. Calhoun
Richard C. Stewart
To my wonderful husband, Justin, for his love and support throughout the process of co-authoring this
manual;
my children, Melanie and Jacob, for being my inspiration;
my incredible parents and the rest of my loving family for always believing in me;
and to the loving memories of my grandparents.
Aimee L. Calhoun
I am grateful to my wife, Christy, who enthusiastically supported my efforts to contribute to this manual,
and to my daughters, Sarah and Sheila, for their encouragement to serve as an educator.
Richard C. Stewart
CHAPTER ONE
CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS
Exercise Set 1.1

1. a) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … 2. a) If a ÷ b has a remainder of zero, then a is
b) Counting numbers divisible by b .
b) 4, 8, 12
c) 9, 18, 27
3. A conjecture is a belief based on specific observations that has not been proven or disproven.
4. Inductive reasoning is the process of reasoning to a general conclusion through observation of
specific cases.
5. Deductive reasoning is the process of reasoning to a specific conclusion from a general statement.
6. A counterexample is a specific case that satisfies the conditions of the conjecture but shows the conjecture is false.
7. Inductive reasoning
8. Deductive reasoning
9. Inductive reasoning, because a general conclusion was made from observation of specific cases.
10. Inductive reasoning, because a general conclusion was made from observation of specific cases.
11. 1 5 (1 + 4 ) 10 ( 4 + 6 ) 10 ( 6 + 4 ) 5 ( 4 + 1) 1 12. 100, 000 = 105

13. 5 × 9 = 45 14. 11×14 = 154
15. 16.
17. 18.
19. 15, 18, 21 (Add 3 to previous number.) 20. 2, - 4, - 10 (Subtract 6 from previous number.)
21. - 1, 1, - 1 (Alternate - 1 and 1.) 22. - 5, - 7, - 9 (Subtract 2 from previous number.)
1 1 1 1 24. 162, - 486, 1458 (Multiply previous number
23. , , (Multiply previous number by .)
81 243 729 3 by –3.)
25. 36, 49, 64 (The numbers in the sequence are 26. 21, 28,36 (15 + 6 = 21, 21 + 7 = 28, 28 + 8 = 36)
the squares of the counting numbers.)
1
2 CHAPTER 1 Critical Thinking Skills
27. 34, 55, 89 (Each number in the sequence is the 80 160 320
sum of the previous two numbers.) 28. ,− ,
81 243 729
2
(Multiply previous number by − .)
3
29. Y: There are three letters in the pattern. 30. a) Answers will vary.
39 × 3 = 117 , so the 117th entry is the second R in the b) The sum of the digits is 9.
pattern. Therefore, the 118th entry is Y. c) The sum of the digits in the product when a one
or two digit number is multiplied by 9 is 9.
31. a) 36, 49, 64
b) Square the numbers 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10.
c) 8 × 8 = 64 9 × 9 = 81
72 is not a square number since it falls
between the two square numbers 64 and 81.
32. a) 28 and 36
b) To find the 7th triangular number, add 7 to the 6th triangular number. To find the 8th triangular number, add 8 to the
7th triangular number. To find the 9th triangular number, add 9 to the 8th triangular number. To find the 10th triangular
number, add 10 to the 9th triangular number. To find the 11th triangular number, add 11 to the 10th triangular number.
c) 36 + 9 = 45 45 + 10 = 55 55 + 11 = 66 66 + 12 = 78
72 is not a triangular number since it falls between the two triangular numbers 66 and 78.
33. Blue: 1, 5, 7, 10, 12 Purple: 2, 4, 6, 9, 11 Yellow: 3, 8
34. a) 19 (Each new row has two additional triangles.)
b) 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 = 100
35. a) ≈ 58 million
b) ≈ 45 million
c) We are using observation of specific cases to make a prediction.
36. a) ≈ $28, 000
b) ≈ $61, 000
c) We are using observation of specific cases to make a prediction.
37. 38.
P B P B
B P B P
P B P B
B P B P
39. a) You should obtain the original number.

b) You should obtain the original number.
c) Conjecture: The result is always the original number.
4n + 8 4n 8
d) n, 4n, 4n + 8, = + = n + 2, n + 2 − 2 = n
4 4 4
40. a) You should obtain twice the original number.
b) You should obtain twice the original number.
c) Conjecture: The result is always twice the original number.
10n + 5 10n 5
d) n,10n,10n + 5, = + = 2n + 1, 2n + 1 − 1 = 2n
5 5 5
SECTION 1.2 3
41. a) You should obtain the number 5.

b) You should obtain the number 5.
c) Conjecture: No matter what number is chosen, the result is always the number 5.
2n + 10 2n 10
d) n, n + 1, n + ( n + 1) = 2n + 1, 2n + 1 + 9 = 2n + 10, = + = n + 5, n + 5 − n = 5
2 2 2
42. a) You should obtain the number 0.

b) You should obtain the number 0.
c) Conjecture: No matter what number is chosen, the result is always the number 0.
n + 10  n + 10 
d) n, n + 10, ,5   = n + 10, n + 10 − 10 = n, n − n = 0
5  5 
43. 999 × 999 = 998, 001 is one example.

44. 11 + 12 + 13 = 36 is one example.
5
45. Two is a counting number. The sum of 2 and 3 is 5. Five divided by two is , which is not an even number.
2
46. One and three are counting numbers. The product of 1 and 3 is 3, which is not divisible by 2.
47. One and two are counting numbers. The difference of 1 and 2 is 1 − 2 = −1 , which is not a counting number.
48. The sum of the odd numbers 1 and 5 is 6, which is not divisible by 4.
49. a) The sum of the measures of the interior angles should be 180° .
b) Yes, the sum of the measures of the interior angles should be 180° .
c) Conjecture: The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a triangle is 180° .
50. a) The sum of the measures of the interior angles should be 360° .
b) Yes, the sum of the measures of the interior angles should be 360° .
c) Conjecture: The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a quadrilateral is 360° .
a b
51. 129, the numbers in positions are found as follows:
c a+b+c
52. 1881, 8008, 8118 (They look the same when looked at in a mirror.)
53. Counterexample
54. c
Exercise Set 1.2

(Note: Answers in this section will vary depending on how you round your numbers. The answers may differ from the
answers in the back of the textbook. However, your answers should be something near the answers given. All answers are
approximate.)
1. 431 + 327.2 + 73.5 + 20.4 + 315.9 ≈ 430 + 330 + 70 + 20 + 320 = 1170

2. 3.89 + 402.8 + 156.9 + 189 + 0.23 + 416 ≈ 4 + 403 + 157 + 190 + 0 + 416 = 1170
3. 297, 700 × 4087 ≈ 300, 000 × 4000 = 1, 200, 000, 000 4. 1854 × 0.0096 ≈ 1900 × 0.01 = 19
405 400 6. 297.521 − 85.964 ≈ 300 − 90 = 210
5. ≈ = 8000
0.049 0.05
7. 0.049 × 1989 ≈ 0.05 × 2000 = 100 8. 9% of 2164 ≈ 10% of 2200 = 0.10 × 2200 = 220
9. 51, 608 × 6981 ≈ 52, 000 × 7000 = 364, 000, 000 0.0498 0.05
10. ≈ = 100
0.00052 0.0005
11. 592 × 2070 × 992.62 12. 296.3 ÷ 0.0096 ≈ 300 ÷ 0.01 = 30, 000
≈ 600 × 2000 × 1000 = 1, 200, 000, 000
13. 52 × $0.37 ≈ 50 × $0.40 = $20 14. 32 hours × $7.95 per hour

≈ 32 hours × $8 per hour = $256
15. 1521 + 1897 + 2324 + 2817 16. 6 × 15.87 ≈ 6 × 16 = 96 lb

≈ 1500 + 1900 + 2300 + 2800 = 8500 mi
17. $2.29 + $12.16 + $4.97 + $6.69 + $49.76 + $0.47 3.12 3

18. ≈ = 0.5 lb
+$3.49 + $5.65 ≈ $2 + $12 + $5 + $7 + $50 + $0.50 6 6
+$3.50 + $5.70 = $85.70
$44,569 $45, 000 20. 32, 798 − 14, 292 ≈ 32,800 − 14,300 = 18,500 lb
19. ≈ = $9000
5 5
21. 9 × 5.12 ≈ 9 × 5 = 45 lb 22. 8% of $14,876

≈ 8% of $15, 000 = 0.08 × $15,000 = $1200
23, 663 24, 000 $10.87 $11

23. ≈ = 2000 mi 24. ≈ = $3.6 ≈ $3.70 per pound
12 12 3.2 3
25. 12 ( $29.17 + $39.95) 26. Team A: 189 + 172 + 191 ≈ 190 + 170 + 190 = 550
Team B: 183 + 229 + 167 ≈ 180 + 230 + 170 = 580
≈ 12 ( $30 + $40 ) = 12 ( $70 ) = $840
580 − 550 = 30 lb
27. 15% of $38.60 ≈ 15% of $40 = 0.15 × $40 = $6 28. 3.8 grubs per square foot × ( 60 ft × 80.2 ft )
≈ 4 grubs per square foot × ( 60 × 80 square feet )
= 4 × 4800 grubs = 19, 200 grubs
29. 100 Mexican pesos = 100 × 0.092 U.S. dollars 30. $973 + 6 ( $41) + 6 ( $97 ) + 6 ( $90 )
≈ 100 × 0.09 U.S. dollars = 9 U.S. dollars ≈ $970 + 6 ( $40 ) + 6 ( $100 ) + 6 ( $90 )
$50 − $9 = $41
= $970 + $240 + $600 + $540 = $2350
31. ≈ 375 miles 32. ≈ 70 miles
33. a) 30.98% × 105 million ≈ 31% × 105 million 34. a) 39% × $40,075 ≈ 40% × $40, 000 = $16, 000
= 0.31× 105 million = 32.55 million ≈ 32.6 million b) 22.9% × $40, 075 ≈ 23% × $40, 000 = $9200
b) 18.41% × 3141
≈ 18% × 3100 = 0.18 × 3100 = 558 counties
c) The counties that use punch cards could be the
largest counties with the most voters.
35. a) 4 million 36. a) 19%

b) 98 million b) 25%
c) 98 million − 34 million = 64 million c) 28% of 180 lb = 0.28 × 180 = 50.4 ≈ 50 lb
d) 19, 000 + 78, 000 + 82, 000 + 61, 000 + 35, 000
= 275 million
SECTION 1.3 5
37. a) 83% 38. a) 2 ( 410 ) + 4 ( 545)

b) 65% − 45% = 20%
≈ 2 ( 400 ) + 4 ( 550 ) = 800 + 2200 = 3000 calories
c) 83% of 110,567
≈ 0.83 × 110,567 = 91, 770.61 ≈ 91, 771 sq mi b) Running: 4 ( 920 ) ≈ 4 ( 925 ) = 3700 calories
d) No, since we are not given the area of each state. Casual bike riding: 4 ( 300 ) = 1200 calories ,
3700 − 1200 = 2500 calories
c) 3 ( 545 ) + 3 ( 545) ≈ 3 ( 550 ) + 3 ( 550 )
= 1650 + 1650 = 3300 calories per week ,
3300 calories per week ( 52 weeks )
≈ 3000 × 50 = 150, 000 calories
39. 25 40. 32
41. ≈ 90 berries 42. ≈ 160 leaves
43. 150° 44. 315°
45. 10% 46. 25%
47. 9 square units 48. 12 square units
49. 150 feet 310
50. 5 ( 62 ) = 310 in. or = 25.83 ≈ 25.8 ft
12
51.-59. Answers will vary. 60. There are 118 ridges around the edge.
61. There are 336 dimples on a regulation golf ball. 62. a) Answers will vary.
b) 60 seconds per minute × 60 minutes per hour
× 24 hours per day = 60 × 60 × 24 seconds per day
= 86, 400 seconds per day ,
1, 000, 000
= 11.57407407 ≈ 11.6 days
86, 400
63. Answers will vary. The U.S. government
categorized the middle class as
$32,000 - $50,000 in 2001.
Exercise Set 1.3

1 in. 3.75 in. 1 in. x in.
1. = 2. =
50 mi x mi 12 ft 82 ft
1x = 50 ( 3.75 ) 12 x = 1( 82 )
x = 187.5 mi 12 x 82
=
12 12
82 10 5
x= = 6 = 6 in. or 6.83 ≈ 6.83 in.
12 12 6
3 ft 48.4 ft 1 bag x bags

3. = 4. =
1.2 ft x ft 6000 ft 2 26, 000 ft 2
3x = 1.2 ( 48.4 ) 6000 x = 1( 26, 000 )
3x 58.08 6000 x 26, 000
= =
3 3 6000 6000
58.08 26, 000
x= = 19.36 ft x= = 4.3 ≈ 4.33 bags
3 6000
5. 11.5% of $4222 = 0.115 ( $4222 ) = $485.53 6. Cost for mileage:

 
$4222 + $485.53 = $4707.53  12 
$0.30   = $0.30 (12 )( 5 ) = $18.00
 1 
 5
Cost for sitting still:
2 minutes = 2 ( 60 ) = 120 seconds
 120 
$0.30   = $0.30 ( 4 ) = $1.20
 30 
Cost for ride: $2.00 + $18.00 + $1.20 = $21.20
20, 000 miles 8. a) ≈ 1980 − 1900 or 80 hours

7. = 1000 gallons
20 miles per gallon 2000 hours
b) ≈ = 38.46153846 ≈ 38.5 hr wk
Hawaii: 1000 ( $2.02 ) = $2020 52 weeks
South Carolina: 1000 ( $1.22 ) = $1220 c) ≈

1500 hours
= 28.84615385 ≈ 28.8 hr wk
52 weeks
$2020 − $1220 = $800
9. Denise parks her car for eight hours per day. 10. $3.75 + ( 21 − 3)( $0.50 ) = $3.75 + 18 ( $0.50 )
5 $2.50 + $1.00 ( 7 hours per day )  = $3.75 + $9 = $12.75
= 5 [$2.50 + $7.00] = 5 ( $9.50 ) = $47.50
Savings: $47.50 − $35.00 = $12.50
11. $120 + $80 (15 ) = $120 + $1200 = $1320 12. $20,000 down payment:
Savings: $1320 − $1250 = $70 $20, 000 + $699.99 (12 )( 30 )
= $20, 000 + $251,996.40 = $271,996.40
$40, 000 down payment:
$40,000+$559.20 (12 )( 30 )
= $40, 000 + $201,312 = $241,312
Savings: $271,996.40 − $241,312 = $30, 684.40
13. 20 year mortgage: $752.40 (12 )( 20 ) = $180,576 14. Points needed for 80 average: 80 ( 5 ) = 400 points
30 year mortgage: $660.60 (12 )( 30 ) = $237,816 Wallace’s points so far:
77 + 93 + 90 + 76 = 336 points
Savings: $237,816 − $180,576 = $57, 240
Grade needed on fifth exam: 400 − 336 = 64
SECTION 1.3 7
86.5 91.5 96.5 16. a) 10 ⋅10 ⋅10 ⋅10 = 10, 000

15. a) ≈ 2.54; ≈ 2.54; ≈ 2.54;
34 36 38 b) 1 in 10,000
101.5 106.5
≈ 2.54; ≈ 2.54…
40 42
So, 48 ( 2.54 ) ≈ 122.
b) Answers will vary. A close approximation can be
obtained by multiplying the U.S. sizes by 2.54.
460 18. 38, 687.0 mi − 38, 451.4 mi = 235.6 mi

17. a) = 9.2 min
50 235.6 mi
= 18.6984127 ≈ 18.7 mpg
1550 12.6 gal
b) = 62 min
25
1400
c) = 40 min
35
1550 2200 3750
d) + = = 150 min
25 25 25
19. a) 11% of 273,300, 000 20. a) 40 × $8.50 × 52 = $17,680

= 0.11( 273,300,000 ) = 30, 063, 000 b) Each week he makes 40 × $8.50 = $340.
b) 10% of 970,000 = 0.10 ( 970, 000 ) = 97, 000 $1275

= 3.75 weeks
$340
c) 3% of 970, 000 = 0.03 ( 970, 000 ) = 29,100
21. By mail: ( $52.80 + $5.60 + $8.56 ) × 4 22. (1 yd )

2
= ( 3 ft ) = 9 ft 2
2
= $66.96 × 4 = $267.84 2400 × 9 = 21, 600 ft 2

Tire store: $324 + 0.08 × $324 1 gal x gal
= $324 + $25.92 = $349.92 2
=
350 ft 21,600 ft 2
Savings: $349.92 − $267.84 = $82.08 350 x = 1( 21, 600 )
350 x 21, 600
=
350 350
21, 600
x= = 61.71428571 ≈ 62 gal
350
23. a) $620 ( 0.12 ) = $74.40 24. a) 0.1 cm3 × 60 sec × 60 min × 24 hr × 365 days
b) $1200 ( 0.22 ) = $264 = 3,153, 600 cm3
c) The store lost $1200 − $1000 = $200 on b) 30 cm × 20 cm × 20 cm=12,000 cm3
the purchase. 0.1 cm3 × 60 sec × 60 min × 24 hr = 8640
Store's profit: $264 − $200 = $64 12, 000
= 1.38 ≈ 1.4 days
8640
25. Let x = the amount above $12, 000 26. a) 1 oz × 60 min × 24 hr × 365 days = 525,600 oz
$4950 − $1200 = $3390 525, 600
= 4106.25 gal
0.15 x $3390 128
=
0.15 0.15 4106.25
x = $22, 600 b) × $11.20 = 4.10625 × $11.20 = $45.99
1000
$12, 000 + $22.600 = $34, 600
27. 7 ( 2 ) + 5 (1) + 4 ( 29 ) + 3 ( 201) + 2 (1408 ) + 1(10,352 ) 20, 000 20, 000

28. a) − = 961.5384615 − 925.9259259
= 14 + 5 + 116 + 603 + 2816 + 10,352 20.8 21.6
= 13,906 violations = 35.6125356 ≈ 35.61 gal
b) 35.61× $1.60 = 56.976 ≈ $56.98
c) 140, 000, 000 × 35.61 = 4,985, 400, 000 gal
29. a) Yes, divide the total emissions by the emissions 30. Cost after 1 year: $450 + 0.06 ( $450 )
per capita.
= $450 + $27 = $477
6503.8
b) = 267.6460905 ≈ 267.65 million Cost after 2 years: $477 + 0.06 ( $477 )
24.3
4964.8 = $477 + $28.62 = $505.62
c) = 1241.2 million or 1.2412 billion
4.0
31. Value after first year: $1000 + 0.10 ( $1000 ) 32. After paying the $100 deductible, Yungchen must
pay 20% of the cost of x-rays.
= $1000 + $100 = $1100
First x-ray:
Value after second year: $1100 − 0.10 ( $1100 ) $100 + 0.20 ( $540 ) = $100 + $108 = $208
= $1100 − $110 = $990
Second x-ray: 0.20 ( $920 ) = $184
$990 is less than the intial investment of $1000.
Total: $208 + $184 = $392
$200
33. a) ≈ 4.87804878 The maximum number of 10 packs is 4.
$41
$36
$200 − (4 × $41) = $200 − $164 = $36 , = 2.117647059 Deirdre can also buy two 4 packs.
$17
10 packs 4 packs Number of rolls Cost
4 2 4 (10 ) + 2 ( 4 ) = 48 4 ( $41) + 2 ( $17 ) = $198
3 4 46 $191
2 6 44 $184
1 9 46 $194
0 11 44 $187
Maximum number of rolls of film is 48.
b) The cost is $198 when she purchases four 10 packs and two 4 packs.
SECTION 1.3 9
$50
34. a) ≈ 8.6805 The maximum number of 4 packs of 36 exposures is 8.
$5.76
$50 − (8 × $5.76) = $50 − $46.08 = $3.92 , Erika cannot buy any 24 exposures.
4 packs of 36 exp. 4 packs of 24 exp. Number of exposures Cost
8 0 8 ( 36 ) + 0 ( 24 ) = 288 8 ( $5.76 ) + 0 ( $4.08) = $46.08
7 2 300 $48.48
6 3 288 $46.80
5 5 300 $49.20
4 6 288 $47.52
3 8 300 $49.92
2 9 288 $48.24
1 10 276 $46.56
0 12 288 $48.96
2 packs of 24 exposures and 7 packs of 36 exposures, or 5 packs of 24 exposures and 5
packs of 36 exposures, or 8 packs of 24 exposures and 3 packs of 36 exposures
b) 300 exposures in each case
c) The minimum cost is $48.48 when she purchases 2 packs of 24 exposures and 7 packs of 36 exposures.
1 3
35. a) water/milk: 3(1) = 3 cups salt: 3  = tsp
8 8
9
cream: 3 (3) = 9 tbsp = cup (because 16 tbsp = 1 cup)
16
2 + 3.75 5.75 7
b) water/milk: = = 2.875 cups = 2 cups
2 2 8
0.25 + 0.5 0.75 3 0.5 + 0.75 1.25 5
salt: = = 0.375 tsp = tsp cream: = = 0.625 cups = cup
2 2 8 2 2 8
5
= (16 tbsp ) = 10 tbsp
8
3 15 4 11 3
c) water/milk: 3 − 1 = − = = 2 cups
4 4 4 4 4
1 1 4 1 3 3 3 12 3 9
salt: − = − = tsp cream: − = − = cup = 9 tbsp
2 8 8 8 8 4 16 16 16 16
d) Differences exist in water/milk because the amount for 4 servings is not twice that for 2 servings. Differences also
1
exist in Cream of Wheat because cup is not twice 3 tbsp.
2
1
36. a) rice: (4) = 2 cups b) rice: 1(2 ) = 2 cups
2
1 4 16 1 1
water: 1 (4) = (4 ) = = 5 cups water: 2 (2) = 9 (2) = 18 = 4 2 = 4 1 cups
3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 2
1 1
salt: (4) = 1 tsp salt: (2) = 1 tsp
4 2
butter/margarine: 1(4 ) = 4 tsp butter/margarine: 2(2) = 4 tsp
1 1 1 3 4
c) rice: + 1 = + = = 2 cups
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 4 10 14 2
water: 1 + 3 = + = = 4 cups
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 3 4
salt: + = = 1 tsp
4 4 4
butter/margarine: 1 tsp + 1 tbsp = 1 tsp + 3 tsp = 4 tsp
d) rice: 3 − 1 = 2 cups
1 24 9 15 3
water: 6 − 2 = − = = 3 cups
4 4 4 4 4
1 1
salt: 1 − = 1 tsp
2 2
butter/margarine: 2 tbsp = 2 ( 3tsp ) = 6 tsp
6 tsp − 2 tsp = 4 tsp
e) Differences exist in water because the amount for 4 servings is not twice that for 2 servings.
37. 1 ft 2 would be 12 in. by 12 in. 38. 1 ft 3 = 12 in. × 12 in. × 12 in. = 1728 in.3
Thus, 1 ft 2 = 12 in. ×12 in. = 144 in.2
39. Area of original rectangle = lw 40. Volume of original cube = lwh
Area of new rectangle = (2l )(2w) = 4lw Volume of new cube = (2l )(2 w)(2h ) = 8lwh Thus, if
Thus, if the length and width of a rectangle are the length, width, and height of a cube are doubled,
doubled, the area is 4 times as large. the volume is 8 times as large or increases eight-
fold.
41. 1 and 9 10 pieces 1000 pieces
42. =
1× 9 = 9 $x $10
1 + 9 = 10 1000 x = 10 (10 )
1000 x 100
=
1000 1000
100
x= = $0.10 = 10¢
1000
43. Left side: 1( −6 ) = −6 Right side: 1( 2 ) = 2

2 ( −2 ) = −4 1( 3 ) = 3
−6 + −4 = −10 1( 6 ) = 6
2 + 3 + 6 = 11
Place it at − 1 so the left side would total − 10 + −1 = −11.
44. 3
SECTION 1.3 11
45. Birds Lizards Number of Heads Number of Feet

8 14 22 8 ( 2 ) + 14 ( 4 ) = 72
9 13 22 9 ( 2 ) + 13 ( 4 ) = 70
10 12 22 10 ( 2 ) + 12 ( 4 ) = 68
Therefore, there are 10 birds and 12 lizards.
46. 10 ; 2002 , 2112 , 2222 , 2332 , 2442 , 2552 , 47. a) (4 × 4) + (3 × 3) + (2 × 2) + (1 × 1)

2662 , 2772 , 2882 , 2992 = 16 + 9 + 4 + 1 = 30
b) (7 × 7 ) + (6 × 6) + (5 × 5) + 30
= 49 + 36 + 25 + 30 = 140
48. a) Place the object, 1 g, and 3 g on one side and 49.
9 g on the other side.
b) Place the object, 9 g, and 3 g on
one side and 27 g and 1 g on the other side.
50. Eight pieces 51.
8 6 16
18 10 2
4 14 12
52. 53. 6 + 10 + 8 + 4 = 28;3 + 7 + 5 + 1 = 16;

15 1 11 10 + 14 + 12 + 8 = 44
5 9 13 The sum of the four corner entries is
4 times the number in the center of the middle row.
7 17 3
54. 21,12,33 55. 63,36,99

Multiply the number in the center of the middle Multiply the number in the center of the middle
row by 3. row by 9.
56. 35 − 15 = 20 cubes 57. 3 × 2 × 1 = 6 ways
58. Each shakes with four people. 59.
7
3 1 4
5 8 6
Other answers are possible, but 1 and

8 must appear in the center.
60. 8 61.
6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5
4 9
6 2 3 4 5 1
3 4 5 1 2
4 5 1 2 3
5 1 2 3 4
Other answers are possible.

62. With umbrella policy: 63. Mary is the skier.
Mustang reduced premium: $1648 − $90 = $1558
Focus reduced premium:
$1530 − 0.12 ( $1530 )
= $1530 − $183.60 = $1346.40
Total for umbrella policy:
$1558 + $1346.40 + $450 = $3354.40
Without umbrella policy: $1648 + $1530 = $3178
Net amount for umbrella policy:
$3354.40 − $3178 = $176.40
64. 16 + 16 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 44 65. Areas of the colored regions are:
1 × 1, 1× 1, 2 × 2, 3 × 3, 5 × 5, 8 × 8, 13 × 13,
21× 21 ; 1 + 1 + 4 + 9 + 25 + 64 + 169 + 441
= 714 square units
66. 1 giraffe = 2 frogs
1 giraffe = 3 lions
3 lions = 2 frogs
3 2
Therefore, lion = frog.
3 3
2
Therefore, 1 lion = frog.
3
1 lion = 2 ostriches
2
Therefore, frog = 2 ostriches.
3
23 3
  frog = 2   ostriches
32 2
Therefore, 1 frog = 3 ostriches.
Review Exercises
1. 23, 28, 33 (Add 5 to previous number.) 2. 25, 36, 49 (next three perfect squares)
3. −48, 96, − 192 (Multiply previous number by –2.) 4. 25, 32, 40 (19 + 6 = 25, 25 + 7 = 32,
32 + 8 = 40)
5. 15, 9, 2 ( 20 − 5 = 15,15 − 6 = 9,9 − 7 = 2 ) 3 3 3 1
8 16 32 2
REVIEW EXERCISES 13
7. 8.
9. c
10. a) The original number and the final number are the same.
b) The original number and the final number are the same.
c) Conjecture: The final number is the same as the original number.
2n + 10 2n 10
d) n, 2n, 2n + 10, = + = n + 5, n + 5 − 5 = n
2 2 2
11. This process will always result in an answer of 3. n, n + 5, 6 (n + 5) = 6n + 30, 6n + 30 − 12
6n + 18 6n 18 3n + 9 3n 9
= 6n + 18, = + = 3n + 9, = + = n + 3, n + 3 − n = 3
2 2 2 3 3 3
12. 12 + 22 = 5,5 is an odd number.
(Note: Answers for Ex. 13 - 25 will vary depending on how you round your numbers. The answers may
differ from the answers in the back of the textbook. However, your answers should be something near the
answers given. All answers are approximate.)
13. 210,302 × 1992 ≈ 210, 000 × 2000 = 420,000, 000 14. 346.2 + 96.402 + 1.04 + 897 + 821
≈ 350 + 100 + 0 + 900 + 800 = 2150
15. 21% of 1012 ≈ 20% of 1000 16. Answers will vary.
= 0.20 × 1000 = 200
17. 82 × $1.09 ≈ 80 × $1.10 = $88 18. 6% of $202 ≈ 6% of 200 = 0.06 × 200 = $12
1.1 mi 1 mi 3 mi 20. $2.49 + $0.79 + $1.89 + $0.10 + $2.19 + $6.75
19. ≈ = = 3 mph
22 min 20 min 60 min ≈ $2 + $1 + $2 + $0 + $2 + $7 = $14.00
20 1 22. 70%
21. 5 in. = in. = 20   in. = 20 ( 0.1) mi = 2 mi
4 4
23. 5% 24. 13 square units
25. Length = 1.75 in., 1.75 (12.5 ) = 21.875 ≈ 22 ft 26. $2.00 + 7 ( $1.50 ) = $2.00 + $10.50 = $12.50
Height = 0.625 in., 0.625 (12.5) = 7.8125 ≈ 8 ft Change: $20.00 − $12.50 = $7.50
27. 4 ( $2.69 ) = $10.76 for four six-packs 120

28. Akala's: 2 hr = 120 min, = 8,8 × $15 = $120
Savings: $10.76 − $9.60 = $1.16 15
120
Berkman's: 2 hr = 120 min, = 4,
30
4 × $25 = $100
Berkman’s is the better deal by
$120 − $100 = $20.00.
29. To produce the 52 Oscars he found:  1 
30. $1.50 + 10 −  ( 5)  $0.30
52 × $327 = $17, 004  5 
He was awarded
 50 1  
$50, 000 − $17, 004 = $32,996 more. = $1.50 +  −  ( 5 )  $0.30
 5 5  
 49 
= $1.50 +  ( 5 )  $0.30
5 
= $1.50 + 49 × $0.30 = $1.50 + $14.70 = $16.20
31. 10% of $530 = 0.10 × $530 = $53 1.5 mg x mg

32. =
$53 × 7 = $371 10 lb 47 lb
Savings: $371 - $60 = $311 10 x = 47 (1.5 )
10 x 70.5
=
10 10
x = 7.05 mg
33. $3800 − 0.30 ( $3800 ) = $3800 − $1140 34. 9 A.M. Eastern is 6 A.M. Pacific,
from 6 A.M. Pacific to 1:35 P.M. Pacific
= $2660 take-home
is 7 hr 35 min , 7 hr 35 min − 50 min stop
28% of $2660 = 0.28 × $2660 = $744.80 = 6 hr 45 min
35. 3 P.M. − 4 hr = 11 A.M. 36. a) 1 in. × 1 in. = 2.54 cm × 2.54 cm
July 26, 11:00 A.M. = 6.4516 cm 2 ≈ 6.45 cm 2
b) 1 in. × 1 in. ×1 in.
= 2.54 cm × 2.54 cm × 2.54 cm
=16.387064 cm3 ≈ 16.39 cm3
1 in. x in.
c) =
2.54 cm 1 cm
2.54 x = 1(1)
2.54 x 1
=
2.54 2.54
x = 0.393700787 ≈ 0.39 in.
37. Each figure has an additional two dots. To get the 38.
hundredth figure, 97 more figures must be 21 7 8 18
drawn, 97 ( 2 ) = 194 dots added to the third figure.
10 16 15 13
Thus, 194 + 7 = 201.
14 12 11 17
9 19 20 6
39. 40. 59 min 59 sec Since it doubles every second,

23 25 15 the jar was half full 1 second earlier than 1 hour.
13 21 29
27 17 19
41. 6
42. Nothing. Each friend paid $9 for a total of $27; $25 to the hotel, $2 to the clerk.
$25 for the room + $3 for each friend + $2 for the clerk = $30
43. Let x = the total weight of the four women
x 520 + 180 700
= 130, x = 520, = = 140 lb
4 5 5
44. Yes; 3 quarters and 4 dimes, or 1 half dollar, 1 quarter and 4 dimes, or 1 quarter and 9 dimes.
45. 6 cm × 6 cm × 6 cm = 216 cm3
CHAPTER TEST 15
46. Place six coins in each pan with one coin off to the side. If it balances, the heavier coin is the one on the side. If the
pan does not balance, take the six coins on the heavier side and split them into two groups of three. Select the three
heavier coins and weigh two coins. If the pan balances, it is the third coin. If the pan does not balance, you can
identify the heavier coin.
n(n + 1) 500(501) 250,500

47. = = = 125,250
2 2 2
48. 16 blue: 4 green → 8 blue, 2 yellow → 5 blue, 2 white → 3 blue
49. 90: 101, 111, 121, 131, 141, 151, 161, 171, 181, 191,…
50. The fifth figure will be an octagon with sides of equal length. Inside the octagon will be a seven sided figure with each
side of equal length. The figure will have one antenna.
51. 61: The sixth figure will have 6 rows of 6 tiles and 5 rows of 5 tiles (6 × 6 + 5 × 5 = 36 + 25 = 61).
52. Some possible answers are given below. There are other possibilities.
53. a) 2
b) There are 3 choices for the first spot. Once that person is standing, there are 2 choices for the second spot and 1
for the third. Thus, 3 × 2 × 1 = 6 .
c) 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24
d) 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 ×1 = 120
e) n ( n − 1)( n − 2 ) 1, (or n !), where n = the number of people in line
Chapter Test
1. 18, 21, 24 (Add 3 to previous number.) 1 1 1 1
81 243 729 3
3. a) The result is the original number plus 1.

b) The result is the original number plus 1.
c) Conjecture: The result will always be the original number plus 1.
5n + 10 5n 10
d) n, 5n, 5n + 10, = + = n + 2, n + 2 − 1 = n + 1
5 5 5
(Note: Answers for #4 - #6 will vary depending on how you round your numbers. The answers may differ from the
answers in the back of the textbook. However, your answers should be something near the answers given. All answers
are approximate.)
4. 0.06 × 98, 000 ≈ 0.06 × 100, 000 = 6000 5. 102,000 100, 000
≈ = 33,333,333.3 ≈ 33, 000, 000
0.00302 0.003
6. 7 square units 130 lb

7. a) = 2.063492063
63 in.
2.063492063
= 0.032753842
63 in.
0.032753842 × 703 = 23.02595093 ≈ 23.03
b) He is in the at risk range.
8. $122.13 − $9.63 = $112.50 $15

9. = 5.791505792
$112.50 $2.59
= 156.25 therms
$0.72 The maximum number of 6 packs is 5.
156.25 therms + first 3 therms = 159.25 therms $15.00 − ( 5 × $2.59 ) = $15.00 − $12.95 = $2.05
$2.05
= 2.5625
$0.80
Thus, two individual cans can be purchased.
6 packs Indiv. cans Number of cans
5 2 32
4 5 29
3 9 27
2 12 24
1 15 21
0 18 18
The maximum number of cans is 32.
10. 1 cut yields 2 equal pieces. Cut each of these 11. 2.5 in. by 1.875 in.
2 equal pieces to get 4 equal pieces. ≈ 2.5 × 15.8 by 1.875 × 15.8 = 39.5 in. by 29.625 in.
3 cuts → 3(2.5 min) = 7.5 min ≈ 39.5 in. by 29.6 in.
(The actual dimensions are 100.5 cm by 76.5 cm.)
12. $12.75 × 40 = $510 13.

$12.75 × 1.5 × 10 = $191.25 40 15 20
$510 + $191.25 = $701.25
$701.25 - $652.25 = $49.00 5 25 45
30 35 10
15 1
14. Christine drove the first 15 miles at 60 mph which took = hr, and the second 15 miles at 30 mph which took
60 4
15 1 3
= hr for a total time of hr. If she drove the entire 30 miles at 45 mph, the trip would take
30 2 4
30 2 3
= hr (40 min) which is less than hr (45 min).
45 3 4
GROUP PROJECTS 17
15. 2 × 6 × 8 × 9 ×13 = 11, 232 ; 11 does not divide 11,232.
16. 243 jelly beans; 260 − 17 = 243, 234 + 9 = 243, 274 − 31 = 243
17. a) 3 × $3.99 = $11.97

b) 9 ( $1.75 × 0.75 ) = 11.8125 ≈ $11.81
c) $11.97 − $11.81 = $0.16 Using the coupon is least expensive by $0.16.
18. 8: $ → on * → off
$$$$, $$$*, $$*$, $*$$, *$$$, *$*$, *$$*, $*$*
Group Projects
$325
1. a) ≈ $108.33
3
b) Let x = the amount before tax
x + 0.07 x = 325
1.07 x 325
=
1.07 1.07
x = 303.7383178 ≈ $303.74
$303.74
= 101.246 ≈ $101.25
3
c) Inductive reasoning - arriving at a general conclusion from specific cases
d) Combination set: $62.00 − ( $62.00 × 0.10 ) = $62.00 − $6.20 = $55.80
Individual sets: 2 × $36.00 = $72.00,$72.00 − ( $72.00 × 0.20 ) = $72.00 − $14.40 = $57.60
Therefore, the combination set is cheaper.
e) Combintion with tax: $55.80 × 1.07 ≈ $59.71
Individual set with tax: $57.60 × 1.07 ≈ $61.63
$61.63 - $59.71 = $1.92
2. a) – d) Answers will vary.

e) 400 mi ÷ 50 mi hr = 8 hrs, 9 A.M. + 8 hrs = 5 P.M.
f) – h) Answers will vary.
3. Order Name Apparel

1 Ernie holster
2 Zeke vest
3 Jed chaps
4 Tex stetson
CHAPTER TWO
SETS
Exercise Set 2.1

1. A set is a collection of objects.
2. An ellipsis is three dots in a set indicating the elements continue in the same manner.
3. Description: the set of counting numbers less than 7
Roster form: {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6}
Set-builder notation: { x x ∈ N and x < 7}

4. A set is finite if it either contains no elements or the number of elements in the set is a natural number.
5. An infinite set is a set that is not finite.
6. Set A is equal to set B , symbolized by A = B , if and only if they contain exactly the same elements.
7. Two sets are equivalent if they contain the same number of elements.
8. The cardinal number of a set A , symbolized by n ( A ) , is the number of elements in set A .
9. A set that contains no elements is called the empty set or null set.
10. { },∅
11. Set A and set B can be placed in one-to-one correspondence if every element of set A can be matched with
exactly one element of set B and every element of set B can be matched with exactly one element of set A .
12. A universal set, symbolized by U , is a set that contains all the elements for any specific discussion.
13. Not well defined, “large” is interpreted differently by different people.
14. Not well defined, “best” is interpreted differently by different people.
15. Well defined, the contents can be clearly determined.
18. Not well defined, “nicest” is interpreted differently by different people.
19. Infinite, the number of elements in the set is not a natural number.
20. Finite, the number of elements in the set is a natural number.
24. Finite, the number of elements in the set is a natural number.
25. {Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic, Indian} 26. {Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa}
27. {11,12,13,14,… ,177} 28. C = {4}
29. B = {2, 4, 6,8,…} 30. { } or ∅
31. { } or ∅ 32. {Hawaii, Alaska}
33. E = {6, 7,8,9,… , 71} 34. {Mark McGwire}
19
20 CHAPTER 2 Sets
35. {Sony DSC-S50, Sony DSC-S70, Sony Mavica FD-90}

36. {Olympus D-360L}
37. {Sony Mavica FD-73, Olympus D-360L, Sony DSC-S50, Kodak DC215, H-P Photo Smart C315}
38. {Sony DSC-S50, Sony DSC-S70, Sony Mavica FD-90}
39. {2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008} 40. {2005, 2006, 2007, 2008}
41. {2005, 2006, 2007, 2008} 42. {2002, 2003, 2004}
43. B = { x x ∈ N and 3 < x < 11} or 44. A = { x x ∈ N and x < 8} or
B = { x x ∈ N and 4 ≤ x ≤ 10} A = { x x ∈ N and x ≤ 7}
45. C = { x x ∈ N and x is a multiple of 3} 46. D = { x x ∈ N and x is a multiple of 5}
47. E = { x x ∈ N and x is odd} 48. A = { x x is Labor Day}
49. C = { x x is February}
50. F = { x x ∈ N and 14 < x < 101} or F = { x x ∈ N and 15 ≤ x ≤ 100}

51. Set A is the set of natural numbers less than or equal to 7.
52. Set D is the set of natural numbers that are multiples of 4.
53. Set V is the set of vowels in the English alphabet.
54. Set S is the set of the seven dwarfs in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.
55. Set C is the set of companies that make calculators.
56. Set B is the set of the five longest rivers in the United States.
57. Set B is the set of members of the Beatles.
58. Set E is the set of natural numbers greater than 5 and less than or equal to 12.
59. {St. Louis} 60. {Scranton}

61. { } or ∅ 62. {Spokane, Detroit}
63. {1999, 2000, 2001, 2002} 64. {1998}
65. {1999, 2001, 2002} 66. { } or ∅
67. False; {b} is a set, and not an element of the set. 68. True; b is an element of the set.
69. False; h is not an element of the set. 70. True; Cat in the Hat is an element of the set.
71. False; 3 is an element of the set. 72. False; the capital of Hawaii is Honolulu, not Maui.
73. True; Titanic is an element of the set. 74. False; 2 is an even natural number.
75. n ( A) = 4 76. n ( B) = 6
77. n (C ) = 0 78. n ( D) = 5
79. Both; A and B contain exactly the same elements.

80. Equivalent; both sets contain the same number of elements, 3.
81. Neither; the sets have a different number of elements.
82. Neither; not all dogs are collies.
SECTION 2.2 21
85. a) Set A is the set of natural numbers greater than 2. Set B is the set of all numbers greater than 2.
b) Set A contains only natural numbers. Set B contains other types of numbers, including fractions
and decimal numbers.
c) A = {3, 4,5, 6,…}
d) No; set B cannot be written in roster form since we cannot list all the elements in set B .
86. a) Set A is the set of natural numbers greater than 2 and less than or equal to 5. Set B is the set of numbers greater
than 2 and less than or equal to 5.
b) Set A contains only natural numbers. Set B contains other types of numbers, including fractions
and decimal numbers.
c) A = {3, 4,5}
d) No, set B cannot be written in roster form since there is no smallest number that is greater than 2.
87. Cardinal; 12 tells how many. 88. Ordinal; 25 tells the relative position of the chart.
89. Ordinal; sixteenth tells Lincoln’s relative position. 90. Cardinal; 35 tells how many dollars she spent.
91. Answers will vary.

92. Answers will vary. Examples: the set of people in the class who were born on the moon, the set of automobiles that
get 400 miles on a gallon of gas, the set of fish that can talk
94. Answers will vary. Here are some examples.
a) The set of men. The set of actors. The set of people over 12 years old. The set of people with two legs. The set of
people who have been in a movie.
b) The set of all the people in the world.
95.
Exercise Set 2.2

1. Set A is a subset of set B , symbolized by A ⊆ B , if and only if all the elements of set A are also elements
of set B .
2. Set A is a proper subset of set B , symbolized by A ⊂ B , if and only if all the elements of set A are also elements
of set B and set A ≠ set B .
3. If A ⊆ B , then every element of set A is also an element of set B . If A ⊂ B , then every element of set A is also an
element of set B and set A ≠ set B .
4. 2n , where n is the number of elements in the set.
5. 2n − 1 , where n is the number of elements in the set.
6. No, if two sets are equal one cannot be a proper subset of the other.
22 CHAPTER 2 Sets
7. False; gold is an element of the set, not a subset. 8. False; the empty set is a subset of
{knee, ankle, shoulder, hip} .
9. True; the empty set is a subset of every set. 10. False; red is an element of the set, not a proper
subset.
11. True; 5 is not an element of {2, 4,6} . 12. False; Pete and Mike are not in the second set.
13. False; the set {∅} contains the element ∅ . 14. True; {engineer} is a subset of
{architect, physician, attorney, engineer} .
15. True; {} and ∅ each represent the empty set. 16. False; 0 is a number and { } is a set.
17. False; the set {0} contains the element 0 . 18. True; {3,8,11} is a subset of {3,8,11} .
19. False; {swimming} is a subset, not an element. 20. True; {3,5,9} = {3,9,5} .
21. True; the empty set is a subset of every set, 22. True; the elements of the set are themselves sets.
including itself.
23. False; no set is a proper subset of itself. 24. True; {b, a, t} is a subset of {t , a, b} .
25. B ⊆ A, B ⊂ A 26. A = B, A ⊆ B, B ⊆ A
27. A ⊆ B, A ⊂ B 28. None
29. B ⊆ A, B ⊂ A 30. B ⊆ A, B ⊂ A
31. A = B, A ⊆ B, B ⊆ A 32. B ⊆ A, B ⊂ A
33. { } is the only subset. 34. { } ,{○}
35. { } , {pen} , {pencil} , {pen, pencil} 36. { } , {apple} , {peach} , {banana} , {apple, peach} ,
{apple, banana} , {peach, banana} ,
{apple, peach, banana}
37. a){ } , {a} , {b} , {c} , {d } , {a, b} , {a, c} ,{a, d } ,
38. a) 29 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 512 subsets
{b, c} , {b, d } , {c, d } , {a, b, c} , {a, b, d } , b) 29 − 1 = 512 − 1 = 511 proper subsets
{a, c, d } , {b, c, d } , {a, b, c, d }
b) All the sets in part a) are proper subsets of
A except {a, b, c, d } .
39. False; A could be equal to B . 40. True; every proper subset is a subset.
41. True; every set is a subset of itself. 42. False; no set is a proper subset of itself.
43. True; ∅ is a proper subset of every set except 44. True; ∅ is a subset of every set.
itself.
45. True; every set is a subset of the universal set. 46. False; a set cannot be a proper subset of itself.
47. True; ∅ is a proper subset of every set except 48. False; the only subset of ∅ is itself and U = ∅ .
itself and U = ∅ .
49. True; ∅ is a subset of every set. 50. False; U is not a subset of ∅ .
(See answer for #48.)
51. The number of different variations of the house is equal to the number of subsets of
{deck, jacuzzi, security system, hardwood flooring} , which is 24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 16 .
52. The number of options is equal to the number of subsets of
{RAM, modem, video card, hard drive, processor, sound card} , which is 26 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 64 .
SECTION 2.3 23
53. The number of different variations is equal to the number of subsets of

{call waiting, call forwarding, caller identification, three way calling, voice mail, fax line} ,
which is 26 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 64 .
54. The number of variations is equal to the number of subsets of
{ketchup, mustard, relish, hot sauce, onions, lettuce, tomato} , which is 27 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 128 .
55. E = F since they are both subsets of each other.
56. Count the number of boys then count the number of girls. If the number is the same, then they are equivalent.
57. a) Yes, because a is a member of set D .
b) No, c is an element of set D .
c) Yes, each element of {a, b} is an element of set D .
58. a) Each person has 2 choices, namely yes or no. 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 16
b) YYYY, YYYN, YYNY, YNYY, NYYY, YYNN, YNYN, YNNY, NYNY, NNYY, NYYN, YNNN, NYNN,
NNYN, NNNY, NNNN
c) 5 out of 16
59. A one element set has one proper subset, namely the empty set. A one element set has two subsets, namely itself and
the empty set. One is one-half of two. Thus, the set must have one element.
60. Yes
61. Yes
62. No
Section 2.3
1. 2.
U U
A
B
B A
3. 4.
U U
A
B A
B
24 CHAPTER 2 Sets
5.
U
A B
6. Determine the elements that are in the universal set that are not in set A .
7. Combine the elements from set A and set B into one set. List any element that is contained in both sets only once.
8. I, II, III
9. Take the elements common to both set A and set B .
10. II
11. a) Or is generally interpreted to mean union.
b) And is generally interpreted to mean intersection.
12. n ( A ∪ B ) = n ( A ) + n ( B ) − n ( A ∩ B )
13. Region II, the intersection of the two sets.
14. Region IV which contains any element not belonging to either set.
15. 16.
U U
A B A B
I III
I II III Microwave II
McDonald’s oven Washing Dryer
Pizza Hut Wendy’s machine
Burger King Refrigerator
Papa John’s Taco Bell Dishwasher Computer
Denny’s Subway Television Compact
Roy Rogers disc
player
IV Camcorder
Del Taco Videocassette recorder IV
17.
U
A Computer B
software engineers,
system software Computer
software engineers,
applications
Medical
assistants Computer support
specialists
Personal/home-care
aides
Computer systems
analysts
I III
Desktop publishers II
Database administrators
Network and computer systems administrators
Network systems/data communications analysts IV
SECTION 2.3 25
18.
U
A B
I III
Jordan
Chamberlain
Abdul-Jabbar Wilkins
Johnson
O’Neal West
Iverson Gervin
II
IV
Bryant
19. The set of U.S. colleges and universities that are not in the state of North Dakota
20. The set of marbles in the box that contain no blue coloring
21. The set of insurance companies in the U.S. that do not offer life insurance
22. The set of insurance companies in the U.S. that do no offer car insurance
23. The set of insurance companies in the U.S. that offer life insurance or car insurance
24. The set of insurance companies in the U.S. that offer life insurance and car insurance
25. The set of insurance companies in the U.S. that offer life insurance and do not offer car insurance
26. The set of insurance companies in the U.S. that offer life insurance or do not offer car insurance
27. The set of U.S. corporations whose headquarters are in New York State and whose chief executive officer is a woman
28. The set of U.S. corporations whose headquarters are in New York State or that employ at least 100 people
29. The set of U.S. corporations whose chief executive officer is not a woman and who employ at least 100 people
30. The set of U.S. corporations whose headquarters are in New York State and whose chief executive officer is a woman
and who employ at least 100 people
31. The set of U.S. corporations whose headquarters are in New York State or whose chief executive officer is a woman
or that employ at least 100 people
32. The set of U.S. corporations whose headquarters are not in New York State or that do not employ at least 100 people
33. A = {a, b, c, h, t, w}
34. B = {a, f, g, h, r}
35. A ∩ B = {a, b, c, h, t, w} ∩ {a, f, g, h, r} = {a, h}
36. U = {c, w, b, t, a, h, f, g, r, p, m, z}
37. A ∪ B = {a, b, c, h, t, w} ∪ {a, f, g, h, r} = {a, b, c, f, g, h, r, t, w}
38. ( A ∪ B )′ From #37, A ∪ B = {a, b, c, f, g, h, r, t, w} . ( A ∪ B )′ = {a, b, c, f, g, h, r, t, w}′ = {m, p, z}

39. A′ ∩ B ′ = {a, b, c, h, t, w}′ ∩ {a, f, g, h, r}′ = {f, g, r, p, m, z} ∩ {c, w, b, t, p, m, z} = {p, m, z}
40. ( A ∩ B )′ From #35, A ∩ B = {a, h} . ( A ∩ B )′ = {a, h}′ = {b, c, f, g, m, p, r, t, w, z}

41. A = {L, ∆,@ ,*,$}
42. B = {*,$, R, , α }
43. U = {L, ∆,@,*,$, R, , α , ∞, Σ, Z}
44. A ∪ B = {L, ∆,@,*,$} ∪ {*,$, R, , α } = {L, ∆,@,*,$, R, , α }
45. A ∩ B = {L, ∆,@,*,$} ∩ {*,$, R, , α } = {*,$}
46. A ∪ B′ = {L, ∆,@,*,$} ∪ {*,$, R, , α }′ = {L, ∆,@,*,$} ∪ {L, ∆,@, ∞, Σ, Z} = {L,∆,@,*,$,∞,Σ,Z}

26 CHAPTER 2 Sets
47. A′ ∩ B = {L, ∆,@,*,$}′ ∩ {*,$, R, , α } = {R, , α , ∞, Σ, Z} ∩ {*,$, R, , α } = {R, , α }
48. ( A ∪ B )′ From #44, A ∪ B = {L, ∆,@,*,$, R, , α } . ( A ∪ B )′ = {L, ∆,@,*,$, R, , α }′ = {∞, Σ, Z}

49. A ∪ B = {1, 2, 4,5,8} ∪ {2,3, 4, 6} = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6,8}
50. A ∩ B = {1, 2, 4,5,8} ∩ {2,3, 4, 6} = {2, 4}
51. B ′ = {2,3, 4, 6}′ = {1,5, 7,8}
52. A ∪ B′ = {1, 2, 4,5,8} ∪ {2,3, 4, 6}′ = {1, 2, 4,5,8} ∪ {1,5, 7,8} = {1, 2, 4,5, 7,8}
53. ( A ∪ B )′ From #49, A ∪ B = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6,8} . ( A ∪ B )′ = {1, 2,3, 4,5,6,8}′ = {7}
54. A′ ∩ B ′ = {1, 2, 4,5,8}′ ∩ {2,3, 4, 6}′ = {3, 6, 7} ∩ {1,5, 7,8} = {7}
55. ( A ∪ B )′ ∩ B From #53, ( A ∪ B )′ = {7} . ( A ∪ B )′ ∩ B = {7} ∩ {2,3, 4, 6} = { }

56. ( A ∪ B ) ∩ ( A ∪ B )′ From #49, A ∪ B = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6,8} and from #53, ( A ∪ B )′ = {7} .
( A ∪ B ) ∩ ( A ∪ B )′ = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6,8} ∩ {7} = { }

57. ( B ∪ A)′ ∩ ( B′ ∪ A′ ) From #53, ( A ∪ B )′ = ( B ∪ A)′ = {7} .
(
( B ∪ A)′ ∩ ( B′ ∪ A′ ) = {7} ∩ {2,3, 4, 6}′ ∪ {1, 2, 4,5,8}′ ) = {7} ∩ ({1,5, 7,8} ∪ {3, 6, 7})
= {7} ∩ {1,3,5, 6, 7,8} = {7}
58. A′ ∪ ( A ∩ B ) From #50, A ∩ B = {2, 4} . A′ ∪ ( A ∩ B ) = {1, 2, 4,5,8}′ ∪ {2, 4} = {3, 6, 7} ∪ {2, 4} = {2,3, 4, 6, 7}
59. B ′ = {b, c, d , f , g}′ = {a, e, h, i, j , k }

60. B ∪ C = {b, c, d , f , g} ∪ {a, b, f , i, j} = {a, b, c, d , f , g , i, j}
61. A ∩ C = {a, c, d , f , g , i} ∩ {a, b, f , i, j} = {a, f , i}
62. A ∪ B′ From #59, B ′ = {a, e, h, i, j , k} . A ∪ B ′ = {a, c, d , f , g , i} ∪ {a, e, h, i, j , k } = {a, c, d , e, f , g , h, i, j , k }
63. ( A ∩ C )′ From #61, A ∩ C = {a, f , i} . ( A ∩ C )′ = {a, f , i}′ = {b, c, d , e, g , h, j, k}

64. ( A ∩ B ) ∪ C = ({a, c, d , f , g , i} ∩ {b, c, d , f , g}) ∪ {a, b, f , i, j} = {c, d , f , g} ∪ {a, b, f , i, j} = {a, b, c, d , f , g , i, j}
65. A ∪ ( C ∩ B )′ = {a, c, d , f , g , i} ∪ ({a, b, f , i, j} ∩ {b, c, d , f , g} )′ = {a, c, d , f , g , i} ∪ {b, f }′
= {a, c, d , f , g , i} ∪ {a, c, d , e, g , h, i, j , k } = {a, c, d , e, f , g , h, i, j , k}
66. (
A ∪ ( C ′ ∪ B ′ ) = {a, c, d , f , g , i} ∪ {a, b, f , i, j}′ ∪ {b, c, d , f , g}′ )
= {a, c, d , f , g , i} ∪ ({c, d , e, g , h, k} ∪ {a, e, h, i, j , k } ) = {a, c, d , f , g , i} ∪ {a, c, d , e, g , h, i, j , k}
= {a, c, d , e, f , g , h, i, j , k}
67. (
( A′ ∪ C ) ∪ ( A ∩ B ) = {a, c, d , f , g , i}′ ∪ {a, b, f , i, j} ) ∪ ({a, c, d , f , g, i} ∩ {b, c, d , f , g})
= ({b, e, h, j , k} ∪ {a, b, f , i, j} ) ∪ {c, d , f , g} = {a, b, e, f , h, i, j , k} ∪ {c, d , f , g}
= {a, b, c, d , e, f , g , h, i, j , k} , or U
SECTION 2.3 27
68. ( C ∩ B ) ∩ ( A′ ∩ B ) From #65, C ∩ B = {b, f } .
(
( C ∩ B ) ∩ ( A′ ∩ B ) = {b, f } ∩ {a, c, d , f , g , i}′ ∩ {b, c, d , f , g} ) = {b, f } ∩ ({b, e, h, j, k} ∩ {b, c, d , f , g})
= {b, f } ∩ {b} = {b}
For exercises 69-82: U = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9} , A = {1,3,5,7,9} , B = {2, 4, 6,8} , C = {1, 2,3, 4,5}
69. A ∩ B = {1,3,5, 7,9} ∩ {2, 4,6,8} = { }
70. A ∪ B = {1,3,5, 7,9} ∪ {2, 4, 6,8} = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9} , or U
71. A′ ∪ B = {1,3,5, 7,9}′ ∪ {2, 4, 6,8} = {2, 4, 6,8} ∪ {2, 4, 6,8} = {2, 4, 6,8} , or B
72. ( B ∪ C )′ = ({2, 4, 6,8} ∪ {1, 2,3, 4,5})′ = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6,8}′ = {7,9}
73. A ∩ C ′ = {1,3,5, 7,9} ∩ {1, 2,3, 4,5}′ = {1,3,5, 7,9} ∩ {6, 7,8,9} = {7,9}
74. A ∩ B′ = {1,3,5, 7,9} ∩ {2, 4, 6,8}′ = {1,3,5, 7,9} ∩ {1,3,5, 7,9} = {1,3,5,7,9} , or A
75. ( B ∩ C )′ = ({2, 4, 6,8} ∩ {1, 2,3, 4,5})′ = {2, 4}′ = {1,3,5, 6, 7,8,9}
76. ( A ∪ C ) ∩ B = ({1,3,5, 7,9} ∪ {1, 2,3, 4,5}) ∩ {2, 4, 6,8} = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 7,9} ∩ {2, 4, 6,8} = {2, 4}
77. (C ∩ B ) ∪ A From #75, C ∩ B = {2, 4} . ( C ∩ B ) ∪ A = {2, 4} ∪ {1,3,5, 7,9} = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 7,9}
78. (
( C ′ ∪ A) ∩ B = {1, 2,3, 4,5}′ ∪ {1,3,5, 7,9} ) ∩ {2, 4, 6,8} = ({6, 7,8,9} ∪{1,3,5, 7,9}) ∩ {2, 4, 6,8}
= {1,3,5, 6, 7,8,9} ∩ {2, 4, 6,8} = {6,8}
79. (
( A′ ∪ C ) ∩ B = {1,3,5, 7,9}′ ∪ {1, 2,3, 4,5} ) ∩ {2, 4, 6,8} = ({2, 4, 6,8} ∪ {1, 2,3, 4,5}) ∩ {2, 4, 6,8}
= {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6,8} ∩ {2, 4, 6,8} = {2, 4, 6,8} , or B
80. ( A ∩ B )′ ∪ C From #69, A ∩ B = { } .
( A ∩ B )′ ∪ C = { }′ ∪ {1, 2,3, 4,5} = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9} ∪ {1, 2,3, 4,5} = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9} , or U
81. (
( A′ ∪ B′ ) ∩ C = {1,3,5, 7,9}′ ∪ {2, 4, 6,8}′ ) ∩ {1, 2,3, 4,5}
= ({2, 4, 6,8} ∪ {1,3,5, 7,9} ) ∩ {1, 2,3, 4,5} = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9} ∩ {1, 2,3, 4,5} = {1, 2,3, 4,5} , or C
82. ( A′ ∩ C ) ∪ ( A ∩ B ) From #69, A ∩ B = { } .
(
( A′ ∩ C ) ∪ ( A ∩ B ) = {1,3,5, 7,9}′ ∩ {1, 2,3, 4,5} ) ∪ { } = ({2, 4, 6,8} ∩ {1, 2,3, 4,5}) ∪ { } = {2, 4} ∪ { } = {2, 4}
83. A set and its complement will always be disjoint since the complement of a set is all of the elements in the universal
set that are not in the set. Therefore, a set and its complement will have no elements in common.
For example, if U = {1, 2,3} , A = {1, 2} , and A′ = {3} , then A ∩ A′ = { } .
84. n ( A ∩ B ) = 0 when A and B are disjoint sets. For example, if U = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6} , A = {1,3} , B = {2, 4} ,
then A ∩ B = { } . n ( A ∩ B ) = 0
28 CHAPTER 2 Sets
85. Let A = {visitors who visited the Hollywood Bowl} and B = {visitors who visited Disneyland} .
n ( A ∪ B ) = n ( A ) + n ( B ) − n ( A ∩ B ) = 27 + 38 − 16 = 49
86. Let A = {students who sang in the chorus} and B = {students who played in the stage band} .
n ( A ∪ B ) = n ( A) + n ( B ) − n ( A ∩ B )
46 = n ( A ) + 30 − 4
46 = n ( A ) + 26
46 − 26 = n ( A ) + 26 − 26
20 = n ( A )
87. a) A ∪ B = {a, b, c, d } ∪ {b, d , e, f , g , h} = {a, b, c, d , e, f , g , h} , n ( A ∪ B ) = 8,
A ∩ B = {a, b, c, d } ∩ {b, d , e, f , g , h} = {b, d } , n ( A ∩ B ) = 2.
n ( A) + n ( B ) − n ( A ∩ B ) = 4 + 6 − 2 = 8
Therefore, n ( A ∪ B ) = n ( A ) + n ( B ) − n ( A ∩ B ) .
b) Answers will vary.
c) Elements in the intersection of A and B are counted twice in n ( A ) + n ( B ) .
88. A ∩ B′ defines Region I. A ∩ B defines Region II. A′ ∩ B defines Region III.
A′ ∩ B ′ or ( A ∪ B )′ defines Region IV.
89. A ∪ B = {1, 2,3, 4,…} ∪ {4,8,12,16,…} = {1, 2,3, 4,…} , or A
90. A ∩ B = {1, 2,3, 4,…} ∩ {4,8,12,16,…} = {4,8,12,16,…} , or B
91. B ∩ C = {4,8,12,16,…} ∩ {2, 4, 6,8,…} = {4,8,12,16,…} , or B
92. B ∪ C = {4,8,12,16,…} ∪ {2, 4, 6,8,…} = {2, 4, 6,8,…} , or C
93. A ∩ C = {1, 2,3, 4,…} ∩ {2, 4,6,8,…} = {2, 4, 6,8,…} , or C
94. A′ ∩ C = {1, 2,3, 4,…}′ ∩ {2, 4, 6,8,…} = {0} ∩ {2, 4, 6,8,…} = { }

95. B ′ ∩ C = {4,8,12,16,…}′ ∩ {2, 4, 6,8,…} = {0,1, 2,3,5, 6, 7,9,10,11,13,14,15,…} ∩ {2, 4, 6,8,…}
= {2, 6,10,14,18,…}
96. ( B ∪ C )′ ∪ C From #92, B ∪ C = C. ( B ∪ C )′ ∪ C = C ′ ∪ C = {2, 4, 6,8,…}′ ∪ {2, 4, 6,8,…}

= {0,1, 2,3, 4,…} , or U
97. ( A ∩ C ) ∩ B′ From #93, A ∩ C = C. ( A ∩ C ) ∩ B′ = C ∩ B′.
From #95, B ′ ∩ C = C ∩ B′ = {2, 6,10,14,18,…}
98. U ′ ∩ ( A ∪ B ) From #89, A ∪ B = A. U ′ ∩ ( A ∪ B ) = U ′ ∩ A = { } ∩ {1, 2,3, 4,…} = { }
99. A ∪ A′ = U 100. A ∩ A′ = { }
101. A ∪ ∅ = A 102. A ∩ ∅ = ∅
103. A′ ∪ U = U 104. A ∩ U = A
105. A ∪ U = U 106. A ∪U ′ = A ∪ { }= A
107. If A ∩ B = B , then B ⊆ A . 108. If A ∪ B = B, then A ⊆ B.
109. If A ∩ B = ∅, then A and B are disjoint sets. 110. If A ∪ B = A, then B ⊆ A .
SECTION 2.4 29
111. If A ∩ B = A, then A ⊆ B. 112. If A ∪ B = ∅, then A = ∅ and B = ∅.

Therefore, they are equal sets.
113. A − B = {b, c, e, f , g , h} − {a, b, c, g , i} = {e, f , h} 114. B − A = {a, b, c, g , i} − {b, c, e, f , g , h} = {a, i}
115. A′ − B = {b, c, e, f , g , h}′ − {a, b, c, g , i} 116. A − B ′ = {b, c, e, f , g , h} − {a, b, c, g , i}′
= {a, d , i, j , k} − {a, b, c, g , i} = {d , j , k } = {b, c, e, f , g , h} − {d , e, f , h, j , k} = {b, c, g}
117. A − B = {2, 4,5, 7,9,11,13} − {1, 2, 4,5,6, 7,8,9,11} 118. B − A = {1, 2, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9,11} − {2, 4,5, 7,9,11,13}
= {13} = {1, 6,8}

120. A − B ′
119. ( A − B )′ From #117, A − B = {13} .
= {2, 4,5, 7,9,11,13} − {1, 2, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9,11}′
( A − B )′ = {13}′
= {2, 4,5, 7,9,11,13} − {3,10,12,13,14,15}
= {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15}
= {2, 4,5, 7,9,11}
121. ( B − A)′ From #118, B − A = {1, 6,8} . 122. A ∩ ( A − B ) From #117, A − B = {13} .
A ∩ ( A − B ) = {2, 4,5, 7,9,11,13} ∩ {13} = {13}

( B − A)′ = {1, 6,8}′
= {2,3, 4,5, 7,9,10,11,12,13,14,15}
123. Complement 124.
Exercise Set 2.4

1. 8
2. Region V, the intersection of all three sets
3. Regions II, IV, VI
4. A ∩ B is represented by regions II and V. If A ∩ B contains 10 elements and region V contains 6 elements,
then region II contains 10 − 6 = 4 elements.
5. B ∩ C is represented by regions V and VI. If B ∩ C contains 12 elements and region V contains 4 elements,
then region VI contains 12 − 4 = 8 elements.
6. ( A ∪ B )′ = A′ ∩ B′; ( A ∩ B )′ = A′ ∪ B′
7. a) Yes
A ∪ B = {1, 4,5} ∪ {1, 4,5} = {1, 4,5}
A ∩ B = {1, 4,5} ∩ {1, 4,5} = {1, 4,5}
b) No, one specific case cannot be used as proof.
c)
A∪ B A∩ B
Set Regions Set Regions
A I, II A I, II
B II, III B II, III
A∪ B I, II, III A∩ B II
Since the two statements are not represented by the same regions, A ∪ B ≠ A ∩ B for all sets A and B .
30 CHAPTER 2 Sets
8. Deductive reasoning – the process of reasoning to a specific conclusion from a general statement.
9. 10.
U U
A B A B
I II III I II III
e d a NJ DE
g PA CT
h NH GA
V V MD
IV c VI IV NY VI
i MA RI
f
j SC
C VII C VII
b VIII VA, NC VIII
11. 12.
U U
A B
I II III
Football A B
Lacrosse Baseball I II III
Soccer Tennis The Lion
V Golf Aladdin King
IV Volley. VI
Basket. V
Swimming Toy Story
Wrestling Fencing IV S.W. & VI
Track Gymnastics the 7 D. Beauty
Cross-country VII C VIII and the
Beast
Cinderella
101 Dalmatians
VII
C
The Little Mermaid VIII
Jurassic Park
13. 14.
U U
A B A B
I II III I II III
Peach Gillespie
Carrot Armstrong
Corn Monk Miller
V V
IV Pear VI IV El.Bas. VI
Gr. Mel. Ba. Spi. Kenton Davis
Parker
Apple Coltrane
VII Goodman VII C VIII
Orange C VIII
SECTION 2.4 31
15. 16.
U U
A : At least 58 B : At least A B
I II III 20 gold I II III
Survivor II
CSI
Everybody Millionaire-
Loves Wednesday
U.S. V Raymond V
Russia Law & E.R.
IV China VI Order IV Friends VI
Australia
Millionaire
Korea -Tuesday
Netherlands Germany Millionaire – Thursday
Romania France Millionaire - Sunday
Great Britain Italy
Cuba VII C : At least NFL Monday
VIII 10 bronze Night Football VII C
60 Minutes, West Wing VIII
17. Harvard, V 18. Yale, I

19. Boston College, VIII 20. University of California – Berkeley, VI
21. Northwestern, VI 22. Duke, IV
23. Washington D.C., IV 24. Pittsburgh, III
25. Denver, II 26. Houston, I
27. Rochester, NY, VII 28. Chicago, VI
29. VI 30. VIII

31. III 32. IV
33. III 34. I
35. V 36. III
37. II 38. VIII
39. VII 40. VI
41. I 42. VII
43. VIII 44. V
45. VI 46. III
47. A = {1, 2,3, 4,5,6} 48. U = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9,10,11,12}

49. B = {3, 4,5, 7,8,9,12} 50. C = {4,5, 6, 7,8,10}
51. A ∩ B = {3, 4,5} 52. A ∩ C = {4,5, 6}
53. ( B ∩ C )′ = {1, 2,3, 6,9,10,11,12} 54. A ∩ B ∩ C = {4,5}
55. A ∪ B = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9,12} 56. B ∪ C = {3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9,10,12}
57. ( A ∪ C )′ = {9,11,12} 58. A ∪ B ∪ C = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9,10,12}
59. A′ = {7,8,9,10,11,12} 60. ( A ∪ B ∪ C )′ = {11}

32 CHAPTER 2 Sets
61. ( A ∪ B )′ A′ ∩ B ′ 62. ( A ∩ B )′ A′ ∪ B
Set Regions Set Regions Set Regions Set Regions
A I, II A I, II A I, II A I, II
B II, III A′ III, IV B II, III A′ III, IV
A∪ B I, II, III B II, III A∩ B II B II, III
( A ∪ B )′ IV B′ I, IV ( A ∩ B )′ I, III, IV A′ ∪ B II, III, IV

A′ ∩ B ′ IV
Both statements are represented by the same region, IV, Since the two statements are not represented by the same
of the Venn diagram. Therefore, ( A ∪ B )′ = A′ ∩ B ′ regions, ( A ∩ B )′ ≠ A′ ∪ B for all sets A and B.

for all sets A and B.
A′ ∪ B ′ A∩ B
63.
64. ( A ∪ B )′ ( A ∩ B )′
A′ III, IV B II, III B II, III B II, III
B II, III A∩ B II A∪ B I, II, III A∩ B II
B′ I, IV ( A ∪ B )′ IV ( A ∩ B )′ I, III, IV
A′ ∪ B ′ I, III, IV
Since the two statements are not represented by the same
regions, A′ ∪ B ′ ≠ A ∩ B for all sets A and B. regions, ( A ∪ B )′ ≠ ( A ∩ B )′ for all sets A and B.
A′ ∩ B ′ A ∪ B′
65. A′ ∪ B ′ ( A ∪ B )′ 66.

A′ III, IV B II, III A′ III, IV B II, III
B II, III A∪ B I, II, III B II, III B ′ I, IV
B′ I, IV ( A ∪ B )′ IV B′ I, IV A ∪ B′ I, II, IV
A′ ∩ B ′ IV
regions, A′ ∩ B ′ ≠ A ∪ B ′ for all sets A and B.
regions, A′ ∪ B ′ ≠ ( A ∪ B )′ for all sets A and B.
67. ( A′ ∩ B )′ A ∪ B′ 68. A′ ∩ B ′ ( A′ ∩ B′ )′
A′ III, IV B II, III A′ III, IV A′ III, IV
B II, III B′ I, IV B II, III B II, III
A′ ∩ B III A ∪ B′ I, II, IV B′ I, IV B′ I, IV
A′ ∩ B ′ A′ ∩ B ′
( A′ ∩ B )′
IV IV
I, II, IV
Both statements are represented by the same regions, ( A′ ∩ B′ )′ I, II, III
I, II, IV, of the Venn diagram. Therefore, Since the two statements are not represented by the same
( A′ ∩ B )′ = A ∪ B′ for all sets A and B. regions, A′ ∩ B ′ ≠ ( A′ ∩ B′ )′ for all sets A and B.

SECTION 2.4 33
69. A∩(B ∪C) ( A ∩ B) ∪ C

B II, III, V, VI A I, II, IV, V
C IV , V, VI, VII B II, III, V, VI
B ∪C II, III, IV, V, VI, VII A∩ B II, V
A I, II, IV, V C IV, V, VI, VII
A∩(B ∪C) II, IV, V ( A ∩ B) ∪ C II, IV, V, VI, VII
Since the two statements are not represented by the same regions, A ∩ ( B ∪ C ) ≠ ( A ∩ B ) ∪ C
for all sets A, B, and C .
70. A∪(B ∩C) (B ∩C) ∪ A

B II, III, V, VI B II, III, V, VI
C IV , V, VI, VII C IV, V, VI, VII
B ∩C V, VI B ∩C V, VI
A I, II, IV, V A I, II, IV, V
A∪(B ∩C) I, II, IV, V, VI (B ∩C) ∪ A I, II, IV, V, VI
Both statements are represented by the same regions, I, II, IV, V, VI, of the Venn diagram.
Therefore, A ∪ ( B ∩ C ) = ( B ∩ C ) ∪ A for all sets A, B, and C .
71. A∩(B ∪C) (B ∪C) ∩ A

B ∪C II, III, IV, V, VI, VII B ∪C II, III, IV, V, VI, VII
A∩(B ∪C) II, IV, V (B ∪C) ∩ A II, IV, V
Both statements are represented by the same regions, II, IV, V, of the Venn diagram.
Therefore, A ∩ ( B ∪ C ) = ( B ∪ C ) ∩ A for all sets A, B, and C .
72. A ∪ ( B ∩ C )′ A′ ∩ ( B ∪ C )

B ∩C V, VI B ∪C II, III, IV, V, VI, VII
( B ∩ C )′
I, II, III, IV, VII, VIII A I, II, IV, V
A I, II, IV, V A′ III, VI, VII, VIII
A ∪ ( B ∩ C )′
I, II, III, IV, V, VII, VIII A′ ∩ ( B ∪ C ) III, VI, VII
Since the two statements are not represented by the same regions, A ∪ ( B ∩ C )′ ≠ A′ ∩ ( B ∪ C )
34 CHAPTER 2 Sets
73. A∩(B ∪C) ( A ∩ B) ∪ ( A ∩ C )

C IV, V, VI, VII B II, III, V, VI
B ∪C II, III, IV, V, VI, VII A∩ B II, V
A∩(B ∪C) II, IV, V A∩C IV, V
( A ∩ B) ∪ ( A ∩ C ) II, IV, V
Both statements are represented by the same regions, II, IV, V, of the Venn diagram.
Therefore, A ∩ ( B ∪ C ) = ( A ∩ B ) ∪ ( A ∩ C ) for all sets A, B, and C .
74. A∪(B ∩C) ( A ∪ B) ∩ ( A ∪ C )

B ∩C V, VI A∪ B I, II, III, IV, V, VI
A∪(B ∩C) I, II, IV, V, VI A∪C I, II, IV, V, VI, VII
( A ∪ B) ∩ ( A ∪ C ) I, II, IV, V, VI
Both statements are represented by the same regions, I, II, IV, V, VI, of the Venn diagram.
Therefore, A ∪ ( B ∩ C ) = ( A ∪ B ) ∩ ( A ∪ C ) for all sets A, B, and C .
75. A ∩ ( B ∪ C )′ A ∩ ( B′ ∩ C ′)
C IV, V, VI, VII B′ I, IV, VII, VIII
B ∪C II, III, IV, V, VI, VII C IV, V, VI, VII
C′
( B ∪ C )′
I, VIII I, II, III, VIII
A I, II, IV, V B′ ∩ C ′ I, VIII
A ∩ ( B ∪ C )′
I A I, II, IV, V
A ∩ ( B′ ∩ C ′) I
Both statements are represented by the same region, I, of the Venn diagram.
Therefore, A ∩ ( B ∪ C )′ = A ∩ ( B ′ ∩ C ′ ) for all sets A, B, and C .
SECTION 2.4 35
76. ( A ∪ B) ∩ ( B ∪ C ) B ∪( A∩C)
B II, III, V, VI C IV, V, VI, VII
A∪ B I, II, III, IV, V, VI A∩C IV, V
B ∪C II, III, IV, V, VI, VII B ∪( A∩C) II, III, IV, V, VI
( A ∪ B) ∩ ( B ∪ C ) II, III, IV, V, VI

Both statements are represented by the same regions, II, III, IV, V, VI, of the Venn diagram.
Therefore, ( A ∪ B ) ∩ ( B ∪ C ) = B ∪ ( A ∩ C ) for all sets A, B, and C .
77. ( A ∪ B )′ ∩ C ( A′ ∪ C ) ∩ ( B′ ∪ C )
B II, III, V, VI A′ III, VI, VII, VIII
A∪ B I, II, III, IV, V, VI C IV, V, VI, VII
A′ ∪ C
( A ∪ B )′
VII, VIII III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII

B′
( A ∪ B )′ ∩ C
VII I, IV, VII, VIII
B′ ∪ C I, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII

( A′ ∪ C ) ∩ ( B′ ∪ C ) IV, V, VI, VII, VIII
Since the two statements are not represented by the same regions, ( A ∪ B )′ ∩ C ≠ ( A′ ∪ C ) ∩ ( B ′ ∪ C )
78. ( C ∩ B )′ ∪ ( A ∩ B )′ A∩(B ∩C)

C∩B V, VI B ∩C V, VI
( C ∩ B )′
I, II, III, IV, VII, VIII A I, II, IV, V
A I, II, IV, V A∩(B ∩C) V

A∩ B II, V
( A ∩ B )′
I, III, IV, VI, VII, VIII
( C ∩ B )′ ∪ ( A ∩ B )′
I, II, III, IV, VI, VII, VIII
Since the two statements are not represented by the same regions, ( C ∩ B )′ ∪ ( A ∩ B )′ ≠ A ∩ ( B ∩ C )
36 CHAPTER 2 Sets
A ∩ B′
79. ( A ∪ B )′ 80.
81. ( A ∪ B ) ∩ C′ 82. A′ ∩ B ∩ C
83. a) ( A ∪ B ) ∩ C = ({1, 2,3, 4} ∪ {3, 6, 7} ) ∩ {6, 7,9} = {1, 2,3, 4, 6, 7} ∩ {6, 7,9} = {6, 7}
( A ∩ C ) ∪ ( B ∩ C ) = ({1, 2,3, 4} ∩ {6, 7,9} ) ∪ ({3, 6, 7} ∩ {6, 7,9}) = ∅ ∪ {6, 7} = {6, 7}

Therefore, for the specific sets, ( A ∪ B ) ∩ C = ( A ∩ C ) ∪ ( B ∩ C ) .
c) ( A ∪ B) ∩ C ( A∩C)∪(B ∩C)
A∪ B I, II, III, IV, V, VI A∩C IV, V
( A ∪ B) ∩ C IV, V, VI B ∩C V, VI
( A∩C)∪(B ∩C) IV, V, VI

Both statements are represented by the same regions, IV, V, VI, of the Venn diagram.
Therefore, ( A ∪ B ) ∩ C = ( A ∩ C ) ∪ ( B ∩ C ) for all sets A, B, and C.
84. a) ( A ∪ C )′ ∩ B = ({a, c, d, e, f } ∪ {a, b, c, d, e} )′ ∩ {c, d} = {a, b, c, d, e, f }′ ∩ {c, d}
= {g, h, i} ∩ {c, d} = ∅
( A ∩ C )′ ∩ B = ({a, c, d, e, f } ∩ {a, b, c, d, e} )′ ∩ {c, d} = {a, c, d, e}′ ∩ {c, d} = {b, f, g, h, i} ∩ {c, d} = ∅

Therefore, for the specific sets, ( A ∪ C )′ ∩ B = ( A ∩ C )′ ∩ B.
c) ( A ∪ C )′ ∩ B ( A ∩ C )′ ∩ B
C IV, V, VI, VII C IV, V, VI, VII
A∪C I, II, IV, V, VI, VII A∩C IV, V
( A ∪ C )′ ( A ∩ C )′
III, VIII I, II, III, VI, VII, VIII
( A ∪ C )′ ∩ B ( A ∩ C )′ ∩ B
III II, III, VI
Since the two statements are not represented by the same regions, ( A ∪ C )′ ∩ B ≠ ( A ∩ C )′ ∩ B
SECTION 2.4 37
85.
U
A B
I II III
A- AB - B-
0.5%
6% 2%
V
IV AB+ VI
A+37% 5% B+11%
O+
32%
O - 6.5% VII Rh VIII
86.
Region Set Region Set
I A ∩ B′ ∩ C ′ V A∩ B ∩C
II A ∩ B ∩ C′ VI A′ ∩ B ∩ C
III A′ ∩ B ∩ C ′ VII A′ ∩ B ′ ∩ C
IV A ∩ B′ ∩ C VIII A′ ∩ B ′ ∩ C ′
87. a) A : Office Building Construction Projects, B : Plumbing Projects, C : Budget Greater Than $300,000
U
A B
I II III
V
IV VI
C VII VIII
b) Region V; A ∩ B ∩ C
c) Region VI; A′ ∩ B ∩ C
d) Region I; A ∩ B′ ∩ C ′
88. n ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = n ( A ) + n ( B ) + n ( C ) − 2n ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) − n ( A ∩ B ∩ C ′ ) − n ( A ∩ B′ ∩ C ) − n ( A′ ∩ B ∩ C )
38 CHAPTER 2 Sets
89. a)
b)
Region Set Region Set
I A ∩ B′ ∩ C ′ ∩ D ′ IX A ∩ B′ ∩ C ∩ D ′
II A ∩ B ∩ C ′ ∩ D′ X A ∩ B ∩ C ∩ D′
III A′ ∩ B ∩ C ′ ∩ D ′ XI A′ ∩ B ∩ C ∩ D ′
IV A ∩ B′ ∩ C ′ ∩ D XII A′ ∩ B ∩ C ∩ D
V A ∩ B ∩ C′ ∩ D XIII A′ ∩ B ′ ∩ C ∩ D ′
VI A′ ∩ B ∩ C ′ ∩ D XIV A′ ∩ B ′ ∩ C ∩ D
VII A ∩ B′ ∩ C ∩ D XV A′ ∩ B ′ ∩ C ′ ∩ D
VIII A∩ B ∩C ∩ D XVI A′ ∩ B ′ ∩ C ′ ∩ D ′
90.
Exercise Set 2.5

1. a) 33, Region I
b) 29, Region III U
Shrubs Trees
c) 27, Region IV
I II III
33 41 29
27 IV
SECTION 2.5 39
2. a) 36, Region I
b) 22, Region III U
Library Student
c) 59, Region IV lounge
I II III
36 43 22
59 IV
3. a) 17, Region I
U
b) 12, Region III Family room Deck
c) 59, the sum of the numbers in Regions I, II, III
I II III
17 30 12
24 IV
4. a) 39, Region I
b) 27, Region III U
Regular Mint
c) 101, the sum of the numbers in Regions I, II, III
I II III
39 35 27
19 IV
5. a) 27, Region VIII

b) 80, Region VII U
Federal UPS
c) 340, the sum of the numbers in Regions I, III, VII Express I II III
d) 55, the sum of the numbers in Regions II, IV, VI
e) 337, the sum of the numbers in Regions I, II, III, IV, V, VI 120 35 140
V
IV 22 VI
12 8
80
Airborne
VII 27 VIII
40 CHAPTER 2 Sets
6. a) 2, Region III
U
b) 6, Region II
Baseball Football
c) 22, the sum of the numbers in Regions I, II, III, IV, V, VI I II III
d) 11, the sum of the numbers in Regions I, II, III
e) 12, the sum of the numbers in Regions II, IV, VI 3 6 2
V
IV 5 VI
2 4
4
Basketball
VII 7 VIII
7. a) 22, Region I
U Science
b) 11, Region II Mysteries fiction
c) 64, the sum of the numbers in Regions I, II, III, IV, V, VI I II III
22 11 17
e) 23, the sum of the numbers in Regions II, IV, VI V
IV 2 VI
9 3
15
Romances
VII 6 VIII
8. a) 9, Region I U
b) 20, the sum of the numbers in Regions I, III, VII Refrigerators Laundry
c) 57, the sum of the numbers in Regions I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII I II III
9 8 3
e) 8, Region VIII
IV V VI
10 7 12
8
Child care
VII 8 VIII
9. a) 17, Region I U Public

b) 27, Region VII Trans. Car pool
c) 2, Region II I II III
17 2 12
e) 2, Region VIII V
IV 3 VI
6 1
27
Alone
VII 2 VIII
SECTION 2.5 41
10. a) 496, the sum of the numbers in

Regions I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII U Computer
b) 132, Region IV Liberal Arts Eng.
I II III
c) 29, Region III
d) 328, the sum of the numbers in Regions II, IV, VI 31 125 29
e) 470, the sum of the numbers in Regions I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII V
IV 68 VI
132 71
14
Nursing VII
26 VIII
11. a) 10, the sum of the numbers in Regions III and VI

b) 15, the sum of the numbers in Regions I, II, III, IV, V, VI U Greater than
Texas 750,000
c) 0, Region II I II III
d) 6, Region VIII
1 0 7
V
IV 3 VI
1 3
4
Greater
than 10% VII 6 VIII
12. No. The sum of the numbers in the Venn diagram U

is 99. Dennis claims he surveyed 100 people. Shrimp cocktail Mozzarella
sticks
I II III
43 35 21
IV
13. The Venn diagram shows the number of cars

driven by women is 37, the sum of the numbers U
Women U.S.
in Regions II, IV, V. This exceeds the 35 women I II III
the agent claims to have surveyed.
12 21
V
IV 15 VI
10 5
13
Two or more VII

VIII
42 CHAPTER 2 Sets

Regions I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII U
Camping Hiking
b) 95, Region V I II III
c) 10, Region VIII 15 45 20
V
The number of parks that had only camping, Region I, IV 95 VI
is 15. The number of parks that had only hiking trails, 30 50
Region III, is 20. The number of parks that had only
35
picnicking, Region VII, is 35. 140 parks had camping
and hiking trails, Regions II and V. 185 parks had camping. Picnicking VII 10 VIII
Therefore, the sum of the numbers in Regions I, II, IV, V
must equal 185. 15 + 140 + number in Region IV = 185.
Thus, the number in Region IV is 30.
15. a) 410, the sum of the numbers in Regions I through VII

U
b) 35, Region V Wheat Corn
c) 90, Region VIII I II III
125 25 110
The number of farmers growing wheat only, Region I,
V
is 125. The number growing corn only, Region III, IV 35 VI
is 110. The number growing oats only, Region VII, 15 10
is 90. 60 farmers grew wheat and corn, Regions II and V. 90

200 farmers grew wheat. Therefore, the sum of the numbers
Oats VII 90 VIII
in Regions I, II, IV, V must equal 200.
125 + 60 + number in Region IV = 200.
Thus, the number in Region IV is 15.
16. From the given information, we get the following Venn diagram:
U
A B
I II III
2
V
IV 4 VI
2 2
C VII VIII
Since n ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = 10 and n (U ) = 12, the remaining 2 elements in the universal set must be in Region VIII.
a) 10, the sum of the numbers in Regions II, IV, V, VI
b) 10, the sum of the numbers in Regions IV, V, VI, VIII
c) 6, the sum of the numbers in Regions IV, VI, VIII
SECTION 2.6 43
Exercise Set 2.6

1. An infinite set is a set that can be placed in a one-to-one correspondence with a proper subset of itself.
2. a) A set is countable if it is finite or if it can be placed in a one-to-one correspondence with the set of
counting numbers.
b) Any set that can be placed in a one-to-one correspondence with the set of counting numbers has
cardinality ℵ.
0
3. {7, 8, 9, 10, 11, …, n + 6, …} 4. {12, 13, 14, 15, 16, …, n+ 11, …}

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
{8, 9, 10, 11, 12, …, n + 7, …} {13, 14, 15, 16, 17, …, n + 12, …}
5. {3, 5, 7, 9, 11, …, 2n + 1, …} 6. {20, 22, 24, 26, 28, …, 2n+ 18, …}
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
{5, 7, 9, 11, 13, …, 2n + 3, …} {22, 24, 26, 28, 30, …, 2n + 20, …}
7. {4, 7, 10, 13, 16, …, 3n + 1, …} 8. {4, 8, 12, 16, 20, …, 4n, …}
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
{7, 10, 13, 16, 19, …, 3n + 4, …} {8, 12, 16, 20, 24, …, 4n + 4, …}
9. {6, 11, 16, 21, 26, …, 5n+1, …}  1 1 1 1 1 
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
10. 1, , , , ,… , ,…
 2 3 4 5 n 
{11, 16, 21, 26, 31, …, 5n+6, …} ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 , , , , ,… , ,…
2 3 4 5 6 n +1 
1 1 1 1 1   6 7 8 9 10 n+5 
11.  , , , ,… , ,… 12.  , , , , ,… , ,…
2 4 6 8 2n  11 11 11 11 11 11 
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
1 1 1 1 1   7 8 9 10 11 n+6 
 , , , ,… , ,…  , , , , ,… , ,…
 4 6 8 10 2n + 2  11 11 11 11 11 11 
13. {1, 2, 3, 4, …, n, …} 14. {1, 2, 3, 4, …, n, …}
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
{6, 12, 18, 24, …, 6n, …} {50, 51, 52, 53, …, n + 49, …}
15. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …, n, …} 16. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …, n, …}
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓↓ ↓↓ ↓
{4, 6, 8, 10, 12, …, 2n + 2, …} {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, …, 2n - 2, …}
17. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …, n, …} 18. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …, n, …}
↓↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
{2, 5, 8, 11, 14, …, 3n - 1, …} {4, 9, 14, 19, 24, …, 5n - 1, …}
19. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …, n , …} 20. { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …, n, …}
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
{5, 8, 11, 14, 17, …, 3n + 2, …} 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 , , , , ,… , ,…
 2 4 6 8 10 2n 
21. { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …, n, …} 22. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …, n, …}
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
 1 1 1 1 1 1   1 2 3 4 5 n 
 , , , , ,… , ,…  , , , , ,… , ,…
3 4 5 6 7 n+2  2 3 4 5 6 n +1 
44 CHAPTER 2 Sets
23. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …, n, …} 24. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …, n, …}

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
{1, 4, 9 , 16, 25, …, n 2 , …} {2, 4, 8, 16, 32, …, 2n , …}
25. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …, n, …} 26. { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …, n, …}
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
{3, 9, 27, 81, 243, …, 3n , …} 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 , , , , ,… , ,…
 3 6 12 24 48 3× 2 n−1

27. = 28. =
29. = 30. =
31. = 32. a) Answers will vary.
b) No
Review Exercises
1. True 2. False; the word best makes the statement not
well defined.
3. True 4. False; no set is a proper subset of itself.
5. False; the elements 6, 12, 18, 24, … are members of 6. True
both sets.
7. False; both sets do not contain exactly the same 8. True
elements.
9. True 10. True
11. True 12. True
13. True 14. True
15. A = {7,9,11,13,15} 16. B = {California, Oregon, Idaho, Utah, Arizona}
17. C = {1, 2,3, 4,… , 296} 18. D = {9,10,11,12,… ,96}
19. A = { x x ∈ N and 52 < x < 100} 20. B = { x x ∈ N and x > 63}
21. C = { x x ∈ N and x < 3} 22. D = { x x ∈ N and 23 ≤ x ≤ 41}
23. A is the set of capital letters in the English alphabet from E through M, inclusive.
24. B is the set of U.S. coins with a value of less than one dollar.
25. C is the set of the last three lowercase letters in the English alphabet.
26. D is the set of numbers greater than or equal to 3 and less than 9.
27. A ∩ B = {1,3,5, 6} ∩ {5,6,9,10} = {5, 6}
28. A ∪ B′ = {1,3,5, 6} ∪ {5, 6,9,10}′ = {1,3,5, 6} ∪ {1, 2,3, 4, 7,8} = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6,7,8}
29. A′ ∩ B = {1,3,5, 6}′ ∩ {5, 6,9,10} = {2, 4, 7,8,9,10} ∩ {5, 6,9,10} = {9,10}
30. ( A ∪ B )′ ∪ C = ({1,3,5, 6} ∪ {5, 6,9,10})′ ∪ {1, 6,10} = {1,3,5, 6,9,10}′ ∪ {1, 6,10}
= {2, 4, 7,8} ∪ {1,6,10} = {1, 2, 4, 6, 7,8,10}
31. 2 4 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 16 32. 24 − 1 = ( 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 ) − 1 = 16 − 1 = 15
REVIEW EXERCISES 45
33. 34. A ∪ B = {b, e, g, k, c, d, f, a}

U
A B
I II III
Puma
Lion
Jaguar
V
IV Tiger VI
Lynx Panther
Cheetah
Leopard VII C VIII
35. A ∩ B ′ = {b, d} 36. A ∪ B ∪ C = {b, e, g, k, c, d, f, a, i}
37. A ∩ B ∩ C = {f } 38. ( A ∪ B ) ∩ C = {d, f, a}

39. ( A ∩ B ) ∪ C = {e, g, f, d, a, i} 40. ( A′ ∪ B′ )′ A∩ B
A I, II A I, II
A′ III, IV B II, III
B II, III A∩ B II
B′ I, IV
( A′ ∪ B′ )′ II
Both statements are represented by the same region, II,
of the Venn diagram. Therefore, ( A′ ∪ B ′ )′ = A ∩ B
for all sets A and B.
41. ( A ∪ B′) ∪ ( A ∪ C ′) A ∪ ( B ∩ C )′
A I, II, IV, V B II, III, V, VI
B′ I, IV, VII, VIII B ∩C V, VI
A ∪ B′
( B ∩ C )′
I, II, IV, V, VII, VIII I, II, III, IV, VII, VIII
C IV, V, VI, VII A I, II, IV, V

C′
A ∪ ( B ∩ C )′
I, II, III, VIII I, II, III, IV, V, VII, VIII
A ∪ C′ I, II, III, IV, V, VIII

( A ∪ B′) ∪ ( A ∪ C ′) I, II, III, IV, V, VII, VIII
Both statements are represented by the same regions, I, II, III, IV, V, VII, VIII, of the Venn diagram.
Therefore, ( A ∪ B ′ ) ∪ ( A ∪ C ′ ) = A ∪ ( B ∩ C )′ for all sets A, B, and C .
46 CHAPTER 2 Sets
42. II 43. V
44. VIII 45. IV
46. IV 47. VII
48. The company paid $450 since the sum of the numbers
U
in Regions I through IV is 450.
Thin Thick
I II III
130 70 200
50 IV
49. a) 315, the sum of the numbers in Regions I through VIII U

b) 10, Region III Chocolate Peanut
c) 30, Region II chip I II III butter
d) 110, the sum of the numbers in Regions III, VI, VII

60 30 10
V
IV 70 VI
40 80
20
Sugar
VII 5 VIII
50. a) 38, Region I U

b) 298, the sum of the numbers in Regions I, III, VII Survivor I Survivor
II
c) 28, Region VI I II III
d) 236, the sum of the numbers in Regions I, IV, VII 41
38 99
e) 106, the sum of the numbers in Regions II, IV, VI V
IV 59 VI
37 28
161
Survivor VII
III 47 VIII
51. {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, …, 2n, …} 52. {3, 5, 7, 9, 11, …, 2n + 1, …}

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
{4, 6, 8, 10, 12, …, 2n + 2, …} {5, 7, 9, 11, 13, …, 2n + 3, …}
53. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …, n, …} 54. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …, n, …}
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
{5, 8, 11, 14, 17, …, 3n + 2, …} {4, 9, 14, 19, 24, …, 5n - 1, …}
CHAPTER TEST 47
Chapter Test
1. True 2. False; the sets do not contain exactly the same
elements.
3. True 4. False; the second set has no subset that contains
the element 7.
5. False; the empty set is a proper subset of every set 6. False; the set has 23 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8 subsets.
except itself.
7. True 8. False; for any set A , A ∪ A′ = U , not { }.
9. True 10. A = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8}
11. Set A is the set of natural numbers less than 9. 12. A ∩ B = {3,5,7,9} ∩ {7,9,11,13} = {7,9}
13. A ∪ C ′ = {3,5, 7,9} ∪ {3,11,15}′ = {3,5, 7,9} ∪ {5, 7,9,13} = {3,5, 7,9,13}
14. A ∩ ( B ∩ C )′ = {3,5, 7,9} ∩ ({7,9,11,13} ∩ {3,11,15} )′ = {3,5, 7,9} ∩ {11}′ = {3,5, 7,9} ∩ {3,5, 7,9,13,15}
= {3,5, 7,9} , or A.
( )
15. n ( A ∩ B′ ) = n {3,5, 7,9} ∩ {7,9,11,13}′ = n ({3,5, 7,9} ∩ {3,5,15} ) = n ({3,5} ) = 2
16.
U
A B
I II III
5 7, 9 13
V
IV VI
3 11
15
C
VII VIII
17. A ∩ ( B ∪ C ′) ( A ∩ B ) ∪ ( A ∩ C ′)
C′ I, II, III, VIII A∩ B II, V
B ∪ C′ I, II, III, V, VI, VIII C IV, V, VI, VII
A I, II, IV, V C′ I, II, III, VIII

A ∩ ( B ∪ C ′) I, II, V A ∩ C′ I, II
( A ∩ B ) ∪ ( A ∩ C ′) I, II, V
Both statements are represented by the same regions, I, II, V, of the Venn diagram.
Therefore, A ∩ ( B ∪ C ′ ) = ( A ∩ B ) ∪ ( A ∩ C ′ ) for all sets A, B, and C .
48 CHAPTER 2 Sets

U Regions I, III, VII
Keyless Sunroof
entry I II III b) 10, Region VIII
c) 93, the sum of the numbers in
5 17 16 Regions II, IV, V, VI
V
IV 35 VI
d) 17, Region II
19 22 e) 38, the sum of the numbers in
Regions I, II, III
31
Compact f) 31, Region VII
disc VII 10 VIII
19. {7, 8, 9, 10, 11, …, n + 6, …} 20. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …, n, …}

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
{8, 9, 10, 11, 12, …, n + 7, …} {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, …, 2n - 1, …}
Group Projects
1. a) A : Does not shed, B : Less than 16 in. tall, C : Good with kids
U
A B
I II III
S.T., M.S.
Airedale W.F.T., C.T. Dachshund
M.P.
Border V
IV Terrier Bea.
B.H.
C.S. VI
Collie
C
VII VIII
b) Border terrier, Region V
2. a) Animal b) Chordate c) Mammalia d) Carnivore

e) Felidae f) Felis g) Catus
3. First Second Third Fourth Fifth

a) Color yellow blue red ivory green
b) Nationality Norwegian Afghan. Senegalese Spanish Japanese
c) Food apple cheese banana peach fish
d) Drink vodka tea milk whiskey ale
e) Pet fox horse snail dog zebra
f) Ale
CHAPTER THREE
LOGIC
Exercise Set 3.1

1.a. A simple statement is a sentence that conveys one 2. All, none (no), some
idea and can be identified as either true or false.
b. Statements consisting of two or more simple
statements are called compound statements
.
3. a) Some are b) All are 4. Let p: The ink is purple.
c) Some are not d) None are The symbolic form is ~ p. The negation symbol,
~ , represents the word not.
5. a) → b) ∨ c) ∧ 6. The exclusive OR means that one or the other

d) ~ e) ↔ event can can occur, but not both. b. Yes; the
inclusive OR means that one or more events can
occur simultaneously. c. The inclusive OR is
used in this chapter, unless otherwise stated.
7. When a compound statement contains more than one connective a comma can be used to indicate which simple
statements are to be grouped together. When writing a statement symbolically, the simple statements on the
same side of the comma are to be grouped together within parentheses.
8. 1st Biconditional ↔ 2nd Conditional → 3rd Conjunction ∧ Disjunction ∨ 4th Negation ~
9. compound; conjunction, ∧ 10. compound; negation, ~

11. compound; biconditional ↔ 12. compound; conditional, →
13. compound; disjunction, ∨ 14. compound; conjunction, ∧
15. simple statement 16. compound; biconditional, ↔
17. compound; negation, ~ 18. compound; conditional, →
19. compound; conjunction, ∧ 20. compound; conjunction, ∧
21. compound; conditional; negation, ~ 22. compound; conditional, →
23. No picnic tables are portable. 24. Some stock mutual funds have guaranteed yields.
25. Some chicken do not fly. 26. Some plants do not create (contain) chlorphyll.
27. All turtles have claws. 28. Some teachers made the roster.
29. Some bicycles have three wheels. 30. Some horses do not have manes.
31. All pine trees produce pine cones. 32. Someone likes asparagus.
33. No pedestrians are in the crosswalk. 34. All dogs with long hair get cold.
35. ~ p 36. p ∧ q 37. ~ q ∨ ~ p
38. ~ q ↔ ~ p 39. ~ p → ~ q 40. ~ q ∧ p
41. ~ q → ~ p 42. ~ q ↔ ~ p 43. ~ p ∧ ~ q
44. ~ p ∧ q 45. ~ (q → ~ p) 46. ~ (p ∧ q)
47. Firemen do not work hard. 48. Firemen do not wear red suspenders.
49. Firemen wear red suspenders or firemen work hard. 50. Firemen work hard and wear red suspenders.
49
50 CHAPTER 3 Logic
51. Firemen do not work hard if and only if firemen do not 52. If firemen do not work hard, then firemen
wear red suspenders. wear red suspenders.
53. It is false that firemen wear red suspenders or firemen 54. Firemen do not work hard or firemen do not wear
work hard. red suspenders.
55. Firemen do not work hard and firemen do not wear red 56. It is false that firemen work hard and firemen
suspenders. wear red suspenders.
57. (p ∨ ~ q) → r 58. (r ↔ ~ p) ∨ ~ q
59. (p ∧ q) ∨ r 60. (r ∧ q) → p
61. p → (q ∨ ~ r) 62. (~ p ↔ ~ q) ∨ ~ r
63. (r ↔ q) ∧ p 64. ~ (r → ~ q)
65. q → (p ↔ r) 66. (r ∨ ~ q) ↔ p
67. The water is 70o or the sun is shining, and we do not 68. The water is 70o and the sun is shining, or we go
go swimming. swimming.
69. If water is not , and the sun is shining or we do go 70. If the sun is shining then the water is 70o, or we
swimming. go swimming.
71. If we do not go swimming, then the sun is shining and 72. If the sun is shining and we go swimming, then
the water is 70o. the water is 70o.
73. If the sun is shining then we go swimming, and the 74. If the water is not 70o, then the sun is shining or
water is 70o. we will go swimming.
75. The sun is shinning if and only if the water is 70o, and 76. If the sun is shining, then the water is 70o if and
we go swimming. only if we go swimming.
77. Not permissible. In the list of choices, the connective “or” is the exclusive or, thus one can order either the
soup or the salad but not both items.
78. Permissible.
79. Not permissible. Potatoes and pasta cannot be ordered together.
80. Not permissible. Potatoes and pasta cannot be ordered together.
81. a) (~ p) → q b) conditional 82. a) (~ p ∧ r) ↔ (~ q) b) biconditional

83. a) (~ q) ∧ (~ r) b) conjunction 84. a) (~ p) ∨ q b) disjunction
85. a) (p ∨ q) → r b) conditional 86. a) q → (p ∧ ~ r) b) conditional
87. a) r → (p ∨ q) b) conditional 88. a) (q → p) ↔ (p → q) b) biconditional
89. a) (~ p) ↔ (~ q → r) b) biconditional 90. a) (~ q) → (r ∧ p) b) conditional
91. a) (r ∧~ q)→ (q ∧~ p) b) conditional 92. a) ~ [p → (q ∨ r)] b) negation
93. a) ~ [(p ∧ q) ↔ (p ∨ r)] b) negation 94. a) ~ [r ∧ ~ q) → (q ∧ r)] b) negation
95. a) r: retired; c: concrete business; r ∧ c 96. a) w: water level up; c: go canoeing; r: go

b) conjunction rafting; w → (c∨ r) b) conditional
97. a) b: below speed limit; p: pulled over 98. a) d: dinner is ready; e: can eat; r: can go to
~ (b → ~p) b) conditional, negation restaurant; (d → e) ∨ ~r b) disjunction
99. a) f: food has fiber; v: food has vitamins h: be 100. a) c: Corliss is teaching.; f: Faye in Math.lab.
healthy; (f ∨ v) → h b). conditional w: a weekend; (c → f) ↔ ~ w b)
biconditional
101. a) c: may take course; f: fail previous 102. a) g: car has gas; b: battery charged; s: car will
exam; p: passed placement test; start; (g ∧ b) → s b) conditional
c ↔ (~ f ∨ p) b) biconditional
SECTION 3.2 51
103. a) c: classroom is empty; w: is the 104. This statement/question is a paradox. Therefore

weekend s: is 7:00 a.m.; (c ↔ w) ∨ s it is false.
b) disjunction
105. [(~ q) → (r ∨ p)] ↔ [(~ r) ∧ q], 106. ~[[(~r) → (p ∧ q)] ↔[(~p) ∨ r]], negation
biconditional
107. a) The conjunction and disjunction have 107. c) If we evaluate the truth table for p ∨ q ∧ r
the same dominance. using the order (p ∨ q) ∧ r we get a different
b) Answers will vary. solution than if we used the order p ∨ ( q ∧ r).
Therefore, unless we are told where the
parentheses belong, we do not know which
solution is correct.
Exercise Set 3.2

1. a) 22 = 2 × 2 = 4 distinct cases 2. a) 23 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8 distinct cases
b) p q b) p q r
Case 1: T T case 1: T T T
Case 2: T F case 2: T T F
Case 3: F T case 3: T F T
Case 4: F F case 4: T F F
case 5: F T T
case 6: F T F
case 7: F F T
case 8: F F F
3. a) p pq ∨ q 4. a) p q p ∧ q
T TT T T T T T T T
T TF T F T F T F F
F FT T T F T F F T
F FF F F F F F F F
1 3 2 1 3 2
b) Only in Case 4, in which both simple b) Only in case 1, when both simple
statements are false. statements are true.
5. p p ∨ ~ p 6. p p ∧ ~ p
T T T F T T F F
F F T T F F F T
1 3 2
7. p q p ∧ ~q 8. P q q ∨ ~p
T T T F F T T T T F
T F T T T T F F F F
F T F F F F T T T T
F F F F T F F F T T
1 3 2 1 3 2
52 CHAPTER 3 Logic
9. P q ~ (p ∨ ~ q) 10. p q ~p ∨ ~q
T T F T T F T T F F F
T F F T T T T F F T T
F T T F F F F T T T F
F F F F T T F F T T T
4 1 3 2 1 3 2
11. p q ~( p ∧ ~ q) 12.. p q ~ (~ p ∧ ~ q)
T T T T F F T T T F F F
T F F T T T T F T F F T
F T T F F F F T T T F F
F F T F F T F F F T T T
4 1 3 2 4 1 3 2
13. p q r ~q ∨ (p ∧ r) 14. p q r (p ∨ ~ q) ∧ r)
T T T F T T T T T T T T T F T T
T T F F F T F F T T F T T F F F
T F T T T T T T T F T T T T T T
T F F T F T F F T F F T T T F F
F T T F F F F T F T T F F F F T
F T F F F F F F F T F F F F F F
F F T T T F F T F F T F T T T T
F F F T T F F F F F F F T T F F
1 5 2 4 3 1 3 2 5 4
15. p q r r ∨ (p ∧ ~ q) 16. p q r (r ∧ q) ∧ ~ p
T T T T T T F F T T T T F F
T T F F F T F F T T F F F F
T F T T T T T T T F T F F F
T F F F T T T T T F F F F F
F T T T T F F F F T T T T T
F T F F F F F F F T F F F T
F F T T T F F T F F T F F T
F F F F F F F T F F F F F T
1 5 2 4 3 1 3 2
17. p q r ~q ∧ (r ∨ ~ p 18. p q r ~p ∧ (q ∨ r)
T T T F F T T F T T T F F T T T
T T F F F F F F T T F F F T T F
T F T T T T T F T F T F F F T T
T F F T F F F F T F F F F F F F
F T T F F T T T F T T T T T T T
F T F F F F T T F T F T T T T F
F F T T T T T T F F T T T F T T
F F F T T F T T F F F T F F F F
1 5 2 4 3 1 5 2 4 3
SECTION 3.2 53
19. p q r (~ q ∧ r) ∨ p 20. p q r ~ r ∨ (~ p ∧ q)
T T T F F T T T T T T F F F F T
T T F F F F T T T T F T T F F T
T F T T T T T T T F T F F F F F
T F F T F F T T T F F T T F F F
F T T F F T F F F T T F T T T T
F T F F F F F F F T F T T T T T
F F T T T T T F F F T F F T F F
F F F T F F F F F F F T T T F F
1 3 2 5 4 4 5 1 3 2
21. p: Meetings are dull. 22. p: The stadium is enclosed.

q: Teaching is fun. q: The stadium is air-conditioned.
In symbolic form the statement is p ∧ q. In symbolic form the statement is p ∧ ~ q.
p q p ∧q p q p ∧ ~q
T T T T T T F F
T F F T F T T T
F T F F T F F F
F F F F F F F T
1 1 3 2
23. p: Bob will get a haircut. 24. p: The class has 15 minutes.
q: Bob will shave his beard. q: The class is cancelled.
In symbolic form the statement is p ∧ ~ q. In symbolic form the statement is ~ (p ∨ q).
p q p ∧ ~q p q ~ (p ∨ q)
T T T F F T T F T T T
T F T T T T F F T T F
F T F F F F T F F T T
F F F F T F F T F F F
1 3 2 4 1 3 2
25. p: Jasper Adams is the tutor. 26. p: Mike made pizza.

q: Mark Russo is a secretary. q: Dennis made a chef salad.
In symbolic form the statement is ~ (p ∧ q). r : Gil burned the lemon squares.
In symbolic form the statement is (p ∧ q) ∧ r.
p q ~ (p ∧ q)
p q r (p ∧ q) ∧ r
T T F TTT
T T T T TT TT
T F T TFF
T T F T TT FF
F T T FFT
T F T T FF FT
F F T FFF
T F F T FF FF
4 13 2
F T T T FT FT
F T F T FT FF
F F T T FF FT
F F F T FF FF
1 32 5 4
54 CHAPTER 3 Logic
27. p: The copier is out of toner. 28. p: I am hungry.

q: The lens is dirty. q: I want to eat a healthy lunch.
r : The corona wires are broken. r : I want to eat in a hurry.
The statement is p ∨ (q ∨ r). The statement is p ∧ (q ∧ r).
p q r p ∧ (q ∧ r)
p q r p ∨ (q ∨ r)
T T T T T T
T T T T T T
T T F T F F
T T F T T T
T F T T F F
T F T T T T
T F F T F F
T F F T T F
F T T F F T
F T T F T T
F T F F F F
F T F F T T
F F T F F F
F F T F T T
F F F F F F
F F F F F F
2 3 1
2 3 1
29. p: Congress acts on the bill. 30. p: Gordon likes the PowerMac G4 Cube.
q: The President signs the bill. q: Gordon likes the iBook.
In symbolic form, the statement is r: Gordon likes the Pentium IV.
p ∧ (q ∨ ~ q). In symbolic form, the statement is
p q p ∧ (q ∨ ~ q) (p ∧ q) ∧ ~ q.
T T TT TT F p q (p ∧ q) ∧ ~ q
T F TT FT T T T TT T F F
F T FF TT F T F TF F F T
F F FF FT T F T FF T F F
15 24 3 F F FF FF T
13 25 4
31. (a) ~ p ∨ (q ∨ r) 32. (a) (~ p ∧ r) ∧ q

F ∨ (F ∧ T) ( F ∧ T) ∧ F
F∨ F F ∧F
F F
Therefore the statement is false. Therefore the statement is false.
(b) ~ p ∨ (q ∧ r) (b) (~ p ∧ r) ∧ q
T ∨ (T ∧ T) ( T ∧ T) ∧ T
T∨ T T ∧T
T T
Therefore the statement is true. Therefore the statement is true.
33. (a) (~ q ∧ ~p) ∨ ~ r 34. (a) (~ p ∨ ~q) ∨ ~ r

(T ∧ F) ∨ F (F ∨ T) ∨ F
F ∨ F T ∨ F
F T
Therefore the statement is false. Therefore the statement is true.
(b) (~ q ∧ ~p) ∨ ~ r (b) (~ p ∨ ~q) ∨ ~ r
(F ∧ T) ∨ F (T ∨ F) ∨ F
F ∨ F T ∨ F
F T
SECTION 3.2 55
35. (a) (p ∧ ~q) ∨ r 36. (a) (p ∨ ~q) ∧ ~ (p ∧ ~ r)

(T ∧ T) ∨ T (T ∨ T) ∧ ~ (T ∧ F)
T ∨ T T ∧ ~F
T T
(b) (p ∧ ~q) ∨ r (b) (p ∨ ~q) ∧ ~(p ∧ ~ r)
(F ∧ F) ∨ T (F ∨ F) ∧ (F ∧ F)
F ∨ T F ∧ ~F
T F
Therefore the statement is true. Therefore the statement is false.
37. (a) (~ r ∧ p) ∨ q 38. (a) ~q ∨ ( r ∧ p)

(F ∧ T) ∨ F T ∨ (T ∧ T
F ∨ F T∨ T
F T
(b) (~ r ∧ p) ∨ q (b) ~q ∨ ( r ∧ p)
(F ∧ F) ∨ T F ∨ (T ∧ F
F ∨ T F∨ F
T F
39. (a) (~q ∨ ~p) ∧ r 40. (a) (~r ∨ ~p) ∨ ~q

(T ∨ F) ∧ T (F ∨ F) ∨ T
T ∧T F ∨ T
T T
(b) (~q ∨ ~p) ∧ r (b) (~r ∨ ~p) ∨ ~q
(F ∨ T) ∧ T (F ∨ T) ∨ F
T ∧ T T ∨ F
T T
41. (a) (~p ∨ ~q) ∨ (~r ∨ q) 42. (a) (~r ∧ ~q) ∧ (~r ∨ ~p)
(F ∨ T) ∨ (F ∨ F) (F ∧ T) ∧ (F ∨ F)
T ∨ F F ∧ F
T F
(b) (~p ∨ ~q) ∨ (~r ∨ q) (b) (~r ∧ ~q) ∧ (~r ∨ ~p)
(T ∨ F) ∨ (F ∨ T) (F ∧ F) ∧ (F ∨ T)
T ∨ T F ∧ T
T F
56 CHAPTER 3 Logic
43. 3 + 5 = 4 + 47 or 10 – 9 = 9 – 10 44. 5 < 4 and 4 < 5

8=8 ∨ 1 ≠ -1 F ∧ T
T ∨ F F
T Therefore the statement is false.
Therefore the statement is true.
45. E: Elvis was a singer. 46. AL: Alaska is the 50th state.
C: Chickens can swim. HI: Hawaii is a group of islands.
E ∨ C AT: Atlanta is the capitol of Alabama.
T ∨ F (AL ∨ HI) ∧ AT
T ( F ∨ T)∧ F
Therefore the statement is true. T ∧ F
Therefore the statement is false.
47. U2: U2 is a rock band. 48. T: Toronto is a city in Minnesota.

DW: Denzel Washington is an actor. M: Mexico City is in Texas.
JS: Jerry Seinfeld is a comedian. C: Cairo is in Egypt.
(U2 ∧ DW) ∧ ~JS (T ∨ M) ∧ C
(T ∧ T) ∧ F (F ∨ F) ∧ T
T ∧ F F ∧ T
F F
Therefore the statement is false. Therefore the statement is false.
49. CR: Cal Ripken played football. 50. H: Holstein is a breed of cattle.
GB: Bush was prime minister of England. C: Collie is a breed of dog.
CP: Colon Powell was in the Army. B: Beagle is a breed of cat.
(CR ∨ GB) ∧ CP (H ∧ C) ∨ ~B
(F ∨ F) ∧ T (T ∧ T) ∨ T
F ∧ T T ∨ T
F T
51. p: 30 pounds of cheese was consumed by 52. p: Per capita consumption of red meat
the average American in 1909. was less for average American in 2001
q: The average American consumed 154 than in 1909.
pounds of sweetners in 2001. q: The average American consumed 154
p∧~q pounds of sweetners in 2001.
F∧~T p∨q
F∧ F F∨T
False True
SECTION 3.2 57
53. p: In 1909, average American ate 54. p: In 1909, average American ate
approximately the same amount of approximately
fish and poultry. 9 times as much red meat as fish.
q: Between 1909 and 2001, average q: By 2001, average American only ate 8
American consumed more poultry. times as
p∧q much red meat as fish.
T∧T p∧q
True T∧T
True
55. p: 30% of Americans get 6 hours of sleep. 56. p: 25% of Americans get 6 hours of sleep.
q: 9% get 5 hours of sleep. q: 30% of Americans get 7 hours of sleep.
~ (p ∧ q) r: 9% of Americans get 5 hours of sleep.
~ (F ∧ T) p ∧ (q ∨ ~ r)
~F T ∧ (T ∨ ~ T)
True T ∧ (T ∨ F)
T∧ T
True
57. p: 13% of Americans get < 5 hrs. of sleep. 58. p: > 50% of Americans get < 7 hrs. of sleep.
q: 32% of Americans get > 6 hrs. of sleep. q: > 25% of Americans get < 6 hrs. of sleep.
r: 30% of Americans get > 8 hrs. of sleep. p ∧ q)
(p ∨ q) ∧ r T∧T
(T ∨ F) ∧ F True
T ∧ F)
False
59. p ∧ ~q 60. ~p ∧ q
61. p ∨ ~q 62. ~p ∨ ~q
63. (r ∨ q) ∧ p 64. (p ∧ q) ∨ r
65. q ∨ (p ∧ ~r) 66. ~p ∧ (~r ∧ q)
67. (a) Mr. Duncan qualifies for the loan. 68. (a) The Argentos qualify for the loan.
Mrs. Tuttle qualifies for the loan. Mrs. Tuttle qualifies for the loan.
(b) The Rusineks do not qualify (b) Ms. McVey does not qualify because
because their gross income is too low. her gross income is too low. Ms. Fox
and Mr. Siewert do not qualify
because their assets are too low.
69. (a) Wing Park qualifies for the special 70. p q r ~ [(~ (p ∧ q)) ∧ (q ∨ r)]
fare. T T T F F T T T
(b) The other 4 do not qualify: T T F T F T F F
Gina V. returns after 04/01; T F T T F T F F
Kara S. returns on Monday; T F F T F T F F
Christos G. does not stay F T T F F T T T
at least one Saturday; and F T F T F T F F
Alex C. returns on Monday. F F T F T F T F
F F F F T F T F
5 2 1 4 3
58 CHAPTER 3 Logic
71. p q r [(q ∧ ~ r) ∧ (~ p ∨ ~ q)] ∨ ~ (p ∨ ~ r) 72. (a) 24 = 16 distinct cases

T T T F F F T T
74. Answers will vary (out of order).
T T F T F F T T
T F T F F T T T
T F F F F T T T
F T T F F T F F
F T F T T T T T
F F T F F T F F
F F F F F T T T
1 4 2 5 3
72. (b) p q r s 72. (c) p q r s (q ∧ p) ∨ (~r ∧ s)

T T T T T T T T T T F
T T T F T T T F T T F
T T F T T T F T T T T
T T F F T T F F T T F
T F T T T F T T F F F
T F T F T F T F F F F
T F F T T F F T F T T
T F F F T F F F F F F
F T T T F T T T F F F
F T T F F T T F F F F
F T F T F T F T F T T
F T F F F T F F F F F
F F T T F F T T F F F
F F T F F F T F F F F
F F F T F F F T F T T
F F F F F F F F F F F
72 (d) p q r s (~r ∧ ~s)∧(~p ∨ q) 73. p q r s (p ∧~q) ∨ r (q ∧ ~r) ∨ p

T T T T F F T T T T T F T T F T T
T T T F F F T T T T F F T T F T T
T T F T F F T T T F T F F F T T T
T T F F T T T T T F F F F F T T T
T F T T F F F T F T T T T T F T T
T F T F F F F T F T F T T T F T T
T F F T F F F T F F T T T F F T T
T F F F T F F T F F F T T F F T T
F T T T F F T F T T T F T T F F F
F T T F F F T F T T F F T T F F F
F T F T F F T F T F T F F F T T F
F T F F T T T F T F F F F F T T F
F F T T F F T F F T T F T T F F F
F F T F F F T F F T F F T T F F F
F F F T F F T F F F T F F F F F F
F F F F T T T F F F F F F F F F F
SECTION 3.3 59
Exercise Set 3.3

1.a) p q p → q 2..a) p q p↔q
T T T T T T T TTT
T F T F F T F TFF
F T F T T F T FFT
F F F T F F F FTF
1 3 2 132
b) The conditional statement is false only in the case b) The biconditional statement is true when the
when antecedent is true and the consequent is false, statements to the left and right of the
otherwise it is true. biconditional symbol match, otherwise, false.
3.a) Substitute the truth values for the simple 4. A tautology is a compound statement that is true
statement. Then evaluate the compound in every case.
statement for that specific case.
b) [(p ↔ q) ∨ (~ r → q)] → ~ r 5. A self-contradiction is a compound statement
[(T → T) ∨ (~ T → T)] → ~ T that is false in every case.
[ T ∨ (T → T)] → T
[ T ∨ T ] → T 6. An implication is a conditional statement that is
T → T a tautology.
T
In this specific case the statement is true.
7. p q ~q →~ p 8. p q p →~ q
T T F T F T T T F F
T F T F F T F T T T
F T F T T F T F T F
F F T T T F F F T T
1 3 2 1 3 2
9. p q ~ (q →p) 10.. p q ~ (p ↔ q)
T T F T T T F T
T F F T T F T F
F T T F F T T F
F F F T F F F T
2 1 2 1
11. p q ~q ↔ p 12. p q (p ↔ q) → p
T T F F T T T T T T
T F T T T T F F T T
F T F T F F T F T F
F F T F F F F T F F
1 3 2 1 3 2
13. p q p ↔ (q ∨ p) 14. p q (~ q ∧ p) → ~ q
T T T T T T T F FT T F
T F T T T T F T TTT T
F T F F T F T F FFT F
F F F T F F F T FFT T
1 3 2 1 32 5 4
60 CHAPTER 3 Logic
15. p q q → (p → ~ q) 16. p q (p ∨ q) ↔ (p ∧ q)
T T TF T F F T T T T T
T F FT T T T T F T F F
F T TT F T F F T T F F
F F FT F T T F F F T F
45 1 3 2 1 3 2
17. p q r r ∧ (~ q → p) 18. p q r p → (q ∨ r)
T T T T T F T T T T T T T T
T T F F F F T T T T F T T T
T F T T T T T T T F T T T T
T F F F F T T T T F F T F F
F T T T T F T F F T T F T T
F T F F F F T F F T F F T T
F F T T F T F F F F T F T T
F F F F F T F F F F F F T F
4 5 1 3 2 2 3 1
19. p q r (q ↔ p) ∧ ~r 20. p q r q ↔ (r ∧ p)
T T T T F F T T T T T T
T T F T T T T T F T F F
T F T F F F T F T F F T
T F F F F T T F F F T F
F T T F F F F T T T F F
F T F F F T F T F T F F
F F T T F F F F T F T F
F F F T T T F F F F T F
1 3 2 2 3 1
21. p q r (q ∨ ~ r) ↔~p 22. P q r (p ∧ r) → (q∨ r)

T T T T T F F F T T T T T T
T T F T T T F F T T F F T T
T F T F F F T F T F T T T T
T F F F T T F F T F F F T F
F T T T T F T T F T T F T T
F T F T T T T T F T F F T T
F F T F F F F T F F T F T T
F F F F T T T T F F F F T F
1 3 2 5 4 1 3 2
23. p q r (~ r ∨ ~q) → p 24. p q r [r ∧ (q ∨ ~p)] ↔ ~p

T T T F F F T T T T T T T T T F F F
T T F T T F T T T T F F F T T F T F
T F T F T T T T T F T T F F F F T F
T F F T T T T T T F F F F F F F T F
F T T F F F T F F T T T T T T T T T
F T F T T F F F F T F F F T T T F T
F F T F T T F F F F T T T F T T T T
F F F T T T F F F F F F F F T T F T
1 3 2 5 4 4 5 1 3 2 7 6
SECTION 3.3 61
25. p q r (p → q) ↔ (~q → ~r) 26. p q r (~p ↔ ~q) → (~q ↔ r)

T T T T T F T F T T T F T F F F F T
T T F T T F T T T T F F T F T F T F
T F T F T T F F T F T F F T T T T T
T F F F F T T T T F F F F T T T F F
F T T T T F T F F T T T F F T F F T
F T F T T F T T F T F T F F T F T F
F F T T F T F F F F T T T T T T T T
F F F T T T T T F F F T T T F T F F
1 5 2 4 3 1 3 2 7 4 6 5
Exercise Set 3.4

1. Two statements are equivalent if both statements have 2. Construct a truth table for each statement and then
exactly the same truth values in the answer column of compare the columns. If they are identical, then
the truth table. the statements are equivalent. If the answer columns
are not identical, then the statements are not
equivalent.
3. The two statements must be equivalent. A 4. ~ (p ∧ q) ⇔ ~ p ∨ ~ q

biconditional is a tautology only when the statements ~ (p ∨ q) ⇔ ~ p ∧ ~ q
on each side of the biconditional are equivalent.
5. a) q → p b) ~ p → ~ q c) ~ q → ~p 6. converse ⇔ inverse; conditional ⇔ contrapositive
7. ~ p ∨ q 8. p: T p ↔ q ⇔ p → q) ∧ (q → p)
q: T p ↔ q ⇔ p
 → q) ∧ (~q → p)
9. Using DeMorgan's Laws on the statement 10. Using DeMorgan's Laws on the statement
~ p ∨ ~ q, we get the following: (1) ~(~ p ∨ ~ q) ~ (p ∨ q), we get the following:
(2) ~ (p ∨ q), (3) ~ (p ∧ q). (1) p ∨ q, (2) ~ p ∨ ~ q, (3) ~ p ∧ ~ q.
Therefore ~ p ∨ ~ q ⇔ ~ (p ∧ q). Therefore ~ (p ∨ q) ⇔ ~ p ∧ ~ q.
11. Using DeMorgan's Laws on the statement 12. Using DeMorgan's Laws on the statement
~ (p ∧ q), we get the following: (1) (p ∧ q), ~ (p ∧ q), we get the following:
(2) ~ p ∧ ~ q, (3) ~ p ∨ ~ q. (1) p ∧ q, (2) ~ p ∧ ~ q, (3) ~ p ∨ ~ q.
Therefore ~ (p ∧ q) is not equivalent to p ∨ ~ q. Therefore ~ (p ∧ q) is not equivalent to ~ p ∧ q.
13. Yes, ~(p ∨ ~ q) ⇔ ~p ∧ q 14. No, ~(p ∧ ~ q) ⇔ ~p ∨ ~ q

15. Yes, (~ p ∧ ~q) → r 16. Yes, q → ~ (p ∧ ~ r); q → ~ p ∨ r
17. Yes, ~ (p → ~q) ⇔ ~ (~ p ∨ q) ⇔ p ∧ q 18. Yes, ~ (~ p → q) ⇔ ~ (p ∨ q) ⇔ ~ p ∧ ~ q
19. p q p→q ~p∨ q 20.. p q ~p→q p ∧q

T T T F T T T T F T T T
T F F F F F T F F T F F
F T T T T T F T T T T F
F F T T T F F F T F F F
1 1 3 2 1 3 2 1
The statements are equivalent. The statements are not equivalent.
62 CHAPTER 3 Logic
21. p q (p ∧ q) ∧ r
r p ∧ (q ∧ r) 22.. p qp→q ~q→~p
T T T T TT T T T T T T F T F
T T F T FF T F F T F F T F F
T F T F FT T F F F T T F T T
T F F F FF T F F F F T T T T
F T T F FT F F T 1 1 3 2
F T F F FF F F F The statements are equivalent.
F F T F FT F F F
F F F F FF F F F
1 32 2 3 1
The statements are equivalent.
23. p q (p ∨ q) ∨ r
r p ∨ (q ∨ r) 24. p q p ∨ (q ∧ r) ~ p → (q ∧ r)
r
T T T
T TT T T T T T T
T T T F T T
T T F
T TF T T T T T F
T T F F T F
T F T
T TT T T T T F T
T T F F T F
T F F
T TF T T F T F F
T T F F T F
F T T
T TT F T T F T T
F T T T T T
F T F
T TF F T T F T F
F F F T F F
F F T
F TT F T T F F T
F F F T F F
F F F
F FF F F F F F F
F F F T F F
1 32 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 3 2
The statements are equivalent. The statements are equivalent.
25. p q p ∧ (q ∨ r)
r (p ∧ q) ∨ r 26. p q ~ (q → p) ∨ r
r (p ∨ q) ∧ ~ r
T T T
TT TTT TTTTT T T F T T TT T F F
T T F
TT TTF TTTTT T T F F T FF T T T
T F T
TT FTT TFF TT T F F T T TT T F F
T F F
TF FF F TFF FF T F F F T FF T T T
F T T
FF TTT FFT TT F T T T F TT T F F
F T F
FF TT F FFT FF F T T F F TF T T T
F F T
FF FT T FFF TT F F F T T TT F F F
F F F
FF FF F FFF FF F F F F T FF F F T
15 2 4 3 13 2 54 2 1 43 1 3 2
The statements are not equivalent. The statements are not equivalent.
27. p q (p → q) ∧ (q → r) (p → q) → r
r 28. p q ~ q → (p ∧ r) ~ (p ∨ r)
r → q
T T T T T T T T T T T T
F T T F TT T
T T F T F F T F F T T F
F T F F TT T
T F T F F T F T T T F T
T T T F TT F
T F F F F T F T F T F F
T F F F TT F
F T T T T T T T T F T T
F T F F TT T
F T F T F F T F F F T F
F T F T FT T
F F T T T T T T T F F T
T F F F TT F
F F F T T T T F F F F F
T F F T FF F
1 3 2 1 3 2 2 3 1 2 1 4 3
The statements are not equivalent. The statements are not equivalent.
SECTION 3.4 63
29. p q (p → q) ∧ (q → p) p↔q 30. p q [~ (p → q)] ∧ [~(q → p)] ~ (p ↔ q)

T T T T T T T T F T F F T F T
T F F F T F T F T F F F T T F
F T T F F F F T F T F T F T F
F F T T T T F F F T F F T F T
1 3 2 1 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
The statements are equivalent. The statements are not equivalent.
31. p: The Mississippi River runs through Ohio. 32. p: The printer is out of toner.
q: The Ohio River runs through Mississippi. q: The fax machine is out of paper.
In symbolic form, the statement is ~ (p ∨ q). In symbolic form, the statement is ~ (p ∧ q).
Applying DeMorgan’s Laws we get: ~ p ∧ ~ q. Applying DeMorgan’s Laws we get:
The Mississippi River does not run through Ohio ~ p ∨ ~ q. The printer is not out of toner
And the Ohio River does not run through Miss. or the fax machine is not out of paper.
33. p: The snowmobile was not an Arctic Cat. 34. p: The pot roast is hot.
q: The snowmobile was not a Ski-Do. q: The pot roast is not well done.
In symbolic form, the statement is ~ p ∨ ~ q. In symbolic form, the statement is p ∧ ~ q .
Applying DeMorgan’s Laws we get: ~ (p ∧ q). Applying DeMorgan’s Laws we get: ~ (~ p ∨ q). It
It is false that the snowmobile was an Arctic is false that the pot roast is not hot or it is well done.
Cat and was a Ski-Do.
35. p: The hotel does not have a weight room. 36. p: Robert Farinelli is authorized WedgCor dealer.
q: The conference center does not have an q: He is not going to work for Prism Constr. Co.
auditorium. In symbolic form, the statement is p ∨ ~ q.
In symbolic form, the statement is ~ p ∧ ~ q. Applying DeMorgan’s Laws we get: ~ (~ p ∧ q). It is
Applying DeMorgan’s Laws we get: ~ (p ∨ q).
False that Robert Farinelli isn’t an authorized WedgCor
It is false that the hotel has a weight room and
Dealer and he is going to work for Prism Constr. Co.
the conference center has an auditorium.
37. p: We go to Cozemel. 38. p: Phil Murphy buys us dinner.

q: We will go snorkeling. q: We will not go to the top of the CN Tower.
r: We will go to Senior Frogs. r: We will be able to walk to the Bistro Restaurant.
In symbolic form, the statement is In symbolic form the statement is p → (~ q ∧ r).
p → (q ∨ ~ r). Applying DeMorgan’s Laws Applying DeMorgan’s Laws we get: p → ~ (q ∨ ~ r).
we get: p → ~ (~ q ∧ r). If we go to Cozemel,
If Phil Murphy buy us dinner, then it is false that
then it is false that we will not go snorkeling
and we will go to Senior Frogs. we will go to the top of the CN Tower and that
we will not be able to walk to the Bistro Restaurant.
39. p: You drink a glass of orange juice. 40. p: Nick-at-Nite is showing Family Ties.
q: You’ll get a full day’s supply of folic acid. q: Nick-at-Nite is showing The Facts of Life.
In symbolic form, the statement is p → q. In symbolic form, the statement is p ∨ q.
Since p → q ⇔ ~ p ∨ q, an equivalent Since p → q ⇔ ~ p ∨ q, an equivalent statement
Statement is: You do not drink a glass of OJ is: If Nick-at-Nite is not showing Family Ties,
or you will get a full day’s supply of folic acid. then they are showing The Facts of Life.
64 CHAPTER 3 Logic
41. p: Bob the Tomato visited the nursing home. 42. p: John Peden will buy a Harley Davidson.
q: Bob the Tomato visited the Cub Scout q: John Peden will buy a Honda.
meeting. In symbolic form, the statement is p → ~ q.
In symbolic form, the statement is p ∨ ~ q. Since p → q ⇔ ~ p ∨ q, an equivalent statement
Since p → q ⇔ ~ p ∨ q, an equivalent is: John Peden will not buy a H-D or he will
Statement is: If Bob the Tomato did not visit not buy a Honda.
the nursing home, then he did not visit the
Cub Scout meeting.
43. p: The plumbers meet in Kansas City. 44. p: Mary Beth Headlee organized the conference.
q: The Rainmakers will provide the q: John Waters works at Sinclair Community College.
entertainment. In symbolic form, the statement is p ∨ ~ q.
In symbolic form, the statement is ~ ( p → q ). ~ p → ~ q ⇔ p ∨ ~ q . If Mary Beth Headless did
~ (p → q ) ⇔ ~ (~ p ∨ q ) ⇔ p ∧ ~ q . The not organize the conference, then John Waters does
plumbers meet in KC and the Rainmakers did not work for SCC.
not provide the entertainment.
45. p: It is cloudy. 46. p: Model Road is closed.

q: The front is coming through. q: Use Kirkwood Road.
In symbolic form, the statement is (p → q) ∧ In symbolic form, the statement is (p → q) ∧ (q → p).
(q → p). (p → q) ∧ (q → p) ⇔ p ↔ q. It is (p → q) ∧ (q → p) ⇔ p ↔ q. Model Rd. is closed
cloudy if and only if the front is coming if and only if we use Kirkwood Rd.
through.
47. p: The chemistry teacher uses mathematics. 48. p: John Deere will hire new workers.
q: There is a shortage of math. teachers. q: The City of Dubuque will retrain the workers.
In symbolic form, the statement is p ↔ q. In symbolic form, the statement is p ↔ q.
(p → q) ∧ (q → p) ⇔ p ↔ q. (p → q) ∧ (q → p) ⇔ p ↔ q.
If the chemistry teachers uses math., then there If John Deere hires new workers, then the City
Is a shortage of math. teachers and if there is a of Dubuque will retrain the workers and if the
City of Dubuque retrains the workers, then
shortage of math. teachers, then the chemistry
John Deere will hire new workers.
teacher uses math.
49. Converse: If I finish the book in 1 week, then 50. Converse: If you need to replace the blower fan,
it is interesting. then the dryer is making a loud noise.
Inverse: If the book is not interesting, then I Inverse: If the dryer is not making a loud noise,
do not finish it in 1 week. Then you do not need to replace the blower fan.
Contrapositive: If I do not finish the book in
Contrapositive: If you do not need to replace the blower
One week, then it is not interesting.
fan, then the dryer is not making a loud noise.
51. Converse: If you can watch TV, then you 52. Converse: If Bob Dylan goes on tour, then he
finish your HW. releases a new CD.
Inverse: If you do not finish your HW, then Inverse: If Bob Dylan does not release a new CD,
you cannot watch TV. then he does not go on tour.
Contrapositive: If you do not watch TV, then Contrapositive: If Bob Dylan does not go on tour,
You did not finish your HW. then he does not release a new CD.
SECTION 3.4 65
53. Converse: If I scream, then that annoying 54. Converse: If I watch the same channel all night, then
paper clip (Clippie) shows up on my screen. the remote control is not within my reach
Inverse: If Clippie does not show up on my Inverse: If the remote control is within my reach, then
screen, then I will not scream. I will not watch the dame channel all.night.
Contrapositive: If I do not scream, then Contrapositive: If I do not watch the same channel all
Clippie does not show up on my screen. night, then the remote control is within my reach.
55. Converse: If we go down to the marina and 56. Converse: If we eat a piece of apple and save some for
take out a sailboat, then the sun is shining. later, then the apple pie is baked.
Inverse: If the sun is not shining, then we do Inverse: If the apple pie is not baked, then we do not eat
not go down to the marina and take out a a piece of pie nor do we save some for later.
sailboat.
Contrapositive: If we do not eat a piece of pie
Contrapositive: If we do not go down to the
nor do we save some for later, then the apple pie
marina and do not take out a sailboat, then
is not baked.
the sun is not shining.
57. If a natural number is divisible by 10, then it 58. If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then the
is divisible by 5. True opposite sides are parallel. True
59. If a natural number is not divisible by 6, then 60. If n is a natural number, then 1/n is a natural
it is not divisible by 3. False number. False
61. If two lines are not parallel, then the two lines ma a
62. If m is a counting number, then = . True
intersect in at least one point. True mb b
63. If the polygon is a quadrilateral, then the sum 64. If the product of a and b is an even counting
of the interior angles is 360 degrees. True number then a and b are both even counting
numbers. False
65. p: Maria has retired. 66. p: Today is Monday.

q: Maria is still working. q: Tomorrow is Wednesday.
In symbolic form, the statements are: In symbolic form, the statements are:
a) ~ p ∨ q, b) q → ~ p, c) p → ~ q a) p → ~ q, b) ~ (p ∧ ~ q), c) ~ p ∨ q.
Statement (c) is the contrapositive of If we use DeMorgan’s Laws on statement
statement. (b). Therefore, (b) we get statement (c).
statements (b) and (c) are equivalent. Therefore, statements (b) and (c) are
q →~p equivalent. If we look at the truth
P q ~p ∨ q
tables for all three statements we can
T T F TT TF F see that only statements (b) and (c) are
T F F FF FT F equivalent.
F T T TT TT T a) b) c)
p q p → ~q ~ (p ∧ ~ q) ~p∨ q
F F T TF FT T
T T T F F TTF F F TT
1 32 13 2 T F T T T FTT T F FF
Since the truth tables for (a) and (b) are F T F T F TFF F T TT
different we conclude that only
F F F T T TF F T T TF
statements (b) and (c) are equivalent.
1 3 2 4 1 3 2 1 3 2
66 CHAPTER 3 Logic
67. p: The car is reliable. 68. p: The house is made of wood.

q: The car is noisy. q: The shed is made of wood.
In symbolic form, the statements are: a) ~ p ∧ q, In symbolic form, the statements are:
b) ~ p → ~ q, c) ~ (p ∨ ~ q. If we use DeMorgan’s a) ~ p ∨ ~ q, b) p → ~ q, and c) ~ (q ∧ ~ p).
Laws on statement (a), we get statement (c). Using the fact that p → q ⇔ ~ p ∨ q to
Therefore, statements (a) and (c) are equivalent. rewrite statement (b), we get ~ p ∨ ~ q.
If we look at the truth tables for statements (a), Therefore, statements (a) and (b) are
(b), and (c), we see that only statements (a) and (c) equivalent. Looking at the truth tables for
are equivalent. all three,it can be determined that only
a) b) c) statements (a) and (b) are equivalent.
p q ~ p ∧ q ~ p → ~ q ~ (p ∨ ~ q) a) b) c)
T T F F T F T F F TT F p q ~ p ∨ ~ q p → ~ q ~ (q ∧ ~ p)
T F F F F F T T F TT T T T F F F T F F T T F F
F T T T T T F F T FF F T F F T T T T T T F F F
F F T F F T T T F FT T F T T T F F T F F T T T
1 3 2 1 3 2 4 1 3 2 F F T T T F T T T F F T
1 3 2 1 3 2 4 1 3 2
69. p: Today is Sunday. 70. p: You are fishing at 1 PM.

q: The library is open. q: You are driving a car at 1 PM.
In symbolic form, the statements are: a) ~ p ∨ q, In symbolic form, the statements are:
b) p → ~ q, c) q → ~ p. Looking at the truth table for a) p → q, b) ~ p ∨ q, c) ~ (p ∧ ~ q).
all three statements, we can determine that only Using the fact that p → q ⇔ ~ p ∨ q,
statements (b) and (c) are equivalent. we see that (a) and (b) are equivalent
a) b) c) statements. If we use DeMorgan’s Laws
p q ~p ∨ q p → ~q q → ~ p on statement (b), we get statement (c).
T T F TT T F F T F F Therefore all three statements are
T F F FF T T T F T F equivalent.
F T T TT F T F T T T
F F T TF F T T F T T
1 32 1 3 2 1 3 2
71. p: The grass grows. 72. p: Johnny Patrick is chosen as department chair.
q: The trees are blooming. q: Johnny Patrick is the only candidate.
In symbolic form, the statements are:
In symbolic form, the statements are: a) p ∧ q,
a) p ↔ q, b) (p → q) ∧ (q→ p), and c) ~ p ∧~q. .
b) q → ~ p, c) ~ q ∨ ~ p. Using the fact that p → q
⇔ ~ p ∨ q, on statement (b) we get ~ q ∨ ~ p. p q p ↔ q (p → q) ∧ (q→p) ~ p ∧~ q
Therefore, statements (b) and (c) are equivalent. T T T T TT T T TTT F F F
Looking at the truth table for statements (a) and (b) T
we can conclude that only statements (b) and (c) are T F T F F TF F F FTT F F T
F T F F T FT T F TFF T F F
equivalent.
F F F T F FT F T FTF T T T
p q p ∧ q q→~p 1 3 2 4 6 5 10 7 8 9 11 13 12
T T T T F F Therefore, p is equivalent to q.
T F F F T F
F T F T T T
F F F F T T
1 1 3 2
SECTION 3.4 67
73. p: Johnny Patrick is chosen as department chair. 74. p: You drink milk.
q: Johnny Patrick is the only candidate. q: Your cholesterol count will be lower.
In symbolic form, the statements are: a) p ↔ q, In symbolic form, the statements are:
b) (p → q) ∧ (q→ p), and c) ~ p ∧~q. . a) ~ (~ p → q), b) q ↔ p, and c) ~ ( p → ~ q) .
p q p↔q (p → q) ∧ (q→p) ~ p ∧ ~ q P q ~ (~ p → q) q ↔ p ~ ( p → ~ q)
T T T T T TT T T TTT F F F T T F FT T TTT T T F F
T F T F F TF F F FTT F F T T F F FT F FFT F T T T
F T F F T FT T F TFF T F F F T F TT T TFF F F T F
F F F T F FT F T FTF T T T F F T TF F FTF F F T T
1 3 2 4 6 5 10 7 8 9 11 13 12 4 13 2 5 7 6 11 8 10 9
Therefore, p is equivalent to q. Therefore, none of the statements are equivalent.
75. p: The pay is good. 76. p: You are 18 years old.

q: Today is Monday. q: You are a citizen of the United States.
r : I will take the job. r : You can vote in a presidential election.
Looking at the truth tables for statements (a), (b), and Looking at the truth tables for statements
(c), we can determine that none of these statements are (a), (b), and (c), we can determine that
equivalent. none of these statements are equivalent.
a) b) c) a) b) c)
p q r (p ∧ q) → r ~ r → ~(p ∨ q) (p ∧ q) ∨ r p q r (p ∧ q) → r r → (q ∧ p) ~ r ∨ (p ∧ ~ q)
T T T TT T F T F T T T T T T T T T T T T T F F T F F
T T F TF F T F F T T T F T T F T F F F F T T T T F F
T F T FT T F T F T F T T T F T F T T T F F F T T T T
T F F FT F T F F T F F F T F F F T F F T F T T T T T
F T T FT T F T F T F T T F T T F T T T F F F F F F F
F T F FT F T F F T F F F F T F F T F F T F T T F F F
F F T FT T F T T F F T T F F T F T T T F F F F F F T
F F F FT F T T T F F F F F F F F T F F T F T T F F T
13 2 1 4 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 5 2 4 3
77. p: The package was sent by Federal Express. 78. p: We will put the dog outside.
q: The package was sent by United Parcel Service. q: We feed the dog.
r : The dog will bark.
r : The package arrived on time.
In symbolic form, the statements are:
Using the fact that p → q ⇔ ~ p ∨ q to rewrite a) (p ∨ q) → ~ r, b) r → (~ p ∧ ~ q),
statement (c), we get p ∨ (~ q ∧ r). Therefore, and c) r ⇔ ~ (p ∨ q). Statement (c) is the
statements (a) and (c) are equivalent. Looking at the contrapositive of statement (b) and if we
truth table for statements (a) and (b), we can conclude use DeMorgan’s Laws on statement (b)
that only statements (a) and (c) are equivalent. we obtain statement (c). Therefore,
statements (a), (b), and (c) are
a) b) equivalent.
p q r p ∨ (~ q ∧ r) r → (p ∨ ~ q)
T T T T T F F T T T T T F
T T F T T F F F F F T T F
T F T T T T T T T T T T T
T F F T T T F F F F T T T
F T T F F F F T T F F F F
F T F F F F F F F T F F F
F F T F T T T T T T F T T
F F F F F T F F F F F T T
1 5 2 4 3 1 5 2 4 3
68 CHAPTER 3 Logic
79. p: The car needs oil. 80. p: The mortgage rate went down.
q: The car needs gas. q: Tim purchased the house.
r : The car is new.
r : The down payment was 10%.
In symbolic form, the statements are: a) p ∧ (q ∨ r),
Looking at the truth tables for statements
b) p ∧ ~ (~ q ∧ ~ r), and c) p → (q ∨ ~ r). If we use
DeMorgan’s Laws on the disjunction in statement (a), (a), (b), and (c), we can determine that
we obtain p ∧ ~ (~ q ∧ ~ r). Therefore, statements (a) none of these statements are equivalent.
and (b) are equivalent. If we compare the truth tables a) b) c)
for (a) and (c) we see that they are not equivalent. p q r p ↔ (q ∧ r) r ∧ (q → p) q → (p ∧ ~ r)
Therefore, only statements (a) and (b) are equivalent.
T T T T T T TT T TF TF F
p q r p ∧ (q ∨ r) p → (q ∨ ~ r)
T T F T F F FF T TT TT T
T T T TT T TT TT F
T T F TT T TT TT T T F T T F F TT T FT TF F
T F T TT T TF FF F T F F T F F FF T FT TT T
T F F TF F TT FT T F T T F F T TF F TF FF F
F T T FF T FT TT F F T F F T F FF F TF FF T
F T F FF T FT TT T F F T F T F TT T FT FF F
F F T FF T FT FF F
F F F FF F FT FT T F F F F T F FF T FT FF T
13 2 15 2 4 3 1 3 2 13 2 15 2 4 3
81. Yes conditional: If it is a bird, then it can fly. 82. Yes conditional: If 5 + 1 = 9, then 2 + 5 = 7. (T)
(False); converse: If it can fly, then it is a bird. (F) converse: If 2 + 5 = 7, then 5 + 1 = 9. (F)
83. Yes conditional: If 2 + 5 = 7, then 5 + 1 = 4. (F) 84. No. A conditional statement and its contrapositive
contrapositive: If 5 + 1 ≠ 4, then 2 + 5 ≠ 7. (False) are equivalent statements.
85. If we use DeMorgan’s Laws to rewrite ~ p ∨ q, we 86. ~ [~ (p ∨ ~ q)] ⇔ p ∨ ~ q. Make use of the fact that
get ~ (p ∧ ~ q). Since ~ p ∨ q ⇔ ~ (p ∧ ~ q) and ~ ( ~ p) ⇔ p, then use DeMorgan’s Law twice.
p → q ⇔ ~ p ∨ q, we can conclude that p → q ⇔ ~ [~ (p ∨ ~ q)] = ~[~ p ∧ q ] = p ∨ ~ q
~ (p ∧ ~ q). Other answers are possible.
87. Research problem -- Answers will vary. 88. a) ~ p = 1 – p = 1 – 0.25 = 0.75

b) ~ q = 1 – q = 1 – 0.20 = 0.80
c) p ∧ q has a truth value equal to the lesser of
p = 0.75 and q = 0.20. Thus p ∧ q = 0.20
d) p ∨ q has truth value equal to the greater of
p = 0.25 and q = 0.20. Thus p ∨ q = 0.25
89. (a) conditional; (b) biconditional; (c) inverse; e) p → q has truth value equal to the lesser of 1
(d) converse; (e) contrapositive and 1 – (p + q) = 1 – 0.25 + 0.20 = 0.95. Thus
p → q = 0.95
f) p ↔ q has a truth value equal to 1 – |p – q| =
1 – (0.25 – 0.20) = 1 – 0.05 = 0.95. Thus p ↔ q
= 0.95
SECTION 3.5 69
Exercise Set 3.5

1. An argument is valid when its conclusion 2. An argument is invalid or a fallacy when the
necessarily follows from the given set of conclusion is false.
premises.
3. Yes. It is not necessary for the premises or the 4. Yes. If the conclusion does not follow from
conclusion to be true statements for the the set of premises, then the argument is invalid.
argument to be valid.
5. Yes. If the conclusion follows from the set of 6. If the truth table is a tautology, then the
premises, then the argument is valid, even if argument is valid. If the truth table is not a
the premises are false. tautology, then the argument is invalid.
7. a) p → q b) Pizza is served on time or is free. 8. a) p → q b) If soil is dry, then grass needs water.
~p The pizza was not served on time. ~q The grass does not need water.
q The pizza is free. ~p The soil is not dry.
9. a) p → q b) If the sky is clear, then it will be 10. a) p → q b) If sky is clear, then I’ll go to game.
hot. p The sky is clear.
q→r If it is hot, then will wear shorts. q I will go to the game.
p→r If sky is clear, then wear shorts.
11. a) p → q b) If you wash my car, then I 12. a) p → q b) If you wash my car, then pay $5.
pay $5. q I will give you $5.
~p You did not wash my car. p You washed my car.
~q I will not give you $5.
13. This argument is the law of detachment and 14. p q[(p → q) ∧ ~ p] → q

therefore it is valid. T T T F F T T
T F F F F T F
F T T T T T T
F F T T T F F
1 3 2 5 4
The argument is invalid.
15. p q[(p ∧ ~ q) ∧ q] → ~ p 16. p q[(~ p ∨ q) ∧ q] → p

T T T F F F T T F T T F T TTT TT
T F T T T F F T F T F F F FF F TT
F T F F F F T T T F T T T TTT FF
F F F F T F F T T F F T T FF F TF
1 3 2 5 4 7 6 1 3 254 7 6
The argument is valid. The argument is not valid.
17. p q[~ p ∧ (p ∨ q)] → ~ q 20. p q [(p ∨ q) ∧ ~ q] → p

T T F F T T F T T T F F T T
T F F F T T T T F T T T T T
F T T T T F F F T T F F T F
F F T F F T T F F F F T T F
1 3 2 5 4 1 3 2 5 4
The argument is a fallacy. The argument is valid.
70 CHAPTER 3 Logic
18. This argument is the law of contraposition and 19. This argument is the fallacy of the inverse.
therefore it is valid. Therefore, it is not valid.
21. p q [(~ p → q) ∧ ~ q] → ~ p 22. p q [(q ∧ ~ p) ∧ ~ p] → q

T T F T T F F T F T T TF F F F T T
T F F T F T T F F T F FF F F F T F
F T T T T F F T T F T TT T T T T T
F F T F F F T T T F F FF T F T T F
1 3 2 5 4 7 6 13 2 5 4 7 6
The argument is invalid. The argument is valid.
23. This argument is the law of syllogism and 24. p q [(q ∧ p) ∧ q] → ~p

therefore it is valid.
T T T T T F F
T F F F F T F
F T F F T T T
F F F F F T T
1 3 2 5 4
25. p q r [(p ↔ q) ∧ (q ∧ r)] → (p ∨ r) 26. p q r [(p ↔ q) ∧ (q → r)] → (~ r → ~ p)

T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T F T F
T T F T F F T T T T F T F F T T F F
T F T F F F T T T F T F F T T F T F
T F F F F F T T T F F F F T T T F F
F T T F F T T T F T T F F T T F T T
F T F F F F T F F T F F F F T T T T
F F T T F F T T F F T T T T T F T T
F F F T F F T F F F F T T T T T T T
1 3 2 5 4 1 3 2 7 4 6 5
The argument is valid. The argument is valid.
27. p q r [(r ↔ p) ∧ (~p ∧ q)] → (p ∧ r) 28. p q r [(p ∨ q) ∧ (r ∧ p)] → q

T T T T F F FT T T T T T T T T T T
T T F F F F FT T F T T F T F F T T
T F T T F F FF T T T F T T T T F F
T F F F F F FF T F T F F T F F T F
F T T F F T TT T F F T T T F F T T
F T F T T T TT F F F T F T F F T T
F F T F F T FF T F F F T F F F T F
F F F T F T FF T F F F F F F F T F
1 5 2 4 3 7 6 1 3 2 5 4
The argument is invalid. The argument is invalid.
SECTION 3.5 71
29. p q [(p→ q) ∧ (q ∨ r) ∧ (r ∨ p)] → p

r
T T T T T T T T T T
T T F T T T T T T T
T F T F F T F T T T
T F F F F F F T T T
F T T T T T T T F F
F T F T T T F F T F
F F T T T T T T F F
F F F T F F F F T F
1 3 2 5 4 7 6
30. This argument is the law of syllogism and therefore it is valid.
31. p q r [(p → q) ∧ (r → ~ p) ∧ (p ∨ r)] → (q ∨ ~ p)

T T T T F TF F F T T TT F
T T F T T FT F T T T TT F
T F T F F TF F F T T FF F
T F F F F FT F F T T FF F
F T T T T TT T T T T TT T
F T F T T FT T F F T TT T
F F T T T TT T T T T FT T
F F F T T FT T F F T FT T
1 5 24 3 7 6 11 9 10 8
The argument is valid.
32. p q r [(p ↔ q) ∧ (p ∨ q) ∧ (q → r)] → (q ∨ r)

T T T T T T T T T T
T T F T T T F F T T
T F T F F T F T T T
T F F F F T F T T F
F T T F F T F T T T
F T F F F T F F T T
F F T T F F F T T T
F F F T F F F T T F
1 4 2 5 3 7 6
33. p: Will Smith wins an Academy Award. 34. p: The president resigns.
q: Will Smith retires from acting. q: The vice president becomes president.
. p q [(p → q) ∧ ~ p] → ~ q . p q [(p → q) ∧ q] → p
T T T F F T F T T T TT T T
T F F F F T T T F F F F T T
F T T T T F F F T T T T F F
F F T T T T T F F T F F T F
1 3 2 5 4 1 3 2 5 4
The argument is invalid. The argument is invalid.
72 CHAPTER 3 Logic
35. p: The baby is a boy. 36. p: I get my child to preschool by 8:45 a.m.
q: The baby will be named Alexander Martin. q: I take the 9:00 a.m. class.
p q [(p → q) ∧ q] → p r: I am done by 2:00 p.m.
T T T TT T T [(p → q) ∧ (q → r)] → (p → r)
T F F F F T T This argument is valid because of the Law of Syllogism.
F T T T T F F
F F T F F T F
1 3 2 5 4
37. p: Monkeys can fly. 38. p: Rob Calcatera will go on sabbatical.

q: Scarecrows can dance. q: Frank Cheek will teach Logic.
[(p → q) ∧ ~q] → ~ p . p q [(p ∨ q) ∧ ~ q] → p
T T T F F T T
This argument valid because of the Law of
Contraposition. T F T T T T T
F T T F F F F
F F T T T T F
1 3 2 5 4
39. p: The orange was left on the tree for one year. 40. p: You pass General Chemistry.
q: The orange is ripe. q: You take Organic Chemistry.
. p q [(p → q) ∧ q] → p . p q [(p → q) ∧ p] → q
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
T F F F F T T T F F F T T F
F T T T T F F F T T F F T T
F F T F F T F F F T F F T F
1 3 2 5 4 1 3 2 5 4
This is the Fallacy of the Converse; thus This is the Law of Detachment, thus the
the argument is valid. argument is valid.
41. p: The X-Games will be in San Diego. 42. p: Nicholas Thompson teaches this course.
q: The X-Games will be in Corpus Christi. q: I will get a passing grade.
. P q [(p ∨ q) ∧ ~ p] → q . p q [(p → q) ∧ ~ q] → ~ p
T T T F F T T T T T F F T F
T F T F F T F T F F F T T F
F T T F T T T F T T F F T T
F F F T F T F F F T T T T T
1 3 2 5 4 1 3 2 5 4
The argument is valid. This argument is valid - Contraposition.
43. p: It is cold. 44. p: Miles Davis played with Louis Armstrong.

q: The graduation will be held indoors. q: Charlie Parker played with Dizzy Gillespie.
r: The fireworks will be postponed. . p q [(p → q) ∧ ~ p] → ~ q
[(p → q) ∧ (q → r)] → (p → r) T T T F F T F
This argument is valid because of the Chain Rule. T F F F F T T
F T T T T F F
F F T T T T T
1 3 2 5 4
This argument is invalid.
SECTION 3.5 73
45. f: The canteen is full 46. p: Bryce Canyon National Park is in Utah.
w: We can go for a walk. q: Bryce Canyon National Park is in Arizona.
t: We will get thirsty. p q [(p ∨ q) ∧ (q → ~ p)] → ~ q
f w t [(f → w) ∧ (w ∧ ~ t)] → (w → ~ f) T T T F TF F T F
T T T T F T F F T T F F T F T T FT F T T
T T F T T T T T F T F F F T T T TT T F F
T F T F F F F F T F T F F F F F F T T T T
T F F F F F F T T F T F 1 5 2 4 3 7 6
F T T T F T F F T T T T The argument is invalid.
F T F T T T T T T T T T
F F T T F F F F T F T T
F F F T F F F T T F T T
1 5 2 4 3 9 6 8 7
The argument is not valid.
47. s: It is snowing. 48. g: The garden has vegetables.

g: I am going skiing. f: The garden has flowers.
c: I will wear a coat. g f [(g ∨ f) ∧ (~ f → g)] → (f ∨ g)
s g c [(s ∧ g) ∧ (g → c)] → (s → c) T T T T F T T T T
T T T T T T T T T F T T T T T T T
T T F T F F T F F T T T F T F T T
T F T F F T T T F F F F T F F T F
T F F F F T T F 1 5 2 4 3 7 6
F T T F F T T T The argument is valid.
F T F F F F T T
F F T F F T T T
F F F F F T T T
1 3 2 5 4
49. h: The house has electric heat. 50. a: There is an atmosphere.

b: The Flynns will buy the house. g: There is gravity.
p: The price is less than $100,000. w: An object has weight.
h b p [(h → b) ∧ (~p → ~b)] → (h → p) a g w [(a → g) ∧ (w →g)] → (a → w)
T T T T T F T F T T T T T T T T T T
T T F T F T F F T F T T F T T T F F
T F T F F F T T T T T F T F F F T T
T F F F F T T T T F T F F F F T T F
F T T T T F T F T T F T T T T T T T
F T F T F T F F T T F T F T T T T T
F F T T T F T T T T F F T T F F T T
F F F T T T T T T T F F F T T T T T
1 5 2 4 3 7 6 1 3 2 5 4
The argument is valid. The argument is invalid.
74 CHAPTER 3 Logic
51. p: The prescription is called in to Walgreen’s. 52. p: The printer has a clogged nozzle.
q. You pick up the prescription at 4:00 p.m. q. The printer has no toner.
p q [(p → q) ∧ ~ q] → ~ p p q [(p ∨ q) ∧ ~ q] → p
T T T T T F F T F T T T T T F F T T
T F T F F F T T F T F T T F T T T F
F T F T T F F T T F T F T T F F T T
F F F T F T T T T F F F F F F T T F
1 3 2 5 4 7 6 1 3 2 5 4 7 6
53. t: The television is on. 54. c: The cat is in the room. c→m
p: The plug is plugged in. m: The mice are hiding. ~m
t p [(t ∨ ~ p) ∧ (p)] → t ~c
T T T F T T T This argument is the law of
T F T T T T T contraposition and is valid.
F T F F F T F
F F T T F T F
2 1 3 5 4
55. t: The test was easy. 56. b: Bonnie passed the bar exam. b→p
g: I received a good grade. p: Bonnie will practice law. ~p
t g [(t ∧ g) ∧ ( ~ t ∨ ~ g)] → ~t ~b
T T T F F F F T F This argument is the law of
T F F F F T T T F contraposition and is valid.
F T F F T T F T T
F F F F T T T T T
1 5 2 4 3 7 6
57. c: The baby is crying. 58. n: The car is new.

h: The baby is hungry. a: The car has air conditioning.
c h [(c ∧ ~ h) ∧ (h → c)] → h n a [(n → a) ∧ (~ n ∧ a)] → ~ n
T T TF F F T T T T T T F F F T T F
T F TT T T T F F T F F F F F F T F
F T FF F F F T T F T T T T T T T T
F F FF T F T T F F F T F T F F T T
1 3 2 5 4 7 6 1 5 2 4 3 7 6
The argument is invalid. The argument is valid.
SECTION 3.5 75
59. f: The football team wins the game. f→d 52. e: The engineering courses are difficult.
d: Dave played quarterback. d→~s c: The chemistry labs are long.
s: The team is in second place. f→s A: The art tests are easy.
e c a [(e ∧ c) ∧ (c → a)] → (e ∧ ~ a)
Using the law of syllogism, this argument is T T T T T T F TF F
invalid.
T T F T F F T TT T
T F T F F T T TF F
T F F F F T T TT T
F T T F F T T FF F
F T F F F F T FF T
F F T F F T T FF F
F F F F F T T FF T
1 3 2 7 4 6 5
61. p: You eat an entire bag of M&Ms. 62. p: The temperature hits 100 degrees.
q: Your face will break out. q: We go swimming.
p q [(p → q) ∧ p] → q p q [(p → q) ∧ ~ q] → ~ p
T T T TT T T T T T F F T F
T F F FT T F T F F F T T F
F T T FF T T F T T F F T T
F F T FF T F F F T T T T T
1 3 2 5 4 1 3 2 5 4
63. p: A tick is an insect. 64. p: Margaret Chang arranged the conference.

Q: A tick is an arachnid. q: Many people attend the conference.
p q [(p ∨ q) ∧ ~ p] → q r: Our picture will be in the paper.
T T T F F T T p q r [(p → q) ∧ (q → r)] → (p → r)
T F T F F T F T T T T T T T T
F T T T T T T T T F T F F T F
F F F F T T F T F T F F T T T
1 3 2 5 4 T F F F F T T F
The argument is valid. F T T T T T T T
F T F T F F T T
F F T T T T T T
F F F T T T T T
1 3 2 5 4
Using the Chain Rule, the argument is valid.
65. d: You close the deal. d→c 66. r: You read a lot. ~r→~k
c: You get a commission. ~c k: You gain knowledge. ~r
~d ~k
Using the Law of Contraposition, you did not Using the Law of Detachment, you will
close the deal. not gain knowledge.
76 CHAPTER 3 Logic
67. c: You pay off your credit card bill. ~c→p 68. p: Lynn wins the contest.
p: You will have to pay interest. p→m q: Lynn strikes oil.
m: The bank makes money. ~c→m r : Lynn will be rich.
[(~ c → p) ∧ (p → m) → (~ c → m) s: Lynn will stop working.
Using the Law of Syllogism, the bank makes p q r s [((p ∨ q) → r) ∧ (r → s)] (~ s → ~ p)
money. T T T T T T T T T T T
T T T F T T T F F T F
T T F T T F F F T T T
T T F F T F F F T T F
T F T T T T T T T T T
T F T F T T T F F T F
T F F T T F F F T T T
T F F F T F F F T T F
F T T T T T T T T T T
F T T F T T T F F T T
F T F T T F F F T T T
F T F F T F F F T T T
F F T T F T T T T T T
F F T F F T T F F T T
F F F T F T F T T T T
F F F F F T F T T T T
1 3 2 5 4 7 6
69. No. An argument is invalid only when the 63. p: I think.

conjunction of the premises are true and the q: I am.
conclusion is false. p q [(p → q) ∧ ~ p] → ~ q
T T T F F T F
T F F F F T T
F T T T T F F
F F T T T T T
1 3 2 5 4
By the Fallacy of the Inverse, the argument is invalid.
Exercise Set 3.6

1. The argument is invalid. 2. The argument is valid.
3. The conclusion necessarily follows from the set of 4. Symbolic arguments use the connectives
premises. "and," "or," "not," "but," "if-then," and
"if and only if", while syllogistic arguments
use the quantifiers "all," "some," and "none."
5. Yes. If the conjunction of the premises is false in all 6. Yes. An argument in which the conclusion
cases, then the argument is valid regardless of the does not necessarily follow from the given
truth value of the conclusion. set of premises is invalid, even if the
conclusion is a true statement.
SECTION 3.6 77
7. • = Mags 8. 9.
U U U
M In
A C A
C
• CT
G
valid valid valid
10. 11. 12.

U U U
V RG
W
M
G
TP
D
MCC • JP
valid fallacy fallacy
13. 14. 15.

U U U
H
BB J Even
200 poisonous MR
•P
Morel
DO
valid fallacy fallacy
16. 17. 18.

U U U
pros
politicians
policemen polite
• PGA lessons
Jarod
farmers senators
fallacy fallacy fallacy

78 CHAPTER 3 Logic
19. 20. 21.

U U U
physics
T W math
light float soaps
people
• Allison
fallacy valid valid
22. 23. 24.

U U U
X F
P
D W
Y
A
P Z
25. 26. 27.

U U U P
dogs cloudy F
• Today G
• Fido rainy S
glasses
fallacy fallacy valid
28. 29. 30.

U U U
200 pages guitar
hot turkey
dogs edible
R nov. cntry
books
rock
beef
drums
SECTION 3.6 79
31. [(P → Q) ∧ (P ∨ Q)] → ~ P can be expressed as a set U

statement by [(P' ∪ Q) ∩ (P ∪ Q)] ∩ P'. If this
statement is true, then the argument is valid; otherwise,
the argument is invalid.
Set Regions I II III
P' ∪ Q II, III, IV
P∪Q I, II, III
(P'∪ Q) ∩ (P ∪ Q) II, III IV
P' III, IV
Since (P' ∪ Q) ∩ (P ∪ Q) is not a subset of P', the
argument is invalid.
Review Exercises
1. No rock bands play ballads. 2. All bananas are ripe. 3. Some chickens have lips.
4. Some panthers are not endangered. 5. Some pens do not use ink. 6. Some rabbits wear glasses.
7. The coffee is Maxwell House or the 8. The coffee is not hot and the coffee 9. If the coffee is hot, then the coffee
coffee is hot. is strong. is strong and it is not Maxwell
House.
10. The coffee is Maxwell House if 12. The coffee is not Maxwell House, 11. The coffee is Maxwell House or
and only if the coffee is not strong. if and only if the coffee is strong the coffee is not hot, and the
and the coffee is not hot. coffee is not strong.
13. r ∧ q 14. p → r 15. (r → q) ∨ ~ p

16. (q ↔ p) ∧ ~ r 17. (r ∧ q) ∨ ~ p 18. ~ (r ∧ q)
19. p q (p ∨ q) ∧ ~ p 20. p q r p ∧ (~ q ∨ r)
T T T F F T T T T T F T T
T F T F F T T F T F F F F
F T T T T T F T T T T T T
F F F F T T F F T T T T F
1 3 2 F T T F F F T T
F T F F F F F F
F F T F F T T T
F F F F F T T F
4 5 1 3 2
21. p q r (p ∨ q) ↔ (p ∨ r) 22. p q q ↔ (p ∨ ~ q)
T T T T T T T T T T TT F
T T F T T T T F F F TT T
T F T T T T F T T F FF F
T F F T T T F F F F FT T
F T T T T T 1 5 2 4 3
F T F T F F
F F T F F T
F F F F T F
1 3 2
80 CHAPTER 3 Logic
23. p q r P → (q ∧ ~ r) 24. p q r (p ∧ q) → ~r
T T T T F TF F T T T T F F
T T F T T TT T T T F T T T
T F T T F FF F T F T F T F
T F F T F FF T T F F F T T
F T T F T TF F F T T F T F
F T F F T TT T F T F F T T
F F T F T FF F F F T F T F
F F F F T FF T F F F F T T
4 5 1 3 2 1 3 2
25. p: 7 is odd. p→q 26. p: The St. Louis arch is in St. Louis. p∨q
q: 11 is even. T→F q: Abraham Lincoln is buried in T∨F
F in Grant’s Tomb. T
27. p: Oregon borders the Pacific Ocean. p∨q 28. p: 15 – 7 = 22 (p ∨ q) ∧ r

q: California borders the Atlantic Ocean. T ∨ F q: 4 + 9 = 13 (F ∨ T) ∧ T
T r: 9–8=1 T ∧T
T
29. p: 32% of OR’s electricity - coal (p ↔ q) ∨ r 30. p: 3% of OR’s electricity - gas/oil p → (q ∧ r)

q: 54% of OR’s electricity - hydro (T ↔ T) ∨ F q: 45% of OR’s electricity - coal F → (F ∧ T)
r: 38% of OR’s electricity - nuclear T ∨F r: 3% of OR’s electricity - nuclear F→ F
T T
31. (p → ~ r) ∨ (p ∧ q) 32. (p ∨ q) ↔ (~ r ∧ p)

(T → T ) ∨ (T ∧ F) (T ∨ F) ↔ (T ∧T)
T ∨ F T ↔ T
T T
33. ~ r ↔ [(p ∨ q) ↔ ~ p] 34. ~ [(q ∧ r) → (~ p ∨ r)]

T ↔ [(T ∨ F) ↔ F] ~ [(F ∧ F) → ( F ∨ F)]
T ↔ [ T ↔ F] ~[ F → F]
T ↔ F ~T
F F
35. p q ~p ∨ ~q ~p↔q 36. Using the fact that (p → q) ⇔ (~ p ∨ q),

T T F F F F F T we can conclude that ~ p → ~ q ⇔ p ∨ ~ q.
T F F T T F T F
F T T T F T T T
F F T T T T F F
1 3 2 1 3 2
The statements are not equivalent.
REVIEW EXERCISES 81
37. p q r~ p ∨ (q ∧ r) (~ p ∨ q) ∧ (~ p ∨ r) 38. p q (~ q → p) ∧ p ~ (~ p ↔ q) ∨ p
T T T F T T F T T T F T T T T F T T T T T F F T TT
T T F F F F F T T F F F F T F T T T T T F F T F TT
T F T F F F F F F F F T T F T F T F F F F T T T FF
T F F F F F F F F F F F F F F T F F F F T T F F TF
F T T T T T T T T T T T T 1 3 2 5 4 4 1 3 2 6 5
F T F T T F T T T T T T F The statements are not equivalent.
F F T T T F T T F T T T T
F F F T T F T T F T T T F
2 3 1 1 3 2 7 4 6 5
The statements are equivalent.
39. p: Johnny Cash is in the Rock and Roll (R&R) Hall of 40. p: Her foot fell asleep.
Fame. q: She has injured her ankle.
q: India Arie recorded Acoustic Soul. In symbolic form, the statement is
In symbolic form, the statement is p ∧ q. Using p ∨ q. Using the fact that p → q ⇔
DeMorgan’s Laws, we get p ∧ q ⇔ ~ (~ p ∨ ~ q). It is ~ p ∨ q, we can rewrite the given
false that Johnny Cash is not in the R&R Hall of Fame statement as ~ p → q. If her foot did
or India Arie did not sing Acoustic Soul. not fall asleep, then she has injured it.
41. p: Altec Lansing only produces speakers. 42. p: Travis Tritt won an Academy Award.
q: Harmon Kardon only produces stereo receivers. q: Randy Jackson does commercials for
The symbolic form is ~ (p ∨ q). Milk Bone dog biscuits.
Using DeMorgan’s Laws, we get ~ (p ∨ q) ⇔ ~ p ∧ ~ q. The symbolic form is ~ p ∧ ~ q.
Altec Lansing does not produce only speakers and Using DeMorgan’s Laws, we get
Harmon Karson does not produce only stereo receivers. ~ p ∧ ~ q ⇔ ~ (p ∨ q). It is false
that Travis Tritt won an Academy
Award or Randy Jackson does
commercials for Milk Bone dog
biscuits.
43. p: The temperature is above 32 degrees Fahrenheit. 44. Converse: If you enjoy life, then you
q: We will go ice fishing at O’Leary’s Lake. will hear a beautiful songbird today.
The symbolic form is ~ p → q. Inverse: If you do not hear a beautiful
Using DeMorgan’s Laws, we get ~ p → q ⇔ p ∨ q. songbird today, then you will not
The temperature is above 32 degrees Fahrenheit or enjoy life.
we will go ice fishing at O’Leary’s Lake. Contrapositive: If you will not enjoy
life, then you will not hear beautiful
songbird today.
45. Converse: If the quilt has a uniform design, then 46. Converse: If Maureen Gerald is helping
you followed the correct pattern. at school, then she is not in
Inverse: If you do not follow the correct pattern, attendance.
then the quilt will not have a uniform design. Inverse: If Maureen Gerald is in attendance,
Contrapositive: If the quilt does not have a then she is not helping at school.
uniform design, then you did not follow the Contrapositive: If Maureen Gerald is not
correct pattern. helping at school, then she is in attendance.
82 CHAPTER 3 Logic
47. Converse: If we do not buy a desk at Miller’s 48. Converse: If I let you attend the prom,
Furniture, then the desk is made by Winner’s Only then you get straight A’s on your report
and is in the Rose catalog. card.
Inverse: If we did not buy the desk at Miller’s Inverse: If you do not get straight A’s on
Furniture, then it is not made by Winner’s Only your report card, then I will not let you
and is not in the Rose catalog. attend the prom.
Contrapositive: If the desk is not made by Contrapositive: If I do not let you attend
Winner’s Only and is not in the Rose catalog., the prom, then you do not get straight
then we did not buy it at Miller’s Furniture. A’s on your report card.
49. p: The temperature is over 800. 50. p: The screwdriver is on the workbench.
q: The air conditioner will come on. q: The screwdriver is on the counter.
In symbolic form, the statements are: a) p → q, In symbolic form, the statements are: a) p ↔ ~ q,
b) ~ p ∨ q, and c) ~ (p ∧ ~ q). Using the fact that b) ~ q → ~ p, and c) ~ (q ∧ ~ p). Looking at the truth
p → q is equivalent to ~ p ∨ q, statements (a) and (b) tables for statements (a), (b), and (c) we can conclude
are equivalent. Using DeMorgan’s Laws on that none of the statements are equivalent.
statement (b) we get ~ (p ∧ ~ q). a) b) c)
p q p ↔ ~ q ~ q → ~ p ~ (q ∧ ~ p)
Therefore all 3 statements are equivalent. T T T F F F T F T TF F
T F T T T T F F T FF F
F T F T F F T T F TT T
F F F F T T T T T FF T
1 3 2 1 3 2 4 1 3 2
51. p: 2 + 3 = 6. 52. p: The sale is on Tuesday.

q: 3 + 1 = 5. q: I have money.
In symbolic form, the statements are: a) p → q, r : I will go to the sale.
b) p ↔ ~ q, and c) ~ q → ~ p. In symbolic form the statements are: a) (p ∧ q) → r,
Statement (c) is the contrapositive of statement b) r → (p ∧ q), and c) r ∨ (p ∧ q). The truth table for
(a). Therefore statements (a) and (c) are equivalent. statements (a), (b), and (c) shows that none of the
(a) F → F (b) F ↔ T (c) T → T statements are equivalent.
T F T p q r (p ∧ q) → r r → (p ∧ q) r ∨ (p ∧ q)
T T T T T T T T T TT T
T T F T F F F T T F T T
T F T F T T T F F TT F
T F F F T F F T F F F F
F T T F T T T F F TT F
F T F F T F F T F F F F
F F T F T T T F F TT F
F F F F T F F T F F F F
1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2
REVIEW EXERCISES 83
53. p q [(p → q) ∧ ~ p] → q 54. p q r [(p ∧ q) ∧ (q → r)] → (p → r)

T T T F F T T T T T T T T T T
T F F F F T F T T F T F F T F
F T T T T T T T F T F F T T T
F F T T T F F T F F F F T T F
1 3 2 5 4 F T T F F T T T
The argument is invalid. F T F F F F T T
F F T F F T T T
F F F F F T T T
1 3 2 5 4
55. p: Nicole is in the hot tub. p∨q 56. p: The car has a sound system. p→q
q: Nicole is in the shower. p p: Rick will buy the car. ~r→~q
~q r : The price is less than $18,000. p→r
p q [(p ∨ q) ∧ p] → ~ q p q r [(p → q) ∧ (~ r → ~q)] → (p → r)
T T T T T F F
T T T T T F T F T T
T F T T T T T
F T T F F T F T T F T F T F F T F
F F F F F T T T F T F F F T T T F
1 3 2 5 4 T F F F F T T T T F
The argument is invalid. F T T T T F T F T T
F T F T F T F F T T
F F T T T F T T T T
F F F T T T T T T T
1 5 2 4 3 7 6
57. 58.
U U
electricians
yellow
overalls submarines dandelions
Plumbers
invalid invalid
Chapter Test
1. (p ∧ r) ∨ ~ q 2. (r → q) ∨ ~ p 3. ~ (r ↔ ~ q)
4. Ann Veneman is the Secretray of Agriculture, if and only 5. It is false that if Ann Veneman is the Secretary of
if Dick Cheney is the Vice President and Elaine Chao is Agriculture, then Elaine Chao is not the Secretary
the Secretary of Labor. the Secretary of Labor.
84 CHAPTER 3 Logic
6. p q r [~ (p → r)] ∧ q 7. p q r (q ↔ ~ r) ∨ p
T T T F T F T T T T T F F T T
T T F T F T T T T F T T T T T
T F T F T F F T F T F T F T T
T F F T F F F T F F F F T T T
F T T F T F T F T T T F F F F
F T F F T F T F T F T T T T F
F F T F T F F F F T F T F T F
F F F F T F F F F F F F T F F
2 1 4 3 1 3 2 5 4
8. p: 2 + 6 = 8 9. p: A scissors can cut paper. 10. (r ∨ q) ↔ (p ∧ ~ q)

q: 7 – 12 = 5 q: A dime equals 2 nickels. (T ∨ F) ↔ (T ∧ T)
p∨q r : Louisville is a city in Kentucky. T ↔ T
T∨F (p ∨ q) ↔ r T
T (T ∨ T) ↔ T
T ↔T
T
11. [~(r → ~ p)] ∧ (q → p) 12. Applying DeMorgan's Law to 13. p: The bird is red.
[~(T → F )] ∧ (F → T) statement (a), we get: q: It is a cardinal.
[ ~ (F) ]∧ T (1) ~(~p ∨ q), (2) ~(p ∨ ~ q), and In symbolic form the statements
T ∧ T (3) ~(p ∧ ~ q). are: a) p → q, b) ~ p ∨ q,
T Therefore, ~ p ∨ q ⇔ ~(p ∧ ~ q). and c) ~ p → ~ q.
Statement (c) is the inverse of
statement (a) and thus they cannot
be equivalent. Using the fact that
p → q ⇔ ~ p ∨ q, to rewrite
statement (a) we get ~ p ∨ q.
Therefore statements (a) and (b)
are equivalent.
14. p: The test is today. q: The concert is tonight. In symbolic form the 15. s: The soccer team won the game.
statements are: a) ~ (p ∨ q), b) ~ p ∧ ~ q, and ~ p → ~ q. f: Sue played fullback.
Applying DeMorgan's Law to statement (a) we get: ~ p ∧ ~ q. p: The team is in second place.
Therefore statements (a) and (b) are equivalent. When we compare the This argument is the law of
Truth tables for statements (a), (b), and (c) we see that only statements syllogism and therefore it is
(a) and (b) are equivalent. valid. s→f
p q ~ (p ∨ q) ~p ∧ ~q ~p →~q f→p
T T F T F F F F T F s→p
T F F T F F T F T T This argument is the law of
F T F T T F F T F F syllogism and therefore it is valid.
F F T F T T T T T T
2 1 1 3 2 1 3 2
CHAPTER TEST 85
16. 17. Some leopards are not spotted.

U
18. No Jacks-in-the-box are electronic.
engines
gas 19. Converse: If today is Saturday, then the
garbage truck comes.
cars
Inverse: If the garbage truck does not come
today, then today is not Saturday.
Contrapositive: If today is not Saturday, then
Fallacy the garbage truck does not come.
20. Yes. An argument is valid when its conclusion

necessarily follows from the given set of premises. It
doesn’t matter whether the conclusion is a true or
false statement.
Group Projects
1. a) 4, p closed, q closed p closed, q open 1. b) p q p ∧q
p open, q closed p open, q open 1 1 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0
1. c) If a closed switch is represented as T and an open 1. d) p q p∨q

switch is represented as F, and the bulb lighting as T, and 1 1 1
the bulb not lighting as F, then the table would be identical
1 0 1
to the truth table for p ∧ q.
0 1 1
0 0 0
1. f) (p ∧ q) ∨ r 1. g)
q
p
r
2. a) The tables have the same truth values as the not, and 2..f) Ia Ib 0
and or tables respectively. 1 1 1
b) 0 c) 1 d) 0 1 0 1
e) Ia = 0, Ib = 1 or Ia = 1, Ib = 0 0 1 1
0 0 0
CHAPTER FOUR
SYSTEMS OF NUMERATION
Exercise Set 4.1

1. A number is a quantity, and it answers the question, “How many?” A numeral is a symbol used to represent the
number.
2. , X, , ι , , 10
3. A system of numeration consists of a set of numerals and a scheme or rule for combining the numerals to represent
numbers.
4. , C, , ρ , 100
5. The Hindu-Arabic numeration system
6. In an additive system, the sum of the values of the numerals equals the number.
7. In a multiplicative system, there are numerals for each number less than the base and for powers of the base. Each
numeral less than the base is multiplied by a numeral for the power of the base, and these products are added to
obtain the number.
8. In a ciphered system, the number represented by a particular set of numerals is the sum of the values of the
numerals.
9. 100 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 1 + 1 = 142 10. 100 + 100 + 10 + 10 + 1 + 1 = 222

11. 1000 + 1000 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 10 + 10 12. 10, 000 + 10, 000 + 10, 000 + 10, 000 + 1000
+1 + 1 + 1 = 2423 +100 + 100 + 10 = 41, 210
13. 100, 000 + 100, 000 + 100, 000 + 10, 000 14. 1, 000, 000 + 1, 000, 000 + 1, 000, 000 + 100, 000
+10, 000 + 10, 000 + 1000 + 1000 + 1000 + 1000 +100, 000 + 100, 000 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 100
+100 + 100 + 10 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 334, 214 +10 + 10 + 10 + 1 = 3,300, 431
15. 16.
17. 18.
19.
20.
21. 10 + (10 − 1) = 19 22. 10 + 5 + 1 = 16
23. 500 + ( 50 − 10 ) + 5 + 1 + 1 = 547 24. 500 + 50 + 10 + 10 + 5 = 575
25. 1000 + ( 500 − 100 ) + (100 − 10 ) + 1 + 1 = 1492 26. 1000 + (1000 − 100 ) + 10 + 5 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 1918
27. 1000 + 1000 + (1000 − 100 ) + ( 50 − 10 ) + 5 + 1 28. 1000 + 500 + 100 + 100 + ( 50 − 10 ) + 5 + 1
= 2946 = 1746
87
88 CHAPTER 4 Systems of Numeration
29. 10 (1000 ) + 1000 + 1000 + 500 + 100 + 50 + 10 30. 50 (1000 ) + 1000 + (1000 − 100 ) + ( 50 − 10 )
+5 + 1 = 12, 666 + ( 5 − 1) = 51,944
31. 9 (1000 ) + ( 500 − 100 ) + 50 + 10 + ( 5 − 1) = 9464 32. 5 (1000 ) + 1000 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 10 + 10
+10 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 6333
33. LIX 34. XCIV

35. CXXXIV 36. CCLXIX
37. MMV 38. IVCCLXXXV
39. IVDCCXCIII 40. VICCLXXIV
41. IXCMXCIX 42. XIVCCCXV
43. XXDCXLIV 44. XCIXCMXCIX
45. 7 (10 ) + 4 = 74 46. 6 (10 ) + 2 = 62

47. 4 (1000 ) + 8 (10 ) + 1 = 4081 48. 3 (1000 ) + 2 (10 ) + 9 = 3029
49. 8 (1000 ) + 5 (100 ) + 5 (10 ) = 8550 50. 3 (1000 ) + 4 (100 ) + 8 (10 ) + 7 = 3487
51. 4 (1000 ) + 3 = 4003 52. 5 (1000 ) + 6 (100 ) + 2 = 5602
53. 54.
55. 56.
57. 58.
SECTION 4.1 89
59. 60.
61. 300 + 40 + 1 = 341 62. 700 + 30 + 6 = 736

63. 20 (1000 ) + 2 (1000 ) + 500 + 5 = 22,505 64. 100 (1000 ) + 50 (1000 ) + 800 + 10 + 3 = 150,813
65. 9 (1000 ) + 600 + 7 = 9607 66. 4 (1000 ) + 900 + 90 + 9 = 4999
67. νθ 68. ροη
69. 70. β′ α
71. π′ β′ψ δ 72.
73. Advantage: You can write some numbers more compactly.

Disadvantage: There are more numerals to memorize.
74. Advantage: Numbers are written in a more compact form.
Disadvantage: There are more symbols to remember.
75. Advantage: You can write some numbers more compactly.
Disadvantage: There are more numerals to memorize.
The Hindu-Arabic system has fewer symbols, more compact notation, the inclusion of zero, and the
capability of expressing decimal numbers and fractions.
76. 1000 + 10 + 10 + 1 = 1021, MXXI, 77. 1000 + (1000 – 100) + 10 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 1 = 1936,
α ′κα ,
,
78. 5(100) + 2(10) + 7 = 527,

79. 400 + 20 + 2 = 422, , CDXXII,
, DXXVII, φ κ ζ
80. CMXCIXCMXCIX 81.
82. a) – c) Answers will vary. 83. Turn the book upside down.
84. MM 85. 1888, MDCCCLXXXVIII
Exercise Set 4.2

1. A base 10 place-value system
2. Positional value system
3. 40 → four tens, 400 → four hundreds
4. Base 10, because we have 10 fingers.
5. A true positional-value system requires a base and a set of symbols, including a symbol for zero and one for each
counting number less than the base.
6. a) 10
b) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
7. Write each digit times its corresponding positional value.
8. It lacked a symbol for zero.
9. a) There may be confusion because numbers could be interpreted in different ways. For example,
could be interpreted to be either 1 or 60.
b) for both numbers; 133 = 2 ( 60 ) + 13 (1) and 7980 = 133 ( 60 )
10. (10 + 1)(1) = 11 and (10 + 1)( 60 ) = 660
11. 1, 20,18 × 20,18 × ( 20 ) ,18 × ( 20 )
2 3
12. The Mayan system has a different base and the numbers are written vertically.
13. ( 6 × 10 ) + ( 3 ×1) 14. ( 7 × 10 ) + ( 5 × 1)

15. ( 3 × 100 ) + ( 5 ×10 ) + ( 9 × 1) 16. ( 5 × 100 ) + ( 6 × 10 ) + ( 2 × 1)
17. (8 × 100 ) + ( 9 ×10 ) + ( 7 × 1) 18. ( 3 × 1000 ) + ( 7 × 100 ) + ( 6 × 10 ) + ( 9 × 1)
19. ( 4 × 1000 ) + ( 3 × 100 ) + ( 8 × 10 ) + ( 7 × 1) 20. ( 2 × 10, 000 ) + ( 3 × 1000 ) + ( 4 × 100 ) + ( 6 ×10 )
+ ( 8 × 1)
21. (1×10, 000 ) + ( 6 ×1000 ) + ( 4 × 100 ) + ( 0 × 10 ) + ( 2 × 1)

22. (1×100, 000 ) + ( 2 ×10, 000 ) + ( 5 × 1000 ) + ( 6 × 100 ) + ( 7 × 10 ) + (8 × 1)
23. ( 3 × 100, 000 ) + ( 4 × 10, 000 ) + ( 6 × 1000 ) + ( 8 × 100 ) + ( 6 × 10 ) + (1×1)
24. ( 3 × 1, 000, 000 ) + ( 7 × 100, 000 ) + ( 6 × 10, 000 ) + ( 5 ×1000 ) + ( 9 × 100 ) + ( 3 × 10 ) + ( 4 × 1)
25. (10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 1 + 1)(1) = 42
26. (10 + 10 + 10 )(1) − (1 + 1 + 1 + 1)(1) = 30 − 4 = 26
27. (10 + 1 + 1 + 1)( 60 ) + (1 + 1 + 1 + 1)(1) = 13 ( 60 ) + 4 (1) = 780 + 4 = 784
28. (10 + 1)( 60 ) + ( (10 + 10 ) − (1 + 1 + 1) ) (1) = 11( 60 ) + ( 20 − 3)(1) = 660 + 17 = 677
29. 1( 602 ) + (10 + 10 + 1)( 60 ) + (10 − (1 + 1) ) (1) = 3600 + 21( 60 ) + (10 − 2 )(1) = 3600 + 1260 + 8 = 4868
30. 10 ( 602 ) + ( (10 + 10 ) − (1 + 1 + 1) ) ( 60 ) + (1 + 1)(1) = 10 ( 3600 ) + ( 20 − 3)( 60 ) + 2 = 36, 000 + 17 ( 60 ) + 2

= 36, 000 + 1020 + 2 = 37, 022
31. 88 is 1 group of 60 and 28 units remaining.

SECTION 4.2 91
32. 97 is 1 group of 60 and 37 units remaining.
33. 295 is 4 groups of 60 and 55 units remaining.
35. 3685 is 1 group of 3600, 1 group of 60, and 25 units remaining.
37. 4 ( 20 ) + 12 (1) = 80 + 12 = 92
38. 10 ( 20 ) + 5 (1) = 200 + 5 = 205
39. 12 (18 × 20 ) + 0 ( 20 ) + 1(1) = 4320 + 0 + 1 = 4321
40. 7 (18 × 20 ) + 9 ( 20 ) + 7 (1) = 2520 + 180 + 7 = 2707
41. 11(18 × 20 ) + 2 ( 20 ) + 0 (1) = 3960 + 40 + 0 = 4000
42. 2 (18 × 20 ) + 10 ( 20 ) + 10 (1) = 720 + 200 + 10 = 930
43. 44.
12
20 257
20
57
40
17 257 = 12 ( 20 ) + 17 (1)
45. 14 46. 1 2
20 297 360 406 20 46
280 360 40
17 297 = 14 ( 20 ) + 17 (1) 46 6
406 = 1(18 × 20 ) + 2 ( 20 ) + 6 (1)
47. 6 48. 5 8
360 2163 360 1978 20 178
2160 1800 160
3 178 18
2163 = 6 ( 360 ) + 0 ( 20 ) + 3 (1)
1978 = 5 (18 × 20 ) + 8 ( 20 ) + 18 (1)
49. Advantages: In general, a place-value system is more compact; large and small numbers can be written more easily;
there are fewer symbols to memorize.
Disadvantage: If many of the symbols in the numeral represent zero, then a place-value system may be less compact.
50. Answers will vary. 51. Hindu-Arabic: 10 + 10 + 10 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 33

Mayan: 33 = 1( 20 ) + 13 (1)
52. Hindu-Arabic:
5 (18 × 20 ) + 7 ( 20 ) + 4 (1) = 1800 + 140 + 4 = 1944 53.
Babylonian: 1944 = 32 ( 60 ) + 24 (1)
54.
55. a) No largest number; The positional values are … , ( 60 ) , ( 60 ) , 60,1 .

3 2
b) 999,999 = 4 ( 60 ) + 37 ( 60 ) + 46 ( 60 ) + 39 (1)
3 2
56. a) No largest number; The positional values above 18 × 20 are 18 × 202 ,18 × 203 ,…
b) 999,999 = 6 (18 × 203 ) + 18 (18 × 202 ) + 17 (18 × 20 ) + 13 ( 20 ) + 19 (1)
57. 2 ( 60 ) + 23 (1) = 120 + 23 = 143

23
143 + 23 = 166
166 = 2 ( 60 ) + 46 (1)
58. 3 ( 60 ) + 33 (1) = 180 + 33 = 213

32
213 − 32 = 181
181 = 3 ( 60 ) + 1(1)
SECTION 4.3 93
59. 7 (18 × 20 ) + 6 ( 20 ) + 15 (1) = 2520 + 120 + 15 = 2655

6 (18 × 20 ) + 7 ( 20 ) + 13 (1) = 2160 + 140 + 13 = 2313
2655 + 2313 = 4968
4968 = 13 (18 × 20 ) + 14 ( 20 ) + 8 (1)
60. 7 (18 × 20 ) + 6 ( 20 ) + 15 (1) = 2520 + 120 + 15 = 2655

6 (18 × 20 ) + 7 ( 20 ) + 13 (1) = 2160 + 140 + 13 = 2313
2655 − 2313 = 342
342 = 17 ( 20 ) + 2 (1)
61.
Exercise Set 4.3

1. Answers will vary. 2. Answers will vary.
3. 56 = 5 (1) = 5 4. 607 = 6 ( 7 ) + 0 (1) = 42 + 0 = 42
5. 425 = 4 ( 5 ) + 2 (1) = 20 + 2 = 22 6. 1012 = 1( 22 ) + 0 ( 2 ) + 1(1) = 4 + 0 + 1 = 5
7. 10112 = 1( 23 ) + 0 ( 22 ) + 1( 2 ) + 1(1) = 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 11 8. 11012 = 1( 23 ) + 1( 22 ) + 0 ( 2 ) + 1(1) = 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 13
9. 8412 = 8 (12 ) + 4 (1) = 96 + 4 = 100
10. 210213 = 2 ( 34 ) + 1( 33 ) + 0 ( 32 ) + 2 ( 3) + 1(1) = 2 ( 81) + 27 + 0 ( 9 ) + 6 + 1 = 162 + 27 + 0 + 6 + 1 = 196
11. 5658 = 5 ( 82 ) + 6 ( 8 ) + 5 (1) = 5 ( 64 ) + 48 + 5 = 320 + 48 + 5 = 373
12. 6547 = 6 ( 7 2 ) + 5 ( 7 ) + 4 (1) = 6 ( 49 ) + 35 + 4 = 294 + 35 + 4 = 333
13. 204325 = 2 ( 54 ) + 0 ( 53 ) + 4 ( 52 ) + 3 ( 5 ) + 2 (1) = 2 ( 625 ) + 0 + 4 ( 25 ) + 15 + 2 = 1250 + 0 + 100 + 15 + 2 = 1367
14. 1011112 = 1( 25 ) + 0 ( 24 ) + 1( 23 ) + 1( 22 ) + 1( 2 ) + 1(1) = 32 + 0 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 47
15. 40036 = 4 ( 63 ) + 0 ( 62 ) + 0 ( 6 ) + 3 (1) = 4 ( 216 ) + 0 + 0 + 3 = 864 + 0 + 0 + 3 = 867
16. 123E12 = 1(123 ) + 2 (122 ) + 3 (12 ) + 11(1) = 1728 + 2 (144 ) + 36 + 11 = 1728 + 288 + 36 + 11 = 2063
17. 1238 = 1( 82 ) + 2 ( 8) + 3 (1) = 64 + 16 + 3 = 83
18. 20438 = 2 ( 83 ) + 0 ( 82 ) + 4 ( 8 ) + 3 (1) = 2 ( 512 ) + 0 + 32 + 3 = 1024 + 0 + 32 + 3 = 1059
19. 147058 = 1( 84 ) + 4 ( 83 ) + 7 ( 82 ) + 0 ( 8) + 5 (1) = 4096 + 4 ( 512 ) + 7 ( 64 ) + 0 + 5 = 4096 + 2048 + 448 + 0 + 5 = 6597
20. 673429 = 6 ( 94 ) + 7 ( 93 ) + 3 ( 92 ) + 4 ( 9 ) + 2 (1) = 6 ( 6561) + 7 ( 729 ) + 3 ( 81) + 36 + 2

= 39,366 + 5103 + 243 + 36 + 2 = 44, 750
21. To convert 8 to base 2 … 16 8 4 2 1

1 0 0 0
8 8 4 0 2 0 1 0
8 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 8 = 10002
22. To convert 16 to base 2 … 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 0 0 0 0
16 16 8 0 4 0 2 0 1 0
16 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 16 = 100002

1 0 1 1 1
16 23 8 7 4 7 2 3 1 1
16 0 4 2 1
7 7 3 1 0 23 = 101112

1 0 4 3
216 243 36 27 6 27 1 3
216 0 24 3
27 27 3 0 243 = 10436

2 5 3 5
216 635 36 203 6 23 1 5
432 180 18 5
203 23 5 0 635 = 25356

3 2 0 3 0
256 908 64 140 16 12 4 12 1 0
768 128 0 12 0
140 12 12 0 0 908 = 320304
27. To convert 2061 to base 12 … 20,736 1728 144 12 1

1 2 3 9
1728 2061 144 333 12 45 1 9
1728 288 36 9
333 45 9 0 2061 = 1239
12
SECTION 4.3 95

3 0 2 0
64 200 16 8 4 8 1 0
192 0 8 0
8 8 0 0 200 = 30204

1 0 2 1
512 529 64 17 8 17 1 1
512 0 16 1
17 17 1 0 529 = 10218

1 0 0 0 0
81 81 27 0 9 0 3 0 1 0
81 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 81 = 100003

1 7 10 11
1728 2867 144 1139 12 131 1 11
1728 1008 120 11
1139 131 11 0 2867 = 17TE12

3 1 5 4 4
1296 4312 216 424 36 208 6 28 1 4
3888 216 180 24 4
424 208 28 4 0 4312 = 315446
33. To convert 1011 to base 2 … 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 1 1 1 1
512 1011 256 499 128 243 64 115 32 51
512 256 128 64 32
499 243 115 51 19
1 0 0 1 1
16 19 8 3 4 3 2 3 1 1
16 0 0 2 1
3 3 3 1 0 1011 = 11111100112

4 4 3 0
343 1589 49 217 7 21 1 0
1372 196 21 0
217 21 0 0 1589 = 44307

4 4 0 3
512 2307 64 259 8 3 1 3
2048 256 0 3
259 3 3 0 2307 = 44038
36. To convert 13,469 to base 8 … 32,768 4096 512 64 8 1

3 2 2 3 5
4096 13,469 512 1181 64 157 8 29 1 5
12,288 1024 128 24 5
1181 157 29 5 0 13, 469 = 322358
37. 73516 = 7 (162 ) + 3 (16 ) + 5 (1) = 7 ( 256 ) + 48 + 5 = 1792 + 48 + 5 = 1845
38. 58116 = 5 (162 ) + 8 (16 ) + 1(1) = 5 ( 256 ) + 128 + 1 = 1280 + 128 + 1 = 1409
39. 6D3B716 = 6 (164 ) + 13 (163 ) + 3 (162 ) + 11(16 ) + 7 (1) = 6 ( 65,536 ) + 13 ( 4096 ) + 3 ( 256 ) + 176 + 7
= 393, 216 + 53, 248 + 768 + 176 + 7 = 447, 415
40. 24FEA16 = 2 (164 ) + 4 (163 ) + 15 (162 ) + 14 (16 ) + 10 (1) = 2 ( 65,536 ) + 4 ( 4096 ) + 15 ( 256 ) + 224 + 10
= 131, 072 + 16,384 + 3840 + 224 + 10 = 151,530
41. To convert 573 to base 16 … 4096 256 16 1

2 3 13 = D
256 573 16 61 1 13
512 48 13
61 13 0 573 = 23D16

1 5 13 = D
256 349 16 93 1 13
256 80 13
93 13 0 349 = 15D16

1 5 6 6
4096 5478 256 1382 16 102 1 6
4096 1280 96 6
1382 102 6 0 5478 = 156616
44. To convert 34,721 to base 16 … 65,536 4096 256 16 1

8 7 10 = A 1
4096 34,721 256 1953 16 161 1 1
32,768 1792 160 1
1953 161 1 0 34, 721 = 87A116
45. To convert 2005 to base 2 … 2048 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 1 1 1 1
1024 2005 512 981 256 469 128 213 64 85
1024 512 256 128 64
981 469 213 85 21
0 1 0 1 0 1
32 21 16 21 8 5 4 5 2 1 1 1
0 16 0 4 0 1
21 5 5 1 1 0 2005 = 111110101012
SECTION 4.3 97
46. To convert 2005 to base 3 … 2187 729 243 81 27 9 3 1

2 2 0 2 0 2 1
729 2005 243 547 81 61 27 61 9 7 3 7 1 1
1458 486 0 54 0 6 1
547 61 61 7 7 1 0 2005 = 22020213

3 1 0 1 0
625 2005 125 130 25 5 5 5 1 0
1875 125 0 5 0
130 5 5 0 0 2005 = 310105

5 5 6 3
343 2005 49 290 7 45 1 3
1715 245 42 3
290 45 3 0 2005 = 55637

1 1 11 = E 1
1728 2005 144 277 12 133 1 1
1728 144 132 1
277 133 1 0 2005 = 11E112

7 13 =D 5
256 2005 16 213 1 5
1792 208 5
213 5 0 2005 = 7D516
51. Incorrect; there is no 5 in base 5. 52. Incorrect; there is no 3 in base 3.

53. Correct 54. Correct
55. Incorrect; there is no 8 in base 7. 56. Correct
57. 2 ( 5) + 3 (1) = 10 + 3 = 13 58. 4 ( 5) + 3 (1) = 20 + 3 = 23
59. 2 ( 52 ) + 4 ( 5 ) + 3 (1) = 2 ( 25 ) + 20 + 3 60. 3 ( 52 ) + 0 ( 5) + 3 (1) = 3 ( 25 ) + 0 + 3
= 50 + 20 + 3 = 73 = 75 + 0 + 3 = 78
61. To convert … 25 5 1
3= 4=
5 19 1 4
15 4
4 0
19 = 5
62. To convert … 25 5 1
4= 3=
5 23 1 3
20 3
3 0
23 = 5
63. To convert … 125 25 5 1
2 = 4 = 4 =
25 74 5 24 1 4
50 20 4
24 4 0
74 = 5
64. To convert … 125 25 5 1
3 = 2 = 0 =
25 85 5 10 1 0
75 10 0
10 0 0
85 = 5
65. 1( 4 ) + 3 (1) = 4 + 3 = 7 66. 3 ( 4 ) + 2 (1) = 12 + 2 = 14

67. 2 ( 42 ) + 1( 4 ) + 0 (1) = 2 (16 ) + 4 + 0 = 32 + 4 + 0 = 36 68. 3 ( 42 ) + 2 ( 4 ) + 1(1) = 3 (16 ) + 8 + 1 = 48 + 8 + 1 = 57
For #69-72, blue = 0 = b, red = 1 = r, gold = 2 = go, green = 3 = gr
69. To convert … 16 4 1
2 = go 2= go
4 10 1 2
8 2
2 0
10 = go go 4
70. To convert … 16 4 1
3= gr 3= gr
4 15 1 3
12 3
3 0 15 = gr gr 4
71. To convert … 64 16 4 1
3 = gr 3 = gr 0 = b
16 60 4 12 1 0
48 12 0
12 0 0
60 = gr gr b 4
72. To convert … 64 16 4 1
3 = gr 2 = go 0 = b
16 56 4 8 1 0
48 8 0
8 0 0 56 = gr go b 4
SECTION 4.4 99
73. a) Each remainder is multiplied by the proper power of 5.

b) 5 683 c) 8 763
5 136 3 ↑ 8 95 3 ↑
5 27 1 ↑ 8 11 7 ↑
5 5 2 ↑ 8 1 3 ↑
5 1 0 ↑ 0 1 ↑
0 1 ↑
683 = 102135 763 = 13738
74. a) 13, 23, 103, 113, 123, 203, 213, 223, 1003, 1013, 1023, 1103, 1113, 1123, 1203, 1213, 1223, 2003, 2013, 2023
b) 10003
76. 27 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 128
77. 1( b 2 ) + 1( b ) + 1 = 43
b 2 + b + 1 = 43
b 2 + b − 42 = 0
( b + 7 )( b − 6 ) = 0
b + 7 = 0 or b − 6 = 0
b = −7 or b = 6
Since the base cannot be negative, b = 6 .
78. d ( 52 ) + d ( 5) + d (1) = 124
25d + 5d + d = 124
31d 124
=
31 31
d =4
79. a) 3 ( 44 ) + 1( 43 ) + 2 ( 42 ) + 3 ( 4 ) + 0 (1) = 3 ( 256 ) + 64 + 2 (16 ) + 12 + 0 = 768 + 64 + 32 + 12 + 0 = 876
b) To convert … 256 64 16 4 1
2 = go 3 = gr 0 = b 1 = r
64 177 16 49 4 1 1 1
128 48 0 1
49 1 1 0
177 = go gr b r 4
Exercise Set 4.4

1. a) b0 = 1, b1 = b, b 2 , b3 , b 4
b) 60 = 1, 61 = 6, 62 , 63 , 64
2. 80 = 1,81 = 8,82 = 64 using base 8.
3. No; there is no 6 in base 5.
4. No; there is no 3 in base 3.
7. 435 8. 338 9. 23034 10. 1012

415 658 2324 112
1345 1208 32014 10002
11. 79912 12. 2223 13. 11123 14. 47012

21812 223 10113 34712
9E512 10213 22003 7E712
15. 146317 16. 13418 17. 11102 18. 43A16

60407 3418 1102 49616
240017 17028 101002 8D016
19. 3224 20. 5267 21. 23425 22. 10112

– 1034 – 1457 – 14425 – 1012
2134 3517 4005 1102
23. 78212 24. 12213 25. 10012 26. 2T3412

– 13T12 – 2023 – 1102 – 34512
64412 10123 112 26TE12
27. 42237 28. 42325 29. 21003 30. 4E716

– 3047 – 23415 – 10123 –18916
36167 13415 10113 35E16
31. 335 32. 3236 33. 3427 34. 1012

× 25 × 46 × 57 × 112
1215 21406 24037 101
101
11112
35. 5126 36. 12412 37. 4369 38. 6T312

× 236 × 612 × 259 × 2412
2340 72012 2403 2350
1424 873 1186
210206 122339 13EE012
39. 1112 40. 5849 41. 3167 42. 8T12

× 1012 × 249 × 167 × 2T12
111 2567 2541 744
000 1278 316 158
111 154579 60317 210412
1000112
43. 1 2 × 12 = 12
1102
12 1102
1
01
1
0
0
0
44. 46 × 16 = 46 346 R3 6 45. 35 × 15 = 35 315

46 × 26 = 126 46 2316 35 × 25 = 115 35 1435
46 × 36 = 206 20 35 × 35 = 145 14
46 × 46 = 246 31 35 × 45 = 225 03
46 × 56 = 326 24 3
3 0
SECTION 4.4 101
46. 78 × 18 = 78 378 R4 8 47. 24 × 14 = 24 1234

78 × 28 = 168 78 3358 24 × 24 = 104 24 3124
78 × 38 = 258 25 24 × 34 = 124 2
78 × 48 = 348 65 11
78 × 58 = 438 61 10
78 × 68 = 528 4 12
78 × 78 = 618 12
0
48. 612 × 112 = 612 8612 R1 12 49. 24 × 14 = 24 1034 R1 4

612 × 212 = 1012 612 43112 24 × 24 = 104 24 2134
612 × 312 = 1612 40 24 × 34 = 124 2
612 × 412 = 2012 31 01
612 × 512 = 2612 30 00
612 × 612 = 3012 1 13
612 × 712 = 3612 12
612 × 812 = 4012 1
50. 56 × 16 = 56 246 R2 6 51. 35 × 15 = 35 415 R1 5

56 × 26 = 146 56 2146 35 × 25 = 115 35 2245
56 × 36 = 236 14 35 × 35 = 145 22
56 × 46 = 326 34 35 × 45 = 225 04
56 × 56 = 416 32 3
2 1
52. 46 × 16 = 46 316 R2 6 53. 67 × 17 = 67 457 R2 7

46 × 26 = 126 46 2106 67 × 27 = 157 67 4047
46 × 36 = 206 20 67 × 37 = 247 33
46 × 46 = 246 10 67 × 47 = 337 44
46 × 56 = 326 4 67 × 57 = 427 42
2 67 × 67 = 517 2
54. 37 × 17 = 37 5007 R1 7
37 × 27 = 67 37 21017
37 × 37 = 127 21
37 × 47 = 157 00
37 × 57 = 217 00
37 × 67 = 247 01
00
1
55. 25 56. 35 57. 215 58. 235

+ 35 + 35 + 435 + 135
105 = 5 115 = 5 1145 = 5 415 = 5
For #59-66, blue = 0 = b, red = 1 = r, gold = 2 = go, green = 3 = gr
59. 34 60. 124 61. 324 62. 1304

+ 24 + 304 + 114 + 2214
114 = r r 4 1024 = r b go 4 1034 = r b gr 4 10114 = r b r r 4
63. 334 64. 314 65. 2314 66. 3014

− 124 − 134 − 1034 − 1204
214 = go r 4 124 = r go 4 1224 = r go go 4 1214 = r go r 4
67. 23025 = 2 ( 53 ) + 3 ( 52 ) + 0 ( 5 ) + 2 (1) = 2 (125 ) + 3 ( 25 ) + 0 + 2 = 250 + 75 + 0 + 2 = 327

4 0 3 327 = 4039
81 327 9 3 1 3
324 0 3 92 = i i i i
3 3 0 91 = none
90 = i i i
69. 145 × 15 = 145 135 70. 204 × 14 = 204 114 R3 4

145 × 25 = 335 145 2425 204 × 24 = 1004 204 2234
145 × 35 = 1025 14 204 × 34 = 1204 20
145 × 45 = 1215 102 23
102 20
0 3
71. a) 4628
× 358 b) 4628 = 4 ( 82 ) + 6 ( 8) + 2 (1) = 4 ( 64 ) + 48 + 2 = 256 + 48 + 2 = 306
2772 358 = 3 ( 8 ) + 5 (1) = 24 + 5 = 29
1626 c) 306 × 29 = 8874
212528 d) 212528 = 2 ( 84 ) + 1( 83 ) + 2 ( 82 ) + 5 ( 8) + 2 (1)
= 2 ( 4096 ) + 512 + 2 ( 64 ) + 40 + 2
= 8192 + 512 + 128 + 40 + 2 = 8874
e) Yes, in part a), the numbers were multiplied in base 8 and then converted to base 10 in part d).
In part b), the numbers were converted to base 10 first, then multiplied in part c).
72. b=5
73. Orange = 0; purple = 1; turquoise = 2; brown = 3
Exercise Set 4.5

1. Duplation and mediation, the galley method and Napier rods
2. a) Answers will vary. 3. a) Answers will vary.

b) 267 − 193 b)
133 − 386 3 6 2
66 − 772 1 0 1 0 2
6 2 4
33 − 1544
16 − 3088 0 2 5 1 9
7 4 8
8 − 6176
4 − 12,352 4 9 8
2 − 24,704
1 − 49,408 362 × 29 = 10, 498
51,531
SECTION 4.5 103
4. a) Answers will vary.

b)
2 5
6 1 3
1 2 0
5 0
25 × 6 = 150
5. 23 − 31 6. 35 − 23 7. 9 − 162 8. 175 − 86
11 − 62 17 − 46 4 − 324 87 − 172
5 − 124 8 − 92 2 − 648 43 − 344
2 − 248 4 − 184 1 − 1296 21 − 688
1 − 496 2 − 368 1458 10 − 1376
713 1 − 736 5 − 2752
805 2 − 5504
1 − 11,008
15,050
9. 35 − 236 10. 96 − 53 11. 93 − 93 12. 49 − 124

17 − 472 48 − 106 46 − 186 24 − 248
8 − 944 24 − 212 23 − 372 12 − 496
4 − 1888 12 − 424 11 − 744 6 − 992
2 − 3776 6 − 848 5 − 1488 3 − 1984
1 − 7552 3 − 1696 2 − 2976 1 − 3968
8260 1 − 3392 1 − 5952 6076
5088 8649
13. 14. 15.

3 7 5 3 6 5 5 8 3
1 4 3 2 4 4 2 3 1
2 8 2 0 6 2 4 8 0 8 2 0 2 2 4
2 5 0 9 2 0 3 3 2
6 × 375 = 2250 8 × 365 = 2920 4 × 583 = 2332
16. 17. 18.

1 2 5 7 5 2 5 9
0 1 3 0 0 0 2 3
0 7 4 5 7 0 7 5 1 1 8 0 6 4
8 7 5 1 1 1 3 6
4 0 4 5 3
7 × 125 = 875 9 2 2 7
0 0 1 7 3
75 × 12 = 900 47 × 259 = 12,173
19. 3 1 4 20. 6 3 4
1 0 2 4 2 3
2 6 5 8
8 6 4 8 4 2
1 0 2 1 0 1
0 5 2 3
5 5 0 8 9 2
0 0 0 1 0 0
4 2 7 2
6 2 8 2 6 8
7 2 8 4 8 8
314 × 652 = 204,728 634 × 832 = 527,488
21. 22.
6 3 6 3
8 5 4 2 7 4 4 2
8 4 2 1
0 4 4 1
8 × 63 = 504 7 × 63 = 441
23. 24.
5 8 1 2 5
7 4 3 5 7 0 0 1 3
5 6 7 4 5
0 6 8 7 5
7 × 58 = 406 7 × 125 = 875
25. 26. 75 × 125 = (70 + 5)125 = 70(125) + 5(125)

1 2 5
From # 24, 70 × 125 = 8750
From # 25, 5 × 125 = 625
5 0 1 2
9375
0 5 0 5 75 × 125 = 9375
6 2 5
5 × 125 = 625
27. 28.
6 7 4 2 3 4 5 6
96 5 6 3 1 7 2 2 3 4
6 4 3 6 8 2 1 8 5 2
0 6 7 8 4 1 9 2
9 × 6742 = 60,678 7 × 3456 = 24,192
SECTION 4.5 105
29. a) 253 × 46; Place the factors of 8 until the 30. a) 475 × 263; Place the factors of 8 until the
correct factors and placements are found correct factors and placements are found
so the rest of the rectangle can be completed. so the rest of the rectangle can be
b) completed.
2 5 3 b) 4 7 5
0 2 1
8 0 2 0 1 1
1 4 1 2
1 3 1 8 4 0
1 2 0 8 6
2 4 3
6 3 8 2 4 2 0 6
253 × 46 = 11,638
1 2 1
4 2 1 5 3
9 2 5
475 × 263 = 124,925
31. a) 4 × 382; Place the factors of 12 until the correct 32. a) 7 × 685; Place the factors of 42 until the
factors and placements are found so the rest correct factors and placements are found
can be completed. so the rest can be completed.
b) b)
3 8 2 6 8 5
4 1 1 3 0 7 4 4 5 3
2 2 8 2 6 5
5 2 8 7 9 5
4 × 382 = 1528 7 × 685 = 4795
33. 13 − 22 34. 26 − 67
6 − 44 13 − 134
3 − 88 6 − 268
1 − 176 3 − 536
286 = 1 − 1072
1742 = MDCCXLII
35. Answers will vary. 36. 2 1
1 0
1 2
1 2
2 0 0 1
2 1
1 1
213 × 213 = 12113
37. 2 3 4 38. a) 1000 + 500 + 100 + 100 + 50 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 1 = 1776

0 1 1
1 4 1 3 2
1 2 3
2 3 2 1 4
3 3 1
245 × 2345 = 123315
Review Exercises
1. 1000 + 1000 + 1000 + 100 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 3103 2. 100 + 100 + 10 + 1000 + 1 = 1211
3. 10 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 1 + 1000 = 1311 4. 100 + 10 + 1000 + 1 + 1000 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 2114
5. 1000 + 1000 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 10 6. 100 + 100 + 10 + 1 + 1000 + 1000 + 1 + 100 = 2312
+ 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 2314
7. bbbbbaaaaaa 8. cbbaaaaa
9. ccbbbbbbbbbaaa 10. ddaaaaa
11. ddddddccccccccbbbbba 12. ddcccbaaaa
13. 4 (10) + 3 = 40 + 3 = 43 14. 2 (10) + 7 = 20 + 7 = 27
15. 7 (100) + 4 (10) + 9 = 700 + 40 + 9 = 749 16. 4 (1000) + 6 (10) + 8 = 4000 + 60 + 8 = 4068
17. 5 (1000) + 6 (100) + 4 (10) + 8 18. 6 (1000) + 9 (100) + 5 = 6000 + 900 + 5 = 6905
= 5000 + 600 + 40 + 8 = 5648
19. hxb 20. byixe
21. hyfxb 22. czixd
23. fzd 24. bza
25. 4 (10) + 5 (1) = 40 + 5 = 45 26. 3 (100) + 8 (1) = 300 + 8 = 308
27. 5 (100) + 6 (10) + 8 (1) = 500 + 60 + 8 = 568 28. 4 (10,000) + 6 (1000) + 8 (100) + 8 (10) + 3(1)
= 40,000 + 6000 + 800 + 80 + 3 = 46,883
29. 6 (10,000) + 4 (1000) + 4 (100) + 8 (10) + 1 30. 6 (10,000) + 5 (100) + 2 (10) + 9 (1)
= 60,000 + 4000 + 400 + 80 + 1 = 64,481 = 60,000 + 500 + 20 + 9 = 60,529
31. qe 32. upb
33. vrc 34. BArg
35. ODvog 36. QFvrf
37. 38. MCDLXII

39. 40. α ′υ ξ β
41. 24 42. 4 1 iiii

60 1462 360 1462 20 22 i
1440 1440 20 ii
22 22 2
1462 = 24 (60) + 22 1462 = 4 (18 × 20) + 1 (20) + 2 (1)

REVIEW EXERCISES 107
43. 100,000 + 100,000 + 10,000 + 10,000 + 1000 + 1000 + 10 + 10 + 10 +1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 222,035

44. 8 (1000) + 2 (100) + 5 (10) + 4 = 8000 + 200 + 50 + 4 = 8254
45. 600 + 80 + 5 = 685
46. 1000 + (1000 − 100 ) + (100 − 10 ) + 1 = 1000 + 900 + 90 + 1 = 1991
47. 21( 60 ) + ( 20 − 3) = 1260 + 17 = 1277
48. 7 (18 × 20 ) + 8 ( 20 ) + 10 (1) = 7 ( 360 ) + 160 + 10 = 2520 + 160 + 10 = 2690
49. 478 = 4 ( 8 ) + 7 (1) = 32 + 7 = 39
50. 1012 = 1( 22 ) + 0 ( 2 ) + 1(1) = 4 + 0 + 1 = 5
51. 1304 = 1( 42 ) + 3 ( 4 ) + 0 (1) = 16 + 12 + 0 = 28
52. 34257 = 3 ( 73 ) + 4 ( 7 2 ) + 2 ( 7 ) + 5 (1) = 3 ( 343) + 4 ( 49 ) + 14 + 5 = 1029 + 196 + 14 + 5 = 1244
53. T0E12 = 10 (122 ) + 0 (12 ) + 11(1) = 10 (144 ) + 0 + 11 = 1440 + 0 + 11 = 1451
54. 202203 = 2 ( 34 ) + 0 ( 33 ) + 2 ( 32 ) + 2 ( 3) + 0 (1) = 2 ( 81) + 0 + 2 ( 9 ) + 6 + 0 = 162 + 0 + 18 + 6 + 0 = 186

1 3 0 3 3
256 463 64 207 16 15 4 15 1 3
256 192 0 12 3
207 15 15 3 0 463 = 130334
56. To convert 463 to base 3 … 729 243 81 27 9 3 1

1 2 2 0 1 1
243 463 81 220 27 58 9 4 3 4 1 1
243 162 54 0 3 1
220 58 4 4 1 0 463 = 1220113
57. To convert 463 to base 2 … 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
256 463 128 207 64 79 32 15 16 15 8 15 4 7 2 3 1 1
256 128 64 0 0 8 4 2 1
207 79 15 15 15 7 3 1 0
463 = 1110011112

3 3 2 3
125 463 25 88 5 13 1 3
375 75 10 3
88 13 3 0 463 = 33235

3 2 7
144 463 12 31 1 7
432 24 7
31 7 0 463 = 32712

7 1 7
64 463 8 15 1 7
448 8 7
15 7 0 463 = 7178
61. 527 62. 101102 63. TE12 64. 2347

557 110012 8712 4567
1407 1011112 17612 10237
65. 30245 66. 34078 67. 40327 68. 10012

40235 70148 – 3217 – 1012
121025 124238 34117 1002
69. 3TT12 70. 43215 71. 17138 72. 20213

– E712 – 4425 – 12438 – 2123
2E312 33245 4508 11023
73. 326 74. 345 75. 12612 76. 2213

× 46 × 215 × 4712 × 223
2126 34 856 1212
123 4T0 1212
13145 565612 211023
77. 10112 78. 4768

× 1012 × 238
1011 1672
0000 1174
1011 136328
1101112
79. 12 × 12 = 12 10112 80. 24 × 14 = 24 1304

12 10112 24 × 24 = 104 24 3204
1 24 × 34 = 124 2
00 12
00 12
01 0
1 0
01 0
1
0
81. 35 × 15 = 35 235 R1 5 82. 46 × 16 = 46 4336

35 × 25 = 115 35 1305 46 × 26 = 126 46 30206
35 × 35 = 145 11 46 × 36 = 206 24
35 × 45 = 225 20 46 × 46 = 246 22
14 46 × 56 = 326 20
1 20
20
0
83. 36 × 16 = 36 4116 R1 6 84. 68 × 18 = 68 6648 R2 8

36 × 26 = 106 36 20346 68 × 28 = 148 68 50728
36 × 36 = 136 20 68 × 38 = 228 44
36 × 46 = 206 03 68 × 48 = 308 47
36 × 56 = 236 3 68 × 58 = 368 44
04 68 × 68 = 448 32
3 68 × 78 = 528 30
1 2
CHAPTER TEST 109
85. 142 - 24 86. 1 4 2

71 - 48 0 0 0
35 - 96 0 2 8 4 2
17 - 192 0 1 0
8 - 384 3 4 6 8 4
4 - 768
2 - 1536 4 0 8
1 - 3072 142 × 24 = 3408
3408
87.
1 4 2 1 4 2
2 0 0 0 4 0 1 0
0 0
2 8 4 4 6 8
2 8 4 5 6 8
2 × 142 = 284 4 × 142 = 568
2 × 142 = 284, therefore 20 × 142 = 2840

Therefore, 142 × 24 = 2840 + 568 = 3408.
Chapter Test
1. A number is a quantity and answers the question "How many?" A numeral is a symbol used to represent the
number.
2. 1000 + 1000 + 1000 + 500 + 100 + 3. 21(60) + 15(1) = 1260 + 15 = 1275

(50 − 10) + 5 + 1 = 3646
4. 8 (1000) + 0 + 9(10) = 8000 + 0 + 90 = 8090 5. 2 (18 × 20) + 12(20) + 9 (1) = 2 (360) + 240 + 9
= 720 + 240 + 9 = 969
6. 100,000 + 10,000 + 10,000 + 1000 + 1000 + 100 7. 9 (1000) + 900 + 90 + 9 = 9000 + 900 + 90 + 9
+10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 1 + 1 = 122,142 = 9999
8. 9.
10. 11.
3 17 26
360 1434 20 354 60 1596
1080 340 1560
354 14 36
1434 = 3(18 × 20) + 17(20) + 14(1) 1596 = 26(60) + 36(1)
12. MMCCCLXXVIII
13. In an additive system, the number represented by a particular set of numerals is the sum of the values of
the numerals.
14. In a multiplicative system, there are numerals for each number less than the base and for powers of the base. Each
numeral less than the base is multiplied by a numeral for the power of the base, and these products are added to
obtain the number.
15. In a ciphered system, the number represented by a particular set of numerals is the sum of the values of the
numerals. There are numerals for each number up to and including the base and multiples of the base.
16. In a place-value system, each number is multiplied by a power of the base. The position of the numeral indicates the
power of the base by which it is multiplied.
17. 567 = 5 (7) + 6 (1) = 35 + 6 = 41 18. 4035 = 4(52 ) + 0(5) + 3(1) = 4(25) + 0 + 3
= 100 + 0 + 3 = 103
19. 1011012 = 1(25) + 0(24) + 1(23) + 1(22) + 0(2) + 1(1) = 32 + 0 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 45

20. 3689 = 3(92) + 6(9) + 8(1) = 3(81) + 54 + 8 = 243 + 54 + 8 = 305
21. To convert 36 to base 2 … 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 0 0 1 0 0
32 36 16 4 8 4 4 4 2 0 1 0
32 0 0 4 0 0
4 4 4 0 0 0
36= 1001002

3 3 3
25 93 5 18 1 3
75 15 3
18 3 0 93 = 3335

1 4 4 4
1728 2356 144 628 12 52 1 4
1728 576 48 4
628 52 4 0 2356= 144412
24. To convert 2938 to base 7 … 16,807 2401 343 49 7 1

1 1 3 6 5
2401 2938 343 537 49 194 7 47 1 5
2401 343 147 42 5
537 194 47 5 0 2938 = 113657
25. 1335 26. 3246

4345 – 1426
11225 1426
27. 456 28. 35 × 15 = 35 2205

× 236 35 × 25 = 115 35 12105
223 35 × 35 = 145 11
134 35 × 45 = 225 11
20036 11
00
00
0
29. 35 - 28 30. 1 9 6
17 - 56 0 3 2
8 - 112 0 4 6 4 4
4 - 224 0 2 1
2 - 448 8 3 7 8 3
1 - 896
980 4 2 8
43 × 196 = 8428
GROUP PROJECTS 111
Group Projects
1. a) 06470-9869-1
b) i) 51593-4837-7 ii) 14527-8924-75-6
c) i)
ii)
d) Answers will vary.

CHAPTER FIVE
NUMBER THEORY AND THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEM
Exercise Set 5.1

1. Number theory is the study of numbers and their properties.
2. If a and b are factors of c , then c ÷ a is an integer and c ÷ b is an integer.
3. a) a divides b means that b divided by a has a remainder of zero.
b) a is divisible by b means that a divided by b has a remainder of zero.
4. A prime number is natural number greater than 1 that has exactly two factors (or divisors),
itself and one.
5. A composite number is a natural number that is divisible by a number other than itself and 1. Any natural
number that is not prime is composite.
6. Every composite number can be expressed as a unique product of prime numbers.
7. a) The least common multiple (LCM) of a set of natural numbers is the smallest natural number that
is divisible (without remainder) by each element of the set.
b) Determine the prime factorization of each number. Then find the product of the prime factors with
the largest exponent in each of the prime factorizations.
8. a) The greatest common divisor (GCD) of a set of natural numbers is the largest natural number that
divides (without remainder) every number in that set.
b) Determine the prime factorization of each number. Then find the product of the prime factors with
the smallest exponent that appears in each of the prime factorizations.
c)
2 16 5 40
2 8 2 8
2 4 2 4
2 2
16 = 24 40 = 23•5
The prime factors with the smallest exponents that appear in each of the factorizations are 23.
The GCD of 16 and 40 is 23 = 8.
9. Mersenne Primes are prime numbers of the form 2n-1 where n is a prime number.
10. A conjecture is a supposition that has not been proved nor disproved.
11. Goldbach’s conjecture states that every even number greater than or equal to 4 can be represented as
the sum of two (not necessarily distinct) prime numbers.
12. Twin primes are of the form p, p+2, where p is a prime number. An example is 5 & 7.
113
114 CHAPTER 5 Number Theory and the Real Number System
13. The prime numbers between 1 and 100 are: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61,
67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 91, 97.
14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110
111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130
131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140
141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150
The prime numbers between 1 and 150 are: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59,
61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 87, 89, 91, 97,
15. True; since 54 ÷ 9 = 6 16. True; since 36 ÷ 4 = 9

17. False; since 21 is divisible by 7. 18. False; since 35 is a multiple of 5.
19. False; since 56 is divisible by 8. 20. True; since 45 ÷ 15 = 3.
21. True; If a number is divisible by 10, then it is 22. False; If a number is divisible by 10, then it
also divisible by 5. is also divisible by 5.
23. False; If a number is divisible by 3, then the 24. True.
sum of the number’s digits is divisible by 3.
25. True; since 2 • 3 = 6. 26. True; since 3 • 4 = 12.
27. Divisible by 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 9. 28. Divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10.
29. Divisible by 3 and 5. 30. Divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10.
31. Divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10. 32. Divisible by none of the numbers.
33. 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 = 720. (other answers are 34. 3 • 4 • 5 • 9 • 10 = 5400. (other answers are
possible) possible
35. 5 45 36. 2 52 37. 2 196

3 9 2 26 2 98
3 13 7 49
45 = 32 • 5 52 = 22 • 13 7
196 = 22 • 72
38. 2 198 39. 3 303 40. 2 400

3 99 101 2 200
3 33 303 = 3 • 101 2 100
11 2 50
198 = 2 • 32 • 11 5 25
5
4 2
400 = 2 •5
SECTION 5.1 115
41. 3 513 42. 3 663 43. 2 1336

3 171 13 221 2 668
3 57 17 2 334
19 663 = 3•13•17 167
513 = 33•19 3
1336=2 •167
44. 13 1313 45. 3 2001 46. 2 3190

101 23 667 5 1595
1313 = 13•101 29 11 319
2001= 3•23•29 29
3190=2•5•11•29
47. The prime factors of 15 and 48. The prime factors of 20 and 36 49. The prime factors of 48 and
18 are: 6 = 3•2, 15 = 3•5 are: 20 = 22 • 5 and 36 = 4
54 are: 48 = 2 • 3,
a) The common factor is 3, thus, 22 • 32 3
the GCD = 3. a) The common factor is 22; 54 = 2 • 3
b) The factors with the thus, the GCD = 4. a) The common factors are: 2,3;
greatest exponent that appear b) The factors with the thus, the GCD = 2 • 3 = 6.
in either are 2, 3, 5. Thus, greatest exponent that appear in
b) The factors with the greatest
the LCM = 2 •3•5 = 30. either is 22 ,32; the LCM =
22 • 32 • 5 = 180. exponent that appear in either
are: 24, 33; thus, the LCM =
24•33= 432
50. The prime factors of 22 and 51. The prime factors of 40 and 52. The prime factors of 120
231 are: 22 = 2 • 11, 900 are: 40 = 23 • 5, and 240 are: 120 =
231 = 3 • 7 • 11 900 = 22 • 32 • 52 23 • 3 • 5, 240 = 24 • 3 • 5
a) The common factor is: 11; a) The common factors are: 22, 5; a) The common factors are: 23,
thus, the GCD = 11. thus, the GCD = 22•5 = 20. 3, 5; thus, the GCD =
b) The factors with the greatest b) The factors with the greatest 23•3•5 = 120.
exponent that appear in either exponent that appear in either b) The factors with the greatest
are: 2, 3, 7, 11; thus, the are: 23, 32, 52; thus, the exponent that appear in either
LCM = 2 •3•7•11= 462 LCM = 22•32•52 = 1800 are: 24, 3, 5; thus, the
LCM = 24•3•5 = 240
53. The prime factors of 96 and 55. The prime factors of 24, 48, 56. The prime factors of 18, 78,
212 are: 96 = 25 • 3, and 128 are: 24 = 23 • 3, and 198 are: 18 = 2 • 32,
212 = 22 • 53 48 = 24 • 3, 128 = 27 78 = 2 • 3 • 13,
a) The common factors are: 22; a) The common factors are: 23; 198 = 2 • 32 • 11
thus, the GCD = 22 = 4. thus, the GCD = 23 = 8. a) The common factors are: 2, 3;
b) The factors with the greatest b) The factors with the greatest thus, the GCD = 2 3 = 6.
exponent that appear in either exponent that appear in either b) The factors with the greatest
are: 25, 3, 53; thus, the are: 27, 3; thus, LCM = exponent that appear in either
LCM = 25•3•53 = 5088 27•3 = 384 are: 2, 32, 11, 13; thus, the
LCM = 2•32•11•13 = 2574
57. Use the list of primes generated in exercise 13. The next two sets of twin primes are: 17, 19, 29, 31.
58. No. Any other two consecutive natural numbers will include an even number, and even numbers
greater than two are composite.
59. (a) 14, 15 Yes; (b) 21, 30 No; (c) 24, 25 Yes; (d) 119, 143 Yes
n 1 2
60. Fermat number = 2 2 + 1 , where n is a natural number. 22 + 1 = 5 , 22 + 1 = 24 + 1 = 17 ,
3
22 + 1 = 28 + 1 = 257 . These numbers are prime.
61. 4 = 2 + 2, 6 = 3 + 3, 8 = 3 + 5, 10 = 3 + 7, 12 = 5 + 7, 14 = 7 + 7, 16 = 3 + 13, 18 = 5 + 13, 20 = 3 + 17
62. Use the formula 2n − 1, where n is a prime number. 22 − 1 = 3, 23 − 1 = 7, 25 − 1 = 31, 27 − 1 = 127,

213 − 1 = 8191.
63. The gcd of 350 and 140 is 70 dolls. 64. The gcd of 288 and 192 is 96 cars.
65. The gcd of 432 and 360 is 72 cards. 66 The gcd of 150 and 180 is 30 trees.
67. The lcm of 45 and 60 is 180 mins. 68. The lcm of 3500 and 6000 is 42000 miles.
69. The least common multiple of 5 and 6 is 30. Thus, it will be 30 days before they both have the same
night off again.
70. The least common multiple of 15 and 18 is 90. Thus, it will be 90 days before he visits both on the
same day again.
71. a) The possible committee sizes are: 4, 5, 10, 20, or 25. b) The number of committees possible are:
25 committees of 4, 20 committees of 5, 10 committees of 10, 5 committees of 20, or
4 committees of 25.
72. a) 5 = 6 – 1 7 = 6 + 1 b) Conjecture: Every prime number greater than 11 = 12 – 1 13 = 12 + 1

3 differs by 1 from a multiple of the number 6. 17 = 18 – 1 19 = 18 + 1 23 = 24 – 1
29 = 30 – 1 c) The conjecture appears to be correct.
73. A number is divisible by 15 if both 3 and 5 divide the number.

74. A number is divisible by 22 if both 2 and 11 divide the number.
75. 35 ÷ 15 = 2 with rem. = 5. 76. 28 ÷ 16 = 1 with rem. = 12. 77. 108 ÷ 36 = 3 with rem. = 0.
15 ÷ 5 = 3 with rem. = 0. 16 ÷ 12 = 1 with rem. = 4. 36 ÷ 3 = 12 with rem. = 0.
Thus, gcd of 35 and 15 is 5. 12 ÷ 4 = 3 with rem. = 0. Thus, gcd of 108 and 36
Thus, gcd of 28 and 16 is 4. is 36.
78. 240 ÷ 76 = 3 with rem. = 12. 79. 180 ÷ 150 = 1 with rem. = 30. 80. 560 ÷ 210 = 2 w/rem. = 140.
76 ÷ 12 = 6 with rem. = 4. 150 ÷ 30 = 5 with rem. = 0. 210 ÷ 140 = 1 w/rem. = 70.
12 ÷ 4 = 3 with rem. = 0. Thus, the gcd of 150 and 180 140 ÷ 70 = 2 w/rem. = 0.
Thus, gcd of 240 and 76 is 30. Thus, gcd of 210 and 560
is 4.
is 70.
81. The proper factors of 12 are: 82. The proper factors of 28 are: 83. The proper factors of 496
1, 2, 3, 4, and 6. 1, 2, 4, 7, and 14. are: 1,2,4,8,16,31,62,124,
1 +2 + 3 + 4 + 6 = 16 ≠ 12 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28 and 248. 1+2+4+8+16
Thus, 12 is not a perfect #. Thus, 28 is a perfect number. +31+62+124+248 = 496
Thus, 496 is a perfect #
84. The proper factors of 48 1+2+3+4+6+8+12+16+24 = 76

are:1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, Thus, 48 is not a perfect #.
and 24.
SECTION 5.1 117
85. a) 60 = 22 • 31•51 Adding 1 to each exponent and then multiplying these numbers, we get
(2+1)(1+1)(1+1) = 3•2•2 = 12 divisors of 60.
86. No, 2 and 4 are not unique prime factors since 4 = 2•2. Any number that 4 divides, 2 will also divide,
but 8 does not divide all numbers that are divisible by 4. Some examples are: 4, 12, and 20.
87. The sum of the digits will be a number divisible by 3, thus the number is divisible by 6.
88. The sum of the groups which have the same three digits will always be divisible by three.
(i.e. d + d + d = 3d and 3|3d)
89. 36,018 = (36,000 + 18); 36,000 ÷ 18 = 2,000 and 18 ÷ 18 = 1

Thus, since 18 | 36000 and 18 | 18, 18 | 36018.
90. 22 − 1 = 3, 23 − 1 = 7, 25 − 1 = 31, 27 − 1 = 127 are prime numbers, but 211– 1 = 2,048 – 1 = 2,047;
and since 23 • 89 = 2,047, 2047 is not prime.
91. 8 = 2+3+3, 9 = 3+3+3, 10 = 2+3+5, 11 = 2+2+7, 12 = 2+5+5, 13 = 3+3+7, 14 = 2+5+7, 15 = 3+5+7,

16 = 2+7+7, 17 = 5+5+7, 18 = 2+5+11, 19 = 3+5+11, 20 = 2+7+11.
92. (a) 1000 = 3 + 997; (b) 2000 = 3 + 1997; (c) 3000 = 29 + 2971
Exercise Set 5.2

1. Begin at zero, draw an arrow to the value of the first number. From the tip of that arrow draw another
arrow by moving a number of spaces equal to the value of the second number. Be sure to move left if
the number is negative and move right if the number is positive. The sum of the two numbers is at the
tip of the second arrow.
2. – n; Additive Inverse = that number when added to n yields the Additive Identity (= 0); n + (- n) =0
3. To rewrite a subtraction problem as an addition problem, rewrite the subtraction sign as an addition sign
and change the second number to its additive inverse.
4. The product of two numbers with like signs is a positive number, and the product of two numbers with
unlike signs is a negative number.
5. The quotient of two numbers with like signs is a positive number, and the quotient of two numbers with
unlike signs is a negative number.
6. If we set 5 ÷ 0 = x and we cross multiply, we get the equation 0x = 5. Since 0 • x = 0, we get 5 = 0,
which is a false statement, which means that there is no such number x. Therefore, division by 0 is not
allowed.
7. –6 + 9 = 3 8. 4 + (-5) = -1 9. (-7) + 9 = 2
10. (-3) + (-3) = -6 11. [6+(- 11)]+0 = - 5+0 = -5 12. (2+5)+(– 4) = 7+(– 4) = 3
13. [(– 3)+(– 4)]+9 = – 7+9 = 2 14. [8+(- 3)]+(- 2) = [5]+(- 2) = 3 15. [(- 23)+(- 9)]+11 =
[- 32]+11 = - 21
16. [5+(- 13)]+18 = [-8]+18 = 10 17. 3 - 6 = -3 18. -3-7 = -10
19. -4-6 = -10 20. 7- (-1) = 8 21. - 5 - (- 3) = - 5+3 = - 2
22. - 4 - 4 = - 4 + (-4) = - 8 23. 14 - 20 = 14 + (- 20) = - 6 24. 8 - (- 3) = 8+3 = 11

25. [5+(-3)] -4 = 2-4 =2+(-4) = -2 26. 6-(8+6) = 6-14 = 6+(-14) =-8 27. -4 • 5 = -20
28. 4(-3) = -12 29. (-12)(-12) = 144 30. 5(-5) = -25
31. [(- 8)(- 2)] • 6 = 16 • 6 = 96 32. (4)(-5)(-6) = (- 20)(-6) = 120 33. (5 • 6)(-2) = (30)(-2) = - 60
34. (-9)(-1)(-2) = (9)(-2) = -18 35. [(-3)(-6)] • [(-5)(8)] = 36. [(-8)(4)(5)](-2) =

(18)(-40) = -720 [(-32)(5)](-2) = [-160](-2) = 320
37. –26 ÷ (-13) = 2 38. –56 ÷ 8 = -7 39. 23 ÷ (-23) = -1
40. –64 ÷ 16 = -4 56 −75

41. = −7 42. = −5
−8 15
−210 186 45. 144 ÷ (– 3) = – 48

43. = −15 44. = −31
14 −6
46. (- 900) ÷ (- 4) = 225 47. True; every whole number is 48. False; Negative numbers are
an integer. not natural numbers.
49. False; the difference of two 50. True. 51. True; the product of two
negative integers may be integers with like signs is a
positive, negative, or zero. positive integer.
52. False; the difference of a 53. True; the quotient of two 54. False; the quotient of any
positive integer and a neg. integers with unlike signs is two integers with like signs
integer may be +, - or zero. a negative number. is a positive number.
55. False; the sum of a positive 56. False; the product of two 57. (5 + 7) ÷ 2 = 12 ÷ 2 = 6
integer and a negative integer integers with unlike signs is
could be pos., neg., or zero. always a negative integer.
58. (-4) ÷ [14 ÷ (- 7)] = 59. [6(-2)] - 5 = -12 + (-5) = -17 60. [(-5)(-6)] -3 = 30+(-3) = 27
(-4) ÷ [-2] = 2
61. (4 - 8)(3) = (-4)(3) = -12 62. [18÷(-2)](-3) = (-9)(-3) = 27 63. [2+(-17)]÷3 = [-15]÷3 = -5
64. (5 – 9) ÷ (-4) = (-4) ÷ (-4) = 1 65. [(-22)(-3)] ÷ (2 -13) = 66. [15(-4)] ÷ (-6) =
66 ÷ (2+ (- 13)) = 66 ÷ (-11) (-60) ÷ (-6) = 10
= -6
67. –15, -10, -5, 0, 5, 10 68. –40, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20 40 69. - 6,- 5, - 4, - 3, - 2, - 1
70. - 108, - 76, - 47, 33, 72, 106 71. 134 - (-79.8) = 72. 1347 – 33 + 22 – 21 =
134 + 79.8=213.8o F. 1314 + 22 – 21 = 1315 pts.
SECTION 5.2 119
73. 0 + 100 – 40 + 90 – 20 + 80 = 74. 14,495 - (-282) = 75. 842 – (– 927) = 842 + 927 =
60 + 90 – 20 + 80 = 210 pts. 14,495 + 282 = 14,777 feet 1,769 feet
76. 8 - 5 + 3 + 4 = 3 + 3 + 4 = 77. a) + 1 – (– 8) = + 1 + 8 = 9. −a −1 a a
78. = • =
6 + 4 = 10. The Texans did There is a 9 hr.time diff. −b −1 b b
make a first down. b) – 5 – (– 7) = – 5 + 7 = 2.
There is a 2 hr. time diff.
79. 80. a) The next 3 pentagonal 80. b) continued: and the 4th
−1 + 2 − 3 + 4 − 5 +…99 + 100 numbers are 35, 51, and square number is 16. The
=
1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + 5…+ 99 − 100 70. The nth pentagonal. sum of 10 and 16 is 26 and
50 b) The number is obtained by 26 – n = 26 – 4 = 22,
=–1 th
−50 adding the nth triangular # which is the 4
(see section 1.1) to the nth pentagonal #. The next
square number (see section 5 pentagonal numbers are
1.1) and subtracting n. For 92, 117, 145, 176, and
th 210.
example, if n = 4, the 4
triangular number is 10 c) Since 70 is the 7th
pentagonal number and
th
92 is the 8 pentagonal
number, 72 cannot be a
pentagonal number.
81. 0 + 1 – 2 + 3 + 4 – 5 + 6 – 7 – 8 + 9 = 1 (other answers are possible)
4+4  4 4 4•4• 4 4 44 − 4
82. (a) =1 (b) 4  4 −  = 12 4•4− = 15 = 16 4•4− = 17 (c) = 10
4+4  4 4 4 4 4
Exercise Set 5.3

1. Rational numbers is the set of all numbers of the form p/q, where p and q are integers, and q ≠ 0.
2. a) Multiply and divide the number by the position value of the last nonzero digit to the right of the
decimal point.
1000(0.397) 397
b) 0.397 = =
1000 1000
3. a) Divide both the numerator and the denominator by their greatest common divisor.
15 5 ÷ 3 5
b) = =
27 9 ÷ 3 9
4. Divide the numerator by the denominator. The quotient is the integer part of the mixed number.
The fraction part of the mixed number is the remainder divided by the divisor.
5. For positive mixed numbers, multiply the denominator of the fraction by the integer preceding it.
Add this product to the numerator. This sum is the numerator of the improper fraction; the denominator
is the same as the denominator of the mixed number. For negative mixed numbers, you can temporarily
ignore the negative sign, perform the conversion described above, and then reattach the negative sign.
6. a) The product of two fractions is found by multiplying the numerators and multiplying the
denominators.
15 24 360 360 ÷ 40 9
b) • = = =
16 25 400 400 ÷ 40 10
7. a) The reciprocal of a number is 1 divided by the number.

1 1
b) The reciprocal of -2 is =−
−2 2
8. a) To divide two fractions, multiply the first fraction by the reciprocal of the second fraction.
4 16 4 55 220 220 ÷ 20 11
b) ÷ = • = = =
15 55 15 16 240 240 ÷ 20 12
9. a) To add or subtract two fractions with a common denominator, we add or subtract their numerators
and keep the common denominator.
11 13 24 24 ÷ 12 2 37 13 24 24 ÷ 24 1
b) + = = = c) − = = =
36 36 36 36 ÷ 12 3 48 48 48 48 ÷ 24 2
10. a) First rewrite each fraction with a common denominator. Then add or subtract the fractions.
5 4 3 5 4 4 15 16 31 5 2 5 5 2 2 25 4 21 7
b) + = • + • = + = c) − = • − • = − = =
12 9 3 12 4 9 36 36 36 6 15 5 6 2 15 30 30 30 10
11. We can multiply a fraction by the number one in the form of c/c (where c is a nonzero integer) and
the number will maintain the same value.
20 20 ÷ 5 4 13. GCD of 14 and 21 is 7. 14. GCD of 21 and 35 is 7.

12. Yes. = =
35 35 ÷ 5 7 14 14 ÷ 7 2 21 21 ÷ 7 3
= = = =
21 21 ÷ 7 3 35 35 ÷ 7 5
15. GCD of 26 and 91 is 13. 16. GCD of 36 and 56 is 4. 17. GCD of 525 and 800 is 25.
26 26 ÷ 13 2 36 36 ÷ 4 9 525 525 ÷ 25 21
= = = = = =
91 91 ÷ 13 7 56 56 ÷ 4 14 800 800 ÷ 25 32
18. GCD of 13 and 221 is 13. 19. GCD of 112 and 176 is 16. 20. GCD of 120 and 135 is 15.
13 13 ÷ 13 1 112 112 ÷ 16 7 120 120 ÷ 15 8
= = = = = =
221 221 ÷ 13 17 176 176 ÷ 16 11 135 135 ÷ 15 9
21. GCD of 45 and 495 is 45. 22. GCD of 124 and 148 is 4. 23.
45 45 ÷ 45 1 124 124 ÷ 4 31 4 ( 3)( 7 ) + 4 21 + 4 25
= = = = 3 = = =
495 495 ÷ 45 11 148 148 ÷ 4 37 7 7 7 7
24. 4 =
5 ( 4 )( 6 ) + 5
=
24 + 5
=
29
25. −1
15
=−
(
− (1)(16 ) + 15 ) 1
26. −7 = −
( 7 )( 5 ) + 1
6 6 6 6 16 16 5 5
16 + 15 31 35 + 1 36
=− =− =− =−
16 16 5 5
SECTION 5.3 121
15 ( 4 )(16 ) + 15 9 (11)(16 ) + 9 29.

27. −4 =− 28. 11 =
( 2 )(8 ) + 1
16 16 16 16 1 16 + 1 17
2 = = =
64 + 15 79 176 + 9 185 8 8 8 8
=− =− = =
16 16 16 16
3 ( 2 )( 4 ) + 3 8+3 11 7 (1)( 8) + 7 8+7 15 1 (1)( 2 ) + 1 2 +1 3

30. 2 = = = 31. 1 = = = 32. 1 = = =
4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 2 2 2 2
11 8+3 (1)(8 ) + 3 3 23 20 + 3 ( 5 )( 4 ) + 3 3 73 − ( 72 + 1)
33. = = =1 34. = = =5 35. − =
8 8 8 8 4 4 4 4 6 6
− (12 6 + 1) 1
= = −12
6 6
457 451 + 6 878 870 + 8 1028 1008 + 20

36. − =− 37. − =− 38. =
11 11 15 15 21 21
( 41)(11) + 6
=−
11
= ( 58 )(15 ) + 8 8 ( 48 )( 21) + 20 20
=− = −58 = = 48
6 15 15 21 21
−41
11
3 15 2 42. 5 ÷ 6 = 0.83
39. = .60 40. = .9375 41. = .2
5 16 9
43. 3 ÷ 8 = 0.375 44. 23 ÷ 7 = 0.285714 45. 13 ÷ 3 = 4.3 46. 115 ÷ 15 = 7. 6
47. 85 ÷ 15 = 5. 6 48. 1002 ÷ 11 = 91.09 49. 0.6

25 25 ÷ 25 1
0.25 = = =
100 100 ÷ 25 4
29 51. 125 1
50. 0.29 = 52. 0.0125 = =
100 45 45 ÷ 5 9 10000 80
0.045 = = =
1000 1000 ÷ 5 200
2 1 251 452 113
53. 0.2 = = 54. .251 = 55. .452 = =
10 5 1000 1000 250
2345 469 1 2535 507
56. .2345 = = 57. .0001 = 58. .2535 = =
10000 2000 10000 10000 2000
59. Let n = 0.3 , 10 n = 3.3 60. Let n = 0.5 , 10 n = 5.5 61. Let n = 1.9 , 10 n = 19.9
10n = 6.6 10n = 5.5 10n = 19.9
9n 6 2 9n 5
− n = 0.6 = = =n − n = 0.5 = =n − n = 1.9
9 9 3 9 9
9n = 6.0 9n = 5.0 9n =18.0
9n 18
= =2=n
9 9
62. Let n = 0.51 , 100 n = 51.51 63. Let n = 1.36 , 100 n = 136.36 64. Let n = .135, 1000 n = 135.135
100n = 51.51 100n = 136.36 1000n = 135.135
− n = 0.51 − n = 1.36 − n = .135
99n = 51.0 99n = 135.0 999n =135.0
99n 51 17 99n 135 15 999n 135 5
= = =n = = =n = = =n
99 99 33 99 99 11 999 999 37
65. Let n = 1.02 , 100 n = 102.2 66. Let n = 2.49 , 100 n = 249.9 67. Let n = 3.478,
100n = 102.2 100n = 249.9 1000 n = 3478.78
− 10 n = 10.2 − 10 n = 24.9 1000n = 3478.78

90n = 92.0 90n = 225.0 − 10 n = 34.78
90n 92 46 90n 245 5 990n = 3444.0
= = =n = = =n
90 90 45 90 90 2 990n 3444 574
= = =n
990 990 165
68. Let n = 5.239, 1000 n = 5239.39 69. −3 −16 48 2

71. • = =
4 3 4 • 3 12 12 ÷ 4 3 8 15 120 5
1000n = 5239.39 • = = = =
11 8 11• 8 88 88 ÷ 4 22
− 10 n = 52.39
72.
990n = 5187.0 70.  3  10  3  21 63
3 6 3 7 21 21 ÷ 3 7 − ÷ = − • = −
990n 5187 1729 ÷ = • = = =  5  21  5  10 50
= = =n 5 7 5 6 30 30 ÷ 3 10
990 990 330
7 8 7 7 49 3 3 3 7 21 75.
73. ÷ = • = 74. ÷ = • = =1
8 7 8 8 64 7 7 7 3 21  3 4  1 12 1 12 3 36
 • ÷ = ÷ = • =
 5 7  3 35 3 35 1 35
 4 4 1  4 5 1 5 1 5  −3   −2   3  6  3 3 5 15 5
76.  ÷  • =  •  • = • = 77.      ÷ =   ÷ = • = =
 7 5  7  7 4  7 7 7 49  4   7   5  28  5 14 3 42 14
 3 5   4 5   15   4 8  5 32 160 4 79. The lcm of 3 and 5 is 15.

78.  •  •  ÷  =   •  •  = • = =
 8 9   7 8   72   7 5  24 35 840 21 2 1  2 5   1 3  10 3 13
+ =  • + •  = + =
3 5  3 5   5 3  15 15 15
80. The lcm of 6 and 8 is 24. 81. The lcm of 13 and 26is 26.
5 1  5 4   1 3  20 3 17 5 11  5 2  11 10 11 21
− =  • − •  = − = + = • + = + =
6 8  6 4   8 3  24 24 24 13 26  13 2  26 26 26 26
82. The lcm of 12 and 36 is 36. 83. The lcm of 9 and 54 is 54.
5 7  5 3  7 15 7 22 22 ÷ 2 11 5 7  5 6  7 30 7 23
+ = • + = + = = = − = ⋅  − = − =
12 36  12 3  36 36 36 36 36 ÷ 2 18 9 54  9 6  54 54 54 54
SECTION 5.3 123
84. The lcm of 30 and 120 is 120. 85. The lcm of 12, 48, and 72 is 144.
13 17  13 4  17 52 17 35 1 1 1  1 12   1 3   1 2 
− = • − = − = + + = • + • + • 
30 120  30 4  120 120 120 120 12 48 72  12 12   48 3   72 2 
35 ÷ 5 7 12 3 2 17
= = = + + =
120 ÷ 5 24 144 144 144 144
86. The lcm of 5,15,and 75 is 75. 87. The lcm of 30,40,and 50 is 600.
3 7 9  3 15   7 5  9 1 3 7  1 20   3 15   7 12 
+ + = • + • + − − = •   •   • 
5 15 75  5 15   15 5  75 30 40 50  30 20   40 15   50 12 
45 35 9 89 20 45 84 109
= + + = = − − =−
75 75 75 75 600 600 600 600
88. The lcm of 25, 100, and 40 is 200. 2 7 2 • 8 + 7 • 5 16 + 35 51

89. + = = =
4 9 7  4 8  9 2  7 5 5 8 8•5 40 40
− − = •   •   • 
25 100 40  25 8   100 2   40 5 
3 2 3 • 9 + 2 • 4 27 + 8 35
32 18 35 21 90. + = = =
= − − =− 4 9 9•4 36 36
200 200 200 200
5 7 5 • 4 − 7 • 3 20 − 21 −1 7 5 7 •12 − 3 • 5 84 − 15 69 23
91. - = = = 92. − = = = =
6 8 24 24 24 3 12 3 •12 36 36 12
3 5 3 •12 + 8 • 5 36 + 40 76 19  2 1  3  2 • 4 + 3 •1  3 8 + 3 3
93. + = = = =  +  − = − = −
8 12 8 •12 96 96 24
94.  3 4  5  3 • 4  5 12 5
11 3 11• 5 − 12 • 3 55 − 36 19
= − = = =
12 5 12 • 5 60 60
 2 9  2 18 2 18  2 6   7 4  11  7 3  11 21  11 2 
 • + = + = + •  =  ÷ − = • − = − •  =
95. 
3 10  5 30 5 30  5 6 
96. 
6 3  12  6 4  12 24  12 2 
18 12 30 21 22 −1
= + = =1 = − =
30 30 30 24 24 24
1 3  1   1 5 3   1 2 5   5 3   1 10  8 11 4 5 20 4
97.  +  ÷  + 2  =  • +  ÷  + ⋅  =  +  ÷  +  = ÷ = • = =
 2 10   5   2 5 10   5 1 5   10 10   5 5  10 5 5 11 55 11
1 3  2 1 3 2 1 2 3 1
98.  •  +  •  = + = + = =
 9 5   3 5  45 15 15 15 15 5
 4  2   3 9 4   4 3 2   27 4   12 2  23 14 23 3 69 23
99.  3  ÷  4 +  =  • −  ÷  • +  =  −  ÷  +  = ÷ = • = =
 9  3 1 9 9 1 3 3  9 9  3 3 9 3 9 14 126 42
 2 4  3   2 9  3 6  18 18 9 18 162 81
100.  ÷  • 6  =  •  •  = • = • = =
 5 9  5   5 4  5 1  20 5 10 5 50 25
1 1 1  1 6   1 3   1 2  6 3 2 11
101. The LCM of 2, 4, 6 is 12. + + =  • + • + •  = + + = musk thistles
2 4 6  2 6   4 3   6 2  12 12 12 12
102. 103.
1
→ 72
5  5  69  966 966 ÷ 2 483
73 14  8  = 14   = = = = 120.75"
4 4  8  8  8 8÷2 4
3 3 104.
−69 → −69
4 4 5 67 • 8 + 5 1 541 13
67   ÷ 6 = • = = 11.27 oz. =11 oz
2 1 8 8 6 48 48
3 → 3 inches
4 2
105. 106.
 1  1   3  1  3 1 1 1 1 7 1 4
1−  + +  2 + 3 + 4 = 2 + 3 + 4
14 4
1   =    = cups of snipped parsley  
 2  4   2  4  8 4 5 2 4 8 4 16 16 16
 1  1   3   1  3 22 6
=9 = 10
1   =     = tsp of pepper 16 16
 2  8   2   8  16
5 6 21 6 15
 1  1   3  1  3 20 − 10 = 19 − 10 = 9 "
1   =    = cups of sliced carrots 16 16 16 16 16
 2  2   2  2  4
107. The LCM of 4, 5, 3 is 60. 108.

1 2 1  1  15   2  12   1  20  1 2 5 4 9 10 9 1
+ + =    +    +    1−  +  = 1−  +  = 1− = − =
4 5 3  4  15   5  12   3  20   2 5   10 10  10 10 10 10
15 24 20 59 Student tutors represent 0.1 of the budget.
= + + =
60 60 60 60
109.  1  5  15  75 3
110. 1  (15 ) =    = = 18 cups
1 1 1  5 4 10   4  4  1  4 4
1−  + +  = 1−  + + 
4 5 2  20 20 20 
111.
19 20 19 1
= 1− = − = 1 1 1 4 2 1 7
20 20 20 20 4 + 30 + 24 = 4 + 30 + 24 = 58 inches
She must proofread .05 of the book or = 27 pages. 2 4 8 8 8 8 8
112.  7 199 1 199 7

113.  24  ÷ 2 = • = = 12 in.
 3 1   15 • 8 + 3   1   123 1   8 8 2 16 16
15 •  =  •  =  • 
a)  8 2  8   2  8 2
123 11 114.
= = 7 inches 1 1 1 5 21 5
16 16 26 + 105 + 53 + 106 = 290 + = 291 "
2 4 4 16 16 16
11 1 7 •16 + 11 1 123 − 1 122 5
b) 7 − = − = = =7 "
16 16 16 16 16 16 8
3  35 12 
115. 8 ft =  ⋅  in. = 105 in.
4  4 1
  1   840 3  837 1 837 5 5
105 − (3)  8   ÷ 4=  8 − 8  ÷ 4= 8 • 4 = 32 =26 32 . The length of each piece is 26 32 in.
    
1 1 17 37 629 5 1 1 17 41 697 1
116. original area = 8 • 9 = • = = 78 sq. in.; new area = 8 • 10 = • = = 87 sq. in.
2 4 2 4 8 8 2 4 2 4 8 8
1 5 9 5 4 1
area increase = 87 − 78 = 86 − 78 = 8 = 8 sq. in.
8 8 8 8 8 2
SECTION 5.3 125
117. width = 8 ft. 3 in. = 96 in. + 3 in. = 99 in.; length = 10 ft. 8 in. = 120 in. + 8 in. = 128 in.
454" 10
a) perimeter = 2L + 2W = 2(128) + 2(99) = 454 in = 37 ft. = 37 ft. 10in.
12"/ft. 12
3 1 33 8 ft. = 10 2 ft. = 32
b) width = 8ft. 3in. = 8 ft. = 8 ft. = ft .; length = 10ft. 8in. = 10 12 3 ft
12 4 4 3
32 33 1056
Area = L × w = × = = 88 sq.ft
3 4 12
32 33 55 58080
117. c) Volume = L ⋅ W ⋅ H = × × = = 806.7 cu. ft.
3 4 6 72
3 3 3 0.10 + 0.11 0.21

118. a) 20 + 18 ÷ 2 = 20 + 9 = 29 in. 119. = = 0.105
8 16 16 2 2
1 3
b) 26 + 6 = 33 in.
4 4 5.03 + 5.003 10.033
120. = = 5.0165
1  3 1 1 2 3 2 2
c) 26 +  6 −  = 26 + 6 = 32 in.
4  4 4 4 4 4
−2.176 + (−2.175) − 4.351 1.3457 + 1.34571 2.69141

121. = = − 2.1755 122. = = 1.345705
2 2 2 2
3.12345 + 3.123451 6.246901 0.4105 + 0.4106 0.8211

123. = = 3.1234505 124. = = 0.41055
2 2 2 2
4.872 + 4.873 9.745 3.7896 + (3.7895) 7.5791

125. = = 4.8725 126. = = 3.78955
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 3 1 2 3 5 1 5
127.  +  ÷ 2 = • = = 128.  +  ÷ 2 = • =
3 3 3 2 6 2 7 7 7 2 14
 1 1 11 1 11 7 8 15 1 15
129.  + ÷2 = • = 130.  +  ÷ 2 = • =
 100 10  100 2 200  13 13  13 2 26
1 1  5 4  1 9 1 9 1 2 3 1 1 1 1
131.  +  ÷ 2 =  +  • = • = 132.  +  ÷ 2 = • = • =
 4 5   20 20  2 20 2 40  3 3  3 2 1 2 2
133. 1 2 3 4 1 7 1 7
134.  +  ÷ 2 =  +  • = • =
1 1   10 1  1 11 1 11 2 3  6 6  2 6 2 12
 + ÷2 =  + • = • =
 10 100   100 100  2 100 2 200
 3 4 7 1 11 1 11 3
135. a) Water (or milk): 1 + 1  ÷ 2 =  +  • = • = = 1 cup;
 4  4 4 2 4 2 8 8
1  3 1 3
Oats:  + 1 ÷ 2 = • = cup
2  2 2 4
1 2 1 2 3
136. a) 1 b) 0.9 c) = 0.3, = 0.6, + = = 1, 0.3 + 0.6 = 1 d) 0.9 =1
3 3 3 3 3
1 1
136. a) b) c) 5 times d) 5 times
8 16
Exercise Set 5.4

1. A rational number can be written as a ratio of two integers, p/q, with q not equal to zero. Numbers that cannot be
written as the ratio of two integers are called irrational numbers.
2. The principal square root of a number n written n , is the positive number that when multiplied by itself gives n.
3. A perfect square number is any number that is the square of a natural number.
4. The product rule for radical numbers: a • b = a • b a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0
a a
The quotient rule for radical numbers: = a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0
b b
5. a) To add or subtract two or more square roots with the same radicand, add or subtract their coefficients and
then multiply by the common radical.
b) 3 6 + 5 6 − 9 6 = 8 6 − 9 6 = −1 6 = − 6
6. A rationalized denominator contains no radical expressions.

7. a) Multiply both the numerator and denominator 8. (a)   [ # ] [ Enter ]
by the same number that will result in the 
radicand in the denominator becoming a
perfect square. (b) 7 = 2.645751311 = 2.65
7 7 3 7 3 7 3
b) = • = =
3 3 3 9 3 9. 36 = 6 rational
10. 18 = 2 9 = 3 2 irrational 2
11. rational
3
12. Irrational; non-terminating, non-repeating decimal 13. Irrational; non-terminating, non-repeating decimal
14. Irrational; π is non-terminating, non-repeating. 15. Rational; quotient of two integers
16. Rational; terminating decimal 17. Irrational; non-terminating, non-repeating decimal
5 19. 64 = 8 20. 144 = 12

18. Rational; = 1 1 is an integer.
5
21. 100 = 10 22. – 144 = – 12 23. – 169 = – 13
24. 25 = 5 25. – 225 = – 15 26. – 36 = – 6
27. − 100 = −10 28. 256 = 16 29. 1, rational, integer, natural
30. –5, rational, integer 31. 25 =5, rat’l, integer., nat’l 32. rational
33. rational 34. rational 35. rational

SECTION 5.4 127
36. rational 37. rational 38. irrational
39. 18 = 2 9 = 3 2 40. 20 = 4 5 = 2 5 41. 48 = 3 16 = 4 3
42. 60 = 4 15 = 2 15 43. 63= 9 7 =3 7 44. 75= 25 3=5 3
45. 80= 16 5=4 5 46. 90 = 9 10=3 10 47. 162 = 81 2 =9 2
48. 300= 100 3=10 3 49. 2 6+5 6=(2+5) 6=7 6 50. 3 17 + 17 =(3+1) 17 =4 17
51. 52. 53.

5 12 − 75= 5 4 3 − 25 3 2 5+3 20 =2 5+3 2 5 4 12 − 7 27 = 4 4 3 − 7 9 3
= 5 • 2 3 − 5 3 = 10 3 − 5 3 = 5 3 =2 5 +6 5 =8 5 = 4 • 2 3 − 7 • 3 3 = 8 3 − 21 3
= −13 3
54. 55. 56.

2 7 +5 28=2 7 +5 • 2 7 5 3+7 12 − 3 75 13 2+2 18 − 5 32
=2 7 +10 7 =(2+10) 7 =5 3+7 • 2 3 − 3 • 5 3 =13 2+2 ⋅ 3 2 − 5 ⋅ 4 2
=12 7 =5 3+14 3 − 15 3 =13 2+6 2 − 20 2
=(5+14 − 15) 3 = 4 3 =(13+6 − 20) 2 = − 2
57. 58. 59.

8 − 3 50 +9 32 63+13 98 − 5 112 2• 8 = 2 4 2
=2 2 − 3 ⋅ 5 2 +9 ⋅ 4 2 =3 7 +13 ⋅ 7 2 − 5 ⋅ 4 7 =2 2 2=2 4
=2 2 − 15 2+36 2 =3 7 +91 2 − 20 7 = 2•2 = 4
= (2 − 15+36) 2 = −19 2 = −17 7 + 91 2
5 • 15 = 5 5 3 6 • 10 = 2 3 2 5 3 • 6 = 18
60. 61. 62.
=5 2 = 4 15 = 2 15 = 9• 2 = 3 2
10 ⋅ 20= 200 11 ⋅ 33= 11 ⋅ 11 ⋅ 3 8

63. 64. 65. = 2
= 100 ⋅ 2= 10 2 = 11 3 4
125 72 136
66. = 25= 5 67. = 9= 3 68. = 17
5 8 8
1 1 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 7 21
69. = = = 70. = • = = 3 71. • ⋅
2 2 2 4 2 3 3 3 3 7 7 7
3 3 10 30 30 20 20 3 60 50 50 25
72. = ⋅ = = = = = =
10 10 10 100 10 3 3 3 9 14 14 7
73. 74.
4 15 2 15 25 7 5 7
= = = =
3 3 7 7 7
9 2 3 2 15 10 6 60
75. ⋅ = 76. = 5 ⋅ =
2 2 2 3 6 6 6
77.
2 15 15
= =
6 3
8 8 2 8 2 8 2
78. = ⋅ = = =2 2
8 8 2 16 4
79. 7 is between 2 and 3 since 7 is between 4 = 2 and 9 =3. 7 is between 2.5 and 3 since 7 is closer to
9 than to 4. Using a calculator 7 ≈ 2.6 .
80. 37 is between 6 and 7 since 37 is between 36 = 6 and 49 = 7 . 37 is between 6 and 6.5 since 37 is
closer to 36 than to 49. Using a calculator 37 ≈ 6.1 .
81. 107 is between 10 and 11 since 107 is between 100 = 10 and 121 = 11 . 107 is between 10 and 10.5
since 107 is closer to 100 than to 121. Using a calculator 107 ≈ 10.3 .
82. 135 is between 11 and 12 since 135 is between 121 = 11 and 144 = 12 . 135 is between 11.5 and 12
85. False. p is an irrational number for any prime number p.

86. False. The result may be a rational number or an irrational number.
87. True 88. True 89. False. The result may be a rational number or an irrational number.
90. False. The result may be a rational number or an irrational number.
91. 2 +( − 2) = 0 92. 3+5 3= 6 3 93. 2 ⋅ 3= 6

SECTION 5.4 129
94. 3 ⋅ 3= 9= 3 95. No. 3 ≠ 1.732 since 3 is an irrational number and 1.732 is a rational number.
96. 14 = 7 2 7 is irrational and 2 is 22

97. No. 3.14 and are rational numbers, π is an
irrational, therefore 14 is irrational. Because 7
irrational number.
3.742 is rational, then 14 ≠ 3.742 .
9 + 16 ≠ 9 + 16 4 •16 = 4 16
98. 25 ≠ 3 + 4 99. 64 = 2 • 4
5 ≠ 7 8 = 8
35 35 5 7 4
T = 2π = 2π = 2π 101. a) s = = 100 = 10 mph
980 980 5 196 0.04
100.
7 2π 7 π 7 16
= 2π = = b) s = = 400 = 20 mph
14 2•7 7 0.04
64
c) s = = 1600 = 40 mph
0.04
256
d) s = = 6400 = 80 mph
0.04
100 10 103. a) The number is rational if the result on the

102. a) t = = = 2.5 sec calculator is a terminating or repeating decimal
4 4
number. Otherwise, the number is irrational.
400 20
b) t = = = 5 sec b) Using a calculator, 0.04 = 0.2 a terminating
4 4
decimal and thus it is rational.
900 30
c) t = = = 7.5 sec c) Using a calculator, 0.07 = 0.264575131K ,
4 4
thus it is irrational.
1600 40
d) t = = = 10 sec
4 4
104. No. The sum of two irrational numbers may not be irrational. (i.e. – 3+ 3 = 0)
105. a) ( 44 ÷ 4 ) ÷ 4 = ( 44 ÷ 2 ) ÷ 2 = 22 ÷ 2 = 11
b) ( 44 ÷ 4 ) + 4 = 11 + 2 = 13
c) 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 12 + 2 = 14
d) 4 ( 4 + 4 ) + 4 = 2 ( 8 ) + 2 = 16 + 2 = 18
Exercise Set 5.5

1. The set of real numbers is the union of the rational numbers and the irrational numbers.
2. All real numbers = R
3. If the given operation is preformed on any two elements of the set and the result is an element of the set, then
the set is closed under the given operation.
4. The order in which two numbers are multiplied does not make a difference in the result. Ex. 2 • 3 = 3 • 2
5. The order in which two numbers are added does not make a difference in the result. Ex. a+b = b+a
6. The associative property of addition states that when adding three real numbers, parentheses may be placed
around any two adjacent numbers. (a+b)+c = a+(b+c)
7. The associative property of multiplication states that when multiplying three real numbers, parentheses may be
placed around any two adjacent numbers. Ex. ( 2 • 3) • 4 = 2 • ( 3 • 4 ) .
8. The distributive property of multiplication over addition allows you to either add first and then multiply, or
multiply first and then add. a(b+c) = ab + ac
9. Closed. The sum of two natural numbers is a natural number.
10. Not closed. (i.e. 3 − 5 = −2 is not a natural number).
3
11. Not closed. (i.e. 3 ÷ 5 = = 0.6 is not a natural number).
5
12. Closed. The product of two natural numbers is a natural number.
13. Closed. The difference of two integers is an integer.
14. Closed. The sum of two integers is an integer.
2
15. Not closed. (i.e. 2 ÷ 5 = = 0.4 = 0.4 is not an integer).
5
16. Closed. The product of two integers is an integer.
17. Closed 18. Closed 19. Closed 20. Not closed
21. Not closed 22. Not closed 23. Not closed 24. Not closed
25. Closed 26. Closed 27. Not closed 28. Closed
29. Commutative property. The order is changed from ( x ) + ( 3 + 4 ) = ( 3 + 4 ) + x .
30. 4 + ( 5 + 6 ) = 4 + ( 6 + 5 ) ; Commutative because the only thing that has changed is the order of 5 and 6.
31. ( −4 ) • ( −5 ) = 20 = ( −5 ) • ( −4 ) 32. ( −2 ) + ( −3) = −5 = ( −3) + ( −2 )
1 34. No. 5 − 3 = 2, but 3 − 5 = −2

33. No. 6 ÷ 3 = 2, but 3 ÷ 6 =
2
35. [( −3) • ( −5]) • ( −7 ) = (15 ) • ( −7 ) = −105 36. [( −3) + ( −5]) + ( −7 ) = ( −8 ) + ( −7 ) = −15
( −3) • [( −5]) • ( −7 )] = ( −3) • ( 35) = −105 ( −3) + [( −5]) + ( −7 )] = ( −3) + ( −12 ) = −15
37. No. (8 ÷ 4 ) ÷ 2 = 2 ÷ 2 = 1, but 8 ÷ ( 4 ÷ 2 ) = 8 ÷ 2 = 4 38. No. (8 − 7 ) − 12 = 1 − 12 = −11, but 8 − ( −5 )

= 8 + 5 = 13
39. No. (8 ÷ 4 ) ÷ 2 = 2 ÷ 2 = 1, but 8 ÷ ( 4 ÷ 2 ) = 8 ÷ 2 = 4 40. No. 2 + ( 3 • 4 ) = 2 + 12 = 14, but ( 2 + 3) • ( 2 + 4 )

= 5 • 6 = 30
41. Commutative property of addition 46. 5 ( x + 3) = 5 x + 5•3 Distributive property

43. ( 7 • 4 ) • 5 = 7 • ( 4 • 5 ) 44. v + w = w + v
Associative property of multiplication Commutative property of addition
45. ( 24 + 7 ) + 3 = 24 + ( 7 + 3) 46. 4 • (11• x ) = ( 4 •11) • x
Associative property of addition Associative property of multiplication
SECTION 5.5 131
47. 3•7 = 7• 3 3 1 3 3 1 3
48. + + = + +
Commutative property of multiplication 8 8 2 8 8 2
Associative property of addition
( )
49. 8 7 + 2 = 8 • 7 + 8 • 2 50. 5•
2 2
= • 5
3 3
Distributive property Commutative property of multiplication
51. Commutative property of addition 52. Commutative property of addition

53. Distributive property 54. Commutative property of multiplication
55. Commutative property of addition 56. Commutative property of multiplication
57. 2 ( c + 7 ) = 2c + 14 58. −3 ( d − 1) = −3d + 3
2 2 12 2 −5 −5 −40 −5
59. ( x − 6) = x − = x − 4 60. ( k + 8) = k + = k =5
3 3 3 3 8 8 8 8
 x 2  6 x 12  x 1  24 x 24
61. 6  +  = + = 3x + 4 62. 24  −  = − = 8x − 3
2 3 2 3  3 8 3 8
1 1  32 x 32 2 4  30 x 60
63. 32  x −  = − = 2x −1 64. 15  x −  = − = 10 x − 12
 16 32  16 32  3 5  3 5
( )
65. 3 5 − 5 = 15 − 3 5 ( )
66. −7 2 + 11 = −14 − 2 11
67. 2 ( )
2 + 3 = 4 + 6 = 2+ 6
68.
3 ( )
15 + 21 = 45 + 63 = 9 5 + 9 7
= 3 5 +3 7
69. a) Distributive property 70. a) Distributive property

b) Associative property of addition b) Associative property of addition;
c) Combine like terms c) Combine like terms
b) Associative property of addition; b) Associative property of addition;
c) Commutative property of addition c) Commutative property of addition
d) Associative property of addition d) Associative property of addition
e) Combine like terms e) Combine like terms
b) Commutative property of addition; b) Commutative property of addition;
c) Associative property of addition c) Associative property of addition
d) Combine like terms d) Combine like terms
e) Commutative property of addition e) Commutative property of addition
75. Yes. You can either lock your door first or put on 76. Yes. Can be done independently; no order needed
your seat belt first.
77. No. The clothes must be washed first before 78. No. The PC must be turned on first before you can
being dryed. type a term paper.
79. Yes. Can be done in either order; either fill the 80. No. The lamp must be turned on first before
car with gas or wash the windshield reading a book.
81. Yes. The order of events does not matter. 82. No. The book must be read first, then write a report,
then make a presentation.
83. Yes. The order does not matter. 84. Yes. The order does not matter.
85. Yes. The order does not matter 86. No. The egg cannot be poured before it is cracked.
87. Yes. The final result will be the same regardless of 88. Yes. The meatloaf will taste the same regardless
the order of the events. of the order the items are mixed.
89. Baking pizzelles: mixing eggs into the batter, or 90. Washing siding/washing windows/washing the car
mixing sugar into the batter.; Yard work: mowing Writing letters to spouse, parents or friends
the lawn, or trimming the bushes 91. No. 0 ÷ a = 0 but a ÷ 0 is undefined.
92. a) No. (Man eating) tiger is a tiger that eats men, and man (eating tiger) is a man that is eating a tiger.
b) No. (Horse riding) monkey is a monkey that rides a horse, and horse (riding monkey) is a horse that rides
a monkey.
c) Answers will vary.
Exercise Set 5.6

1. 2 is the base and 3 is the exponent or power. 2. bn is b multiplied by itself n times. b n = b14
⋅ b ⋅24⋅b
bL3
n factors of b
3. a) If m and n are natural numbers and a is any real 4. a) If m and n are natural numbers and a is any real
number, then aman = am+n am
number except 0, then = am−n .
b) 23 • 24 = 23+4 = 27 = 128 an
56
b) 4
= 56 − 4 = 52 = 25
5
5. a) If a is any real number except 0, then a0 = 1. 6. a) If n is a natural number and a is any real number
b) 7 0 = 1 1
except 0, then a − n = .
an
1
b) 2−3 = 3 =
1
2 8
SECTION 5.6 133
7. a) If m and n are natural numbers and a is any real 8. Since 1 raised to any power equals 1, 1500 = 1.
( )
n
number, then a m = a m⋅n
(32 )
4
b) = 32•4 = 38 = 6561
( )
9. a) Since 1 raised to any exponent equals +1, then −1500 = ( −1) 1500 = ( −1)(1) = 1
b) Since –1 raised to an even exponent equals 1, then number ( −1)

500
= (( −1) )
2 250
= (1)
250
=1
( )
c) In −1501 -1 is not raised to the 501st power, but +1 is; so −1501 = ( −1) 1501 = ( −1)(1) = −1
d) Since –1 is raised to a negative exponent is -1, then ( −1)

501
= −1
10. a) Move the decimal point in the original number to the right or left until you obtain a number greater or equal
to 1 and less than 10. Count the number of places the decimal was moved. If it was moved to the left the
count is a positive number and if it was moved to the right the count is a negative number. Multiply the
number obtained in the first step by 10 raised to the count number.
b) 0.000426 = 4.26 × 10−4 . note: the count number is – 4
11. a) If the exponent is positive, move the decimal point in the number to the right the same number of places as
the exponent adding zeros where necessary. If the exponent is negative, move the decimal point in the
number to the left the same number of places as the exponent adding zeros where necessary.
b) 5.76 × 10−4 = 0.000576
12. a) The number is greater than or equal to 10. 13. 52 = 5 • 5 = 25

b) The number is greater than or equal 1 but < 10.
c) The number is less than 1.
14. 34 = 3• 3• 3• 3 = 81 15. ( −2 ) = ( −2 ) • ( −2 ) • ( −2 ) • ( −2 ) = 16
4
16. −24 = − ( 2 ) • ( 2 ) • ( 2 ) • ( 2 ) = −16 17. −32 = − ( 3) • ( 3) = −9

2
( −3 ) = ( −3) • ( −3) = 9
2
18. 2  2  2  4
19.   =     =
3  3  3  9
2
( −5 ) = ( −5 ) • ( −5 ) = 25
2
 −7   −7  −7  49 21.
20.   =    =
 8   8  8  64
22. − ( 5 ) = − ( 5 ) • ( 5) = −25 22. − ( 5 ) = − ( 5 ) • ( 5) = −25

2 2
23. 23 • 32 = ( 2 ) • ( 2 ) • ( 2 ) • ( 3) • ( 3) = 72 152 15 •15 225

24. 2
= = = 25
3 3•3 9
57 26. 33 • 34 = 33+4 = 37 = 2187

25. = 57−5 = 52 = 5 • 5 = 25
55
7 1 1 1 28. 34 • 70 = ( 3)( 3)( 3)( 3)(1) = 81

27. = 71-3 =7-2 = = =
73 72 7 • 7 49
29. ( −13) = 1 30. ( −3) = ( −3)( −3)( −3)( −3) = 81

0 4
31. 34 = ( 3)( 3)( 3)( 3) = 81 32. −34 = − ( 3)( 3)( 3)( 3) = −81
1 1 1 1
33. 3−2 = = 34. 3−3 = =
32 9 33 27
( 23 ) ( )
4 13
35. = 23•4 = 212 = 4096 36. 112 = 112•13 = 1156 = 1
1125 38. 52 • 5 = 52+1 = 53 = 125

37. = 1125−23 = 112 = 121
1123
39. ( −4 ) = ( −4 ) • ( −4 ) = 16
2 1 1
40. 4−2 = 2
=
4 16
41. − ( 4 ) = − ( 4 ) • ( 4 ) = −16 ( 43 )
2 2
42. = 43•2 = 46 = 4096
−3
43. ( 22 ) =2
2( −3)
= 2−6 =
2
1
6
=
1
64
44. 3−3 • 3 = 3−3+1 = 3−2 =
1 1
=
32 9
45. 231000 = 2.31 x 105 46. 297000000 = 2.97 x 108 47. 15 = 1.5 x 101
48. 0.000034 = 3.4 x 10−5 49. 0.56 = 5.6 x 10−1 50. 0.00467 = 4.67 x 10 −3
51. 19000 = 1.9 x 104 52. 1260000000 = 1.26 x 109 53. 0.000186 = 1.86 x 10−4
54. 0.0003 = 3.0 x 10 −4 55. 0.00000423 = 4.23 x 10−6 56. 54000 = 5.4 x 104
57. 711 = 7.11 x 102 58. 0.02 = 2.0 x 10−2 59. 0.153 = 1.53 x 10−1
60. 416000 = 4.16 x 105 61. 8.4 x 10 4 = 84000 62. 2.71 x 10−3 = 0.00271
63. 1.2 x 10−2 = 0.012 64. 5.19 x 105 = 519000 65. 2.13 x 10−5 = 0.0000213
66. 2.74 x 10−7 = 0.000000274 67. 3.12 x 10−1 = 0.312 68. 4.6 x 101 = 46
69. 9.0 x 106 = 9000000 70. 7.3 x 104 = 73000 71. 2.31 x 102 = 231
72. 1.04 x 10−2 = 0.0104 73. 3.5 x 104 = 35000 74. 2.17 x 10−6 = 0.00000217
75. 1.0 x 104 = 10000 76. 1.0 x 10−3 = 0.001
SECTION 5.6 135
77. ( 2.0 x 103 )( 4.0 x 102 ) = 8.0 x 105 = 800000 78. ( 4.1 x 10−3 )( 2.0 x 103 ) = 8.2 x 100 = 8.2
79. ( 5.1 x 101 )(3.0 x 10−4 ) = 15.3 x 10−3 = 0.0153 80. (1.6 x 10−2 )( 4.0 x 10−3 ) = 6.4 x 10− = 0.000064
6.4 x 105 8.0 x 10−3
81. = 3.2 x 10 2 = 320 82. = 4.0 x 10−4 = 0.0004
2.0 x 103 2.0 x 101
8.4 x 10−6 25.0 x 103
83. = 2.1 x 10−3 = 0.0021 84. = 5.0 x 105 = 500000
4.0 x 10−3 5.0 x 10−2
4.0 x 105 16.0 x 103
85. = 2.0 x 101 = 20 86. = 2.0 x 106 = 2000000
2.0 x 104 8.0 x 10−3
( 300000 )( 2000000 ) = ( 3.0 x 105 ) ( 2.0 x 106 ) ( 4.1 x 10−5 ) (3.0 x 103 ) = 12.3 x 10−2
87. 88.
= 6.0 x 1011 = 1.23 x 10−1
89. ( 3.0 x 10−3 )(1.5 x 10−4 ) = 4.5 x 10−7 90. ( 2.3 x 105 ) (3.0 x 103 ) = 6.9 x 108
1.4 x 106 2.0 x 104
91. = 0.2 x 104 = 2.0 x 103 92. = 0.4 x 108 = 4.0 x 107
7.0 x 102 5.0 x 10−4
4.0 × 10−5 1.2 × 10−3
93. = 2.0 x 10- 7 94. = 0.2 x 103 = 2.0 x 102
2.0 ×102 6 × 10−6
1.5 ×105 2.4 × 104
95. = 0.3 x 109 = 3.0 x 108 96. = 0.3 ×10-2 = 3.0 × 10-3
5.0 ×10−4 8.0 × 106
97. 8.3 x 10–4, 3.2 x 10–1, 4.6, 5.8 x 105 98. 8.5 x 10–5, 1.3 x 10–1, 8.2 x 103 , 6.2 x 104
99. 8.3 x 10–5; 0.00079; 4.1 x 103 ; 40,000 ; Note: 0.00079 = 7.9 x 10– 4, 40,000 = 4 x 104
100. 1,962,000; 4.79 x 106 ; 3.14 x 107 ; 267,000,000
$10.1432 ×1012
101. = 0.3559017548 × 106 a) $ 35,590.18 b) 3.559018 × 104 GDP/person
285.0 × 106
$ 4.1468 ×1012
102. = 0.0326514685 × 106 a) $ 32,651.97 b) $ 3.2652 × 104 GDP/person
127.0 × 106
7.69 ×1033
103. = 0.2101092896 × 1021 a) $ 210,109,000,000,000,000,000 b) $ 2.1011x1020 seconds
36.6 × 1012
104. 6.251× 109 − 1.283 × 109 = 4.968 × 109 people

d 4.5 × 108
105. t = = = 1.8 ×104 a) 18,000 hrs. b) 1.8 x 104 hrs
r 2.5 × 104
d 239000 mi
106. t = = = 11.95 a) 11.95 hrs b) 1.195 x 101 hrs
r 20000 mph
107. (500,000)(40,000,000,000) = (5 x 105)(4 x 1010) = 20 x 1015 = 2 x 1016

a) 20,000,000,000,000,000 drops b) 2.0 x 1016 drops
108. (50)(5,800,000) = (5 x 101)(5.8 x 106) = 29 x 107 =2.9 x 108

a) 290,000,000 cells b) 2.9 x 108 cells
4.5 × 109
109. = 1.8 x 104 a) 18,000 times b) 1.8 x 104 times
2.5 ×105
110. a) (100,000 cu.ft./sec) (60 sec/min) (60 min/hr) (24 hr) = 8,640,000,000 ft3 b) 8.64 x 109 cu ft
$ 4.65 × 1012
111. = 0.0180933852 × 106 a) $ 32,651.97 – 18,093.00 = $3,434.78
257.0 × 106
112. a) 18 billion = 18,000,000,000 = 1.8 × 1010 diapers

b) (14) (2.38) (105 )= 33.32 x 105 =3.332 x 106 or 3,332,000 miles
113. a) (0.60) (1,200,000,000) = $720,000,000 b) (0.25) (1,200,000,000) = $300,000,000

c) (0.10) (1,200,000,000) = $120,000,000 d) (0.05) (1,200,000,000) = $60,000,000
114. a) (0.40) (3,400,000,000) = $1,360,000,000 b) (0.40) (3,400,000,000) = $1,360,000,000

c) (0.10) (3,400,000,000) = $340,000,000 d) (0.10) (3,400,000,000) = $340,000,000
115. 1,000 times, since 1 meter = 103 millimeters = 1,000 millimeters
116. Since 1 gram = 103 milligrams and 1 gram = 10- 3 kilograms, 10- 3 kilograms = 103 milligrams
10−3 Kilograms 103 milligrams
= , Thus, 1 kilogram = 106 milligrams
10-3 10-3
2 × 1030
117. = 0.3 × 106 = 333,333 times
6 ×1024
118. a) (2) (6 billion) = 12 billion = 12,000,000,000 people

6, 000, 000, 000 6, 000, 000, 000
b) = = 469, 667 people per day
(35)(365) 12775
897, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000 8.97 × 1017

119. = = 2.3 ×105 = 230, 000 seconds or about 2.66 days
3,900, 000,000, 000 3.9 ×1012
SECTION 5.6 137
120. a) 1,000,000 = 1.0 x 106 ; 1,000,000,000 = 1.0 × 109 ; 1,000,000,000,000 = 1.0 × 1012
1.0 × 106
b) = 1.0 ×103 days or 1,000 days = 2.74 years
1.0 ×103
1.0 × 109
c) = 1.0 × 106 days or 1,000,000 days = 2,739.73 years
1.0 × 103
1.0 × 1012
d) = 1.0 ×109 days or 1,000,000,000 days = 2,739,726.03 years
1.0 ×103
1 billion 1.0 ×109
e) = = 1.0 ×103 = 1, 000 times greater
1 million 1.0 × 106
121. a) (1.86 x 105 mi/sec) (60 sec/min) (60 min/hr) (24 hr/day) (365 days/yr) (1 yr)
= (1.86 x 105)(6 x 101)(6 x 101)(2.4 x 101)(3.65 x 102) = 586.5696 x 1010 = 5.865696 x 1012 miles
d 9.3 ×107
b) t = = = 5.0 x 102 = 500 seconds or 8 min. 20 sec.
r 1.86 ×105
122. a) E(0) = 210 x 20 = 210 x 1 = 1024 bacteria b) E(1/2) = 210 x 21/2 = 210.5 = 1448.2 bacteria
Exercise Set 5.7

1. A sequence is a list of numbers that are related to each other by a given rule. One example is 2, 4, 6, 8….
2. The terms of the sequence.
3. a) An arithmetic sequence is a sequence in which each term differs from the preceding term by a constant
amount. One example is 1, 4, 7, 10,....
b) A geometric sequence is one in which the ratio of any term to the term that directly precedes it is a constant.
One example is 1, 3, 9, 27,....
2
4. a) d = +3, b) r =
1
5. a) an = nst term of the sequence b) a1 = 1st term of a sequence c) d = common difference in a sequence
d) sn = the sum of the 1st n terms of the arithmetic sequence
6. a) an = nst term of the sequence b) a1 = 1st term of a sequence c) r = common ratio between consecutive
terms d) sn = the sum of the 1st n terms of the arithmetic sequence
7. a1 = 3, d = 2 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 8. a1 = 1, d = 3 1, 4, 7, 10, 13
9. a1 = -5, d = -3 -5, -2, 1, 4, 7 10. a1 = -11, d = -6 -11, -6, -1, 4, 9
11. 5, 3, 1, − 1, – 3 12. − 3, − 7, – 11, – 15, – 19
13. 1/2, 1, 3/2, 2, 5/2 14. 5/2, 1, – 1/2, – 2, – 7/2
15. a6, a1 = 2, d = 3, 2, 5, 8, 11, 17 a6 = 17 16. a9, a1 = 3, d = -2, 3, 1, -1, -3, -5, -7, -9,
-11, -13 a9 = -13
17. a10, a1 = -5, d = 2, -5, -3, -1, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 18. a12 = 7 + (12 − 1) ( − 3) = 7+(11) ( − 3)
11, 13 a10 = 13 = 7 − 33 = − 26
4 4 4 95 91 −1 −1 −1 56 57
19. a20 = + (19 )( −1) = − 19 = − =− 20. + (14 )( −2 ) = − 28 = − =−
5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 2
1 4  1  4 14 18
21. a11 = 4 + (10 )   = 4 + 5 = 9 22. a15 = + (14 )   = + = =6
2 3 3 3 3 3
23. an = n an = 1 + (n - 1)1 = 1 + n – 1 = n 24. an = 2n - 1 an = 1 + (n - 1)2 = 1 + 2n - 2 = 2n – 1
25. an = 2n an = 2 + (n – 1)2 = 2 + 2n - 2 = 2n 26. 3, 1, -1, -3 an = 3 + (n - 1)(-2) = 3 - 2n +2

an = 5 - 2n
−5  1  −5 1 1 1 28. an = - 15 + (n - 1)(5) = 5n - 20
27. an = + ( n − 1)   = + n− = n−2
3  
3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 9 30. an = - 5 + (n - 1)(3) = 3n - 8

29. an = −3 + ( n − 1)   = −3 + n − = n −
2   2 2 2 2
n ( a1 + an ) 50 (1 + 50 ) 50 ( 51) 50 ( 2 + 100 ) 50 (102 )

= = 32. sn = = = ( 25 )(102 ) = 2550
31. sn = 2 2 2 2 2
= ( 25 )( 51) = 1275
50 (1 + 99 ) 50 (100 ) 9 ( −4 + (−28) ) 9 • (−32)

33. sn = = = ( 25 )(100 ) = 2500 34. s9 = = = −144
2 2 2 2
8 (11 + (−24) ) 8 • (−13)   −1   −19 

35. s8 = = = −52 18  −9 +    18 •  
2 2   2   2  171
36. s18 = = =− = −85.5
2 2 2
1 29   30  3   23 
8 +  8•  18  + 4  18 •  
2 2  5   5  207
=  =
2 8 •15 38. s18 = = = = 41.4
37. s8 = = 60 2 2 5
2 2 2
39. a1 = 3, r = 2, a n = a 1 r n-1 = 3 ( 2 ) 40. a1 = 6, r = 3, a 5 = 6 ( 3) = 6 ( 81) = 486

n−1 4
3, 6, 12, 24, 48 6, 18, 54, 162, 486
41. a1 = 2, r = -2, a 5 = 2 ( −2 ) = 2 (16 ) = 32

4
1
42. 8, 4, 2, 1,
2, -4, 8, -16, 32 2
43. –3, 3, –3, 3, –3 44. − 6, 12, − 24, 48, − 96
45. – 16, 8, − 4, 2, − 1 9 27 81
46. 5, 3, 9/5, 27/25, 81/125 , ,
5 25 125
47. a6 = 3(4)5 = (3)(1024) = 3072 48. a5 = 2(2)4 = (2)(16) = 32

SECTION 5.7 139
50. a7 = – 3(–3)6 = – 3(729) = – 2187

2
1 1 3
49. a3 = 3   = 3   =
 
2 4 4
1 1 a 25 = 1( 2 ) = 16, 777, 216

24
52. a25 a1 = 2, r = 2,
51. a5 =   • 24 =   (16 ) = 8
2 2
53. a 10 = ( −2 )( 3) = −39,366 a 18 = ( −5 )( −2 ) = 655,360

9 17
54. a18 a1 = -5, r = -2,
a n = 1( 2 ) a n = 3( 2)
n −1
= 2n−1
n−1
55. 1, 2, 4, 8 56. 3, 6, 12, 24
a n = 3 ( −1)
n−1 n −1
57. 3, -3, 3, -3 1
58. an = a 1 r n−1 = −16  
2
 1  n−1 60. an = a 1 r n−1 = ( −3)( −2 )

n −1
59. an = a 1 r n−1 =   ( 2 )
4
n −1 n −1
1 2
61. an = a 1 r n−1 = ( 9 )   62. an = a 1 r n−1 = ( −4 )  
3 3
63. s4 =
(
a1 1 − r 4 ) = 3(1 − 24 ) = 3( −15) = 45 64. s5 =
(
a1 1 − r 5 ) = 2 (1 − 35 ) = 2 ( −242) = 242
1− r 1− 2 −1 1− r 1− 3 −2
(
a1 1 − r 7 ) = 5 (1 − 47 ) = 5 ( −16383) s9 =
(
a1 1 − r 9 ) = −3 (1 − 59 ) = −3( −1953124)
65. s7 = 1− r 1− 4 −3 66. s9 1− r 1− 5 −4
= 27,305 = −1,464,843
a1 (1 − r11 ) −7 (1 − 311 ) −7 ( −177146 )

68. n = 15, a1 = -1, r = 2
67.
s11 =
1− r
=
1− 3
=
−2
s15 =
a1 (1 − r n )
=
(
−1 1 − ( 2 )
15
) = ( −1)( −32768)
= −620, 011 1− r 1− 2 −1
= 1 − 32768 = −32767
69. n = 15, a1 = -1, r = -2 70. n = 10, a1 = 512, r = ½
s13 =
(
( −1) 1 − ( −2 )
15
) = ( −1)(1 + 32768)  1 
10
( 512 ) 1 −    (1024 ) 1 − 1 

1 − ( −2 ) 3  2   1024 
s10 = =
( −1)( 32769 ) 1−
1 1
= = −10923 2 2
3
= 1024 − 1 = 1023
71. 72.
(100 ) (1 + 100 ) (100 )(101) (100 ) ( 2 + 200 ) (100 )( 202 )
s100 = = = 50 (101) = 5050 s100 = = = 50 ( 202 ) = 10100
2 2 2 2
73. 74.
(100 ) (1 + 199 ) (100 )( 200 ) ( 50 ) ( 3 + 150 ) ( 50 )(153)
s100 = = = 50 ( 200 ) = 10000 s50 = = = 25 (153) = 3825
2 2 2 2
75. a) Using the formula an = a1 + (n – 1)d, we get 76. a) a12 = 96 + (11)(–3) = 96 – 33 = 63 in.
a8 = 20,200 + (8 – 1) (1200) = $28,600 [12(96 + 63)] (12 )(159 )
b) = = ( 6 )(159 ) = 954 in.
8(20200 + 28600) 8(48800) 2 2
b) = = $195,200
2 2
77. a11 = 72 + (10)(– 6) = 72 – 60 = 12 in. 12(1 + 12) 12 (13) 156

78. s12 = = = = 78 times
2 2 2
79. 1, 2, 3,…. n=31 a 10 = ( 8000 )(1.08 ) = 15992 students

9
80. an = a 1 r n−1
31(1 + 31) 31( 32 )
s31 = = = 31(16 ) = 496 PCs
2 2
81. a6 = 200(0.8)6= 200(0.262144)1= 52.4288 g 82. a15 = a1r15 = 1(2)15 = 32,768 layers
83. a15 = 20,000(1.06)14 = $45,218 84. a5 = 30(0.8)4 = 12.288 ft.
85. This is a geometric sequence where a1 =2000 and r = 3. In ten years the stock will triple its value 5 times.
a6 = a1r6-1 = 2000(3)5 = $486,000
86. The sequence of bets during a losing streak is geometric.

a1 (1 − r n ) 1(1 − 25 ) −31
a) a6 = a1rn-1 = 1(2)6-1 = 1(32) = $32 s5 = = = = $31
1− r 1− 2 −1
a1 (1 − r n ) 10 (1 − 25 ) 10(−31)
b) a6 = a1rn-1 = 10(2)6-1 = 10(32) = $320 s5 = = = = $310
1− r 1− 2 −1
a1 (1 − r n ) 1(1 − 210 ) 1(−1023)
c) a11 = a1rn-1 = 1(2)11-1 = 1(1024) = $1,024 s10 = = = = $1, 023
1− r 1− 2 −1
a1 (1 − r n ) 10 (1 − 210 ) 10(−1023)
d) a11 = a1rn-1 = 10(2)11-1 = 10(1024) = $10,240 s10 = = = = $10, 230
1− r 1− 2 −1
e) If you lose too many times in a row, then you will run out of money.
82[1 − (1/ 2)6 ] 82[1 − (1/ 64)] 82 63 2

87. = = y y = 161.4375
1 − (1/ 2) 1/ 2 1 64 1
88. The arithmetic sequence 1800, 3600, 5400, 7200,….has a common difference of 180.
Thus, an= 180(n – 2) = 180n − 360, n ≥ 3
89. 12, 18, 24, … ,1608 is an arithmetic sequence with a1 = 12 and d = 6. Using the expression for the nth term
of an arithmetic sequence an = a1 + (n – 1)d or 1608 = 12 + (n – 1)6 and dividing both sides by 6 gives
268 = 2 + n – 1 or n = 267
90. Since a5 = a1r4 and a2 = a1r, a5/a2 = r3. Thus r3 = 648/24 = 27 or r = 3.

Then 24 = a2 = a1r = a1(3) or a1 = 24/3 = 8.
SECTION 5.7 141
91. The total distance is 30 plus twice the sum of the terms of the geometric sequence having a1 = (30) (0.8) = 24
24[1 − (0.8)5 ] 24[1 − 0.32768] 24(0.67232)
and r = 0.8. Thus s5 = = = = 80.6784.
(1 − 0.8) 0.2 0.2
So the total distance is 30 + 2(80.6784) = 191.3568 ft.
92. The sequence of bets during a losing streak is geometric.

a1 (1 − r n ) 1(1 − 25 ) −31
a) a6 = a1rn-1 = 1(2)6-1 = 1(32) = $32 s5 = = = = $31
1− r 1− 2 −1
a1 (1 − r n ) 10 (1 − 25 ) 10(−31)
b) a6 = a1rn-1 = 10(2)6-1 = 10(32) = $320 s5 = = = = $310
1− r 1− 2 −1
a1 (1 − r n
) = 1(1 − 2 ) = 1(−1023) = $1, 023
10
c) a11 = a1rn-1 = 1(2)11-1 = 1(1024) = $1,024 s10 =

1− r 1− 2 −1
a1 (1 − r n
) = 10 (1 − 2 ) = 10(−1023) = $10, 230
10
d) a11 = a1rn-1 = 10(2)11-1 = 10(1024) = $10,240 s10 =

1− r 1− 2 −1
e) If you lose too many times in a row, then you will run out of money.
Exercise Set 5.8

1. Begin with the numbers 1, 1, then add 1 and 1 to get 2 and continue to add the previous two numbers in the
sequence to get the next number in the sequence.
55 89
2. a) 1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89 b) = 1.61764 → 1.619 c) = 1.61818 → 1.618
34 55
8 5 21
d) = 1.6 → 1.600 e) = 1.6 → 1.667 f) = 1.61538 → 1.615
5 3 13
5 +1
3. a) Golden number =
2
b) 1.618 = golden ratio When a line segment AB is divided at a point C, such that the ratio of the whole,
AB, to the larger part, AC, is equal to the ratio of the larger part, AC, to the smaller part, CB, then each
AB AC
of the ratios and is known as the golden ratio.
AC CB
AB AC
c) The golden proportion is: =
AC CB
L a+b a 5 +1
d) The golden rectangle: = = = = golden number
W a b 2
4. All are essentially the same number when rounded. 5. a) Flowering head of a sunflower b) Great Pyramid
6. a) Petals on daisies b) Parthenon in Athens 5 +1 5 −1
7. a) = 1.618033989 b) = .6180339887
2 2
c) Differ by 1
1
8. 89, = .0112359551 , part of Fibonacci sequence
89
9. 1/1 = 1, 2/1 = 2, 3/2 = 1.5, 5/3 = 1.6, 8/5 = 1.6, 13/8 = 1.625, 21/13 = 1.6154, 34/21 = 1.619, 55/34 = 1.6176
89/55 = 1.61818. The consecutive ratios alternate increasing then decreasing about the golden ratio.
10. The ratio of the second to the first and the fourth to the third estimates the golden ratio.
11. Fib. No. prime factors Fib. No. prime factors

1 ------- 34 2 • 17
1 ------- 55 5 • 11
2 prime 89 prime
3 prime 144 24 • 32
5 prime 233 prime
8 23 377 13 • 29
13 prime 610 2 • 5 • 61
1 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 8 + 13 + 21 + 34 + 55 143
12. If the first ten are selected; = = 13
11 11
13. If 5 is selected the result is 2(5) – 8 = 10 – 8 = 2 which is the second number preceding 5.
14. If 2, 3, 5, and 8 are selected the result is 52 – 32 = 2y8 → 25 – 9 = 16 → 16 = 16
15. Answers will vary. 16. 6/4 = 1.5 which is a little < 1.6. 17. Answers will vary.
18. Answers will vary. 19. Answers will vary. 20. Answers will vary.
23. Fibonacci type; 11 + 18 = 29 18 + 29 = 47

24. Not Fibonacci. Each term is not the sum of the two preceding terms.
25. Not Fibonacci. Each term is not the sum of the two preceding terms.
26. Fibonacci type: 1 + 2 = 3, 2 + 3 = 5 Each term is the sum of the two preceding terms.
27. Fibonacci type; 40 + 65 = 105; 65 + 105 = 170 1 1 1 1

28. Fibonacci type; 1 + 2 = 3 ; 2 + 3 = 5
4 4 4 4
29. Fibonacci type; -1 + 0 = -1; 0 + (-1) = -1 30. Fibonacci type; 7 + 13 = 20; 13 + 20 = 33
31. a) If 6 and 10 are selected the sequence is 6, 10, 16, 26, 42, 68, 110, …
b) 10/6 = 1.666, 16/10 = 1.600, 26/16 = 1.625, 42/26 = 1.615, 68/42 = 1.619, 110/68 = 1.618, …
32. a) If 5 and 7 are selected the sequence is 5, 7, 12, 19, 31, 50, 81, …
b) 7/5 = 1.4, 12/7 = 1.714, 19/12 = 1.583, 31/19 = 1.623, 50/31 = 1.613, 81/50 = 1.62, …
33. a) If 5, 8, and 13 are selected the result is 82 – (5)(13) = 64 – 65 = – 1.

b) If 21, 34, and 55 are selected the result is 342 – (21)(55) = 1156 – 1155 = 1.
c) The square of the middle term of three consecutive terms in a Fibonacci sequence differs from the
product of the 1st and 2nd term by 1.
SECTION 5.8 143
34. The sum of the numbers along the diagonals parallel to the one shown is a Fibonacci number.
35. a) Lucas sequence: 1, 3, 4, 7, 11, 18, 29, 47, … b) 8 + 21 = 29; 13 + 34 = 47

c) The first column is a Fibonacci-type sequence.
36. –10, x, -10 + x, -10 + 2x, -20 + 3x, -30 + 5x, -50 + 8x, -80 + 13x, -130 + 21x, -210 + 34x
a) -10, 4, – 6, – 2, – 8, – 10, – 18, – 28, – 46, – 74
b) – 10, 5, − 5, 0, − 5, − 5, − 10, − 15, − 25, − 40
c) – 10, 6, – 4, 2, – 2, 0, – 2, – 2, – 4, – 6
d) – 10, 7, − 3, 4, 1, 5, 6, 11, 17, 28
e) – 10, 8, – 2, 6, 4, 10, 14, 24, 38, 62
f) Yes, because each multiple causes the x term to be greater than the number term.
( a+b ) a a b 1 b a 1  1
37. = Let x = = 1+ = 1+ = x multiply by x x 1+  = x ( x )
a b b a x a b x  x
x + 1 = x2 x2 – x – 1 = 0 a = 1, b = -1, c = -1
−b ± b 2 − 4ac 1 ± 1 − 4(1)(−1) 1 ± 5
Solve for x using the quadratic formula, x= = =
2a 2(1) 2
5− x 5
38. = x ( 5 − x ) = 25 5x − x 2 = 25 x2 – 5x + 25 = 0 a = 1, b = -5, c = 25
5 x
−b ± b 2 − 4ac 5 ± 25 − 4(1)(25) 5 ± −75 5 ± 5 3i
Solve for x using the quadratic formula, x= = = =
2a 2(1) 2 2
39. Answers will vary. {5, 12, 13] {16, 30, 34] {105, 208, 233} {272, 546, 610}
40. a) 3 reflections, 5 paths b) 4 reflections, 8 paths c) 5 reflections, 13 paths
Review Exercises
1. Use the divisibility rules in section 5.1. 2. Use the divisibility rules in section 5.1.
670,920 is divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 9. 400,644 is divisible by 2, 3, 4, 6, and 9
3. 2 252 4. 5 385 5. 2 840

2 126 7 77 2 420
3 63 11 2 210
3 21 385 = 5y7y11 5 105
7 3 21
252 = 22y32y7 7
840 = 23y3y5y7
6. 2
3
882
441
7. 2
2
1452
726
⋅
8. 15 = 3 5, 60 = 22
gcd = 15 lcm = 60
⋅⋅
3 5
3
7
147
49
7
3
11
363
121
11
⋅⋅
9. 63 = 3 3 5, 108 = 3 4 9
gcd = 9; lcm = 756
⋅⋅
882=2y32y72 1452 = 22y3y112
⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅
10. 45 = 32 5, 250 = 2 53; gcd = 5; lcm = 2 32 53 = 2250
⋅⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅⋅
11. 840 = 23 3 5 7 , 320 = 26 5; gcd = 23 5 = 40; lcm = 26 3 5 7 = 6720
⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅
12. 60 = 22 3 5, 40 = 23 5, 96 = 25 3; gcd = 22 = 4; lcm = 25 3 5 = 480
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
13. 36 = 22 32, 108 = 22 33, 144 = 24 32; gcd = 22 32 = 36; lcm = 24 33 = 432
⋅ ⋅
14. 15 = 3 5, 9 = 32; lcm = 32 5 = 45. In 45 days the train will stop in both cities.
15. –2+5=3 16. 4 + (- 7) = -3
17. 4 – 8 = 4 + (– 8) = – 4 18. (– 2) + (– 4) = – 6
19. – 5 – 4 = – 5 + (– 4) = – 9 20. – 3 – (– 6) = – 3 + 6 = 3
21. (–3 + 7) – 4 = 4 + (– 4) = 0 22. –1 + (9 – 4) = –1 + 5 = 4
23. ( − 3)( − 11) = 33 24. (– 4)(9) = − 36
25. 14 ( − 3) = –56 26. -35/-7 = 5
27. 12/-6 = -2 28. [8 ÷ (– 4)](– 3) = (– 2)(– 3) = 6
29. [(– 4)(– 3)] ÷ 2 = 12 ÷ 2 = 6 30. [– 30 ÷ (10)] ÷– 1) = – 3 ÷ (– 1) = 3
31. 3/10 = 0.3 32. 3/5 = 0.6
33. 15/40 = 3/8 = 0.375 34. 13/4 = 3.25
35. 3/7 = 0.428571 36. 7/12 = 0.583
37. 3/8 = 0.375 38. 7/8 = 0.875
39. 5/7 = 0.714285 225 45 9
40. 0.225 = = =
1000 200 40
5 45 9 42. 0.6666 10n = 6.6666….

41. 4.5 = 4 = =
10 10 2 10 n = 6.6 9n 6
=
9 9
− n = 0.6
2
9n = 6.0 n=
3
43. 2.373737 100n = 237.373737…. 83
10 0n = 237.37 44. 0.083 =
1000
99 n 235
− n = 2.37 = =n 42 21
99 99 45. 0.0042 = =
99n = 235.00 10000 5000
46. 2.344444 100n = 234.444444…. 5 19

10 0n = 234.4 47. 2 =
7 7
90 n 211
− 10n = 23.4 = =n 1 25
90 90 48. 4 =
90n = 211.00 6 6
49. −3 1 4 =
( ( −3)( 4 ) ) − 1 = −13 50. −35 38 =
( ( −35)(8) ) − 3 = −283
4 4 8 8
11 2 • 5 + 1 1 27 1•15 + 12 12 4
51. = =2 52. = =1 =1
5 5 5 15 15 15 5
−12 ( −1)( 7 ) − 5 −136 ( −27 )( 5 ) − 1

53. = = −1 5 7 54. = = −27 15
7 7 5 5
1 4 1 5 4 2 5 8 13 7 3 7 3 2 7 6 1
55. + = • + • = + = 56. − = − • = − =
2 5 2 5 5 2 10 10 10 8 4 8 4 2 8 8 8
1 5 1 2 5 3 2 15 17 4 15 60 6 3
57. + = • + • = + = 58. • = = =
6 4 6 2 4 3 12 12 12 5 16 80 8 4
5 6 5 7 35  4 5  4 28 + 25 5 53 5 53
59. ÷ = ÷ = 60.  +  ÷ = y = y =
9 7 9 6 54 5 7 5 35 4 35 4 28
2 1 4 2 7 1  1 2  3 3 + 10 3 13 3 13
61.   ÷ = = 62.  +  • = • = • =
 3 7 7 21 4 6 5 3 8 15 8 15 8 40
 1  2   1 1  2  1  2  2 2 1  1  71  71
63.     +  ÷  = +    = + 64.   (17 3 4 ) =    = = 2 7 32 teaspoons
 5   3   5 2  15  5   1  15 5 8  8  4  32
2 6 8
= + =
15 15 15
65. 50 = 25 ⋅ 2 = 25 ⋅ 2 = 5 2 66. 200 = 100 ⋅ 2 = 100 ⋅ 2 = 10 2
67. 5+ 7 5= 8 5 68. 3 − 4 3= − 3 3
69. 8+ 6 2= 2 2+ 6 2= 8 2 70. 3 − 7 27 = 3 − 21 3= − 20 3
71. 75+ 27= 5 3+ 3 3= 8 3 72. 3 ⋅ 6= 18 = 9⋅2 = 9 ⋅ 2 = 3 2
73. 8⋅ 6 = 48 = 16 ⋅ 3 = 16 ⋅ 3 = 4 3 18 18
74. = = 9 =3
2 2
56 56 4 3 4 3
75. = = 28= 2 7 76. ⋅ =
2 2 3 3 3
3 5 15 78. 3(2 + 7) = 6 + 3 7
77. ⋅ =
5 5 5
79. 3(4 + 6)= 4 3+ 18= 4 3+3 2 80. 3( 6 + 15)= 18+ 45= 3 2+3 5
81. x + 2 = 2 + x Commutative property of addition 82. 5 – m = m – 5 Commutative property of

multiplication
83. Associative property of addition 84. Distributive property

85. Commutative property of addition 86. Commutative property of addition
87. Associative property of multiplication 88. Commutative property of multiplication
89. Distributive property 90. Commutative property of multiplication
91. Natural numbers – closed for addition 3 + 4 = 7 92. Whole numbers – not closed for subtraction
3–2=2–3 1 ≠ -1
93. Not closed; 1 ÷ 2 is not an integer 94. Closed
95. Not closed; 2 • 2 = 2 is not irrational 96. Not closed; 1 ÷ 0 is undefined
97. 32 = 3 y 3 = 9 1 1 1 95
98. 3 3−2 = 2
= = = 95−3 = 92 = 81
3 3• 3 9 99. 93
100. 52 y 51 = 53 = 125 101. 70 = 1 1 1

102. 4−3 = 3
=
4 64
103. (23)2 = 23y2 = 26 = 64 104. (32)2 = 32y2 = 34 = 81 105. 230,000 = 2.3 x 105
106. 0.0000158 = 1.58 x 10– 5 107. 0.00275 = 2.75 x 10– 3 108. 4,950,000 = 4.95 x 106
109. 4.3 x 107 = 43,000,000 110. 1.39 x 10– 4 = 0.000139 111. 1.75 x 10– 4 = 0.000175
112. 1 x 105 = 100,000 113. a) (7 x 103)(2 x 10– 5) 114. a) (4 x 102)(2.5 x 102)

(14) x 10-2 = 1.4 x 10 –1 (4)(2.5) x (102 102)
10.0 x 104 = 1.0 x 105
8.4 × 103 8.4 103 1.5 × 10−3 1.5 10−3

115. = × = 2.1× 101 116. −4
= × −4 = 0.3 × 101 = 3.0 × 100
4 × 102 4 102 5 × 10 5 10
117. a) (4,000,000)(2,000) = (4.0 x 106)(2.0 x 103) 118. a) (35,000)(0.00002) = (3.5 x 104)(2.0 x 10 − 5)

= (4)(2) x 106 y 103 = 8.0 x 109 = (3.5)(2) x 104 y 10 − 5 = 7.0 x 10 − 1 = 0.7
b) 8.0 E 09 b) 7.0 E -01
9600000 9.6 ×106 0.000002 2 ×10−6

119. = = 3.2 x 103 = 3,200 120. = = 0.5 × 101 =5.0
3000 3 ×103 0.0000004 4 × 10−7
1.49 × 1011 20, 000, 000 2.0 × 107

= .3880208333 × 103 = 388.02 122. =
121. 3.84 × 108 3, 600 3.6 ×103
388 times
≈ 0.555556 × 10 4 =$5,555.56
123. Arithmetic 14, 17 124. Geometric 8, 16
125. Arithmetic – 15, – 18 126. Geometric 1/32, 1/64
127. Arithmetic 16, 19 128. Geometric – 2, 2
129. 3, 7, 11, 15 a4 = 15 130. –4, -10, -14, -18, -22, -26, -30, -34 a8 = -34
131. –20, -15, -10, -5, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 a10 = 25 132. 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 a4 = 48
133. a5 = 4(1/2)5-1 = 4(1/2)4 = 4(1/16) = 1/4 134. a4 = − 6(2)4-1 = − 6(2)3 = − 6(8) = − 48
30 ( 2 + 89 ) 8 ( −4 + (−2 1 4 ) (8)(−6 1 4)
135. s30 = = (15)(91) = 1365 136. s8 = = = −25
2 2 2
8 (100 + 58 ) (8)(158) 20 ( 0.5 + 5.25 ) (20)(5.75)

137. s8 = = = 632 138. s20 = = = 57.5
2 2 2 2
5 (1 − 34 ) (5)(1 − 81) (5)(−80) 2 (1 − 34 ) (2)(1 − 81) (2)(−80)

139. s3 = = = = 200 140. s4 = = = = 80
1− 3 −2 −2 1− 3 −2 −2
141. s5 =
(
3 1 − (−2)5 ) = (3)(1 + 32) = (3)(33) = 33
142. s6 =
(
1 1 − (−2)6 ) = (1)(1 − 64) = (1)(−63) = −21
1 − (−2) 3 3 1 − (−2) 3 3
143. Arithmetic: an = – 3n + 10 144. Arithmetic: an = 3 + (n – 1)3 = 3 + 3n –3 = 3n

145. Arithmetic: an = –(3/2)n + (11/2) 146. Geometric: an = 3(2)n–1
147. Geometric: an = 2(– 1)n – 1 148. Geometric: an = 5(1/3)n–1
149. Yes; 13, 21 150. Yes; 17, 28 151. No; 1,4,3,-1,-4,-5 152. No
Chapter Test
1. 38,610 is divisible by: 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10 2. 2 840
2 420
2 210
5 105
3 35
7
3
840 = 2 y3y5 y7
3. [(– 6) + (– 9)] + 8 = – 15 + 8 = – 7 4. – 7 – 13 = – 20
5. [(– 70)(– 5)] ÷ (8 – 10) = 350 ÷ [8 + (– 10)] (8 )( 4 ) + 5 32 + 5 37

6. 4 5 8 = = =
=350 ÷ (– 2) = – 175 8 8 8
176 (19 )( 9 ) + 5 5
7. = = 19 5 9 8. = 0.625
9 9 8
645 129 5   4 1  5 1 4
9. 6.45 = =  ÷ 3 +  •  =  •  +
10. 
100 20 16   5 2   16 3  10
5 4 50 192 242 141
= + = + = =
48 10 480 480 480 240
11 3  11   2   3  3  22 9 13 12. 75+ 48= 25 3+ 16 3= 5 3 + 4 3 = 9 3

11. − =     −    = − =
12 8  12   2   8  3  24 24 24
14. The integers are closed under multiplication since

2 2 7 14 14
13. = ⋅ = = the product of two integers is always an integer.
7 7 7 49 7
15. Associative property of addition 16. Distributive property
45 18. 43 y 42 = 45 = 4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 4 = 1024
17. = 45−2 = 43 = 64
42
1 1 7.2 × 106
19. 3−4 = = 20. =0.8 × 1012 = 8.0 × 1011
9.0 × 10−6
4
3 81
21. an = – 4n + 2 11  −2 + ( −32 )  11( −34 )

22. = = −187
2 2
23. a5 = 3(3)4 = 35 = 243

24.
(
3 1 − 45 ) = 3 (1 − 1024) = 1023
1− 4 −3
25. an = 3 y (2)n-1 26. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55
Group Projects
1. In this exercise, you may obtain different answers depending upon how you work the problem.
1) a) 2 servings Rice: 2/3 cup, Salt: 1/4 tsp., Butter: 1 tsp.
b) 1 serving Rice: 1/3 cup, Salt: 1/8 tsp., Butter: 1/2 tsp.
c) 29 servings Rice: 5 cup, Salt: 1 7/8 tsp., Butter: 7 1/2 tsp.
1
2
1
2. a) Area of triangle 1 = A1 = bh = ( 5 ) 2 5 = 5 5
2
( )
1
2
1
Area of triangle 2 = A1 = bh = ( 5 ) 2 5 = 5 5
2
( )
(
Area of rectangle = AR = bh = (10 ) 2 5 = 20 5 )
b) Area of trapezoid = AT =
1
2
1
( )
h ( b1 + b2 ) = 2 5 (10 + 21) = 31 5
2
c) Yes, same
Group Projects 149
3. Co-pay for prescriptions = 50% Co=pay for office visits = $10 Co-pay for medical tests = 20%
01/10: $10 + .50 ($44) = $32.00
02/27: $10 + .20 (348) = $47.60
04/19: $10 + .20 (348) + .50 (76) = $117.60
a) Total = $197.20
b) .50 (44) + .80 (188) + .80 (348) + ,50 (76) = $488.80
c) $500.00 – 197.20 = $302.80
4. a) 1 branch b) 8 branches c) 512 branches d) Yes

CHAPTER SIX
ALGEBRA, GRAPHS, AND FUNCTIONS
Exercise Set 6.1

1. Variables are letters of the alphabet used to represent numbers.
2. A symbol that represents a specific quantity is called a constant.
3. The solution to an equation is the number or numbers that replace the variable to make the equation
a true statement.
4. An algebraic expression is a collection of variables, numbers, parentheses, and operation symbols.
An example is 5 x 2 y − 11 .
5. a) Base: 4, exponent: 5
b) Multiply 4 by itself 5 times.
6. First: Perform all operations within parentheses or other grouping symbols.
Next: Perform all exponential operations. Next: Perform all multiplication and division from left to right.
Finally: Perform all addition and subtraction from left to right.
7. 8 + 16 ÷ 4 = 8 + 4 = 12 8. 9 + 6 ⋅ 3 = 9 + 18 = 27
9. x = 7, x = ( 7 ) = 49 10. x = −8, x 2 = ( −8 ) = 64
2 2 2
11. x = −3, − x 2 = − ( −3) = −9 12. x = −5, − x 2 = −(− 5)2 = −25

2
13. x = −7, − 2 x 3 = −2(− 7 )3 = −2(− 343) = 686 14. x = −4, − x 3 = −(− 4 )3 = −(− 64 ) = 64
15. x = 4, x − 7 = 4 − 7 = −3 5 5
16. x = , 8 x − 3 = 8  − 3 = 20 − 3 = 17
2 2
17. x = −2, −7 x + 4 = −7 ( −2 ) + 4 = 14 + 4 = 18 18. x = 5, x 2 − 3 x + 8 = ( 5 ) − 3 ( 5 ) + 8 = 25 − 15 + 8 = 18
2
19. x = −2, − x 2 + 5 x − 13 = − ( −2 ) + 5 ( −2 ) − 13 20. x = −1, 5 x 2 + 7 x − 11 = 5(− 1)2 + 7(− 1) − 11

2
= −4 − 10 − 13 = −27 = 5 − 7 − 11 = −13
2
2 1 2 1 2 2
2 1 2 2 21 1
21. x = , x − 5 x + 2 =   − 5  + 2 22. x = , x + x −1 =   + −1
3 2 23 3 2 3 32 2
1  4  10 21 1
=  − +2 =   + −1
29 3 34 2
2 1
4 10 = + −1
= − +2 12 2
18 3
2 6 12 4 1
4 60 36 20 10 = + − =− =−
= − + =− =− 12 12 12 12 3
18 18 18 18 9
151
152 CHAPTER 6 Algebra, Graphs, and Functions
1 1 1
3 2 24. x = 2, y = 3, − x 2 + 4 xy = −(2 )2 + 4(2 )(3)
23. x = , 8 x 3 − 4 x 2 + 7 = 8  − 4  + 7
2 2 2 = −4 + 24 = 20
1 1
= 8  − 4  + 7
8 4
= 1 −1 + 7 = 7
25. x = −2, y = 1, 2 x 2 + xy + 3 y 2 2 1
26. x = 2, y = 5, 3x 2 + xy − y 2
= 2 ( −2 ) + ( −2 )(1) + 3 (1) = 8 − 2 + 3 = 9 5 5
2 2
2 1 2
= 3 ( 2 ) + ( 2 )( 5 ) − ( 5 )
2
5 5
= 12 + 4 − 5 = 11
27. x = 3, y = 2, 4 x 2 −12 xy + 9 y 2 28. x = 4, y = −3, ( x + 3 y )2 = [4 + 3(− 3)]2
= 4 ( 3) − 12 ( 3)( 2 ) + 9 ( 2 ) = 36 − 72 + 36 = 0
2 2
= (− 5)2 = 25
29. 7 x + 3 = 23, x = 3 30. 5 x − 7 = −27, x = −4

7 ( 3) + 3 = 21 + 3 = 24 5 ( −4 ) − 7 = −20 − 7 = −27
24 ≠ 23, x = 3 is not a solution. −27 = −27, x = −4 is a solution.
31. x − 3 y = 0, x = 6, y = 3 32. 4 x + 2 y = −2, x = −2, y = 3
6 − 3 ( 3 ) = 6 − 9 = −3 4 ( −2 ) + 2 ( 3) = −8 + 6 = −2
−3 ≠ 0, x = 6, y = 3 is not a solution. −2 = −2, x = −2, y = 3 is a solution.
33. x 2 + 3x − 4 = 5, x = 2 34. 2 x 2 − x − 5 = 0, x = 3
( 2) + 3(2) − 4 = 4 + 6 − 4 = 6 2 ( 3) − 3 − 5 = 2 ( 9 ) − 3 − 5 = 10
2 2
6 ≠ 5, x = 2 is not a solution. 10 ≠ 0, x = 3 is not a solution.
35. 2 x 2 + x = 28, x = −4 36. y = x 2 + 3x − 5, x = 1, y = −1
2 ( −4 ) + ( −4 ) = 2 (16 ) − 4 = 32 − 4 = 28 (1) + 3 (1) − 5 = 1 + 3 − 5 = −1

2 2
28 = 28, x = −4 is a solution. −1 = −1, x = 1, y = −1 is a solution.

37. y = − x + 3x − 1, x = 3, y = −1
2
38. y = x 3 − 3 x 2 + 1, x = 2, y = −3
− ( 3) + 3 ( 3) − 1 = −9 + 9 − 1 = −1
2
( 2) − 3 ( 2 ) + 1 = 8 − 12 + 1 = −3
3 2
−1 = −1, x = 3, y = −1 is a solution. −3 = −3, x = 2, y = −3 is a solution.
39. d = $175, 0.07 d = 0.07 ( $175 ) = $12.25 40. t = 3, 0.5t = 0.5 ( 3) = 1.5 ft
41. x = 75, 220 + 2.75 x = 220 + 2.75 ( 75 ) 42. x = 60, 25 x − 0.2 x 2 = 25(60 ) − 0.2(60)2
= 220 + 206.25 = $426.25 = 1500 − 0.2(3600)
= 1500 − 720
= 780 baskets of oranges
SECTION 6.2 153
43. n = 8,000,000,000,000 44. h = 0.60, 2h 2 + 80h + 40 = 2(0.60 )2 + 80(0.60 ) + 40

0.000002n = 0.000002(8,000,000,000,000 ) = 2(0.36 ) + 48 + 40
= 16,000,000 sec = 0.72 + 48 + 40
= 88.72 min
45. R = 2, T = 70, 0.2 R 2 + 0.003RT + 0.0001T 2 = 0.2(2 )2 + 0.003(2 )(70 ) + 0.0001(70)2 = 0.8 + 0.42 + 0.49 = 1.71 in.
46. (− 1)n = 1 for any even number, n , since there will be an even number of factors of (−1) , and when
these are multiplied, the product will always be 1.
47. x y ( x + y )2 x2 + y2
2 3 5 2 = 25 4 + 9 = 13
−2 −3 (− 5)2 = 25 4 + 9 = 13
−2 3 12 = 1 4 + 9 = 13
2 −3 (− 1) 2
=1 4 + 9 = 13
The two expressions are not equal.
n
48. 1 = 1 for all natural numbers since 1 multiplied by itself any number of times will always be 1.
Exercise Set 6.2

1. The parts that are added or subtracted in an algebraic expression are called terms.
In 3 x − 2 y , the 3x and −2 y are terms.
2. Like terms are terms that have the same variables with the same exponents on the variables.
3x 2 and 4x 2 are like terms.
3. The numerical part of a term is called its numerical coefficient.
For the term 3x , 3 is the numerical coefficient.
4. A linear equation is one in which the exponent on the variable is 1 . Example: 4 x + 6 = 10
5. To simplify an expression means to combine like terms by using the commutative, associative, and distributive
properties. Example: 12 + x + 7 − 3x = x − 3 x + 12 + 7 = −2 x + 19
6. If a = b , then a + c = b + c for all real numbers a , b , and c . Example: If x − 5 = 2 , then x − 5 + 5 = 2 + 5 .
7. If a = b , then a − c = b − c for all real numbers a , b , and c . Example: If 2 x + 3 = 5 , then 2 x + 3 − 3 = 5 − 3 .
x x
8. If a = b , then a ⋅ c = b ⋅ c for all real numbers a , b , and c , where c ≠ 0 . Example: If = 2 , then 3  = 3(2 ) .
3 3
a b 4x 8
9. If a = b , then= for all real numbers a , b , and c , where c ≠ 0 . Example: If 4 x = 8 then = .
c c 4 4
10. An algorithm is a general procedure for accomplishing a task.
7
11. A ratio is a quotient of two quantities. Example:
9
3 x
12. A proportion is a statement of equality between two ratios. Example: =
7 10
13. Yes. They have the same variable and the same exponent on the variable.
14. No. They do not have the same variable.
15. 2 x + 9 x = 11x 16. −4 x − 7 x = −11x

17. 5 x − 3x + 12 = 2 x + 12 18. −6 x + 3x + 21 = −3 x + 21
19. 7 x + 3 y − 4 x + 8 y = 3 x + 11 y 20. x − 4 x + 3 = −3 x + 3
21. −3x + 2 − 5 x = −8 x + 2 22. −3 x + 4 x − 2 + 5 = x + 3
23. 2 − 3 x − 2 x + 1 = −5 x + 3 24. −0.2 x + 1.7 x − 4 = 1.5 x − 4
25. 6.2 x − 8.3 + 7.1x = 13.3x − 8.3 2 1 4 1 5
26. x + x −5 = x+ x−5 = x−5
3 6 6 6 6
1 1 3 5 2 28. 7t + 5s + 9 − 3t − 2 s − 12 = 4t + 3s − 3
27. x− x−4 = x− x−4 = − x−4
5 3 15 15 15
29. 5 x − 4 y − 3 y + 8 x + 3 = 13 x − 7 y + 3 30. 3( p + 2 ) − 4( p + 3) = 3 p + 6 − 4 p − 12 = − p − 6
31. 2(s + 3) + 6(s − 4 ) + 1 = 2s + 6 + 6s − 24 + 1 = 8s − 17 32. 6(r − 3) − 2(r + 5) + 10 = 6r − 18 − 2r − 10 + 10
= 4r − 18
33. 0.3 ( x + 2 ) + 1.2 ( x − 4 ) = 0.3x + 0.6 + 1.2 x − 4.8 1 1 1 2 1
34. ( x + 2) − x = x + − x
= 1.5 x − 4.2 5 10 5 5 10
2 1 2 1 2
= x− x+ = x+
10 10 5 10 5
2 3 1 8 3 3 5 3 3 5 1 9 5 9 2 14 11
35. x+ − x = x− x+ = x+ 36. n − + n − = n + n − − = n −
3 7 4 12 12 7 12 7 4 9 6 9 9 12 12 9 12
37. 0.5(2.6 x − 4 ) + 2.3(1.4 x − 5) = 1.3x − 2 + 3.22 − 11.5 2 1 1 5
38. (3x + 9) − (2 x + 5) = 2 x + 6 − x −
= 4.52 x − 13.5 3 4 2 4
4 1 24 5 3 19
= x− x+ − = x+
2 2 4 4 2 4
39. y + 8 = 13
y + 8 − 8 = 13 − 8 Subtract 8 from both sides of the equation.
y=5
40. 2 y − 7 = 17
2 y − 7 + 7 = 17 + 7 Add 7 to both sides of the equation.
2 y = 24
2 y 24
= Divide both sides of the equation by 2.
2 2
y = 12
41. 9 = 12 − 3 x
9 − 12 = 12 − 12 − 3x Subtract 12 from both sides of the equation.
−3 = −3x
−3 −3x
= Divide both sides of the equation by -3.
−3 −3
1= x
42. 14 = 3 x + 5
14 − 5 = 3 x + 5 − 5 Subtract 5 from both sides of the equation.
9 = 3x
9 3x
3 3
3= x
SECTION 6.2 155
3 7
43. =
x 8
3 (8) = 7 x Cross multiplication
24 = 7 x
24 7 x
7 7
24
=x
7
x −1 x + 5
44. =
5 15
15 ( x − 1) = 5 ( x + 5 ) Cross multiplication
15 x − 15 = 5 x + 25 Distributive Property
15 x − 5 x − 15 = 5 x − 5 x + 25 Subtract 5 x from both sides of the equation.
10 x − 15 = 25
10 x − 15 + 15 = 25 + 15 Add 15 to both sides of the equation.
10 x = 40
10 x 40
10 10
x=4
1 1 2
45. x+ =
2 3 3
 1 1  2
6 x +  = 6  Multiply both sides of the equation by the LCD.
2 3 3
3x + 2 = 4 Distributive Property
3x + 2 − 2 = 4 − 2 Subtract 2 from both sides of the equation.
3x = 2
3x 2
3 3
2
x=
3
1 1 1
46. y+ =
2 3 4
1 1 1
12  y +  = 12   Multiply both sides of the equation by the LCD.
 2 3  4
6y + 4 = 3 Distributive Property
6y + 4 − 4 = 3− 4 Subtract 4 from both sides of the equation.
6 y = −1
6 y −1
6 6
1
y=−
6
47. 0.7 x − 0.3 = 1.8

0.7 x − 0.3 + 0.3 = 1.8 + 0.3 Add 0.3 to both sides of the equation.
0.7 x = 2.1
0.7 x 2.1
= Divide both sides of the equation by 0.7.
0.7 0.7
x=3
48. 5 x + 0.050 = −0.732

5 x + 0.050 − 0.050 = −0.732 − 0.050 Subtract 0.050 from both sides of the equation.
5 x = −0.782
5 x −0.782
5 5
x = −0.1564
49. 6t − 8 = 4t − 2
6t − 4t − 8 = 4t − 4t − 2 Subtract 4t from both sides of the equation.
2t − 8 = −2
2t − 8 + 8 = −2 + 8 Add 8 to both sides of the equation.
2t = 6
2t 6
2 2
t =3
x 1
50. + 2x =
4 3
 x  1
12  + 2 x  = 12   Mulitply both sides of the equation by the LCD.
4  3
3x + 24 x = 4 Distributive Property
27 x = 4
27 x 4
27 27
4
x=
27
x−3 x+ 4
51. =
2 3
3 ( x − 3) = 2 ( x + 4 ) Cross multiplication
3x − 9 = 2 x + 8 Distributive Property
3x − 2 x − 9 = 2 x − 2 x + 8 Subtract 2 x from both sides of the equation.
x −9 = 8
x−9+9 = 8+9 Add 9 to both sides of the equation.
x = 17
SECTION 6.2 157
x−5 x−9
52. =
4 3
3 ( x − 5) = 4 ( x − 9) Cross multiplication
3x − 15 = 4 x − 36 Distributive Property
3 x − 3x − 15 = 4 x − 3x − 36 Subtract 3 x from both sides of the equation.
−15 = x − 36
−15 + 36 = x − 36 + 36 Add 36 to both sides of the equation.
21 = x
53. 6t − 7 = 8t + 9
6t − 6t − 7 = 8t − 6t + 9 Subtract 6t from both sides of the equation.
−7 = 2t + 9
−7 − 9 = 2t + 9 − 9 Subtract 9 from both sides of the equation.
−16 = 2t
−16 2t
2 2
−8 = t
54. 12 x − 1.2 = 3x + 1.5

12 x − 3x − 1.2 = 3x − 3x + 1.5 Subtract 3x from both sides of the equation.
9 x − 1.2 = 1.5
9 x − 1.2 + 1.2 = 1.5 + 1.2 Add 1.2 to both sides of the equation.
9 x = 2.7
9 x 2.7
9 9
x = 0.3
55. 2 ( x + 3) − 4 = 2 ( x − 4 )
2x + 6 − 4 = 2x − 8 Distributive Property
2x + 2 = 2x − 8
2x − 2x + 2 = 2x − 2x − 8 Subtract 2 x from both sides of the equation.
2 = −8 False
No solution
56. 3 ( x + 2 ) + 2 ( x − 1) = 5 x − 7
3x + 6 + 2 x − 2 = 5 x − 7 Distributive Property
5x + 4 = 5 x − 7
5x − 5x + 4 = 5 x − 5 x − 7 Subtract 5 x from both sides of the equation.
4 = −7 False
No solution
57. 4 ( x − 4 ) + 12 = 4 ( x − 1)
4 x − 16 + 12 = 4 x − 4 Distributive Property
4x − 4 = 4x − 4
This equation is an identity. Therefore, the solution is all real numbers.
x 2x
58. +4 = −6
3 5
x   2x 
15  + 4  = 15  − 6  Multiply both sides of the equation by the LCD.
3   5 
5 x + 60 = 6 x − 90 Distributive Property
5 x − 5 x + 60 = 6 x − 5 x − 90 Subtract 5 x from both sides of the equation.
60 = x − 90
60 + 90 = x − 90 + 90 Add 90 to both sides of the equation.
150 = x
1 2
59. ( x + 4) = ( x + 2)
4 5
1 2
20   ( x + 4 ) = 20   ( x + 2 ) Multiply both sides of the equation by the LCD.
4 5
5 ( x + 4) = 8 ( x + 2)
5 x + 20 = 8 x + 16 Distributive Property
5 x − 8 x + 20 = 8 x − 8 x + 16 Subtract 8 x from both sides of the equation.
−3x + 20 = 16
−3x + 20 − 20 = 16 − 20 Subtract 20 from both sides of the equation.
−3x = −4
−3 x −4
−3 −3
4
x=
3
2 1
60. ( x + 5) = ( x + 2 )
3 4
 
2 1
12   ( x + 5 ) = 12   ( x + 2 ) Multiply both sides of the equation by the LCD.
3 4
8 ( x + 5) = 3 ( x + 2 )
8 x + 40 = 3x + 6 Distributive Property
8 x − 3 x + 40 = 3x − 3x + 6 Subtract 3 x from both sides of the equation.
5 x + 40 = 6
5 x + 40 − 40 = 6 − 40 Subtract 40 from both sides of the equation.
5 x = −34
5 x −34
5 5
34
x=−
5
SECTION 6.2 159
61. 3x + 2 − 6 x = − x − 15 + 8 − 5 x
−3x + 2 = −6 x − 7
−3x + 6 x + 2 = −6 x + 6 x − 7 Add 6 x to both sides of the equation.
3x + 2 = −7
3x + 2 − 2 = −7 − 2 Subtract 2 from both sides of the equation.
3x = −9
3 x −9
3 3
x = −3
62. 6 x + 8 − 22 x = 28 + 14 x − 10 + 12 x
−16 x + 8 = 26 x + 18
−16 x − 26 x + 8 = 26 x − 26 x + 18 Subtract 26 x from both sides of the equation.
−42 x + 8 = 18
−42 x + 8 − 8 = 18 − 8 Subtract 8 from both sides of the equation.
−42 x = 10
−42 x 10
−42 −42
10 5
x=− =−
42 21
63. 2 ( x − 3) + 2 = 2 ( 2 x − 6 )
2 x − 6 + 2 = 4 x − 12 Distributive Property
2 x − 4 = 4 x − 12
2 x − 4 x − 4 = 4 x − 4 x − 12 Subtract 4 x from both sides of the equation.
−2 x − 4 = −12
−2 x − 4 + 4 = −12 + 4 Add 4 to both sides of the equation.
−2 x = −8
−2 x −8
−2 −2
x=4
64. 5.7 x − 3.1( x + 5) = 7.3

5.7 x − 3.1x − 15.5 = 7.3 Distributive Property
2.6 x − 15.5 = 7.3
2.6 x − 15.5 + 15.5 = 7.3 + 15.5 Add 15.5 to both sides of the equation.
2.6 x = 22.8
2.6 x 22.8
2.6 2.6
22.8 228 114
x= = = or x ≈ 8.7692
2.6 26 13
2.05 x 2.05 40.68

65. = 66. =
1000 35,300 1000 x
2.05 ( 35,300 ) = 1000 x 2.05 x = 40.68 (1000 )
72,365 = 1000 x 2.05 x = 40, 680
72,365 1000 x 2.05 x 40, 680
= =
1000 1000 2.05 2.05
x = 72.365 ≈ $72.37 x = 19,843.90244 ≈ 19,844 gal
x 1 6 16
67. = 68. a) =
354 6 9 x
6 x = 354 6 x = 9 (16 )
6 x 354
= 6 x = 144
6 6 6 x 144
x = 59 times =
6 6
x = 24 oz
x 6
b) =
32 16
16 x = 32 ( 6 )
16 x = 192
16 x 192
=
16 16
x = 12 servings
1 20.3 20 x
69. = 70. a) =
1, 022, 000 x 10,000 140,000
x = 1, 022, 000 ( 20.3) 20 (140, 000 ) = 10, 000 x
x = 20,746, 600 households 2,800, 000 = 10,000 x
2,800, 000 10, 000 x
=
10,000 10, 000
x = 280 lb
280
b) = 14 bags
20
50 1 40 250
71. a) = 72. =
80 x 0.6 x
50 x = 80 40 x = 0.6 ( 250 )
50 x 80
= 40 x = 150
50 50 40 x 150
x = 1.6 kph =
40 40
b)
50 x
= x = 3.75 mm
80 90
80 x = 50 ( 90 )
80 x = 4500
80 x 4500
=
80 80
x = 56.25 mph
SECTION 6.3 161
40 12 40 35
73. = 74. =
1 x 1 x
40 x = 12 40 x = 35
40 x 12 40 x 35
= =
40 40 40 40
x = 0.3 cc x = 0.875 cc
b) 2 ( x + 3) = 4 x + 3 − 5 x
2x + 6 = −x + 3 Distributive Property
2x + x + 6 = −x + x + 3 Add x to both sides of the equation.
3x + 6 = 3
3x + 6 − 6 = 3 − 6 Subtract 6 from both sides of the equation.
3 x = −3
3x -3
3 3
x = −1
76. a) An identity is an equation that has an infinite number of solutions.
b) When solving an equation, if you have the same expressions on both sides of the equal sign, the equation is an
identity.
77. a) An inconsistent equation is an equation that has no solution.
b) When solving an equation, if you obtain a false statement, then the equation is inconsistent.
78. a) P = 14.70 + 0.43x

148 = 14.70 + 0.43x Given P = 148, find x.
148 − 14.70 = 14.70 − 14.70 + 0.43x Subtract 14.70 from both sides of the equation.
133.3 = 0.43x
133.3 0.43x
0.43 0.43
x = 310 ft
b) P = 14.70 + 0.43x
128.65 = 14.70 + 0.43x Given P = 128.65, find x.
128.65 − 14.70 = 14.70 − 14.70 + 0.43x Subtract 14.70 from both sides of the equation.
113.95 = 0.43x
113.95 0.43x
0.43 0.43
x = 265 ft down
79. a) 2:5; There are 2 males and a total of 2 + 3 = 5 students.

b) m : m + n
Exercise Set 6.3

1.A formula is an equation that typically has a real-life application.
2.To evaluate a formula, substitute the given values for their respective variables, then evaluate.
3.Subscripts are numbers (or letters) placed below and to the right of variables. They are used to help clarify a formula.
4. i = prt
5. An exponential equation is of the form y = a x , a > 0, a ≠ 1 .

6. a) a > 0, a ≠ 1
b) P0 represents the original amount present.
7. P = 4s = 4 ( 5 ) = 20 8. P = a + b + c = 25 + 53 + 32 = 110
9. P = 2l + 2 w 10. F = MA
P = 2 (12 ) + 2 (16 ) = 24 + 32 = 56 40 = M ( 5)
40 5M
=
5 5
8=M
11. E = mc 2 12. p = i2r
400 = m ( 4 ) 62,500 = ( 5 ) r
2 2
400 = 16m 62,500 = 25r

400 16m 62,500 25r
= =
16 16 25 25
25 = m 2500 = r
13. A = π ( R2 − r 2 ) 14. B= 2
703w
h
(
A = 3.14 ( 6 ) − ( 4 )
2 2
) B=
703 (130 )
A = 3.14 ( 36 − 16 ) ( 67 )
2
A = 3.14 ( 20 ) 91,390
B= = 20.35865449 ≈ 20.36
A = 62.8 4489
x−µ 1
15. z= 16. S = B+ Ps
σ 2
2.5 42.1 − µ 1
= 300 = 100+ P (10 )
1 2 2
2.5 ( 2 ) = 42.1 − µ 300 = 100 + 5P
5 = 42.1 − µ 300 − 100 = 100 − 100 + 5P
5 − 42.1 = 42.1 − 42.1 − µ 200 = 5 P
−37.1 = − µ 200 5P
=
−37.1 − µ 5 5
= 40 = P
−1 −1
37.1 = µ
PV a+b+c
17. T= 18. m=
k 3
80 P ( 20 ) a + 60 + 90
= 70 =
1 0.5 3
80 ( 0.5) = 20 P 70 a + 150
=
40 = 20 P 1 3
70 ( 3) = a + 150
40 20 P
= 210 = a + 150
20 20
2=P 210 − 150 = a + 150 − 150
60 = a
SECTION 6.3 163
19. A = P (1 + rt ) a+b
20. m=
3600 = P (1 + 0.04 ( 5 ) ) 2
a + 77
3600 = P (1 + 0.2 ) 70 =
2
3600 = 1.2 P 70 ( 2 ) = a + 77
3600 1.2 P 140 = a + 77
=
1.2 1.2 140 − 77 = a + 77 − 77
3000 = P
63 = a
1 2 9
21. V= at 22. F = C + 32
2 5
1 9
576 = a (12 ) F = ( 7 ) + 32
2
2 5
576 144a 63
= F= + 32 = 12.6 + 32 = 44.6
1 2 5
576 ( 2 ) = 144a
1152 = 144a
1152 144a
=
144 144
8=a
5 F − 32
23. C= ( F − 32 ) 24. K= + 273.1
9 1.8
5 100 − 32
C = ( 77 − 32 ) K= + 273.1
9 1.8
5 68
C = ( 45 ) = 25 K= + 273.1
9 1.8
K = 37.7 + 273.1 = 310.87 ≈ 310.88
y2 − y1 x −µ
25. m= 26. z=
x2 − x1 σ
8 − ( −4 ) n
m= 66 − 60
−3 − ( −5 ) z=
15
8 + 4 12
m= = =6 25
−3 + 5 2
6 6
z= = =2
15 3
5
27. S = R − rR 28. S = C + rC
186 = 1R − 0.07 R 115 = 1C + 0.15C
186 = 0.93R 115 = 1.15C
186 0.93R 115 1.15C
= =
0.93 0.93 1.15 1.15
200 = R 100 = C
29. E = a1 p1 + a2 p2 + a3 p3 −b + b 2 − 4ac
30. x=
E = 5 ( 0.2 ) + 7 ( 0.6 ) + 10 ( 0.2 ) 2a
E = 1 + 4.2 + 2 = 7.2 − ( −5 ) + ( −5 ) − 4 ( 2 )( −12 )
2
x=
2 ( 2)
5 + 25 + 96
x=
4
5 + 121 5 + 11 16
x= = = =4
4 4 4
31. s = −16t 2 + v0 t + s0 32. R = O + (V − D ) r
s = −16 ( 4 ) + 30 ( 4 ) + 150
2
670 = O + (100 − 10 )( 4 )
s = −16 (16 ) + 120 + 150 670 = O + 360
s = −256 + 120 + 150 = 14 670 − 360 = O + 360 − 360
310 = O
f 34. c = a 2 + b2
33. P=
1+ i
( 5) + (12 )
2 2
f c=
3000 =
1 + 0.08 c = 25 + 144
3000 f
= c = 169 = 13
1 1.08
3000 (1.08 ) = f
3240 = f
Gm1m2 nRT
35. F= 36. P=
r2 V
G (100 )( 200 ) (10 )( 60 )(8 )
625 = 12 =
( 4)
2
V
12 4800
625 = 1250G =
1 V
625 1250G
= 12V = 4800
1250 1250
12V 4800
0.5 = G =
12 12
V = 400
a1 (1 − r n )
nt
 r
37. Sn = 38. A = P 1 + 
1− r  n
1( 3)
  1 3   0.06 
8 1 −    A = 100 1 + 
 2   1 
Sn =  
A = 100 (1 + 0.06 )
3
1
1−
2
A = 100 (1.06 )
3
 1
8 1 −  A = 100 (1.191016 )
Sn = 
8
1 A = 119.1016 ≈ 119.10
1−
2
7
8 
Sn =   = = 7 ( 2 ) = 14
8 7
1 1
2 2
SECTION 6.3 165
39. 10 x − 4 y = 13
10 x − 10 x − 4 y = −10 x + 13 Subtract 10 x from both sides of the equation.
−4 y = −10 x + 13
−4 y −10 x + 13
−4 −4
−10 x + 13 − ( −10 x + 13)
y= =
−4 4
10 x − 13 10 x 13 5 13
= = − = x−
4 4 4 2 4
40. 8 x − 6 y = 21
8 x − 8 x − 6 y = −8 x + 21 Subtract 8 x from both sides of the equation.
−6 y = −8 x + 21
−6 y −8 x + 21
−6 −6
−8 x + 21 − ( −8 x + 21) 8 x − 21 8 x 21 4 7
y= = = = − = x−
−6 6 6 6 6 3 2
41. 4 x + 7 y = 14
−4 x + 4 x + 7 y = −4 x + 14 Subtract 4 x from both sides of the equation.
7 y = −4 x + 14
7 y −4 x + 14
7 7
−4 x + 14 −4 x 14 4
y= = + = − x+2
7 7 7 7
42. − 2x + 4 y = 9
−2 x + 2 x + 4 y = 2 x + 9 Add 2 x to both sides of the equation.
4 y = 2x + 9
4 y 2x + 9
4 4
2x + 9 2x 9 1 9
y= = + = x+
4 4 4 2 4
43. 2x − 3y + 6 = 0
2x − 3y + 6 − 6 = 0 − 6 Subtract 6 from both sides of the equation.
2 x − 3 y = −6
−2 x + 2 x − 3 y = −2 x − 6 Subtract 2 x from both sides of the equation.
−3 y = −2 x − 6
−3 y −2 x − 6
−3 −3
−2 x − 6 − ( −2 x − 6 ) 2 x + 6 2 x 6 2
y= = = = + = x+2
−3 3 3 3 3 3
44. 3x + 4 y = 0
−3 x + 3 x + 4 y = −3 x + 0 Subtract 3 x from boths sides of the equation.
4 y = −3 x
4 y −3 x
4 4
3
y=− x
4
45. −2 x + 3 y + z = 15
−2 x + 2 x + 3 y + z = 2 x + 15 Add 2 x to both sides of the equation.
3 y + z = 2 x + 15
3 y + z − z = 2 x − z + 15 Subtract z from both sides of the equation.
3 y = 2 x − z + 15
3 y 2 x − z + 15
3 3
2 x − z + 15 2 1
y= = x− z +5
3 3 3
46. 5 x + 3 y − 2 z = 22
5 x − 5 x + 3 y − 2 z = −5 x + 22 Subtract 5 x from both sides of the equation.
3 y − 2 z = −5 x + 22
3 y − 2 z + 2 z = −5 x + 2 z + 22 Add 2 z to both sides of the equation.
3 y = −5 x + 2 z + 22
3 y −5 x + 2 z + 22
3 3
−5 x + 2 z + 22 5 2 22
y= = − x+ z+
3 3 3 3
47. 9x + 4z = 7 + 8 y
9x + 4z − 7 = 7 − 7 + 8 y Subtract 7 from both sides of the equation.
9x + 4z − 7 = 8 y
9x + 4z − 7 8 y
8 8
9x + 4z − 7 9 1 7
y= = x+ z−
8 8 2 8
48. 2 x − 3 y + 5z = 0
2x − 3 y + 3 y + 5z = 0 + 3 y Add 3 y to both sides of the equation.
2x + 5z = 3 y
2 x + 5z 3 y
3 3
2 x + 5z 2 5
y= = x+ z
3 3 3
SECTION 6.3 167
49. E = IR
E IR
= Divide both sides of the equation by I .
I I
E
R=
I
50. p = irt
p irt
= Divide both sides of the equation by i.
i i
p
= rt
i
p rt
= Divide both sides of the equation by r.
ir r
p
t=
ir
51. p = a+b+c
p−b = a +b−b+c Subtract b from both sides of the equation.
p−b = a +c
p −b−c = a +c −c Subtract c from both sides of the equation.
a = p −b−c
52. p = a + b + s1 + s2
p − a = a − a + b + s1 + s2 Subtract a from both sides of the equation.
p − a = b + s1 + s2
p − a − b = b − b + s1 + s2 Subtract b from both sides of the equation.
p − a − b = s1 + s2
p − a − b − s2 = s1 + s2 − s2 Subtract s2 from both sides of the equation.
s1 = p − a − b − s2
1
53. V = Bh
3
1 
3V = 3  Bh  Multiply both sides of the equation by 3.
3 
3V = Bh
3V Bh
= Divide both sides of the equation by h.
h h
3V
B=
h
54. V = π r2h
V π r2h
= Divide both sides of the equation by π .
π π
V
= r 2h
π
V r2h
= Divide both sides of the equation by r 2 .
π r2 r2
V
h= 2
πr
55. C = 2π r
C 2π r
2 2
C
=πr
2
C πr
2π π
C
r=
2π
2 gm
56. r=
c2
 2 gm 
rc 2 =  2.  c 2 Multiply both sides of the equation by c 2 .
 c 
rc 2 = 2 gm
rc 2 2 gm
2 2
rc 2
= gm
2
rc 2 gm
= Divide both sides of the equation by g.
2g g
rc 2
m=
2g
57. y = mx + b
y − mx = mx − mx + b Subtract mx from both sides of the equation.
b = y − mx
58. y = mx + b
y − b = mx + b − b Subtract b from both sides of the equation.
y − b = mx
y − b mx
= Divide both sides of the equation by x.
x x
y −b
m=
x
SECTION 6.3 169
59. P = 2l + 2w
P − 2l = 2l − 2l + 2w Subtract 2l from both sides of the equation.
P − 2l = 2w
P − 2l 2w
2 2
P − 2l
w=
2
d1d 2
60. A=
2
d d 
2A = 2 1 2  Multiply both sides of the equation by 2.
 2 
2 A = d1d 2
2 A d1d 2
= Divide both sides of the equation by d1 .
d1 d1
2A
d2 =
d1
a+b+c
61. A=
3
 a+b+c
3A = 3  Multiply both sides of the equation by 3.
 3 
3A = a + b + c
3A − a = a − a + b + c Subtract a from both sides of the equation.
3A − a = b + c
3A − a − b = b − b + c Subtract b from both sides of the equation.
c = 3A − a − b
1
62. A = bh
2
1 
2 A = 2  bh  Multiply both sides of the equation by 2.
2 
2 A = bh
2 A bh
h h
2A
b=
h
KT
63. P=
V
 KT 
PV =  V Multiply both sides of the equation by V .
 V 
PV = KT
PV KT
= Divide both sides of the equation by K .
K K
PV
T=
K
PV PV
64. 1 1
= 2 2
T1 T2
1 1T2 = P2V2T1
PV Cross multiplication
PV
1 1T2 PV T
= 2 2 1 Divide both sides of the equation by T1 .
T1 T1
PV
1 1T2
= P2V2
T1
PV
1 1T2 PV
= 2 2 Divide both sides of the equation by P2 .
T1 P2 P2
PV
1 1T2
V2 =
T1 P2
9
65. F = C + 32
5
9
F − 32 = C + 32 − 32 Subtract 32 from both sides of the equation.
5
9
F − 32 = C
5
( F − 32 ) =  C 
5 5 9 5
Multiply both sides of the equation by .
9 95  9
5
C = ( F − 32 )
9
5
66. C= ( F − 32 )
9
9 95 9
C =   ( F − 32 ) Multiply both sides of the equation by .
5 59 5
9
C = F − 32
5
9
C + 32 = F − 32 + 32 Add 32 to both sides of the equation.
5
9
F = C + 32
5
SECTION 6.3 171
67. S = π r 2 + π rs
S − π r 2 = π r 2 − π r 2 + π rs Subtract π r 2 from both sides of the equation.
S − π r 2 = π rs
S −π r2 π rs
π π
S −π r2
= rs
π
S − π r 2 rs
= Divide both sides of the equation by r.
πr r
S −π r2
s=
πr
1
68. A= h ( b1 + b2 )
2
1 
2 A = 2  h ( b1 + b2 )  Multiply both sides of the equation by 2.
2 
2 A = h ( b1 + b2 )
2 A h ( b1 + b2 )
h h
2A
= b1 + b2
h
2A
− b1 = b1 − b1 + b2 Subtract b1 from both sides of the equation.
h
2A
b2 = − b1
h
69. a) i = prt 70. i = prt

i = 600 ( 0.02 )(1) = $12 128 = 800 ( r )( 2 )
b) $600 + $12 = $612 128 = 1600r
128 1600r
=
1600 1600
r = 0.08 = 8%
2.5 72. a) 6 ft = 6 (12 ) = 72 in.

71. Radius = = 1.25 in.
2 703w
B=
V = π r2h h2
V = π (1.25 ) ( 3.75)
2
703 ( 200 )
B=
V = π (1.5625 )( 3.75 ) ( 72 )
2
V = 18.40776945 in.3 ≈ 18.4 in.3 B=

140, 600
= 27.12191358 ≈ 27.12
5184
703w
b) B= 2
h
703w
26 =
( 72 )
2
703w
26 =
5184
134, 784 = 703w
134, 784 703w
=
703 703
w = 191.7268848 lb
He would have to lose 200 − 191.7268848
= 8.2731152 ≈ 8.27 lb
y = 2000 ( 3) Pn = P (1 + r )
x n
73. 74.
y = 2000 ( 3) Pn = 8 (1 + 0.03)
5 10
y = 2000 ( 243) Pn = 8 (1.03)

10
y = 486, 000 bacteria Pn = 8 (1.343916379 )

Pn = $10.75133103 ≈ $10.75
75. V = 24e0.08t 76. S = S0 e−0.028t

0.08( 377 ) −0.028( 30 )
V = 24e S = 1000e
V = 24e30.16 S = 1000e −0.84
V = $300,976, 658,300, 000 S = 1000 ( 0.4317105234 )
S = 431.7105234 g ≈ 431.71 g
77. V = lwh − π r 2 h 78.
V = 12 ( 8 )(12 ) − π ( 2 ) ( 8)
2
V = 1152 − 100.5309649
V = 1051.469035 in.3 ≈ 1051.47 in.3
SECTION 6.4 173
Exercise Set 6.4

1. A mathematical expression is a collection of variables, numbers, parentheses, and operation symbols.
An equation is two algebraic expressions joined by an equal sign.
2. Expression: 2 x + 3 y ; equation: 2 x + 3 y = 16
3. 4 + 3x 4. 6x − 2
5. 6r + 5 6. 10s − 13
7. 15 − 2r 8. x+6
9. 2m + 9 10. 8 + 5x
18 − s 8+t
11. 12.
4 2
13. (5 y − 6 ) + 3 8
14. − 3x
y
15. Let x = the number 16. Let x = the number
x − 6 = the number decreased by 6 x + 7 = the sum of the number and 7
x−6 = 5 x + 7 = 15
x−6+6 = 5+6 x + 7 − 7 = 15 − 7
x = 11 x=8

x − 4 = the difference between the number and 4 7 x = the number multiplied by 7
x − 4 = 20 7 x = 42
x − 4 + 4 = 20 + 4 7 x 42
=
x = 24 7 7
x=6

12 + 5 x = 12 increased by 5 times the number 4 x − 10 = 4 times the number decreased by 10
12 + 5 x = 47 4 x − 10 = 42
12 − 12 + 5 x = 47 − 12 4 x − 10 + 10 = 42 + 10
5 x = 35 4 x = 52
5 x 35 4 x 52
= =
5 5 4 4
x=7 x = 13

8 x + 16 = 16 more than 8 times the number 5 x + 6 = 6 more than 5 times the number
8 x + 16 = 88 7 x − 18 = 7 times the number decreased by 18
8 x + 16 − 16 = 88 − 16 5 x + 6 = 7 x − 18
8 x = 72 5 x − 7 x + 6 = 7 x − 7 x − 18
8 x 72 −2 x + 6 = −18
=
8 8 −2 x + 6 − 6 = −18 − 6
x=9 −2 x = −24
−2 x −24
=
−2 −2
x = 12

x + 11 = the number increased by 11 x
= the number divided by 3
3 x + 1 = 1 more than 3 times the number 3
x + 11 = 3x + 1 x − 4 = 4 less than the number
x − x + 11 = 3x − x + 1 x
= x−4
11 = 2 x + 1 3
 x
11 − 1 = 2 x + 1 − 1 3  = 3( x − 4)
3
10 = 2 x
x = 3 x − 12
10 2 x
= x − 3x = 3 x − 3x − 12
2 2
5= x −2 x = −12
−2 x −12
=
−2 −2
x=6

x + 10 = the number increased by 10 2 x = the product of 2 and the number
2 ( x + 3) = 2 times the sum of the number and 3 2 x − 3 = the product of 2 and the number,
x + 10 = 2 ( x + 3) decreased by 3
x + 10 = 2 x + 6 x + 4 = 4 more than the number
x − x + 10 = 2 x − x + 6 2x − 3 = x + 4
10 = x + 6 2x − x − 3 = x − x + 4
10 − 6 = x + 6 − 6 x−3 = 4
4=x x −3+3 = 4+3
x=7
27. Let x = the number of tickets sold 28. Let x = cost of cheaper pair
to nonstudents x + 10 = cost of more expensive pair
3x = the number of tickets sold x + ( x + 10 ) = 60
to students 2 x + 10 = 60
x + 3x = 600 2 x + 10 − 10 = 60 − 10
4 x = 600 2 x = 50
4 x 600 2 x 50
= =
4 4 2 2
x = 150 tickets to nonstudents x = $25 for the cheaper pair
3x = 3 (150 ) = 450 tickets to students x + 10 = 25 + 10
= $35 for the more expensive pair
SECTION 6.4 175
29. Let x = the number filing electronically 30. Let x = Vinny's dollar sales
in 1999 0.06 x = the amount Vinny made
0.116 x = the amount of the increase on commission
x + 0.116 x = 34.20 400 + 0.06 x = 790
1.116 x = 34.20 400 − 400 + 0.06 x = 790 − 400
1.116 x 34.20 0.06 x = 390
=
1.116 1.116 0.06 x 390
=
x = 30.64516129 0.06 0.06
≈ 30.65 million taxpayers x = $6500
31. Let x = the original price before tax 32. Let x = the number of copies Ronnie must make
0.10 x = the amount saved on 0.08 x = the amount spent on x copies
spending x dollars 0.08 x = 250
x − 0.10 x = 15.72 0.08 x 250
=
0.9 x = 15.72 0.08 0.08
0.9 x 15.72 x = 3125 copies
=
0.9 0.9
x = 17.46 ≈ $17.47
33. Let x = the number of compact discs 34. Let x = the amount donated for Business
for Samantha 3 x = the amount donated for
3x = the number of compact discs Liberal Arts
for Josie x + 3 x = 1000
x + 3x = 12 4 x = 1000
4 x = 12 4 x 1000
=
4 x 12 4 4
= x = $250 for Business
4 4
x = 3 compact discs for Samantha 3 x = 3 ( 250 ) = $750 for Liberal Arts
3x = 3 ( 3) = 9 compact discs for Josie
35. Let x = the amount charged 36. Let w = the width

to each homeowner w + 3 = the length
50 x = the total amount charged 2 w + 2 ( w + 3) = P
to homeowners 2 w + 2 ( w + 3) = 54
2000 + 50 x = the total cost for 2w + 2w + 6 = 54
the repairs 4w + 6 = 54
2000 + 50 x = 13,350 4w + 6 − 6 = 54 − 6
2000 − 2000 + 50 x = 13,350 − 2000 4w = 48
50 x = 11,350 4 w 48
=
50 x 11,350 4 4
=
50 50 width = 12 ft
x = $227 length = w + 3 = 12 + 3 = 15 ft
37. a) Let x = area of smaller ones 38. Let x = average per capita income
3x = area of largest one in Mississippi
x + x + 3x = 45, 000 2 x − 1346 = average per capita income
5 x = 45, 000 in Connecticut
5 x 45, 000 x + 2 x − 1346 = 61, 663
=
5 5 3 x − 1346 = 61, 663
x = 9000 ft 2 for the two smaller barns 3x − 1346 + 1346 = 61, 663 + 1346
3x = 3 ( 9000 ) 3x = 63, 009
= 27, 000 ft for the largest barn
2
3 x 63, 009
=
b) Yes 3 3
x = $21, 003 in Mississippi
2 x − 1346 = 2 ( 21, 003) − 1346 = 42, 006 − 1346
= $40, 660 in Connecticut
39. Let x = the number of vacation days 40. Let x = the cost of the car before tax
in the U.S. 0.05 x = 5% of the cost of the car (tax)
3 x + 3 = the number of vacation days x + 0.05 x = 14,512
in Italy 1.05 x = 14,512
x + 3 x + 3 = 55 1.05 x 14,512
=
4 x + 3 = 55 1.05 1.05
4 x + 3 − 3 = 55 − 3 x = $13,820.95238 ≈ $13,820.95
4 x = 52
4 x 52
=
4 4
x = 13 in the U.S.
3 x + 3 = 3 (13) + 3 = 39 + 3 = 42 in Italy
41. Let w = width 42. Let l = length of a shelf

2w = length of entire enclosed region l + 2 = height of the bookcase
3w + 2 ( 2w ) = total amount of fencing 4l + 2 ( l + 2 ) = total amount of wood
3w + 2 ( 2w ) = 140 4l + 2 ( l + 2 ) = 32
3w + 4w = 140 4l + 2l + 4 = 32
7 w = 140 6l + 4 = 32
7 w 140 6l + 4 − 4 = 32 − 4
=
7 7 6l = 28
width = 20 ft 6l 28
=
length = 2w = 2 ( 20 ) = 40 ft 6 6
4 2
length = 4 = 4 ft = 4 ft 8 in.
6 3
height = l + 2 = 4 ft 8 in. + 2 ft = 6 ft 8 in.
SECTION 6.4 177
43. Let x = the number of months 44. Let x = the number of visits per month
70 x = cost of laundry for x months 56 = the cost of Plan A for 1 month
70 x = 760 3x + 20 = the cost of Plan B for 1 month
70 x 760 3x + 20 = 56
=
70 70 3 x + 20 − 20 = 56 − 20
x = 10.85714286 months ≈ 11 months 3x = 36
3x 36
=
3 3
x = 12 visits per month
45. Let r = regular fare 46. Let x = the number of miles in one day
r 35 + 0.20 x = U-Haul charge per day
= half off regular fare
2 25 + 0.32 x = Ryder charge per day
0.07r = tax on regular fare 35 + 0.20 x = 25 + 0.32 x
r
+ 0.07r = 257 35 + 0.20 x − 25 = 25 − 25 + 0.32 x
2 10 + 0.20 x = 0.32 x
r 
2  + 0.07r  = 2 ( 257 ) 10 + 0.20 x − 0.20 x = 0.32 x − 0.20 x
2  10 = 0.12 x
r + 0.14r = 514
10 0.12 x
1.14r = 514 =
0.12 0.12
1.14r 514 1
= x = 83.3 mi = 83 mi
1.14 1.14 3
r = $450.877193
≈ $450.88
47. Let x = amount of tax reduction to be 48. a) A number increased by 3 is 13.

deducted from Mr. McAdam's b) 3 times a number increased by 5 is 8.
income c) 3 times a number decreased by 8 is 7.
3640 − x = amount of tax reduction to be
deducted from Mrs. McAdam's
income
24, 200 − x = 26, 400 − ( 3640 − x )
24, 200 − x = 26, 400 − 3640 + x
24, 200 − x = 22, 760 + x
24, 200 − x + x = 22, 760 + x + x
24, 200 = 22, 760 + 2 x
24, 200 − 22, 760 = 22, 760 − 22, 760 + 2 x
1440 = 2 x
1440 2 x
=
2 2
x = $720 deducted from
Mr. McAdam's income
3640 − x = 3640 − 720 = $2920 deducted
from Mrs. McAdam's income
49. Let x = the first integer 50. a) Let x = the number of years for the amount
x + 1 = the second integer saved to equal the price of the course
x + 2 = the third integer (the largest) 0.10 ( 600 ) = $60 saved per year
x + ( x + 1) + ( x + 2 ) = 3 ( x + 2 ) − 3 60 x = 45
3 x + 3 = 3x + 6 − 3 60 x 45
=
3 x + 3 = 3x + 3 60 60
3 3
x = year = (12 ) = 9 months
4 4
b) 25 − 18 = 7 years
7 ( 60 ) = $420 saved before paying for course
$420 − $45 = $375 total savings
9
51. F = C + 32
5
The thermometers will read the same when F = C.
Substitute C for F in the above equation.
9
C = C + 32
5
9 
5C = 5  C + 32 
5 
5C = 9C + 160
5C − 9C = 9C − 9C + 160
−4C = 160
−4C 160
=
−4 −4
C = −40°
Exercise Set 6.5

1. Inverse variation - As one variable increases, the other decreases and vice versa.
2. Direct variation - As one variable increases, so does the other, and as one variable decreases, so does the other.
3. Joint variation - One quantity varies directly as the product of two or more other quantities.
4. Combined variation uses at least two forms of variation.
5. Direct 6. Inverse 7. Inverse 8. Direct

9. Direct 10. Direct 11. Inverse 12. Direct
13. Inverse 14. Direct 15. Inverse 16. Direct
17. Direct 18. Inverse 19. Direct 20. Inverse

23. a) y = kx k
24. a) x =
b) y = 3 ( 5 ) = 15 y
15
b) x = = 1.25
12
SECTION 6.5 179
k 26. a) r = ks 2
25. a) m =
n2 b) r = 13 ( 2 ) = 13 ( 4 ) = 52
2
16 16
b) m = = = 0.25
( 8)
2
64
k kJ
27. a) R = 28. a) D =
W C
8 5(10 ) 50
b) R = = 0.05 b) D = = =2
160 25 25
29. a) F = kDE kR1 R 2

30. a) A =
b) F = 7(3)(10 ) = 210 L2
3
(120)(8) (1.5)(120)(8) 1440
b) A = 2 = = = 57.6
(5)2 25 25
kd 2 k t
31. a) t = 32. a) y =
f s
k (8)
2
k 36
b) 192 = b) 12 =
4 2
64k 6k
192 = 12 =
4 2
768 = 64k 24 = 6k
768 64k 24 6k
= =
64 64 6 6
k = 12 k=4
12d 2 4 t
t= y=
f s
12 (10 )
2
12 (100 ) 4 81 4 ( 9 ) 36
t= = =
1200
= 200 y= = = =9
6 6 6 4 4 4
33. a) Z = kWY 34. a) y = kR 2

b) 12 = k ( 9 )( 4 )
4 = k ( 4)
2
b)
12 = 36k
4 = 16k
12 36k
= 4 16k
36 36 =
16 16
1
k= k = 0.25
3
1 y = 0.25 R 2
Z = WY
y = 0.25 ( 8 ) = 0.25 ( 64 ) = 16
2
3
1 300
Z = ( 50 )( 6 ) = = 100
3 3
35. a) H = kL k
36. a) C =
b) 15 = k ( 50 ) J
k
15 50k
= b) 7=
50 50 0.7
k = 0.3 k = 7 ( 0.7 ) = 4.9
H = 0.3L C=
4.9
H = 0.3 (10 ) = 3 J
4.9
C= = 0.4083 ≈ 0.41
12
37. a) A = kB 2 kM 1 M 2
38. a) F=
b) 245 = k ( 7 )
2 d2
k ( 5)(10 )
245 = 49k b) 20 =
( 0.2 )
2
245 49k
=
49 49 50k
20 =
k =5 0.04
A = 5B 2 50k = 0.8
0.8
A = 5 (12 ) = 5 (144 ) = 720 k= = 0.016
2
50
0.016M 1 M 2
F=
d2
0.016 (10 )( 20 ) 3.2
F= = = 20
( 0.4 )
2
0.16
kq1 q 2 40. a) S = k I T 2
39. a) F = 2
d 8 = k ( 20 )( 4 )
2
b)
k ( 2 )( 8)
b) 8= 8 = 320k
( 4)
2
8
k= = 0.025
16k 320
8=
16 S = 0.025IT 2
k =8
S = 0.025 ( 2 )( 2 ) = 0.025 ( 2 )( 4 ) = 0.2
2
8q1q2
F=
d2
8 ( 28 )(12 ) 2688
F= = = 672
( 2)
2
4
41. a) R = kL 42. a) I = k r
b) 0.24 = k ( 30 ) b) 40 = k ( 0.04 )
0.24 30k 40
= k= = 1000
30 30 0.04
k = 0.008 I = 1000r
R = 0.008L I = 1000 ( 0.06 ) = $60
R = 0.008 ( 40 ) = 0.32 ohm
SECTION 6.5 181
k k
43. a) l= 2
44. a) t =
d n
k k
b) 20 = b) 16 =
( 6)
2
2
k = 20 ( 36 ) = 720 k = 16 ( 2 ) = 32
720 32
l= t=
d2 n
720 720 32
l= = = 80 dB t= = 8 hours
( 3) 4
2
9
kA 46. a) a = kd 2
45. a) R=
b) 100 = k ( 25 )
2
P
k ( 600 ) 100 = 625k
b) 4800 =
3 100 625k
600k = 14, 400 =
625 625
14, 400
k= = 24 k=
100
= 0.16
600 625
24 A
R= a = 0.16d 2
P
a = 0.16 ( 40 ) = 0.16 (1600 )
2
24 ( 700 ) 16,800
R= = = 4800 tapes = 256 square feet
3.50 3.50
47. a) s = kwd 2 kL
48. a) R =
A
b) 2250 = k ( 2 )(10 ) k ( 200 )
2
b) 0.2 =
2250 = 200k 0.05
2250 200k 200k = 0.01
=
200 200 0.01
k= = 0.00005
2250 200
k= = 11.25
200 0.00005L
R=
s = 11.25wd 2 A
0.00005 ( 5000 ) 0.25
s = 11.25 ( 4 )(12 ) = 11.25 ( 4 )(144 )
2
R= = = 25 ohms
0.01 0.01
= 6480 pounds per square inch
kp1 p2 50. a) y = kx
49. a) N =
d y = 2x
k ( 60,000 )( 200, 000 ) y 2x
b) 100, 000 = =
300 2 2
12, 000, 000, 000k = 30, 000, 000 y
x = = 0.5 y
30, 000, 000 2
k= = 0.0025 Directly
12, 000, 000, 000
b) k = 0.5
0.0025 p1 p2
N=
d
0.0025 (125, 000 )(175, 000 )
N=
450
54, 687,500
N=
450
= 121,527.7778 ≈ 121,528 calls
k k
51. a) y= 52. I=
x d2
0.3 1 k
y= =
x 16 (4 )2
xy = 0.3
1 k
xy 0.3 =
= 16 16
y y k =1
0.3 1
x= I=
y d2
Inversely 1 1
b) k stays 0.3 I= =
(3) 2 9
kTA F
53. W=
R
k ( 78 )(1000 ) 4
72 =
5.6
156, 000k = 403.2
403.2
k= = 0.0025846154
156, 000
0.0025846154TA F
W=
R
0.0025846154 ( 78 )(1500 ) 6
W=
5.6
740.7256982
W= = 132.2724461 ≈ $132.27
5.6
SECTION 6.6 183
Exercise Set 6.6

1. a < b means that a is less than b , a ≤ b means that a is less than or equal to b , a > b means that a is greater
than b , a ≥ b means that a is greater than or equal to b .
2. a) An inequality consists of two (or more) expressions joined by an inequality sign.
b) 2 < 7, 3 > −1, 5 x + 2 ≥ 9
3. When both sides of an inequality are multiplied or divided by a negative number, the direction of the
inequality symbol must be reversed.
4. Yes, the inequality symbol points to the x in both cases.
5. Yes, the inequality symbol points to the −3 in both cases.
6. You should use an open circle if the solution does not include the number. You should use a closed circle
if the solution includes the number.
7. x > 6 8. x ≤ 9
6 9
9. x+4≥7 10. 3x > 9

x+4−4 ≥ 7−4 3x 9
>
x≥3 3 3
x>3
3 3
11. − 3 x ≤ 18 12. −4 x < 12

−3x 18 −4 x 12
≥ >
−3 −3 −4 −4
x ≥ −6 x > −3
-6 -3
13. x 14. x
< −2 >4
6 2
x  x
6  < 6(− 2 ) 2  > 2(4 )
6 2
x < −12 x>8
-12 8
15. −x 16. x
≥3 ≥ −4
3 2
−x x
− 3  ≤ −3(3) 2  ≥ 2(− 4 )
 3  2
x ≤ −9 x ≥ −8
-9 -8
17. 2 x + 6 ≥ 14 18. 3 x + 12 < 5 x + 14

2 x + 6 − 6 ≥ 14 − 6 3 x − 5 x + 12 < 5 x − 5 x + 14
2x ≥ 8 −2 x + 12 < 14
2x 8 −2 x + 12 − 12 < 14 − 12
≥
2 2 −2 x < 2
x≥4 −2 x 2
>
−2 −2
x > −1
4 -1
19. 4 ( x − 1) < 6 20. −5 ( x + 1) + 2 x > −3x + 6

4x − 4 < 6 −5 x − 5 + 2 x > −3 x + 6
4x − 4 + 4 < 6 + 4 −3 x − 5 > −3x + 6
4 x < 10 −3 x + 3 x − 5 > −3x + 3x + 6
4 x 10 −5 > 6
<
4 4 False, no solution
5
x<
2
5 0
2
21. 3(x + 4 ) − 2 < 3x + 10 22. −2 ≤ x ≤ 1

3x + 12 − 2 < 3x + 10
3 x + 10 < 3 x + 10
False, no solution
0 -2 1
23. 3< x−7 ≤ 6 24. 1 x+4

< ≤4
3+ 7 < x −7 + 7 ≤ 6+ 7 2 2
10 < x ≤ 13 1  x+4
2  < 2  ≤ 2(4 )
 
2  2 
1< x+ 4 ≤ 8
1− 4 < x + 4 − 4 ≤ 8 − 4
−3 < x ≤ 4
10 13 -3 0 4
25. x≥2 26. −3 < x

x > −3
2 5 -2 1
SECTION 6.6 185
27. −3x ≤ 27 28. 3 x ≥ 27

−3 x 27 3x 27
≥ ≥
−3 −3 3 3
x ≥ −9 x≥9
-9 -6 9 12
29. x−2< 4 30. −5 x ≤ 15

x−2+2 < 4+2 −5 x 15
≥
x<6 −5 −5
x ≥ −3
2 5 -3 0
31. x 32. x
≤ −2 ≥ −3
3 4
 x  x
3   ≤ 3 ( −2 ) 4   ≥ 4 ( −3 )
3 4
x ≤ −6 x ≥ −12
-9 -6 -12 -9
33. −x 34. 2x
≥3 ≤4
6 3
−x 3  2x  3
− 6  ≤ −6(3)   ≤ (4 )
 6  2 3  2
x ≤ −18 x≤6
-21 -18 3 6
35. − 11 < −5 x + 4 36. 2 x + 5 < −3 + 6 x

−11 − 4 < −5 x + 4 − 4 2 x − 6 x + 5 < −3 + 6 x − 6 x
− 15 < −5 x − 4 x + 5 < −3
−15 −5 x −4 x + 5 − 5 < −3 − 5
> − 4 x < −8
−5 −5
3> x −4 x −8
>
x<3 −4 −4
x>2
-1 2 3 6
37. 3(x + 4 ) ≥ 4 x + 13 38. − 2(x − 1) < 3(x − 4 ) + 5

3 x + 12 ≥ 4 x + 13 − 2 x + 2 < 3 x − 12 + 5
3x − 4 x + 12 ≥ 4 x − 4 x + 13 − 2 x + 2 < 3x − 7
− x + 12 ≥ 13 −2 x − 3 x + 2 < 3 x − 3 x − 7
−x + 12 − 12 ≥ 13 − 12 − 5 x + 2 < −7
− x ≥1 − 5 x + 2 − 2 < −7 − 2
−x 1 − 5 x < −9
≤
−1 −1 −5 x −9
x ≤ −1 >
−5 −5
9
x>
5
-4 -1 2 5
39. 5( x + 4 ) − 6 ≤ 2 x + 8 40. −3 ≤ x < 5

5 x + 20 − 6 ≤ 2 x + 8
5 x + 14 ≤ 2 x + 8
5 x − 2 x + 14 ≤ 2 x − 2 x + 8
3 x + 14 ≤ 8
3x + 14 − 14 ≤ 8 − 14
3 x ≤ −6
3 x −6
≤
3 3
x ≤ −2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-5 -2
41. 1 > − x > −5 42. − 2 < 2x + 3 < 6

1 − x −5 −2 − 3 < 2 x + 3 − 3 < 6 − 3
< < − 5 < 2x < 3
−1 −1 −1
−1 < x < 5 −5 2 x 3
< <
2 2 2
5 3
− <x<
2 2
0 1 2 3 4 -2 -1 0 1
SECTION 6.6 187
43. x−4 44. 1 x−2 1

0.2 ≤ ≤ 0.4 − < ≤
10 3 12 4
 x−4  1   x − 2  1
10 ( 0.2 ) ≤ 10   ≤ 10 ( 0.4 ) 12  −  < 12   ≤ 12  
 10   3  12   4
2≤ x−4≤ 4 −4 < x − 2 ≤ 3
2+4 ≤ x−4+4 ≤ 4+4 −4 + 2 < x − 2 + 2 ≤ 3 + 2
6≤ x≤8 −2 < x ≤ 5
6 7 8 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
45. a) 2000, 2001 46. a) 1990, 2000

b) 1997, 1998 b) 1890, 1910, 1950, 1970
c) 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 c) 2000
d) 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 d) 2000
47. Let x = the number of videos 48. Let x = the dollar amount of weekly sales
No Fee Plan cost: 2.99 x Plan A: 500 + 0.06 x
Annual Fee Plan: 30 + 1.49 x Plan B: 400 + 0.08 x
2.99 x < 30 + 1.49 x 400 + 0.08 x > 500 + 0.06 x
2.99 x − 1.49 x < 30 + 1.49 x − 1.49 x 400 + 0.08 x − 0.06 x > 500 + 0.06 x − 0.06 x
1.50 x < 30 400 + 0.02 x > 500
1.50 x 30 400 − 400 + 0.02 x > 500 − 400
<
1.50 1.50 0.02 x > 100
x < 20 0.02 x 100
>
The maximum number of videos that can be rented 0.02 0.02
for the No Fee Plan to cost less than the x > 5000
Annual Fee Plan is 19. The dollar amount of weekly sales that would result
in Bobby earning more by Plan B than by Plan A
is more than $5000.
49. Let x = the number of miles 50. a) Let x = the number of boxes of books
110 + 0.25 x = cost of renting from Fred’s 60 x = the weight of x boxes of books
110 + 0.25 x < 200 180 + 60 x ≤ 1200
110 − 110 + 0.25 x < 200 − 110 b) 180 − 180 + 60 x ≤ 1200 − 180
0.25 x < 90 60 x ≤ 1020
0.25 x 90 60 x 1020
< ≤
0.25 0.25 60 60
x < 360 mi x ≤ 17
The maximum number of boxes is 17.
51. Let x = the cost of the meal 52. 12 x > 2 x + 2000

0.07 x = the tax on the meal 12 x − 2 x > 2 x − 2 x + 2000
0.15 x = the tip on the meal 10 x > 2000
x + 0.07 x + 0.15 x ≤ 19
10 x 2000
1.22 x ≤ 19 >
10 10
1.22 x 19
≤ x > 200
1.22 1.22
More than 200 books must be sold weekly to
x ≤ 15.57377049
make a profit.
Mrs. Franklin can select a meal for x ≤ $15.57 .
53. 36 < 84 − 32t < 68 54. Let x = the number of miles

36 − 84 < 84 − 84 − 32t < 68 − 84 distance = rate × time
− 48 < −32t < −16 40(4 ) ≤ x ≤ 55(4 )
−48 −32t −16 160 ≤ x ≤ 220
> >
− 32 − 32 − 32
1.5 > t > 0.5
0 .5 < t < 1 .5
ft ft
The velocity will be between 36 and 68
sec sec
when t is between 0.5sec and 1.5 sec .
55. Let x = Devon’s grade on the fifth test 56. Let x = the number of tents rented
78 + 64 + 88 + 76 + x 950 ≤ 325 + 125 x ≤ 1200
80 ≤ < 90
5 950 − 325 ≤ 325 − 325 + 125 x ≤ 1200 − 325
306 + x 625 ≤ 125 x ≤ 875
80 ≤ < 90
5 625 125 x 875
 306 + x  ≤ ≤
5(80 ) ≤ 5  < 5(90 ) 125 125 125
 5  5≤ x≤7
400 ≤ 306 + x < 450 Minimum: 5 Maximum: 7
400 − 306 ≤ 306 − 306 + x < 450 − 306
94 ≤ x < 144
Devon must have a score of 94 ≤ x ≤ 100 ,
assuming 100 is the highest grade possible.
57. Let x = the number of gallons

250 x = 2750 and 400 x = 2750
2750 2750
x= , x=
250 400
x = 11 , x = 6.875
6.875 ≤ x ≤ 11
SECTION 6.7 189
58. Let x = the final exam grade

86 + 74 + 68 + 96 + 72 396
The semester average = = = 79.2
5 5
2 1
The final grade is found by taking of the semester average and adding this to of the final exam. The final
3 3
2
grade is (79.2 ) + 1 x = 52.8 + 1 x . In order for Teresa to receive a final grade of B in the course, she must have an
3 3 3
average greater than or equal to 80 and less than 90 .
1
80 ≤ 52.8 + x < 90
3
1
80 − 52.8 ≤ 52.8 − 52.8 + x < 90 − 52.8
3
1
27.2 ≤ x < 37.2
3
1 
3(27.2 ) ≤ 3 x  < 3(37.2 )
3 
81.6 ≤ x < 111.6
Thus, Teresa must receive 81.6 ≤ x ≤ 100 , assuming that 100 is the highest grade possible.
1
59. Student’s answer: − x≤4
3
 1 
− 3 − x  ≤ −3(4 )
 3 
x ≤ −12
1
Correct answer: − x≤4
3
 1 
− 3 − x  ≥ −3(4 )
 3 
x ≥ −12
Yes, −12 is in both solution sets.
Exercise Set 6.7

1. A graph is an illustration of all the points whose coordinates satisfy an equation.
2. To find the x-intercept, set y = 0 and solve the equation for x .
3. To find the y-intercept, set x = 0 and solve the equation for y .
4. The slope of a line is a ratio of the vertical change to the horizontal change for any two points on the line.
5. a) Divide the difference between the y − coordinates by the difference between the x − coordinates.
5− 2 3 1
b) m = = =−
−3−6 −9 3
6. Plotting points, using intercepts, and using the slope and y − intercept
7. a) First
b) Second
8. Two
9. - 16. 17. - 24.
25. (0, 2) 26. (-2, 4) 27. (-2, 0) 28. (-3, 1) 29. (-5, -3)
30. (0, -3) 31. (2, -3) 32. (4, 0) 33. (2, 2) 34. (4, 3)
35. Substituting (1, 3) into 3 x + y = 7 , we have 36. Substituting (0, -4) into 4 x − y = 4 , we have
3 (1) + 3 = 7 4 ( 0 ) − ( −4 ) = 4
3+ 3 = 7 0+4 = 4
6≠7 4=4
Therefore, (1, 3) does not satisfy 3 x + y = 7 . Therefore, (0, -4) satisfies 4 x − y = 4 .
Substituting (1, 4) into 3 x + y = 7 , we have Substituting (1, 0) into 4 x − y = 4 , we have
3 (1) + 4 = 7 4 (1) − 0 = 4
3+ 4 = 7 4−0 = 4
7=7 4=4
Therefore, (1, 4) satisfies 3 x + y = 7 . Therefore, (1, 0) satisfies 4 x − y = 4 .
Substituting (-1, 10) into 3 x + y = 7 , we have Substituting (2, -3) into 4 x − y = 4 , we have
3 ( −1) + 10 = 7 4 ( 2 ) − ( −3 ) = 4
−3 + 10 = 7 8+3 = 4
7=7 11 ≠ 4
Therefore, (-1, 10) satisfies 3 x + y = 7 . Therefore, (2, -3) does not satisfy 4 x − y = 4 .
SECTION 6.7 191
37. Substituting (5, 0) into 2 x − 3 y = 10 , we have 38. Substituting (2, 1) into 3 y = 4 x + 2 , we have
2 ( 5 ) − 3 ( 0 ) = 10 3 (1) = 4 ( 2 ) + 2
10 − 0 = 10 3 = 8+ 2
10 = 10 3 ≠ 10
Therefore, (5, 0) satisfies 2 x − 3 y = 10 . Therefore, (2, 1) does not satisfy 3 y = 4 x + 2 .
Substituting (0, 3) into 2 x − 3 y = 10 , we have Substituting (1, 2) into 3 y = 4 x + 2 , we have
2 ( 0 ) − 3 ( 3) = 10 3 ( 2 ) = 4 (1) + 2
0 − 9 = 10 6 = 4+2
−9 ≠ 10 6=6
Therefore, (0, 3) does not satisfy 2 x − 3 y = 10 . Therefore, (1, 2) satisfies 3 y = 4 x + 2 .
 10   2
Substituting  0, −  into 2 x − 3 y = 10 , we have Substituting  0,  into 3 y = 4 x + 2 , we have
 3  3
 10  2
2 ( 0 ) − 3  −  = 10 3  = 4 ( 0) + 2
 3 3
0 + 10 = 10 2 = 0+2
10 = 10 2=2
 10   2
Therefore,  0, −  satisfies 2 x − 3 y = 10 . Therefore,  0,  satisfies 3 y = 4 x + 2 .
 3  3
39. Substituting (1, -1) into 7 y = 3 x − 5 , we have  4 x

40. Substituting  0,  into + 3 y = 4 , we have
7 ( −1) = 3 (1) − 5  3 2
−7 = 3 − 5 0 4
+ 3  = 4
−7 ≠ −2 2 3
Therefore, (1, -1) does not satisfy 7 y = 3 x − 5 . 0+4 = 4
4=4
 4 x
Therefore,  0,  satisfies + 3 y = 4 .
 3  2
Substituting (-3, -2) into 7 y = 3 x − 5 , we have x
Substituting (8, 0) into + 3 y = 4 , we have
7 ( −2 ) = 3 ( −3 ) − 5 2
8
−14 = −9 − 5 + 3( 0) = 4
−14 = −14 2
4+0 = 4
Therefore, (-3, -2) satisfies 7 y = 3 x − 5 .
4=4
x
Therefore, (8, 0) satisfies + 3y = 4 .
2
Substituting (2, 5) into 7 y = 3 x − 5 , we have x
Substituting (10, -2) into + 3 y = 4 , we have
7 ( 5) = 3 ( 2) − 5 2
10
35 = 6 − 5 + 3 ( −2 ) = 4
2
35 ≠ 1
5−6 = 4
Therefore, (2, 5) does not satisfy 7 y = 3 x − 5 .
−1 ≠ 4
x
Therefore, (10, -2) does not satisfy + 3y = 4 .
2
 8 x 3y 42. Substituting (2, 1) into 2 x − 5 y = −7 , we have

41. Substituting  0,  into + = 2 , we have
 3 2 4
2 ( 2 ) − 5 (1) = −7
0 8
+ =2 4 − 5 = −7
2 4 −1 ≠ −7
0+2 = 2
Therefore, (2, 1) does not satisfy 2 x − 5 y = −7 .
2=2
 8 x 3y
Therefore,  0,  satisfies + =2.
 3 2 4
 11  x 3y Substituting (-1, 1) into 2 x − 5 y = −7 , we have

Substituting 1,  into + = 2 , we have
 4  2 4
2 ( −1) − 5 (1) = −7
1 33
+ =2 −2 − 5 = −7
2 16 −7 = −7
8 33
+ =2 Therefore, (-1, 1) satisfies 2 x − 5 y = −7 .
16 16
41
≠2
16
 11  x 3y
Therefore, 1,  does not satisfy + =2.
 4 2 4
x 3y Substituting (4, 3) into 2 x − 5 y = −7 , we have

Substituting (4, 0) into + = 2 , we have
2 4
2 ( 4 ) − 5 ( 3) = −7
4 0 8 − 15 = −7
+ =2
2 4
−7 = −7
2+0 = 2
2=2 Therefore, (4, 3) satisfies 2 x − 5 y = −7 .
x 3y
Therefore, (4, 0) satisfies + =2.
2 4
43. Since the line is vertical, its slope is undefined. 44. Since the line is vertical, its slope is undefined.
SECTION 6.7 193
45. Since the line is horizontal, its slope is 0. 46. Since the line is horizontal, its slope is 0.
47. 48.
49. 50.
51. 52.
53. 54.
55. 56.
SECTION 6.7 195
57. 58.
59. 60.
61. 62.
63. 64.
65. 66.
SECTION 6.7 197
21 − 7 14 4 −1 3
67. ( 3, 7 ) , (10, 21) m= = =2 68. ( 4,1) , (1, 4 ) m= = = −1
10 − 3 7 1 − 4 −3
−9 − 6 −15 15 −9 − 6 −15 5
69. ( 2,6 ) , ( −5, −9 ) m= = = 70. ( −5, 6 ) , ( 7, −9 ) m= = =−
−5 − 2 −7 7 7 − ( −5 ) 12 4
2−2 0 −2 − ( −5 ) 3
71. ( 5, 2 ) , ( −3, 2 ) m= = =0 72. ( −3, −5 ) , ( −1, −2 ) m= =
−3 − 5 −8 −1 − ( −3 ) 2
3 − ( −3 ) 6 −3 − 6 −9
73. (8, −3) , ( 8,3) m= = Undefined 74. ( 2,6 ) , ( 2, −3) m= = Undefined
8−8 0 2−2 0
−1 − 3 −4 4 −6 − ( −5 ) −1 1
75. ( −2,3) , (1, −1) m= = =− 76. ( −7, −5 ) , ( 5, −6 ) m= = =−
1 − ( −2 ) 3 3 5 − ( −7 ) 12 12
77. 78.
79. 80.
81. 82.
83. 84.
SECTION 6.7 199
85. 86.
87. The y -intercept is 3; thus b = 3 . The slope is negative since the graph falls from left to right. The change in y is 3,
3 3
while the change in x is 4. Thus m , the slope, is − . The equation is y = − x + 3 .
4 4
88. The y -intercept is 3; thus b = 3 . The slope is positive since the graph rises from left to right. The change in y is 3,
3 3
while the change in x is 2. Thus m , the slope, is . The equation is y = x + 3 .
2 2
89. The y -intercept is 2; thus b = 2 . The slope is positive since the graph rises from left to right. The change in y is 3,
3
while the change in x is 1. Thus m , the slope, is = 3 . The equation is y = 3 x + 2 .
1
90. The y -intercept is 1 ; thus b = 1 . The slope is negative since the graph falls from left to right. The change in y is 2,
while the change in x is 1. Thus m , the slope, is −2 . The equation is y = −2 x + 1 .
91. a) 92. a)
D (-4, 8) C (7, 8)
A (-4, 2) B (7, 2)
b) A = lw = 5 ( 2 ) = 10 square units b) A = lw = 11( 6 ) = 66 square units
93. 94.
B (5, 5) C (9, 5)
A (-2, 2) B (3, 2)
D (-1, 2) A (3, 2) D (7, 2)
D (1, -1) C (6, -1) D (11, -1)
95. For the line joining points P and Q to be parallel 96. For the line joining points P and Q to be parallel to the y-axis,
to the x-axis, both ordered pairs must have the both ordered pairs must have the same x-value. Thus, b = 5 .
same y-value. Thus, b = 3 .
97. For the line joining points P and Q to be parallel 98. For the line joining points P and Q to be parallel to the x-axis,
to the x-axis, both ordered pairs must have the both ordered pairs must have the same y-value.
same y-value. 2b + 3 = −1
2b + 1 = 7 2b + 3 − 3 = −1 − 3
2b + 1 − 1 = 7 − 1 2b = −4
2b = 6 b = −2
b=3
SECTION 6.7 201
99. a) 100. a)
b) $300 b) $130
c) To break even, profit must equal zero. c) 70 = 40 + 0.3s
15n − 300 = 0
70 − 40 = 40 − 40 + 0.3s
15n − 300 + 300 = 0 + 300
30 = 0.3s
15n = 300
s = 100 square feet
n = 20 dozens of chocolates
101. a) 102. a)
b) 8.95 + 0.33 ( 20 ) = $15.55 b) i = 1000 ( 0.04 ) = $40

c) 8.95 + 0.33n = 20.83 c) i = 1000 ( 0.06 ) = $60
0.33n = 11.88
n = 36 pictures
96 − 53 43 19 − 9 10
103. a) m = = = 10.75 104. a) m = = =2
4−0 4 5−0 5
b) y = 10.75 x + 53 b) y = 2 x + 9
c) y = 10.75 ( 3) + 53 = 32.25 + 53 = 85.25 c) y = 2 ( 3) + 9 = 6 + 9 = 15 defects
d) 80 = 10.75 x + 53 d) 17 = 2 x + 9
27 = 10.75 x 17 − 9 = 2 x + 9 − 9
x = 2.511627907 ≈ 2.5 hours 8 = 2x
x = 4 workers
24 − 40 −16 8 25,000 − 17,000 8000

105. a) m = = =− 106. a) m = = = 888. 8 ≈ 888.89 million
30 − 0 30 15 9−0 9
8 b) y = 888.89 x + 17,000 (numbers in millions)
b) y = − x + 40
15 c) y = 888.89 ( 4 ) + 17, 000 = 20,555.56 ≈ $20,556 million
8 20, 000 = 888.89 x + 17, 000
y = − (15) + 40 = −8 + 40 d)
c) 15 3000 = 888.89 x
= 32%
x = 3.374995781
8
d) 30 = − x + 40 ≈ 3.37 years after 1994, or in 1997
15
8
30 − 40 = − x + 40 − 40
15
8
−10 = − x
15
 15  8  15 
−10  −  = − x  − 
 8  15  8
150
x=
8
= 18.75 years after 1970, or in 1988
107. a) Solve the equations for y to put them in slope-intercept form. Then compare the slopes and
y-intercepts. If the slopes are equal but the y-intercepts are different, then the lines are parallel.
b) 2x − 3 y = 6 4x = 6 y + 6
2 x − 2 x − 3 y = −2 x + 6 4x − 6 = 6 y + 6 − 6
− 3 y = −2 x + 6 4x − 6 = 6 y
−3 y −2 x 6 4x 6 6 y
= + − =
−3 −3 −3 6 6 6
2 2
y= x−2 x −1 = y
3 3
2
Since the two equations have the same slope, m = , the graphs of the equations are parallel lines.
3
108. Quadrants 1, 2, and 4. The graph of the line x + y = 1 is in quadrants 1, 2, and 4; therefore, the set of
points that satisfy the equation is in these quadrants.
Exercise Set 6.8

1. (1) Mentally substitute the equal sign for the inequality sign and plot points as if you were graphing the equation.
(2) If the inequality is < or >, draw a dashed line through the points. If the inequality is ≤ or ≥, draw a solid line
through the points. (3) Select a test point not on the line and substitute the x- and y- coordinates into the inequality.
If the substitution results in a true statement, shade in the area on the same side of the line as the test point. If the
substitution results in a false statement, shade in the area on the opposite side of the line as the test point.
2. To indicate that the line is part of the solution set, we draw a solid line. To indicate that the line is not part of the
solution set, we draw a dashed line.
SECTION 6.8 203
3. Graph x = 1 . Since the original statement is less 4. Graph y = −2 . Since the original statement is
than or equal to, a solid line is drawn. Since the greater than or equal to, a solid line is drawn.
point (0, 0) satisfies the inequality x ≤ 1 , all points Since the point (0, 0) satisfies the inequality
on the line and in the half-plane to the left of the y ≥ −2 , all points on the line and in the half-plane
line x = 1 are in the solution set. above the line y = −2 are in the solution set.
5. Graph y = x + 3 . Since the original statement is 6. Graph y = x − 5 . Since the original statement is
strictly greater than, a dashed line is drawn. Since strictly less than, a dashed line is drawn. Since
the point (0, 0) does not satisfy the inequality the point (0, 0) does not satisfy the inequality
y > x + 3 , all points in the half-plane above the line y < x − 5 , all points in the half-plane below the line
y = x + 3 are in the solution set. y = x − 5 are in the solution set.
7. Graph y = 2 x − 6 . Since the original statement is 8. Graph y = −2 x + 2 . Since the original statement is
greater than or equal to, a solid line is drawn. strictly less than, a dashed line is drawn. Since the
Since the point (0, 0) satisfies the inequality point (0, 0) satisfies the inequality y < −2 x + 2 , all
y ≥ 2 x − 6 , all points on the line and in the half- points in the half-plane below the line y = −2 x + 2
plane above the line y = 2 x − 6 are in the solution are in the solution set.
set.
9. Graph 3 x − 4 y = 12 . Since the original statement 10. Graph x + 2 y = 4 . Since the original statement is
is strictly greater than, a dashed line is drawn. strictly greater than, a dashed line is drawn. Since
Since the point (0, 0) does not satisfy the inequality the point (0, 0) does not satisfy the inequality
3 x − 4 y > 12 , all points in the half-plane below the x + 2 y > 4 , all points in the half-plane above the
line 3 x − 4 y = 12 are in the solution set. line x + 2 y = 4 are in the solution set.
11. Graph 3 x − 4 y = 9 . Since the original statement is 12. Graph 4 y − 3 x = 9 . Since the original statement is
less than or equal to, a solid line is drawn. Since greater than or equal to, a solid line is drawn.
the point (0, 0) satisfies the inequality 3 x − 4 y ≤ 9 , Since the point (0, 0) does not satisfy the inequality
all points on the line and in the half-plane above 4 y − 3 x ≥ 9 , all points on the line and in the half-
the line 3 x − 4 y = 9 are in the solution set. plane above the line 4 y − 3 x = 9 are in the solution
set.
13. Graph 3 x + 2 y = 6 . Since the original statement is 14. Graph − x + 2 y = 2 . Since the original statement is
strictly less than, a dashed line is drawn. Since the strictly less than, a dashed line is drawn. Since the
point (0, 0) satisfies the inequality 3 x + 2 y < 6 , all point (0, 0) satisfies the inequality − x + 2 y < 2 , all
points in the half-plane to the left of the line points in the half-plane below the line − x + 2 y = 2
3 x + 2 y = 6 are in the solution set. are in the solution set.
SECTION 6.8 205
15. Graph x + y = 0 . Since the original statement is 16. Graph x + 2 y = 0 . Since the original statement is
strictly greater than, a dashed line is drawn. Since less than or equal to, a solid line is drawn. Since
the point (1, 1) satisfies the inequality x + y > 0 , the point (1, 1) does not satisfy the inequality
all points in the half-plane above the line x + y = 0 x + 2 y ≤ 0 , all points on the line x + 2 y = 0 and in
are in the solution set. the half-plane below the line are in the solution
set.
17. Graph 5 x − 2 y = 10 . Since the original statement 18. Graph y = −2 x + 1 . Since the original statement is
is less than or equal to, a solid line is drawn. Since greater than or equal to, a solid line is drawn.
the point (0, 0) satisfies the inequality Since the point (0, 0) does not satisfy the inequality
5 x − 2 y ≤ 10 , all points on the line and in the half- y ≥ −2 x + 1 , all points on the line and in the half-
plane above the line 5 x − 2 y = 10 are in the plane above the line y = −2 x + 1 are in the solution
solution set. set.
19. Graph 3 x + 2 y = 12 . Since the original statement 20. Graph y = 3 x − 4 . Since the original statement is
is strictly greater than, a dashed line is drawn. less than or equal to, a solid line is drawn. Since
Since the point (0, 0) does not satisfy the inequality the point (0, 0) does not satisfy the inequality
3 x + 2 y > 12 , all points in the half-plane above the y ≤ 3 x − 4 , all points on the line and in the half-
line 3 x + 2 y = 12 are in the solution set. plane below the line y = 3 x − 4 are in the solution
set.
2 1 22. Graph 0.1x + 0.3 y = 0.4 . Since the original

21. Graph x − y = 1 . Since the original
5 2 statement is less than or equal to, a solid line is
statement is less than or equal to, a solid line is drawn. Since the point (0, 0) satisfies the
drawn. Since the point (0, 0) satisfies the inequality 0.1x + 0.3 y ≤ 0.4 , all points on the line
2 1 and in the half-plane below the line
inequality x − y ≤ 1 , all points on the line
5 2 0.1x + 0.3 y = 0.4 are in the solution set.
2 1
and in the half-plane above the line x − y = 1
5 2
are in the solution set.
23. Graph 0.2 x + 0.5 y = 0.3 . Since the original 1 3

24. Graph x + y = 1 . Since the original
statement is less than or equal to, a solid line is 3 4
drawn. Since the point (0, 0) satisfies the statement is greater than or equal to, a solid line is
inequality 0.2 x + 0.5 y ≤ 0.3 , all points on the line drawn. Since the point (0, 0) does not satisfy the
and in the half-plane below the line 1 3
inequality x + y ≥ 1 , all points on the line
0.2 x + 0.5 y = 0.3 are in the solution set. 3 4
1 3
and in the half-plane above the line x + y = 1
3 4
are in the solution set.
25. a) x + y ≤ 300 26. a) 2l + 2 w ≤ 40, 0 ≤ l ≤ 20, 0 ≤ w ≤ 20

b) b)
SECTION 6.8 207
27. a) x = the number of acres of land, y = the number of square feet in the house
b)
c) 1500 x + 75 (1950 ) = 150, 000

1500 x + 146, 250 = 150, 000
1500 x = 3750
x = 2.5 acres or less
d) 1500 ( 5 ) + 75 y = 150, 000

7500 + 75 y = 150, 000
75 y = 142,500
y = 1900 ft 2 or less
28. a) No, you cannot have a negative number of shirts.

b)

29. a) 3x − y < 6
3 x − 3 x − y < −3 x + 6
− y < −3 x + 6
− y −3 x 6
> +
−1 −1 −1
y > 3x − 6
b) −3 x + y > −6
−3x + 3x + y > 3x − 6
y > 3x − 6
c) 3x − 2 y < 12
3 x − 3 x − 2 y < −3 x + 12
−2 y < −3x + 12
−2 y −3x 12
> +
−2 −2 −2
3
y > x−6
2
d) y > 3 x − 6
a, b, and d
Review Exercises
1. x = 3, x 2 + 12 = ( 3) + 12 = 9 + 12 = 21 x = −1, − x 2 − 9 = − ( −1) − 9 = −1 − 9 = −10
2 2
2.
3. x = 2, 4 x 2 − 2 x + 5 = 4 ( 2 ) − 2 ( 2 ) + 5
2 2
1 1 1
4. x= , − x2 + 7 x − 3 = −   + 7   − 3
= 16 − 4 + 5 = 17 2 2 2
1 14 12 1
=− + − =
4 4 4 4
5. x = −2, 4 x 3 − 7 x 2 + 3x + 1 6. x = 1, y = −2, 3 x 2 − xy + 2 y 2
= 4(− 2 )3 − 7(− 2 )2 +3(− 2 ) + 1 = 3 (1) − 1( −2 ) + 2 ( −2 )

2 2
= −32 − 28 − 6 + 1 = −65 = 3 + 2 + 8 = 13
7. 3x − 4 + x + 5 = 4 x + 1 8. 3x + 4(x − 2 ) + 6 x = 3x + 4 x − 8 + 6 x = 13x − 8
1 10. 4s + 10 = −30
9. 4 ( x − 1) + ( 9 x + 3) = 4 x − 4 + 3x + 1 = 7 x − 3
3 4s + 10 − 10 = −30 − 10
4 s = −40
4s −40
=
4 4
s = −10
11. 3t + 8 = 6t − 13 x +5 x −3
12. =
3t − 3t + 8 = 6t − 3t − 13 6 3
8 = 3t − 13 3(x + 5) = 6( x − 3)
8 + 13 = 3t − 13 + 13 3 x + 15 = 6 x − 18
21 = 3t 3x − 3x + 15 = 6 x − 3x − 18
21 3t 15 = 3 x − 18
=
3 3 15 + 18 = 3 x − 18 + 18
7=t 33 = 3 x
33 3x
=
3 3
11 = x
13. 4( x − 2 ) = 3 + 5(x + 4 ) x 3
14. + =7
4 x − 8 = 3 + 5 x + 20 4 5
4 x − 8 = 5 x + 23  x 3
20  +  = 20 ( 7 )
4 x − 4 x − 8 = 5 x − 4 x + 23  4 5
− 8 = x + 23 5 x + 12 = 140
5 x + 12 − 12 = 140 − 12
− 8 − 23 = x + 23 − 23
5 x = 128
− 31 = x
5 x 128
=
5 5
128
x=
5
2 3 16. 1 hr 40 min = 60 min + 40 min = 100 min

15. =
1 x 120 300
=
3 100 x
1 120 x = 100 ( 300 )
2x = 3 
3 120 x = 30, 000
2x = 1 120 x 30, 000
=
2x 1 120 120
= x = 250 min, or 4 hr 10 min
2 2
1
x = cup
2
17. A = bh 18. V = 2π R 2 r 2
A = 12 ( 4 ) = 48
V = 2(3.14 )(3)2 (1.75)2
V = 2(3.14 )(9 )(3.0625)
V = 173.0925 ≈ 173.1
x−µ 1
19. Z= 20. K= mv 2
σ 2
1
4500 = m(30)2
n
x − 100 2
2= 4500 = 450m
3
16 4500 450m
=
2 x − 100 450 450
= 10 = m
1 3
4
3
2  = 1( x − 100)
4
3
= x − 100
2
3
+ 100 = x − 100 + 100
2
3 200
+ =x
2 2
203
=x
2
101.5 = x
21. 3x − 9 y = 18 22. 2 x + 5 y = 12
3x − 3 x − 9 y = −3 x + 18 2 x − 2 x + 5 y = −2 x + 12
−9 y = −3 x + 18 5 y = −2 x + 12
−9 y −3x + 18 5 y −2 x + 12 2 12
= = = − x+
−9 −9 5 5 5 5
−3x + 18 − ( −3x + 18 )
y= =
−9 9
3 x − 18 3x 18 1
= = − = x−2
9 9 9 3
23. 2 x − 3 y + 52 = 30 24. −3x − 4 y + 5 z = 4

2 x − 2 x − 3 y + 52 = −2 x + 30 −3 x + 3 x − 4 y + 5 z = 3 x + 4
− 3 y + 52 = −2 x + 30 −4 y + 5 z = 3 x + 4
− 3 y + 52 − 52 = −2 x + 30 − 52 −4 y + 5 z − 5 z = 3 x − 5 z + 4
− 3 y = −2 x − 22 −4 y = 3 x − 5 z + 4
−4 y 3 x − 5 z + 4
−3 y −2 x − 22 =
= −4 −4
−3 −3
3x − 5 z + 4
−2 x − 22 2 x + 22 2 22 y=
y= = = x+ −4
−3 3 3 3 − ( 3x − 5 z + 4 )
=
4
−3 x + 5 z − 4
=
4
3 5
= − x + z −1
4 4
25. A = lw 26. P = 2l + 2 w
A lw
= P − 2l = 2l − 2l + 2w
l l
P − 2l = 2 w
A
=w P − 2l 2w
l =
2 2
P − 2l
=w
2
27. L = 2(wh + lh ) 28. a n = a1 + (n − 1) d

L = 2wh + 2lh a n − a1 = a1 − a1 + (n − 1) d
L − 2wh = 2wh − 2wh + 2lh a n − a1 = (n − 1) d
L − 2 wh = 2lh a n − a1 (n − 1) d
=
L − 2 wh 2lh n −1 n −1
=
2h 2h a n − a1
=d
L − 2wh L 2 wh L n −1
= l or l = − = −w
2h 2h 2h 2h
29. 8 + 2x 30. 3y − 7 31. 10 + 3r 32. 8

− 11
q

3x = 3 times the number 3x = the product of 3 and a number
4 + 3x = 4 increased by 3 times the number 3x + 8 = the product of 3 and a number
4 + 3x = 22 increased by 8
4 − 4 + 3x = 22 − 4 x − 6 = 6 less than the number
3x + 8 = x − 6
3x = 18
3x 18 3x − x + 8 = x − x − 6
= 2 x + 8 = −6
3 3
x=6 2 x + 8 − 8 = −6 − 8
2 x = −14
2 x −14
=
2 2
x = −7

x − 4 = the difference of a number and 4 10 x = 10 times a number
5(x − 4 ) = 5 times the difference of a number 10 x + 14 = 14 more than 10 times a number
and 4 x + 12 = the sum of a number and 12
5(x − 4 ) = 45 8(x + 12 ) = 8 times the sum of a number and 12
5 x − 20 = 45 10 x + 14 = 8(x + 12 )
5 x − 20 + 20 = 45 + 20 10 x + 14 = 8 x + 96
5 x = 65 10 x − 8 x + 14 = 8 x − 8 x + 96
5 x 65 2 x + 14 = 96
=
5 5 2 x + 14 − 14 = 96 − 14
x = 13 2 x = 82
2 x 82
=
2 2
x = 41
37. Let x = the amount invested in bonds 38. Let x = number of lawn chairs
2 x = the amount invested in mutual funds 9.50 x = variable cost per lawn chair
x + 2 x = 15, 000 9.50 x + 15,000 = 95,000
3x = 15, 000 9.50 x + 15,000 − 15,000 = 95,000 − 15,000
3 x 15, 000
= 9.50 x = 80,000
3 3
x = $5000 in bonds 9.50 x 80,000
=
2 x = 2 ( 5000 ) = $10, 000 in mutual funds 9.50 9.50
x = 8421.052632 ≈ 8421 lawn chairs
39. Let x = the number of species at the 40. Let x = profit at restaurant B
Philadelphia Zoo x + 12,000 = profit at restaurant A
2 x + 140 = the number of species at the x + ( x + 12, 000 ) = 68, 000
San Diego Zoo
2 x + 12,000 = 68,000
x + 2 x + 140 = 1130
3 x + 140 = 1130 2 x + 12,000 − 12,000 = 68,000 − 12,000
3 x + 140 − 140 = 1130 − 140 2 x = 56,000
3x = 990 2 x 56,000
=
3x 990 2 2
=
3 3 x = $28,000 for restaurant B
x = 330 species at the
Philadelphia Zoo x + 12,000 = 28,000 + 12,000 = $40,000 for
restaurant A
2 x + 140 = 2 ( 330 ) + 140 = 660 + 140
= 800 species at the San Diego Zoo
41. s=
k 42. J = kA2
t
32 = k ( 4 )
2
k
10 = 32 = 16k
3
k = 10 ( 3) = 30 32 16k
=
16 16
30
s= k=2
t
30 J = 2 A2
s= =6
J = 2 ( 7 ) = 2 ( 49 ) = 98
2
5
kL kxy
43. W= 44. z=
A r2
k (100) k (20 )(8)
80 = 12 =
20 (8)2
100k = 1600
160k = 768
100k 1600
= 160k 768
=
100 100 160 160
k = 16
k = 4.8
16 L
W= z=
4.8 xy
A
r2
16(50 ) 800
W= = = 20 4.8(10)(80 ) 3840
40 40 z= = = 426. 6 ≈ 426.7
(3) 2 9
30 lb x lb 1 in. x in.
45. a) 2
= 46. =
2500 ft 12,500 ft 2 30 mi 120 mi
30 (12,500 ) = 2500 x 30 x = 120
375, 000 = 2500 x 30 x 120
=
375, 000 2500 x 30 30
=
2500 2500 x = 4 in.
x = 150 lb
150
b) = 5 bags
30
1 kWh 740 kWh 48. d = kt 2

47. =
$0.162 x
16 = k (1)2
x = $119.88
k = 16
d = 16t 2
d = 16(5)2 = 16(25) = 400 ft
49. 5 + 9x ≤ 7 x − 7 50. 2 x + 8 ≥ 4 x + 10
5 − 5 + 9x ≤ 7x − 7 − 5 2 x − 4 x + 8 ≥ 4 x − 4 x + 10
9 x ≤ 7 x − 12 −2 x + 8 ≥ 10
9 x − 7 x ≤ 7 x − 7 x − 12 −2 x + 8 − 8 ≥ 10 − 8
2 x ≤ −12 −2 x ≥ 2
2 x −12 −2 x 2
≤ ≤
2 2 −2 −2
x ≤ −6 x ≤ −1
-6 -1
51. 3( x + 9 ) ≤ 4 x + 11 52. − 3 ≤ x +1 < 7

3 x + 27 ≤ 4 x + 11 −3 − 1 ≤ x + 1 − 1 < 7 − 1
3x − 4 x + 27 ≤ 4 x − 4 x + 11 −4 ≤ x < 6
− x + 27 ≤ 11
−x + 27 − 27 ≤ 11 − 27 -4 6
− x ≤ −16
−x −16
≥
−1 −1
x ≥ 16
16
53. 2 + 5 x > −8 54. 5 x + 13 ≥ −22

2 − 2 + 5 x > −8 − 2 5 x + 13 − 13 ≥ −22 − 13
5 x > −10 5 x ≥ −35
5 x −10 5 x −35
> ≥
5 5 5 5
x > −2 x ≥ −7
-1 2 -7 -4
55. −1 < x ≤ 9 56. −8 ≤ x + 2 ≤ 7

−8 − 2 ≤ x + 2 − 2 ≤ 7 − 2
− 10 ≤ x ≤ 5
0 9
-10 5
57. - 60. 61.

y
A (-3, 3) B (2, 3)
x
D (-3, -1) C (2, -1)
Area = lw = 5(4 ) = 20 square units
62. 63.
y
A (-3, 1) D (4, 1)
x
B (-3, -2) C (4, -2)
Area = lw = 7(3) = 21 square units

64. 65.
66. 67.
68. 69.
70.
5−3 2 −4 − (−1) − 4 + 1 3
71. m= = 72. m= = =−
6 −1 5 5−3 5−3 2
3 − ( −4 ) 3 + 4 7 −2 − 2 −4
73. m= = = 74. m= = Undefined
2 − ( −1) 2 + 1 3 6−6 0
75. 76.
77. 78.
79. The y-intercept is 4, thus b = 4 . Since the graph rises from left to right, the slope is positive. The change in y is
4
4 units while the change in x is 2. Thus, m, the slope is or 2. The equation is y = 2 x + 4 .
2
80. The y-intercept is 1, thus b = 1 . Since the graph falls from left to right, the slope is negative. The change in y is
-3
3 units while the change in x is 3. Thus, m, the slope is or -1. The equation is y = − x + 1 .
3
81. a) 82. a)
b) About $160 b) About $6400

c) About $160 c) About 4120 ft2
83. Graph 4 x + 3 y = 12 . Since the original inequality is 84. Graph 3 x + 2 y = 12 . Since the original inequality is
less than or equal to, a solid line is drawn. Since the greater than or equal to, a solid line is drawn. Since
point (0, 0) satisfies the inequality 4 x + 3 y ≤ 12 , all the point (0, 0) does not satisfy the inequality
points on the line and in the half-plane below the 3 x + 2 y ≥ 12 , all points in the half plane above the
line 4 x + 3 y = 12 are in the solution set. line 3 x + 2 y = 12 are in the solution set.
85. Graph 2 x − 3 y = 12 . Since the original inequality is 86. Graph −7 x − 2 y = 14 . Since the original inequality
strictly greater than, a dashed line is drawn. Since is strictly less than, a dashed line is drawn. Since the
the point (0, 0) does not satisfy the inequality point (0, 0) satisfies the inequality −7 x − 2 y < 14 ,
2 x − 3 y > 12 , all points in the half-plane below the all points in the half-plane to the right of the line
line 2 x − 3 y = 12 are in the solution set. −7 x − 2 y = 14 are in the solution set.
87. x 2 + 9 x + 18 = (x + 3)( x + 6 ) 88. x 2 + x − 20 = ( x + 5)( x − 4 )

89. x 2 − 10 x + 24 = (x − 6 )( x − 4 ) 90. x 2 − 9 x + 20 = ( x − 5 )( x − 4 )
91. 6 x 2 + 7 x − 3 = ( 3 x − 1)( 2 x + 3) 92. 2 x 2 + 13x − 7 = ( 2 x − 1)( x + 7 )
93. x 2 + 3x + 2 = 0 94. x 2 − 5 x = −4
( x + 1)( x + 2 ) = 0 x2 − 5x + 4 = 0
x + 1 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 ( x − 1)( x − 4 ) = 0
x = −1 x = −2 x − 1 = 0 or x − 4 = 0
x =1 x=4
95. 3x 2 − 17 x + 10 = 0 96. 3 x 2 = −7 x − 2
(3x − 2 )(x − 5) = 0 3x 2 + 7 x + 2 = 0
3x − 2 = 0 or x − 5 = 0 ( x + 2 )( 3x + 1) = 0
3x = 2 x=5
x + 2 = 0 or 3x + 1 = 0
2 x = −2 3 x = −1
x=
3 1
x=−
3
97. x2 − 4 x −1 = 0 98. x 2 − 3x + 2 = 0
a = 1, b = −4, c = −1 a = 1, b = −3, c = 2
− ( −4 ) ± ( −4 ) − 4 (1)( −1) − (− 3) ± (− 3)2 − 4(1)(2)

2
x= x=
2 (1) 2(1)
4 ± 16 + 4 4 ± 20 4 ± 2 5 3 ± 9 − 8 3 ± 1 3 ±1
x= = = = 2± 5 x= = =
2 2 2 2 2 2
4 2
x = = 2 or x = = 1
2 2
99. 2 x 2 − 3x + 4 = 0 100. 2x 2 − x − 3 = 0
a = 2, b = −3, c = 4 a = 2, b = −1, c = −3
− (− 3) ± (− 3)2 − 4(2)(4) − (− 1) ± (− 1)2 − 4(2)(− 3)

x= x=
2(2 ) 2(2 )
3 ± 9 − 32 3 ± − 23 1 ± 1 + 24 1 ± 25 1 ± 5
x= = x= = =
4 4 4 4 4
No real solution 6 3 −4
x = = or x = = −1
4 2 4
101. Function since each value of x is paired with 102. Not a function since it is possible to draw a
a unique value of y. vertical line that intersects the graph at more
D: x = -2, -1, 2, 3 R: y = -1, 0, 2 than one point.
103. Not a function since it is possible to draw a 104. Function since each vertical line intersects the
vertical line that intersects the graph at more graph at only one point.
than one point. D: all real numbers R: all real numbers
105. f ( x ) = 5 x − 2, x = 4 106. f ( x ) = −2 x + 7, x = −3
f ( 4 ) = 5 ( 4 ) − 2 = 20 − 2 = 18 f ( −3) = −2 ( −3) + 7 = 6 + 7 = 13
107. f (x ) = 2 x 2 − 3x + 4, x = 5 108. f (x ) = −4 x 2 + 7 x + 9, x = 4
f (5) = 2(5)2 − 3(5) + 4 = 50 − 15 + 4 = 39 f (4 ) = −4(4 )2 + 7(4 ) + 9 = −64 + 28 + 9 = −27
109. y = − x 2 − 4 x + 21 110. f ( x ) = 2 x 2 − 8 x + 10
a) a = −1 < 0 , opens downward a) a = 2 > 0 , opens upward
b) x = −2 c) ( −2, 25 ) d) ( 0, 21) b) x = 2 c) ( 2, 2 ) d) ( 0,10 )
e) ( −7, 0 ) , ( 3, 0 ) e) no x-intercepts
f) f)
g) D: all real numbers R: y ≤ 25 g) D: all real numbers R: y ≥ 2
111. 112.
D: all real numbers R: y > 0 D: all real numbers R: y > 0
113. m = 30 − 0.002n 2 , n = 60 114. n = 2a 2 − 80a + 5000

a) a = 18
m = 30 − 0.002(60 )2 = 30 − 0.002(3600)
= 30 − 7.2 = 22.8 mpg n = 2(18)2 − 80(18) + 5000
= 648 − 1440 + 5000 = 4208
b) a = 25
n = 2(25)2 − 80(25) + 5000
= 1250 − 2000 + 5000 = 4250
115. P = 100(0.92 ) x , x = 4.5
P = 100(0.92)4.5
= 100(0.6871399881) = 68.71399881 ≈ 68.7%
CHAPTER TEST 237
Chapter Test
1. 3x 2 + 4 x − 1, x = −2 2. 3x + 5 = 2(4 x − 7 )
3 x + 5 = 8 x − 14
3 ( −2 ) + 4 ( −2 ) − 1 = 12 − 8 − 1 = 3
2
3 x − 8 x + 5 = 8 x − 8 x − 14
− 5 x + 5 = −14
−5 x + 5 − 5 = −14 − 5
− 5 x = −19
−5 x −19
=
−5 −5
19
x=
5
3. −2( x − 3) + 6 x = 2 x + 3(x − 4 ) 4. Let x = the number

− 2 x + 6 + 6 x = 2 x + 3 x − 12 2 x = the product of the number and 2
4 x + 6 = 5 x − 12 2 x + 7 = the product of the number and 2,
4 x − 5 x + 6 = 5 x − 5 x − 12 increased by 7
− x + 6 = −12 2 x + 7 = 25
− x + 6 − 6 = −12 − 6 2 x + 7 − 7 = 25 − 7
2 x = 18
− x = −18
2 x 18
−x −18 =
= 2 2
−1 −1 x=9
x = 18
5. Let x = the cost of the car before tax 6. L = ah + bh + ch; a = 3, b = 4, c = 5, h = 7

0.07 x = the amount of the sales tax L = 3(7 ) + 4(7 ) + 5(7 )
x + 0.07 x = 26, 750 = 21 + 28 + 35 = 84
1.07 x = 26, 750
1.07 x 26, 750
=
1.07 1.07
x = $25, 000
7. 3x + 5 y = 11 kMN
8. L=
3 x − 3x + 5 y = −3x + 11 P
5 y = −3x + 11 k (8)(3)
12 =
5 y −3 x + 11 2
=
5 5 24k = 24
−3 x + 11 3 11 24
y= = − x+ k= =1
5 5 5 24
(1) MN
L=
P
L=
(1)(10)(5) = 50 = 3. 3 = 3 1
15 15 3
k 10. − 3 x + 11 ≤ 5 x + 35
9. l=
w −3x − 5 x + 11 ≤ 5 x − 5 x + 35
k − 8 x + 11 ≤ 35
15 =
9 −8 x + 11 − 11 ≤ 35 − 11
k = 15(9 ) = 135 − 8 x ≤ 24
135 −8 x 24
l= ≥
w −8 −8
135 x ≥ −3
l= = 6.75 ft
20
-3
12 − 5 12 − 5 7 12.
11. m = = =
7 − ( −3) 7 + 3 10
13. 14. Graph 3 y = 5 x − 12 . Since the original statement is

greater than or equal to, a solid line is drawn. Since
the point (0, 0) satisfies the inequality 3 y ≥ 5 x − 12 ,
all points on the line and in the half-plane above the
line 3 y = 5 x − 12 are in the solution set.
GROUP PROJECTS 239
15. x 2 − 3 x = 28 16. 3x 2 + 2 x = 8
x 2 − 3x − 28 = 0 3x 2 + 2 x − 8 = 0
(x − 7 )( x + 4) = 0 a = 3, b = 2, c = −8
x − 7 = 0 or x + 4 = 0
x=7 x = −4
−2± (2)2 − 4(3)(− 8)
x=
2(3)
− 2 ± 4 + 96 − 2 ± 100 − 2 ± 10
x= = =
6 6 6
8 4 −12
x = = or x = = −2
6 3 6
17. Function since each vertical line intersects the graph 18. f (x ) = −4 x 2 − 11x + 5, x = −2
at only one point.
f (− 2 ) = −4(− 2 )2 − 11(− 2 ) + 5
= −16 + 22 + 5 = 11
19. y = x 2 − 2 x + 4
a) a = 1 > 0 , opens upward
b) x = 1 c) (1,3) d) ( 0, 4 )
e) no x-intercepts
f)
g) D: all real numbers R: y ≥ 3
Group Projects
1. a) - b) Answers will vary.
c) h = 3.14 H + 64.98 = 3.14(29.42) + 64.98 = 157.3588 cm. ≈ 157.36 cm.
Yes
d) h = 2.53T + 72.57
167.64 = 2.53T + 72.57
95.07 = 2.53T
T = 37.5770751 cm. ≈ 37.58 cm.
e) i) h = 3.14 H + 64.98
168 = 3.14 H + 64.98
103.02 = 3.14 H
H = 32.8089172 ≈ 32.81 cm.
ii) H = 32.81 − 0.06(30) = 32.81 − 1.8 = 31.01 cm.
f) Answers will vary.
2. a) - e) Answers will vary.
CHAPTER SEVEN
SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND
INEQUALITIES
Exercise Set 7.1

1. Two or more linear equations form a system of linear equations.
2. A solution to a system of linear equations is the ordered pair or pairs that satisfy all equations in
the system.
3. A consistent system of equations is a system that has a solution.
4. A dependent system of equations is a system that has an infinite number of solutions.
5. An inconsistent system of equations is a system that has no solution.
6. Graph each equation on the same axes. The point(s) of intersection of the graphs is (are) the
solution(s) to the system.
7. The graphs of the system of equations are parallel and do not intersect.
8. The graphs of the system of equations intersect at one point.
9. The graphs of the system of equations are in fact the same line.
10. No. If no solution, the graphs are parallel; if they intersect, there is one; or they are the same
line.
y = 2x − 6 y = −x + 3
( 0 ) = 2 ( 3) − 6 ( 0 ) = − ( 3) + 3
11. (3, 0) Therefore, (3, 0) is a solution.
0 = 6−6 0=0
0=0
x + 2y = 6 x − y = −6
( −2 ) + 2 ( 4 ) = 6 ( −2 ) − ( 4 ) = −6
12. (-2, 4) Therefore, (-2, 4) is a solution.
−2+8 = 6 − 6 = −6
6=6
13. 14.
241
242 CHAPTER 7 Systems of Linear Equations and Inequalities
15. 16.
17. 18.
19. 20.
21. 22.
SECTION 7.1 243
23. 24.
25. 26.
27. 28.
29. 30.
31. 32.
33. a) Two lines with different slopes are not 34. a) Consistent; the system has one solution.
parallel, and therefore have exactly one point b) Inconsistent; the system has no solution.
of intersection giving one solution. c) Dependent; the system has infinitely many
b) Two lines with the same slope and different solutions.
y- intercepts are distinct parallel lines and
have no solution. 35. 2x - y = 6 y = 2x - 6
c) Two lines with the same slopes and same slope, same y-intercept;
y-intercepts have infinitely many solutions, infinite number of solutions
each point on the line.
36. 3x + 4y = 8 8y = – 6x + 4 37. 3x - 4y = 5 y = – 3x + 8
same slopes, diff. y-intercepts; no solution different slopes, different y-intercepts; 1
solution
38. x + 3y = 6 3x + y = 4 39. 3x + y = 7 y = -3x + 9

diff. slope, different y-intercepts; 1 solution same slope, diff. y-intercepts; no solution
40. x + 4y = 12 x = 4y + 3 41. 2x - 3y = 6 x – (3/2)y = 3

diff. slopes, diff. y-intercepts; 1 solution same slopes, same y-intercepts;
infinite number of solutions
42. x – 2y = 6 x + 2y = 4 43. 3x = 6y +5 y = (1/2)x – 3

diff. slopes, diff. y-intercepts; 1 solution same slope, diff. y-intercepts; no solution
44. 3y = 6x + 4 -2x + y = 4/3 45. 12x – 5y = 4 3x + 4y = 6

same slopes, same y-intercepts; diff. slopes, diff. y-intercepts; 1 solution
infinite number of solutions
46. 4x + 7y = 2 4x = 6 + 7y 47. 5y – 2x = 15 2y – 5x = 2
diff. slopes, diff. y-intercepts; 1 solution slopes are not negative reciprocals,
not perpendicular (3)
48. 4y – x = 6 y=x+8 49. 2x + y = 3 2y – x = 5

slopes are not negative reciprocals, not 3 slopes are negative reciprocals, 3
50. 6x + 5y = 3 -10x = 2 + 12y

slopes are not negative reciprocals, not 3
SECTION 7.1 245
51. a) Let x = rate per hour b)

y = cost
Cost for Tom’s y T = 60x + 200
Cost for Lawn Perfect y LP = 25x + 305
c) 60x + 200 = 25x + 305

-25x -200 -25x -200
35x = 105
35x = 105 Æ x = 3 hours

35 35
52. a) Let c = cost , x = number of months 52. c) 18x + 3380 = 29x + 2302
Cost for ABC: c ABC = 18x + 3380 -18x -2302 -18x -2302
Cost for Safe Homes: c S = 29x + 2302 1078 = 11x
b)
11x = 1078 Æ x = 98 months
11 11
d) ABC would be less expensive for 10 years.
53. a) Let C = cost , R = revenue 53. c) 25x = 15x + 400

C(x) = 15x + 400 -15x -15x
R(x) = 25x 10x = 400
b) 10x = 400 Æ x = 40 backpacks
10 10
d) P = R(x) – C(x) = 25x – (15x + 400)
P = 10x - 400
e) P = 10(30) - 400 = 300 – 400 = - $100 (loss)
f) 1000 = 10x -400 Æ 10x = 1400
x = 140 BPs
54. a) MDA: M = .08s + 40 54. b)

AHA: A = .18s + 15
c) .08s + 40 = .18s + 15
-.08x -15 -.08x -15
25 = .10x
.10x = 25 Æ x = 250 shares
.10 .10
d) For 300 shares, MDA would be less
expensive. M = .08(300) + 40 = 64
A = .18(300) + 15 = 69
55. a) Let C(x) = cost , R(x) = revenue 55. c) 225x = 155x + 8400
C(x) = 155x + 8400 -155x -155x
R(x) = 225x 70x = 8400
b) 70x = 8400 Æ x = 120 units
70 70
d) P = R(x) – C(x) = 225x – (155x + 8400)
P = 70x - 8400
e) P = 70(100) - 8400 = 7000 – 8400
= - $1400 (loss)
f) 1260 = 70x -8400 Æ 70x = 9660
x = 138 units
56. Two systems are: consistent if they have different slopes; dependent if they have the same slopes and
same y-intercepts; and inconsistent if they have same slopes and different y-intercepts.
57. a) P 1 = .15x + 300 b)

P 2 = 450 Æ .15x + 300 = 450
c) .15x + 300 = 450

-300 -300 Æ .15x = 150
.15x = 150 .15 .15
x = $ 1000
58. a) Let x = number of minutes b)

ATT: y A = .07x + 3.95
SNAP: y S = .05x + 8.95
c) .07x + 3.95 = .05x + 8.95

-.05x -3.95 -.05x -3.95
.02x = 5.00
.02x = 5.00 Æ x = 250 minutes
.02 .02
59. a) 1 point b) 3 pts. C) 6 pts. d) 10 pts. 60.
z z z
61. a) 2 lines n = 2 1 pt. b) 3 lines n = 3 2 pts.
c) 4 lines n = 4 6 pts. d) 5 lines n = 5 10 z z z
pts.
z z z
SECTION 7.2 247
Exercise Set 7.2

1. Write the equations with the variables on one side and the constants on the other side. If necessary multiply
one or both equations by a constant(s) so that when the equations are added one of the variables will be
eliminated. Solve for the remaining variable and then substitute that value into one of the original
equations to solve for the other variable.
2. Solve one of the equations for one of the variables in terms of the other variable. Then substitute that
expression into the other equation and solve for the variable. Substitute the value found into one of the
original equations and solve for the other variable.
3. The system is dependent if the result is of the form a = a.
4. The system is inconsistent if the result is a false statement.
5. Solve one equation for the variable that is most readily manipulated, then substitute into the other equation.
x + 3y = 3
-3y -3y Æ 3(3-3y) + 4y = 9
x = 3 – 3y
6. Manipulate the coefficient of one variable to equate it with the negative coefficient of the same variable in
the other equation, then add.
7. y = x - 6 8. y = 3x + 7
y=-x+4 y = -2x - 3
Substitute (x - 6) in place of y in the second Equate both equations.
equation.
x - 6= - x + 4 (solve for x) 3x + 7 = -2x - 3 (solve for x)
+x +x +2x -7 +2x -7
2x – 6 = 4 5x = -10
+6 +6 5 x −10
= x = -2
2x = 10 5 5
2 x 10 Now substitute -2 for x in an equation
= x=5
2 2 y = 3(-2) + 7
Now substitute 5 for x in an equation y = -6 + 7 = 1
y=x–6 The solution is (-2, 1). Consistent
y = (5) – 6 = -1
The solution is (5,– 1). Consistent
9. 2x + 4y = 8 Æ x = -2y + 4 10. y + 3x = 7 Æ y = -3x + 7

2x - y = -2 2x +3y = 14
Substitute (-2y + 4) in place of x in the second Substitute (-3x + 7) in place of y in the second
equation. equation.
2(-2y + 4) - y = -2 (solve for x) 2x + 3(-3x + 7) = 14 (solve for x)
-4y +8 -y = -2 -7x + 21 = 14
-5y = -10 y=2 -7x = -7 x=1
Now substitute 2 for y in the 1st equation Now substitute 1 for x in the 1st equation
2x + 4(2) = 8 y + 3(1) = 7
2x = 0 x=0 y=4
The solution is (0, 2). Consistent The solution is (1, 4). Consistent
11. y – x = 4 12. x + y = 3
x–y=3 y+x=5
Solve the first equation for y. Solve the second equation for y.
y – x + x= x + 4 y + x – x= – x + 5
y=x+4 y=–x+5
Substitute (x + 4) for y in the second equation. Substitute (– x + 5) for y in the first equation.
x – (x + 4)= 3 (combine like terms) x +(– x + 5) = 3
–43 False 53 False
Since – 4 does not equal 3, there is no solution Since 5 does not equal 3, there is no solution to
to this system. The equations are inconsistent. this system. The equations are inconsistent.
13. 3y + 2x = 4 14. x = 5y – 12
y=6–x x–y=0
Substitute (5y – 12) for x in the second equation.
Solve the second equation for x.
5y – 12 – y= 0 (solve for y)
3y = 6 – x 4y – 12 =0
3y – 6 = 6 – 6 – x 4y = 12 (div. by 4) y=3
3y – 6 = – x Now substitute 3 for y in the second equation.
– 3y + 6 =x x–3=0
Now substitute (– 3y + 6) for x in the 1st eq’n. x=3
3y + 2(6 – 3y) = 4 (solve for y) The solution is (3,3). Consistent
3y + 12 – 6y = 4
– 3y = – 8 (div. by – 3) y = 8/3
nd
Substitute 8/3 for y in the 2 eq’n.
3(8/3) n = 6 – x
8=6–x x = -2
The solution is (– 2, 8/3). Consistent
15. y – 2x = 3 16. y = 2
2y = 4x + 6 y+x+3=0
Solve the first equation for y.
Substitute 2 in place of y in the second equation.
y – 2x + 2x = 2x + 3
y = 2x + 3 2+x+3=0
Now substitute (2x + 3) for y in the 2nd eq’n. x+5=0
x+5–5=0–5 x = -5
2(2x + 3) = 4x + 6
4x + 6 = 4x + 6 The solution is (– 5,2). Consistent
4x – 4x + 6 = 4x – 4x + 6
6=6
This statement is true for all values of x.
The system is dependent.
SECTION 7.2 249
17. x = y + 3 18. x + 2y = 6
x=–3 y = 2x + 3
Substitute – 3 in place of x in the first
Substitute (2x + 3) for y in the first equation.
equation.
–3=y+3 x + 2(2x + 3) = 6
–3–3=y+3–3 x + 4x + 6 = 6
–6=y 5x + 6 – 6 = 6 – 6
5x = 0
The solution is (– 3,– 6). Consistent 5x 0
= x=0
5 5
Now substitute 0 for x in the second equation.
y = 2(0) + 3 = 0 + 3 = 3
The solution is (0,3). Consistent
19. y + 3x – 4 = 0 20. x + 4y = 7
2x – y = 7 2x + 3y = 5
Solve the first equation for y. Solve the first equation for x.
y + 3x – 4 = 0 x = 7 – 4y
y = 4 – 3x Substitute (7 – 4y) for x in the second equation.
Substitute 4 – 3x for y in the second eq. 2(7 – 4y) + 3y = 5 (solve for y)
2x – (4 – 3x) = 7 (solve for x) 14 – 8y + 3y = 5
2x – 4 + 3x = 7 – 5y = – 9 y = 9/5
5x = 11 x = 11/5 Now substitute (9/5) for y in the eq’n. x + 4y = 7.
Substitute 11/5 for x in the second eq’n. x +4(9/5) = 7
2(11/5) – y = 7 (solve for y) x + 36/5 = 35/5 x = – 1/5
22/5 – y = 7 The solution is (– 1/5,9/5). Consistent
– y = 13/5 y = – 13/5
The solution is (11/5, – 13/5). Consistent
21. x = 2y + 3 22. x + 4y = 9
y = 3x – 1 2x – y – 6 = 0
Substitute (3x – 1) for y in the first equation. Solve the first equation for x.
x = 2(3x – 1) + 3 x + 4y – 4y = 9 – 4y
x = 6x – 2 + 3 x = 9 – 4y
x = 6x + 1 Substitute (9 – 4y) for x in the second equation.
x – 6x= 6x – 6x + 1 2(9 – 4y) – y – 6 = 0
– 5x = 1 18 – 8y – y – 6 = 0
−5x 1 12 – 9y = 0
= x= – 1/5
−5 −5 12 – 9y + 9y = 0 + 9y
Substitute – 1/5 for x in the second equation. 12 = 9y 12/9 = y
y = 3(– 1/5) – 1 = – 3/5 – 5/5 = – 8/5 Substitute (12/9) = (4/3) for y in the equation.
The solution is (– 1/5, – 8/5). Consistent x = 9 – 4y
x = 9 – 4(4/3) = 27/3 – 16/3 = 11/3
The solution is (11/3,4/3). Consistent
23. y = -2x + 3 24. 2x + y = 12

4x + 2y = 12 x = (-1/2)y + 6
Substitute (-1/2)x + 6 for x in the 1st equation.
Substitute -2x + 3 for y in the 2nd equation.
2(-1/2y+6) + y = 12
4x + 2(-2x + 3) = 12 -y + 12 + y = 12
4x – 4x + 6 = 12 12 = 12
6 12 False This statement is true for all values of x.
The system is dependent.
Since 6 does not equal 12, there is no solution.
The equations are inconsistent.
25. 3x + y = 10 26. x + 2y = 9
4x – y = 4 x – 2y = -3
Add the equations to eliminate y. Add the equations to eliminate y.
7x = 14 x=2 2x = 6 x=3
Substitute 2 for x in either eq’n. Substitute 3 for x in either eq’n.
3(2) + y = 10 (solve for y) (3) + 2y = 9
6 + y = 10 y=4 2y = 6 y=3
The solution is (2, 4) Consistent The solution is (3, 3) Consistent
27. x + y = 10 28. 3x + y = 10
x – 2y = -2 -3x +2y = -16
Multiply the 1st eq’n. by 2, then add the eq’ns. Add the equations to eliminate x.
To eliminate y. 3y = -6 y = -2
2x + 2y = 20 Substitute -2 for y in either eq’n.
x – 2y = -2 3x + (-2) = 10 (solve for x)
3x = 18 x=6 3x = 12 x=4
Substitute 6 for x in either eq’n.
(6) + y = 10 (solve for y) y=4 The solution is (4, -2) Consistent
The solution is (6, 4) Consistent
29. 2x – y = – 4 30. x + y = 6
– 3x – y = 6 – 2x + y = – 3
Multiply the second equation by – 1, Multiply the second equation by – 1,
2x – y = – 4 x+y=6
3x + y= – 6 add the equations to eliminate y 2x – y= 3 add the equations to eliminate y
5x = – 10 x= – 2 3x = 9 x=3
Substitute – 2 in place of x in the first Substitute 3 for x in the first equation.
equation. 3+y=6 y=3
2(– 2) – y = – 4
–4 – y = – 4 The solution is (3, 3). Consistent
–y =0 y=0
The solution is (– 2, 0). Consistent

SECTION 7.2 251
31. 4x + 3y = – 1 32. 2x + y = 6
2x – y = – 13 3x + y = 5
Multiply the second equation by 3, Multiply the first equation by – 1,
4x + 3y = – 1 – 2x – y = – 6
6x – 3y= – 39 add the equations to eliminate 3x + y= 5 add the equations to eliminate y
y x=–1
10x = – 40 x= – 4 Substitute – 1 in place of x in the first equation.
Substitute – 4 for x in the 2nd equation. 2(– 1) + y = 6
2(– 4) – y = – 13 –2+y=6 y=8
– 8 – y = – 13 y= 5 The solution is (– 1, 8). Consistent
The solution is (– 4, 5). Consistent
33. 2x + y = 11 34. 5x – 2y = 11
x + 3y = 18 - 3x + 2y = 1 add the equations to eliminate y
Multiply the second equation by – 2, 2x = 12 x= 6
2x + y = 11 Substitute 6 for x in the second equation.
- 2x - 6y= - 36 add the equations to elim. x - 3(6) + 2y = 1
- 5y = – 25 y=5 - 18 + 2y = 1
Substitute 5 for y in the 2nd equation. 2y = 19 y = 19/2
x + 3(5) = 18 The solution is (6, 19/2).
x + 15 = 18 x=3
The solution is (3, 5).
35. 3x – 4y = 11 36. 4x – 2y = 6
3x + 5y = –7 4y = 8x – 12 or 8x – 4y = 12
Multiply the first equation by (– 1), Multiply the first equation by (– 2),
– 3x + 4y = – 11 - 8x + 4y = – 12
3x + 5y = – 7 add the equations to elim. x 8x – 4y= – 12 add the equations to elim. y
9y = – 18 y=–2 0 = 0 True
Substitute – 2 for y in the first equation. This statement is true for all values of x.
3x – 4(– 2) = 11 This system is dependent.
3x = 3 x=1
The solution is (1,– 2). Consistent
37. 4x + y = 6 38. 2x + 3y = 6
– 8x – 2y = 13 5x – 4y = – 8
Multiply the first equation by 2, Multiply the first equation by 5, and the
8x + 2y = 12 second equation by (– 2),
– 8x – 2y = 13 add the equations to elim. y 10x + 15y = 30
0 25 False - 10x + 8y= 16 add the equations to elim. x
23y = 46 y=2
Since this statement is not true for any values
Substitute 2 for y in the first equation.
of x and y, the equations are inconsistent.
2x + 3(2) = 6
2x = 0 x=0
The solution is (0,2). Consistent
39. 3x – 4y = 10 40. 6x + 3y = 7
5x + 3y = 7 5x + 2y = 9
Multiply the first equation by 3, and the Multiply the first equation by 2, and the
second equation by 4, second equation by -3,
9x – 12y = 30 12x + 6y = 14
20x + 12y = 28 add the equations to elim. y -15x - 6y = -27 add the equations to elim. y
29x = 58 x=2 -3x = -13 x = 13/3
Substitute 2 for x in the second equation. Substitute 13/3 for x in the 1st equation.
5 (2) + 3y = 7 6 (13/3) + 3y = 7
10 + 3y = 7 26 + 3y = 7
3y = -3 y = -1 3y = -19 y = -19/3
The solution is (2, -1). Consistent The solution is (13/3, -19/3). Consistent
41. S 1 = .15p + 12000 42. Let C 1 = 780n + 1600 C 2 = 980n

S 2 = .05p +27000 a) 980n = 780n +1600
-780n -780n
.15p +12000 = .05p +27000 200n = 1600 n = 8 months
-.05p -12000 -.05p -12000
.10p = 15000 b) C 1 = 780(60) + 1600 = 48400
p = $ 150,000.00 C 2 = 980(60) = 58800
The new refinanced mortgage plan would
cost less.
43. Let x = # of medium pizzas 44. Let x = no. of 2-pointers y = no. of 3-pointers
50 – x = # of large pizzas x + y = 45 y = -x + 45
2x + 3y = 101
10.95x + 14.95(50-x) = 663.50 Substitute –x + 45 for y in 2nd eq’n.
10.95x + 747.50 – 14.95x = 663.50 2x + 3(-x + 45) = 101
-4.00x = -84.00 x = 21
2x – 3x + 135 = 101
Substitute 21 for x in 2nd let statement
-x = -34 x = 34
50 – x = 50 – (21) = 29
Substitute 34 for x in 1st eq’n.
21 medium pizzas and 29 large pizzas 34 + y = 45 y = -34 + 45 = 11
34 two pointers and 11 three pointers
45. Let x = # of liters at 25% 46. Let b = gallons of milk with butter fat
10 – x = # of liters at 50% s = gallons of skim milk
.25x + .50(10 – x) = .40(10) b + s = 100

.25x + 5 - .50x = 4 0.05b + 0.0s= 100(0.035)
-.25x = -1 x=4 0.05b = 3.5
Substitute 4 for x in 2nd let statement b = 3.5/0.05 = 70
10 – x = 10 – (4) = 6 s = 100 – b = 100 – 70 = 30
Thus, Gina should mix 70 gallons of milk with
4 liters of 25% solution and 5% butter fat with 30 gallons of skim milk.
6 liters of 50% solution
SECTION 7.2 253
47. Let c = monthly cost 48. CHP = .45x + 30

x = number of copies VACP = .20x + 35
Eco. Sales: c = 18 + 0.02x a) .45x + 30 = .20x + 35

Office Sup.: c = 24 + 0.015x set eq’ns. -.20x -30 -.20x -30
equal .25x = 5
18 + 0.02x = 24 + 0.015x .25x = 5.00 x = 20 minutes/month
0.005x = 6 x = 1200 .25 .25
b) CHP: .45(50) + 30 = 22.50 + 30 = 52.50
VACP: .20(50) + 35 = 10 + 35 = 45.00
1200 copies per month
Verizon America offers the cheaper plan.
49. Let x = no. of pounds of nuts 50. Let a = number of grams of Mix A
y = no. of pounds of pretzels b = number of grams of Mix B
x + y = 20 y = -x + 20 Protein: 0.10a + 0.20b = 20

3x + 1y = 30 Carbohydrates: 0.06a + 0.02b = 6
Substitute (20 – x) for y in the 2nd equation. Multiply the 2nd equation by (– 10),
3x + (20 – x) = 30 – 0.60a – 0.20b = – 60
3x + 20 – x = 30 0.10a + 0.20b= 20 add to eliminate b
2x = 10 x=5 Solve for y – 0.50a = – 40 a = 80
y = 20 – 5 = 15 Substitute 80 for a in the first equation.
0.10(80) + 0.20b = 20
Mix 5 lbs. of nuts with 15 lbs. of pretzels 8 + 0.20b = 20
0.20b = 12 b = 60
a = 80 grams of Mix A
b = 60 grams of Mix B
51. Let x = no. of students 52. Let c = total cost

y = no. of adults r = no. of rounds of golf.
x + y = 250 x = -y + 250 Oakwood: O = 3000 + 18r

2x + 5y = 950 Pinecrest: P = 2500 + 20r
Substitute (-y + 250) for x in the 2nd equation. a) 3000 + 18r = 2500 + 20r
2(250 – y) + 5y = 950 500 = 2r 250= r
500 – 2y + 5y = 950 A golfer must play 250 rounds for the cost to be
3y = 450 y = 150 the same at both clubs.
Substitute 150 for y in the 1st eq’n.
x + (150) = 250 x = 100 b) Oakwood: O = 3000 + 18(30) = $3540
Pinecrest: P = 2500 + 20(30) = $3100
100 students and 150 adults
Ms. Sestini can play 30 rounds cheaper at
Pinecrest.
53. y 1 = -.58x + 31 54. y C = -1.13x + 27

y 5 = .32x +7 y W = 0.38x + 9
-.58x + 31 = .32x + 7 -1.13x + 27 = 0.38x + 9

.58x -7 .58x -7 -.38x -27 -.38x -27
24 = .90x -1.51x = -18
.90x = 24 x = 26.666… 27 years -1.51x = - 18 x = 11.92 12 years

.90 .90 -1.51 -1.51
1981 + 27 = 2008 During 2007 1992 + 12 = 2004 During 2003
55. (1/u) + (2/v) = 8 56. Determine the equations of two lines that pass
(3/u) – (1/v) =3 through (6,5) and another point.
1 1 Example: y = 5
Substitute x for u and y for v .
y = (5/6)x
(1) x + 2y = 8
(2) 3x – y = 3
57. a) (2) + (1) + (4) = 7 (2) – (1) + 2(4) = 9
Multiply eq’n. (2) by 2,
7=7 9=9
x + 2y = 8
-(2) + 2(1) + (4) = 4
6x – 2y = 6 add to eliminate y
4=4 (2,1,4) is a solution.
7x = 14 x= 2, thus u = ½
b) Add eq’ns. 1 and 2 to yield eq’n. 4
Substitute 2 for x in eq. (1).
Multiply eq’n. 2 by 2, then add eq’ns. 2 and 3
(2) + 2y = 8
to yield eq’n. 5
2y = 6 y = 3, thus v = 1/3
Combine eq’ns. 4 and 5 to find one variable.
Substitute back into various equations to find
Answer: ( 1/2, 1/3)
the other 2 variables.
58. y = 2x – 7 59. y = 3x + 3
y = 2x + 5 (1/3)y = x + 1
The system of equations has no solution If we multiply the 2nd eq’n. by 3, we get the eq’n.
because their slopes are equal (m = 2), which y = 3x + 1, the same as eq’n. # 1.
means that they never intersect. 2 lines that line on top of on another have an
infinite number of solutions.
60. a) (0, 0) b) (1, 0) c) (0, 1) d) (1, 1)
Exercise Set 7.3

1. A matrix is a rectangular array of elements.
2. The dimensions of a matrix are determined by the number of rows and columns.
3. A square matrix contains the same number of rows as columns.
4. A 4 x 3 matrix has 4 rows.
5. A 3 x 2 matrix has 2 columns.
6. They must have the same dimensions (the number of rows must be the same and the number of columns
must be the same).
SECTION 7.3 255
7. a) Add numbers in the same positions to produce an entry in that position.

1 4 −1  3 5 −6  1 + 3 4 + 5 −1+ (−6)   4 9 −7 
b)   +   = 
5 + 4  2 4 9 
=
3 2 5   −1 2 4  3 + (−1) 2 + 2  
8. a) Subtract the entry in each position in the 2nd matrix from the # in the same position in the 1st matrix.
 3 −5 6  8 4 2   3 − 8 −5 − 4 6 − 2   −5 −9 4 
b)  – 0 −2 4  =  −2 − 0 3 − (−2) 4 − 4  =  −2 5 0 
 −2 3 4       
9. a) The number of rows of the first matrix must be the same as the number of columns of the second
matrix.
b) The dimensions of the resulting matrix will have the same number of rows as the first matrix and the
same number of columns as the second matrix. The product of a 2 x 2 with a 2 x 3 matrix will yield
a 2 x 3 matrix.
10. a) The numbers in the first row of the first matrix are multiplied by the numbers in the first column of
the second matrix and the results are added together to produce the first entry of the result.
Continue this procedure with each row of the first matrix and each column of the second matrix to
obtain all the entries in the result matrix.
6 −1  2 −3 6(2) + (−1)(1) 6(−3) + (−1)(−4) 11 −14 

b)   =  5(−3) + 0(−4 )  10 −15 
=
5 0  1 −4   5(2) + 0(1)  
1 0 0 
1 0 
11. a) Identity matrix for 2x2   b) Identity matrix for 3x3 0 1 0 
0 1 
0 0 1 
E 110 232 103 190 212 
12. W 107 250 135 203 189 
 
C 115 218 122 192 210 
1 3   −5 −1 1 + ( −5) 3 + ( −1)   −4 2 

13. A =   B=  A+B=  = 12 9 
5 7  7 2  5+7 7+2   
 2 3 −7   −4 −3 8   2 + (−4) 3 + (−3) −7 + 8  −2 0 1 
14. A + B =   +  =   =  
 4 0 −1  6 5 0   4+6 0+5 −1 + 0  10 5 −1
 3 1   −3 3  3 + (−3) 1+ 3  0 4 
    
15. A + B = 0 4  +  4 0  =  0 + 4 4 + 0  =  4 4 

6 0   −1 −1 6 + (−1) 0 + (−1)   5 −1
 2 6 3  −1 3 1  2 + (−1) 6+3 3 + 1 1 9 4 
16. A + B =  −1 −6 4 +  7 −2 1 =  −1 + 7 −6 + (−2) 4 + 1 = 6 −8 5 
     
 3 0 5   2 3 8  3 + 2 0+3 5 + 8 5 3 13

 4 −2   −2 5  4 − (−2) −2 − ( −5)   6 −7 
17. A – B =  − =  =
5 − 1   −12 4 
 −3 5   9 1  −3 − ( 9 )
 8 1   3 3  8 − 3 1 − 3   5 −2 
    
18. A – B =  0 2  −  −4 5 =  0 − (−4) 2 − 5  =  4 −3 
 −3 −9  −2 6  −3 − (−2) −9 − (6)   −1 −15
 −4 3   −6 −8   −4 + 6 3 + 8   2 11
19. A – B =  6 2  −  −10 −11 =  6 + 10 2 + 11  = 16 13
 1 −5  3 −7   1 − 3 −5 + 7   −2 2 
 5 3 −1  4 3 6   5 − 4 3 − 3 −1 − 6  1 0 −7 
20. A – B = 7 4 2  −  −2 −4 9  = 7 + 2 4 + 4 2 − 9  = 9 8 −7 
     
 6 −1 −5  0 −2 4   6 − 0 −1 + 2 −5 − 4  6 1 −9 
3 2  2 ( 3) 2 ( 2 )   6 4 3 2   −3 ( 3) −3 ( 2 )   −9 −6 
21. 2B = 2  =  =  22. 3B = −3  = = 
5 0   2 ( 5) 2 ( 0 )  10 0  5 0   −3 ( 5 ) −3 ( 0 )   −15 0 
3 2  −2 3   6 4   −6 9   6 − 6 4 + 9   0 13
23. 2B + 3C = 2   +3 = + = = 
5 0   4 0  10 0  12 0 10 + 12 0 + 0   22 0 
3 2  1 2   6 4   3 6   6 + 3 4 + 6   9 10 
24. 2B + 3A = 2   + 3 0 5  = 10 0  +  0 15 = 10 + 0 0 + 15 = 10 15
 5 0           
3 2   −2 3  9 6   −4 6   9 + 4 6 − 6  13 0
25. 3B – 2C = 3   −2 = − = = 
5 0   4 0  15 0   8 0  15 − 8 0 − 0   7 0
 −2 3 1 2   −8 12   2 4   −8 − (2) 12 − (4)   −10 8 

26. 4C – 2A = 4   −2 = − = = 
 4 0  0 5  16 0   0 10 16 − (0) 0 − (10)   16 −10 
 2 0   2 6   2(2) + 0(8) 2(6) + 0(4)   4 12 

27. A x B =   = = 
 3 1  8 4   3(2) + 1(8) 3(6) + 1(4)  14 22 
1 −1  4 −2  1(4) + (−1)(−3) 1(−2) + (−1)(−2)   7 0 

28. A x B =     = =
 2 6   −3 −2   2(4) + 6(−3) 2(−2) + 6(−2)   −10 −16 

2
 2 3 −1    2(2) + 3(4) − 1(1)  15 
29. A x B =   4 =  0(2) + 4(4) + 6(1)  =  22 
0 4 6       
1 
SECTION 7.3 257
1 1  1 −1 1(1) + 1(−1) 1(−1) + 1(2)  0 1

30. A x B =   = = 
1 1  −1 2  1(1) + 1(−1) 1(−1) + 1(2)  0 1
 4 7 6  1 0 0   4 + 0 + 0 0 + 7 + 0 0 + 0 + 6  4 7 6
31. A x B =  −2 3 1   0 1 0  =  −2 + 0 + 0 0 + 3 + 0 0 + 0 + 1  =  −2 3 1 
 5 1 2  0 0 1   5 + 0 + 0 0 + 1 + 0 0 + 0 + 2  5 1 2
 −3 1   4 0   −3(4) + 1(1) −3(0) + 1(6)   −11 6 

32. A x B =   = = 
 2 7  1 6   2(4) + 7(1) 2(0) + 7(6)   15 42 
1 3 −2   5 −1 3  1 + 5 3 + (−1) −2 + 3 6 2 1 
33. A + B =   +  =   =  
 4 0 3   2 −2 1   4 + 2 0 + (−2) 3 + 1  6 −2 4 
1 3 −2   5 −1 3
AxB=    = Operation cannot be performed because # of columns ≠ # of rows
 4 0 3   2 −2 1 
 6 4 −1
34. A =   A+B cannot be performed because the # of columns # of columns
2 3 4 
1 0 
B =  AxB cannot be performed because the # of columns # of rows
 4 − 1
35. Matrices A and B cannot be added because they do not have the same dimensions.
 3 2
 4 5 3   4(3) + 5(4) + 3(−2) 4(2) + 5(6) + 3(0)   26 38 
AxB=   ×  4 6  = 
6(3) + 2(4) + 1(−2) 6(2) + 2(6) + 1(0)   24 24
=
 6 2 1  
 −2 0 
1 2   1 2   1 + 1 2 + 2   2 4 
36. A + B = 3 4  + 3 4  =  3 + 3 4 + 4  =  6 8 
5 6  5 6  5 + 5 6 + 6  10 12 
A and B cannot be multiplied because the # of columns in A is not equal to the number of rows in B.
37. A and B cannot be added because they do not have the same dimensions.
1 2   −3 1 ( −3) + 2 ( 2 )   1 
AxB=   = = 
3 4   2  3 ( −3) + 4 ( 2 )   −1
5 −1 1 2   5 + 1 −1 + 2   6 1 
38. A + B =  + = = 
6 −2  3 4  6 + 3 −2 + 4  9 2 
5 −1 1 2   5 (1) + ( −1)( 3) 5 ( 2 ) + ( −1)( 4 )   2 6 
AxB=  × = = 
6 −2  3 4  6 (1) + ( −2 )( 3) 6 ( 2 ) + ( −2 ) ( 4 )   0 4 
 1 2   4 5   1 + 4 2 + 5  5 7 
39. A + B =  + = = 
 2 −3  6 7   2 + 6 −3 + 7   8 4 
 4 5  1 2   4 + 1 5 + 2  5 7 
B+A=   +  = =  Thus A + B = B + A.
 6 7   2 −3 6 + 2 7 + (−3)  8 4 
9 4  0 6   9 + 0 4 + 6  9 10 
40. A + B =  + = = 
1 7   −1 5  1 + (−1) 7 + 5  0 12 
 0 6  9 4   0 + 9 6 + 4  9 10 
B+A=  + = =  Thus A + B = B + A.
 −1 5  1 7   −1 + 1 5 + 7   0 12 
0 −1 8 1   0 + 8 −1 + 1   8 0 
41. A + B = 
−  + 3 −4 =  3 + 3 −4 + (−4)  =  6 −8
 3 4       
8 1  0 −1 8 + 0 1 + (−1)   8 0 
B+A=  + = =  Thus A + B = B + A.
3 −4  3 −4  3 + 3 −4 + (−4)   6 −8
1 2  5 6  1 + 5 2 + 6   6 8 
42. A + B =  + = = 
3 2   6 5  3 + 6 2 + 5   9 7 
 5 6  1 2   5 + 1 6 + 2   6 8 
B+A=  + = =  Thus A + B = B + A.
 6 5  3 2   6 + 3 5 + 2  9 7 
 5 2   3 4   −1 4  8 6   −1 4   7 10 
43. (A + B) + C =   + +  = + = 
 3 6   −2 7    5 0  1 13  5 0   6 13
5 2    3 4   −1 4   5 2   2 8   7 10 
A + (B + C) =   + +  =  + = 
3 6    −2 7   5 0   3 6   3 7   6 13
Thus, (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
  4 1   −9 1    −6 −3  −5 2   −6 −3  −11 −1

44. (A + B) + C =   + +  = + = 
  6 7   −7 2    3 6   −1 9   3 6   2 15 
 4 1    −9 1   −6 −3   4 1   −15 −2   −11 −1
A + (B + C) =   + +  =  + = 
 6 7    −7 2   3 6    6 7   −4 8   2 15 
Thus, (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
 7 4   5 6    −7 −5 12 10   −7 −5  5 5 

45. (A + B) + C =   + +  = + = 
 9 −36   −1 −4    −1 3   8 −40   −1 3   7 −37 
7 4    5 6   −7 −5   7 4   −2 1   5 5 
A + (B + C) =   + + =  + = 
9 −36    −1 −4   −1 3    9 −36   −2 −1  7 −37 
Thus, (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
SECTION 7.3 259
1 2  3
46. A =   B =   C =   (Your choices may be different)
1 0  3
 1  2   3 3 3  6 
(A + B) + C =    +    + 3 = 1 + 3 =  4
 1  0          
1   2  3  1 5  6 
A + (B + C) =   +    +    =   +   =   Thus, (A+B) + C = A + (B+C).
1   0  3  1  3  4 
1 2   −1 −3  1(−1) + 2(2) 1(−3) + 2(4)   3 5 

47. A x B =     =  = 
 4 −3  2 4   4(−1) + (−3)(2) 4(−3) + (−3)(4)   −10 −24 
 −1 −3 1 2   −1(1) + (−3)4 −1(2) + (−3)(−3)   −13 7 
BxA=   = =
2(2) + 4(−3)  180 −8
Thus, A x B ≠ B x A.
 2 4   4 −3  2(1) + 4(4)
 3 1  1 0   3(1) + 1(0) 3(0) + 1(1)   3 1 

48. A x B =   = = 
6 6  0 1  6(1) + 6(0) 6(0) + 6(1)   6 6 
1 0  3 1  1(3) + 0(6) 0(3) + 1(1)   3 1 
BxA=   = =  Thus, A x B ≠ B x A.
0 1   6 6  1(6) + 0(6) 0(6) + 1(6)   6 6 
 4 2   2 4   4 ( 2 ) + 2 ( −3) 4 ( 4 ) + 2 (1)   2 18

49. A x B =    = = 
1 −3  −3 1  1 ( 2 ) + ( −3)( −3) 1 ( 4 ) + ( −3)(1)  11 1 
 2 4   4 2   2 ( 4 ) + 4 (1) 2 ( 2 ) + 4 ( −3)   12 −8
BxA=  × = =  Thus, A x B ≠ B x A.
 −3 1  1 −3  −3 ( 4 ) + 1 (1) −3 ( 2 ) + 1 ( −3)   −11 −9
 −3 2   −5 / 3 −2 / 3  −3( −5 / 3) + 2( −2) −3( −2 / 3) + 2( −1)  1 0 

50. A x B =  × −1   6(−5 / 3) − 5(−2)
=
6( −2 / 3) − 5(−1)   0 1 
=
 6 −5  −2
 −5 / 3 −2 / 3  −3 2   (−5 / 3)( −3) − (2 / 3)(6) −(5 / 3)(2) − (2 / 3)(5)  1 0 
BxA=  ×
−1   6 −5    = 0 1
=
 −2 −2(−3) − 1(6) −2(2) − 1(−5)   
Thus, A x B = B x A
51. Since B = I, (the identity matrix), and A x I = I x A = A, we can conclude that A x B = B x A.
1 1   2 3
52. A =    B=   (Your choices may be different)
0 2   2 3
1 1   2 3  1(2) + 1(2) 1(3) + 1(3)   4 6 
AxB=   = = 
0 2   2 3 0(2) + 2(2) 0(3) + 2(3)   4 6 
 2 3 1 1   2(1) + 3(0) 2(1) + 3(2)   2 5
BxA=  × = =  Thus, A x B ≠ B x A.
 2 3  0 2   2(1) + 3(0) 2(1) + 3(2)   2 5
 1 3   4 2    2 1  13 5  2 1   41 13
53. (A x B) x C =      =  = 
  4 0   3 1    3 0  16 8   3 0  56 16 
1 3    4 2   2 1   1 3  14 4  41 13
A x (B x C) =     =   =  Thus, (A x B) x C = A x (B x C).
 4 0    3 1   3 0    4 0   9 3 56 16 
  −2 3  4 0   3 4   1 15   3 4   −27 79 
54. (A x B) x C =     =  =  
  0 4  3 5   −2 5  12 20   −2 5   −4 148
 −2 3    4 0  3 4    −2 3  12 16   −27 79 
A x (B x C) =    =   = 
 0 4    3 5  −2 5    0 4   −1 37   −4 148
Thus, (A x B) x C = A x (B x C).
  4 3 1 2   4 3   4 11   4 3   16 −10 
55. (A x B) x C =     =  = 
  −6 2  0 1    0 −2   −6 −10   0 −2   −24 2 
 4 3   1 2  4 3    4 3   4 −1  16 −10
A x (B x C) =     =   = 
 −6 2    0 1   0 −2    −6 2   0 −2   −24 2 
56. (A x B) x C = (A x I) x C = A x C, and A x (B x C) = A x (I x C) = A x C, thus (A x B) x C = A x (B x C).
  3 4   0 1    2 0   4 3   2 0  17 0 
57. (A x B) x C =     =  = 
  −1 −2 1 0    3 0   −2 −1  3 0   −7 0 
 3 4    0 1   2 0    3 4   3 0  17 0 
A x (B x C) =     =   = 
 −1 −2    1 0   3 0    −1 −2   2 0   −7 0 
58. (A x B) x C = A x (B x C) for any choices of A, B, and C that can be multiplied.
2 2 .5 1  10 12   2 10 + 2 5 + .5 8 +1 4 2 12 + 2 8 + .5 8 +1 6  38 50 
3 2 1 2   5 8   3 10 + 2 5 +1 8 + 2 4 3 12 + 2 8 +1 8 + 2 6  56 72 
59. A x B =  = =
0 1 0 3  8 8   0 10 +1 5 + 0 8 + 3 4 0 12 +1 8 + 0 8 + 3 6  17 26 
      
.5 1 0 0   4 6  .5 10 +1 5 + 0 8 + 0 4 .5 12 +1 8 + 0 8 + 0 6  10 14 
60. a) Let C = [40 30 12 20].

2 2 .5 1 
3 2 1 2 
b) C × A = [40 30 12 20]  = [180 172
{ 50 { 136]
0 1 0 3 { sug .
{
flr . mlk . eggs
 
.5 1 0 0
SECTION 7.3 261
38 50 
56 72 
61. C(A × B) = [40 30 12 20]  =[36.04 47.52] cents small $36.04, large $47.52
17 26 
 
10 14 
52 50 75 .30 .75 39.35 97.75 

62. A x B =  48 43 60  .25 .50  = 34.15 84.50 
62 57 81  .15 .45   45.00 111.45
 6 3   −6 −3  6 + (−6) 3 + (−3)   0 0 

63. A + B =   +
   =  = 
 4 −2   −2 −4   4 + (−2) −2 + (−4)  2 −6 
Since A + B ≠ I, where I is the additive identity matrix, A and B are not additive inverses.
 4 6 3   −4 −6 −3  4 + (−4) 6 + (−6) 3 + (−3)  0 0 0 

64. A + B =  2 3 −1   −2 −3 1  =  2 + (−2) 3 + (−3) −1+ (1)  = 0 0 0 
 −1 0 6   1 0 −6   −1+ (1) 0+0 6 + (−6)  0 0 0 
 −4 −6 −3  4 6 3   −4 + (4) −6 + (6) −3 + (3)  0 0 0 
B + A =  −2 −3 1    2 3 −1 =  −2 + (2) −3 + (3) 1+ (−1)  = 0 0 0 
 1 0 −6   −1 0 6   1+ (−1) 0 + (0) −6 + (6)  0 0 0 
Thus, A and B are additive inverses.
 5 −2  1 2   5(1) − 2(2) 5(2) − 2(5)  1 0 

65. A x B =   = = 
 −2 1   2 5   −2(1) +1(2) −2(2) +1(5)  0 1 
1 2   5 −2  1(5) + 2(−2) 1(−2) + 2(1)  1 0 
BxA=  = = 
 2 5   −2 1   2(5) + 5(−2) 2(−2) + 5(1) 0 1 
Thus, A and B are multiplicative inverses.
 7 3  1 −3 7(1) + 3(−2) 7(−3) + 3(7) 1 0 

66. A x B =   = = 
 2 1  −2 7   2(1) +1(−2) 2(−3) +1(7)  0 1 
 1 −3  7 3  1(7) − 3(2) 1(3) − 3(1)  1 0 
BxA=   = = 
 −2 7   2 1  −2(7) + 7(2) −2(3) + 7(1)  0 1 
Thus, A and B are multiplicative inverses.
67. False. Let A = [1 3] and B = [2 1]. Then A – B = [-1, 2] and B – A = [1, -2] A – B ≠ B – A.
68. True. For all scalars a and all matrices B and C, a(B + C) = aB + aC. As an example,
Let a = 2, B = [1 3], and C = [2 1]. Then a(B + C) = 2([1 3] + [2 1]) = 2[3 4] = [6 8],
and aB + aC = 2[1 3] + 2[2 1] = [2 6] + [4 2] = [6 8] = a(B + C).
69. a) 1.4(14) + 0.7(10) + 0.3(7) = $28.70

b) 2.7(12) + 2.8(9) + 0.5(5) = $60.10
Ames Bay
 28.7 24.6  small
c) L × C =  41.3 35.7  medium
 69.3 60.1 large
This array shows the total cost of each sofa at each plant.
1 2 3 0 1 2 1 3 5 
70. A + B =  + = 
3 2 1  4 5 1  7 7 2 
A x B cannot be calculated because the # of columns # of rows.
71. A + B cannot be calculated because the # of columns # of rows.

0 4
1 2 3   1(0) + 2(1) + 3(2) 1(4) + 2(5) + 3(1)  7 17 
AxB=  1 5  = 3(0) + 2(1) + 1(2) 3(4) + 2(5) + 1(1)  =  4 23
 3 2 1    
 2 1 
Exercise Set 7.4

1. a) An augmented matrix is a matrix formed with the coefficients of the variables and the constants. The
coefficients are separated from the constants by a vertical bar.
 1 3 7
b)  
 2 −1 4 
2. 1) Rows of a matrix can be interchanged.

2) All values in a row can be multiplied by a nonzero real number.
3) All the values in a row may be added to the corresponding values in another row.
3. If you obtain an augmented matrix in which one row of numbers on the left side of the vertical line are
all zeroes but a zero does not appear in the same row on the other side of the vertical line, the system is
inconsistent.
4. If you obtain an augmented matrix in which a 0 appears across an entire row, the system of equations is
dependent.
5. 1) Multiply the 2nd row by -1/2; 2) multiply the 2nd row
by -3 and add to the 1st row; and 3) identify the values of x and y.
1 3 5 1 + 0 3 + (−3) 5 + (3 / 2)   1 0 13 / 2  13 −1 
1)   2)  = 3) (x, y) =  , 
 0 1 ( − 1 / 2)   0 1 (−1 / 2)   0 1 −1 / 2 2 2 
SECTION 7.4 263
6. 1) Multiply the 2nd row by 2 and add to the 1st row, and 2) identify the values of x and y.
 1 −2 1 1 + 0 −2 + 2 1 + 6  1 0 7   13 −1 
0 = 2) (x, y) =  , 
1 3
1) 
  0 1 3  0 1 3 2 2 
7. x + 3y = 3 -x + y = -3
 1 3 3  1 3 3  1 3 3 1 + 0 3 + (−3) 3 + 0   1 0 3
 −1 1 −3 →  −1 + 1 1 + 3 −3 + 3 =  0 4 0  →  0 =
0   0 1 0 
Æ (3, 0)
       1
8. x - y = 5 2x - y = 6
 1 −1 5   1 −1 5   1 −1 5  1 + 0 −1 + 1 5 − 4  1 0 1
 2 −1 6  →  2 − 2 −1 + 2 6 − 10  = 0 1 −4 →  0 =
−4  0 1 −4
 Æ (1, -4)
       1
9. x – 2y = -1 2x + y = 8
 1 −2 −1  1 −2 −1  1 −2 −1 1 + 0 −2 + 2 −1 + 4
2  →  =  → Æ
 1 8  2 − 2 1 + 4 8 + 2  0 5 10   0 5 10
 1 0 3   1 0 3
0 5 10  =  0 1 2  Æ (3, 2)
   
10. x + y = -1 2x + 3y = -5
 1 1 −1  1 1 −1  1 1 −1 1 + 0 1 − 1 −1 + 3  1 0 2 
 2 3 −5 →  2 − 2 3 − 2 −5 + 2  = 0 1 −3 →  0 =
−3  0 1 −3
Æ (2, -3)
       1
 2 −5 −6  =  2 −5 −6 
11.     ⇒ Dependent system
 −4 10 12  ( r2 + 2r1 )  0 0 0
The solution is all points on the line 2x – 5y = – 6.
 1 1 5 = 1 1 5 =  1 1 5 ( r1 − r2 )  1 0 2 
12.     ) 0 1 3 = 0 1 3
 3 −1 3  ( 2
r − 3r1 ) 0 −4 −12  ( 2
r ÷ ( − 4)
 2 −3 10 ( r1 ÷ 2 )  1 −3
2
5 =  1 − 32 5 ( r1 + 23 r2 )  1 0 2
7
  r ÷ (5) 
) 0 1 −1 =  0 1 −1
 
13.   The solution is (7/2, – 1).
 2 2 5 ( r2 − 2r1 )  0 5 −5 ( 2
 1 3 1 =  1 3 1 =  1 3 1 ( r1 − 3r2 )  1 0 −2 
14.         The solution is (– 2, 1).
 −2 1 5 ( r2 + 2r1 )  0 7 7  ( r2 ÷ 7 ) 0 1 1 =  0 1 1
 4 2 −10  ( r1 ÷ 2 )  4 2 −10  =  1 1/ 2 −10 / 4  =  1 1/ 2 −10 / 4 

15.     
 −2 1 −7  ( r2 - r1 )  0 2 −12  ( r2 ÷ 4 )  0 2 −12  ( r2 ÷ 2 ) 0 1 −6 
 1 1/ 2 −10 / 4  ( r2 ÷ −2 )  1 0 1/ 2 
0 −6  ( r2 + r1 ) 0 1 −6 
The solution is (1/2, -6).
 1
 4 2 6 ( r1 ÷ 4 )  1 12 32  = 1 1
2
3
2  =  1 12 32  ( r1 − 12 r2 )  1 0 1
16.       2r   0 1 1
 5 4 9 = 5 4 9 ( r2 − 5r1 )  0  ( 3 2 ) 0 1 1 =
3 3
2 2  
 −3 6 5 ( r1 ÷ (−3) )  1 −2 
−5
=  1 −2 −5

⇒
3 3
17.     r − 2r  0 0 Inconsistent system No solution.
 2 −4 8  =  2 −4 8 ( 2 1)
34
3 
 2 −5 10   1 −5
5  1 −5
5  1 0 5
= 2
=
2
=
0  0
18. 
1 15  0 1 0  0 1 0
15
3 2
 2 1 11 ( r1 ÷ 2 ) 1 12 112  =  1 1
2
11
2  =  1 12  ( r1 − 12 r2 )  1 0 3
11
2
19.       2r    0 1 5
 1 3 18 = 1 3 18 ( r2 − r1 )  0  ( 5 2 ) 0 1 =
5 25
2 2 5  
 4 −3 7  ( r1 ÷ 4 )  1 − 34 4
7
=  1 − 34 7
4  =  1 − 34 74  ( r1 + 43 r2 )  1 0 
11
2
20.       2    
 −2 5 14  =  −2 5 14  ( r2 + 2r1 )  0  ( 7 r2 ) 0 =
7 35
2 2 1 5 0 1 5
The solution is (11/2, 5).
21. S + L = 55 4S + 6L = 290
 1 1 55 ( r1 • −4 )  1 1 55 =  1 1 55 ( r2 • −1)  1 0 20
 4 6 290  r + r 0 2 70  ( r ÷ 2 ) 0 1 35 r +r  0 1 35 The solution is (20, 35).
 ( 2 1)  2   ( 1 2)  
22. p = 2H + 2W 2H + 2W = 124 H–W=8

 2 2 124  ( r2 • 2 )  4 0 140  = 1 0 35 ( r1 • −1)  1 0 35 ( r2 • −1)  1 0 35
 1 −1  r + r  1 −1  ( r ÷ 4 ) 1 −1 8 r +r 0 −1 −27   0 1 27 
 8 ( 1 2) 8  1   ( 2 1)    
23. Let T = # of hours for truck driver L = # of hours for laborer

10T + 8L = 144 L=T+2 Æ T=L–2
10 8 144  ( r2 • 8 ) 18 0 128 ( r1 ÷ 18) 1 0 64 / 9  ( r1 • −1)  1 0 64 / 9 
 1 −1 −2  r + r  1 −1 −2  1 −1 −2  ( r2 + r1 )  0 −1 −82 / 9 
 ( 1 2 )  
 1 0 64 / 9 ( r2 • −1)  1 0 64 / 9 
0 −1 −82 / 9  0 1 82 / 9  (64/9, 82/9)
   
7 1/9 hours for the truck driver and 9 1/9 hours for the laborer.
SECTION 7.5 265
24. Let x = cost per pound of cherries y = cost per pound of mints
2x + 3y = 23 1x + 2y = 14
 2 3 23 1 32 232   1 3
  1 32 232   1 0 4
23
 1 2 14  = 1 2 14  = 0 = =
2 2
1 5 
     2  0 1 5   0 1 5
2
The cherries are $4 per pound and the mints are $5 per pound.
25. 1.5 x + 2 y = 337.5 x + y = 200
1.5 2 337.5 1 1.33 225 1 1.33 225  1 1.33 225  1 1.33 225  1 0 125
 1 1 = = =  = =
 200  1 1 200  1 1 200  0 −.33 −25  0 1 75 0 1 75

The solution is 125 non-refillable pencils @ $1.50 and 75 refillable pencils @ $2.00.
Exercise Set 7.5

1. The solution set of a system of linear inequalities is the set of points that satisfy all inequalities in the
system.
2. Graph and shade the solution set to each of the inequalities. The intersection of the shaded areas and
any solid lines common to both inequalities is the solution set.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
9. 10.
11. 12.
13. 14.
SECTION 7.5 267
15. 16.
17. 18.
19. a) Let P = Panasonic, S = Sony b)

600P + 900S < 18000
P > 2S P ≥ 10
S≥ 5
c) (15, 6) means 15 Panasonic models and 6

Sony models.
600 (15) + 900 (6) = 9000 + 5400 or
$ 14,400
20. x < 0, y > 0

21. a) No, if the lines are parallel there may not be a 22. Yes. One example is x < 0, y < 0, x > 0, y > 0.
solution to the system. 23. No. Every line divides the plane into two halves
b) Example: y ≥ x y ≤ x–2 only one of which can be part of the solution.
This system has no solution. Therefore, the points in the other half cannot
satisfy both inequalities and so do not solve
y the system.
Example: y ≥ x x ≥ 2
y ≥x y
y ≤ x− 2
(0,0)
x
(2,2)
(0,-2)
x
y=x
x=2
Exercise Set 7.6

1. Constraints are restrictions that are represented 2. The feasible region is formed by graphing the
as linear inequalities. system of inequalities.
3. Vertices 4. Objective function: K = Ax + By
5. If a linear equation of the form K = Ax + By is evaluated at each point in a closed polygonal region, the
maximum and minimum values of the equation occur at a corner.
6. At (1, 1), P = 4(1) + 6(1) = 10 7. At (0, 0), K= 6(0) + 4(0) = 0

At (1, 4), P = 4(1) + 6(4) = 28 At (0, 4), K= 6(0) + 4(4) = 16
At (5, 1), P = 4(5) + 6(1) = 26 At (2, 3), K= 6(2) + 4(3) = 24
At (7, 1), P = 4(7) + 6(1) = 34 At (5, 0), K= 6(5) + 4(0) = 30
The maximum profit is 34. Determine the The maximum value is 30 at (5, 0); the minimum
value of the profit function at each vertex; the value is 0 at (0, 0).
largest profit value is the maximum.
SECTION 7.6 269
8. At (10, 20), K = 2(10) + 3(20) = 80 9. a)
At (10, 40), K = 2(10) + 3(40) = 140
At (50, 30), K = 2(50) + 3(30) = 190
At (50, 10), K = 2(50) + 3(10) = 130
At (20, 10), K = 2(20) + 3(10) = 70

b) x + y < 5 2x + y < 8 x>0 y>0
The maximum value is 190 at (50, 30); the P = 5x + 4y
minimum value is 70 at (20, 10). At (0,0), P = 5(0) + 4(0) = 0 min. at (0, 0)
At (0,4), P = 5(0) + 4(4) = 16
At (3, 2, P = 5(3) + 4(2) = 23 max. at (2, 3)
At (0,5), P = 5(0) + 4(5) = 20
10. a) 11. a)
y
(0,2) (3,1)
(0,0) (4,0) x
b) P = 2x + 4y
At (0,0), P= 2(0) + 4(0) = 0 min. at (0, 0)
b) P = 7x + 6y
At (3,2), P= 2(3) + 4(2) = 14
At (0,0), P = 7(0) + 6(0) = 0 min. at (0, 0)
At (4,0), P= 2(4) + 4(0) = 8
At (0,2), P = 7(0) + 6(2) = 12
At (0,4), P= 2(0) + 4(4) = 16 max. at (0, 4)
At (3,1), P = 7(3) + 6(1) = 27
At (4,0), P = 7(4) + 6(0) = 28 max. at (4, 0)
12. a) 13. a)
y y
9
(0,50)
(16/3,5)
(0,30) (30,20)
4 (2,5)
(0,0) 2 (2,4/3) (32/3,1)

(50,0) (90,0) x
(9/4,1)
12 x
12. b) P = 20x + 40y 13 b) P = 2.20x + 1.65y

At (0, 0), P = 20(0)+40(0) = 0 At (2,4/3), P= 2.20(2)+1.65(4/3) = 6.60
At (0,30), P = 20(0+40(30) = 120 At (2, 5), P= 2.20(2)+1.65(5) = 12.65
At (30,20), P = 20(30)+40(20) = 1400 At (16/3,5), P=2.20(16/3)+1.65(5) = 19.98
At (50, 0), P = 20(50)+40(0) = 1000 At (32/3,1), P=2.20(32/3)+1.65(1) = 25.12
At (9/4,1), P=2.20(9/4)+1.65(1) = 6.60
Min. (0, 0) and Max. at (20, 30)
Max. at (32/3,1) and Min. at (2,4/3), (9/4,1)
14. a) 15. a) Let x = profit on Eastman Kodak film

y y = profit on Fuji film
x + y ≤ 24 x ≥ 8 x ≤ 24
y ≥ 4 y < 12
b) P = .35x + .50y
(2,6) c)
(2,7/2)
(10,2)
(24/7,1)
(10,1)
x
b) P = 15.13x + 9.35y d) At (8, 4), P = .35(8) + .50(4) = .35

Max. profit is 170 at (10,2) At (16, 8), P = .35(16) + .50(8) = 9.6 max. at
Min. profit is 61.22 at (24/7,1) (16, 8)
At (20, 4), P = .35(20) + .50(4) = 9
e) 16 rolls of Kodak film and 8 rolls of Fuji film
f ) Max. profit = $9.60
16. a) Let x = number of skateboards 17. Let x = gallons of indoor paint

y = number of in-line skates y = gallons of outdoor paint
x + y ≤ 20 x ≥ 3 x ≤ 6 y ≥ 2 x ≥ 60 y ≥ 100
b) P = 25x + 20y c)
c)
d) (3,2) (3,17) (6,14) (6,2)

16. e) At (3,2), P = 25(3) + 20(2) = 115 17. a) 3x + 4y > 60 x > 0

At (3,17), P = 25(3) + 20(17) = 415 10x + 5y > 100 y > 0
At (6,14), P = 25(6) + 20(14) = 430 b) C = 28x + 33y
At (6,2), P = 25(6) + 20(2) = 190 d) At (0, 20), C = 28(0) + 33(20) = 660
Six skateboards and 14 pairs of in-line At (20, 0), C = 28(20) + 33(0) = 560
skates. At (4, 12), C = 28(4) + 33(12) = 508
f) Max. profit = $430 e) 4 hours on Mach. 1 and 12 hours on Mach. 2
f ) Max. profit = $ 660.00
18. Let x = pounds of all-beef hot dogs 19. Let x = # of car seats
y = pounds of regular hot dogs y = # of strollers
x + (1/2)y ≤ 200 x ≥ 60 y ≥ 100
(1/2)y ≤ 150 x ≥ 0 y ≥ 0 x + 3y < 24 2x + y < 16 x + y < 10
y P = 25x + 35y
y
(3,17)
(50,300)
(6,14)
(0,300)
(200,0) (3,2) (6,2)

(0,0) x
P = 0.30y + 0.40x x
Maximum profit occurs at (50,300). At (0, 8), P = 25(0) + 35(8) = 280
Thus the manufacturer should make 50 lb. At (3, 7), P = 25(3) + 35(7) = 320
of the all-beef hot dogs and 300 lb. of the At (4, 6), P = 25(4) + 35(6) = 310
regular hot dogs for a profit of $110. At (8, 0), P = 25(8) + 35(0) = 200
3 car seats and 7 strollers
Max. profit = $ 320.00
Review Exercises
1. 2.
3. 4.
x+y= 5
y y
x=3 x + 2y = 5
(0,5)
(3,2)
(0,1) (5,0)
x
(5,0)
x
(2,0)
2x+4y = 4
Inconsistent
The solution is (3,2).
5. y = (2/3)x + 5 6. y = 2x + 6
y = (2/3)x + 5 y = 2x + 7.5
Same slope and y-intercept. Infinite # of Same slope but different y-intercepts. No
solutions. solution.
7. 6y – 2x = 20 becomes y = (1/3)x + 10/3 8. y = (1/2)x - 2

4y + 2x = 10 becomes y = – (1/2)x + 5/2 y = 2x + 6
Different slopes. One solution. Different slopes. One solution.
9. (1) – x + y = 12 10. x - 2y = 9
(2) x + 2y = – 3 (add) y = 2x – 3
3y = 9 y=3 Substitute (2x – 3) in place of y in the 1st
Substitute 3 in place of y in the first equation. equation.
– x + 3 = 12 x - 2(2x – 3) = – 11 (solve for x)
–x= 9 x=–9 x - 4x – 6 = – 11
The solution is (– 9,3). 5x – 6 = – 1
5x = – 5 x= – 1
Substitute (– 1) in place of x in the 2nd equation.
y = 2(– 1) – 3 = – 2– 3 = – 5
The solution is (- 1,- 5).
11. 2x - y = 4 y = 2x - 4 12. 3x + y = 1 y = -3x +1

3x - y = 2 3y =- 9x - 4
Substitute 2x - 4 for y in the second equation. Substitute -3x + 1 for y in the second equation.
3x - (2x - 4)= 2 (solve for x) 3(-3x + 1)= -9x - 4 (solve for x)
3x - 2x + 4 = 2 -9x + 3 = -9x - 4
x+4=2 x = -2 3 ≠ 4 False There is no solution to this
Substitute -2 for x in an equation. system.
2(-2) – y = 4 The equations are inconsistent.
-4 – y = 4 y = -8
The solution is (-2, -8).
13. x – 2y = 1 x = 2y + 1 14. (1) 2x + y = 2

2x + y = 7 (2) – 3x – y = 5 (add)
Substitute (2y + 1) for x in the 2nd equation. -x = 7 x=–7
2(2y + 1) + y = 7 (solve for y) Substitute (– 7) in place of x in the 1st equation.
4y + 2 + y = 7 2(– 7) + y = 2
5y + 2 = 7 – 14 y = 2 y = 16
5y = 5 y=1 The solution is (– 7, 16).
Substitute 1 in place of y in the equation.
x = 2y + 1.
x = 2(1) + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3
The solution is (3,1).
15. (1) x + y = 2 16. (1) 4x - 8y = 16

(2) x + 3y = – 2 (2) x – 2y = 4 x = 2y + 4
Multiply the first equation by –1. Substitute 2y + 4 for x in the first equation.
–x–y=–2 4(2y + 4) - 8y = 16
x + 3y = – 2 (add) 8y + 16 – 8y = 16
2y = – 4 y = –2 16 = 16 True
Substitute (–2) for y in equation (2). There are an infinite number of solutions.
x + 3(– 2) = – 2 The system is dependent.
x–6=–2 x=4
The solution is (4,–2).
17. (1) 3x + 5y = 15 18. (1) 3x + 4y = 6

(2) 2x + 4y = 0 (2) 2x – 3y = 4
Multiply the first equation by 2, and the 2nd Multiply the first equation by 2, and the second
equation by (– 3). equation by – 3.
6x + 10y = 30 6x + 8y = 12
– 6x – 12y = 0 (add) – 6x + 9y = –12 (add)
– 2y = 30 y = – 15 17y = 0 y=0
Substitute (– 15) for y in the second equation. Substitute 0 for y in the first equation.
2x + 4(– 15) = 0 3x + 4(0) = 6
2x – 60 = 0 x = 30 3x = 6 x=2
The solution is (30,– 5). The solution is (2,0).
1 −3  −2 −5 1 + (−2) −3 + (−5)   −1 −8

19. A + B =  + = 4 + 3   8 7 
=
2 4   6 3   2 + 6
1 −3  −2 −5 1 − (−2) −3 − (−5)   3 2 

20. A – B =  − = 4 − 3   −4 1 
=
2 4   6 3   2 − 6
1 −3  2(1) 2(−3)   2 −6

21. 2A = 2  = = 
 2 4   2(2) 2(4)   4 8 
 1 −3  −2 −5  2 −6  6 15   2 + 6 −6 + 15  8 9

22. 2A – 3B = 2   −3  =  +  =  = 
2 4   6 3   4 8   −18 −9   4 − 18 8 − 9   −14 −1
1 −3  −2 −5 1(−2) + (−3)6 1(−5) + (−3)3  −20 −14

23. A x B =  × = = 2 
 2 4   6 3   2(−2) + 4(6) 2(−5) + 4(3)   20
 −2 −5  1 −3 (−2)1 + (−5)2 (−2)(−3) + (−5)4   −12 −14

24. B x A =  × = 6(−3) + 3(4)   12
=
−6 
 6 3   2 4   6(1) + 3(2)
1 2 4  =  1 2 6  (r1 − 2r2 )  1 0 −2 
25.     =  The solution is (2, 2).
1 1 2  (r2 − r1 ) 0 −1 −2  2r2 0 1 2
 −1 1 4   1 −1 −4   1 0 −2 
26.  = =  The solution is (– 2, 2).
 1 2 2  0 3 6  0 1 2
 2 1 3 (r1 ÷ 2)  1 12 2
3
= 1 1
2
3
2  =  1 12 2
3
(- 12 r2 +r1 )  1 0 3
27.       (- 2 r )    0 1 −3
 3 − 1 12  = 3 -1 12  2
(r − 3r1 
) 0 − 5
2
15
2  5 2 0 1 −3 =  
The solution is (3,– 3).
2 3 2  1 3
1  1 32 1  1 0 1
28.   = 
2
= =  The solution is (1,0)
 4 −9 4  0 −15 0  0 1 0  0 1 0 
 1 3 3  1 3 3  1 3 3  1 0 12
  12 7 
29.   = = 7
= 11
 The solution is  , 
3 −2 2  0 −11 −7   0 1  11 11 
7
11  0 1 11 
 3 −6 −9  (r1 • −1)  −3 6 9  (r2 + r1 )  1 11 23 (r1 • −4)  1 11 23

30. 
4 5 14   4 5 14 
 
 4 5 14 ( r + r ) 0 −39 −78
  2 1  
 1 11 23 (r1 •11/ 39)  1 0 1 (r2 ÷ −2)  1 0 1
0 −39 −78 ( r + r ) 0 −39 −78 0 1 2 The solution is (1, 2).
  2 1    
31. Let x = amount borrowed at 8% y = amount borrowed at 10%

.08x + .10y = 53000 x + y = 600000
.08 .10 53000  (r2 • −10)  −2 0 −700000  (r1 • −1)  1 0 350000
 1 1 600000  ( r2 + r )  1 1 600000  ( r2 + r ) 0 1 250000

x = $350,000 and y = $ 250,000
32. Let s = liters of 80% acid solution 33. Let s = salary r = commission rate
w = liters of 50% acid solution (1) s + 4000r = 660
s + w = 100 (2) s + 6000r= 740 (subtract 1 from 2)
0.80s + 0.50w = 100(0.75) 2000r = 80
0.80s + 0.50w = 75 r = 80/2000 = 0.04
s = 100 – w Substitute 0.04 for r in eq’n. 1.
0.80(100 – w) + 0.50w = 75 s = 660 – 4000(.04) s = 500
80 – 0.80w + 0.50w = 75 His salary is 500 per week and his commission
– 0.30w = – 5 rate is 4%.
w = – 5/(– 0.30) = 16 2/3 liters
s = 100 – 16 2/3 = 83 1/3 liters
34. Let c = total cost x = no. of months to 35. a) Let C = total cost for parking
operate x = number of additional hours
a) model 1600A: cA = 950 + 32x All-Day: C = 5 + 0.50x
model 6070B: cB = 1275 + 22x Sav-A-Lot: C = 4.25 + 0.75x
950 + 32x= 1275 + 22x 5 + 0.50x= 4.25 + 0.75x
10x = 325 x = 32.5 months 0.75 = 0.25x 3=x
After 32.5 months of operation the total cost The total cost will be the same after 3
of the units will be equal. additional hours or 4 hours total.
b) After 32.5 months or 2.7 years, the most cost b) After 5 hours or x = 4 additional hours:
effective unit is the unit with the lower per All-Day: C = 5 + 0.50(4) = $7.00
month to operate cost. Thus, model 6070B is Sav-A-Lot: C = 4.25 + 0.75(4) = $7.25
the better deal in the long run. All-Day would be less expensive.
36. 37.
y y
2x + y < 8 y = 2x – 1
y ≤ 3x – 1 y ≥ 2x – 1
y > – 2x + 1 (9/4,7/2)
x
x
2x + y = 8
38. 39.
y y
(0,6)
x + 3y = 6 6x + 5y = 30
(0,2)
2x − 7y = 14
(5,0)
x x
(0,-2)
x + 3y ≤ 6
2x - 7y ≤14 (0,-5) x −y=5
40. P = 6x + 3y
At (0,0), P = 6(0) + 3(0) = 0 y
At (0,10), P = 6(0) + 3(10) = 30
At (9,0), P = 6(9) + 3(0) = 54 (0,10)
The maximum profit is $54 at (9,0).
(0,0) (9,0) x
Chapter Test
1. If the lines do not intersect (parallel) the system of equations is inconsistent. The system of equations is
consistent if the lines intersect only once. If both equations represent the same line then the system of
equations is dependent.
2. 3. Write each equation in slope intercept form,

then
compare slopes and intercepts.
4x + 5y = 6 – 3x + 5y = 13
5y = – 4x + 6 5y = 3x + 13
y = – (4/5)x + 6/5
y = (3/5)x + 13/5
The slopes are different so there is only
The solution is (2,– 7). one solution.
CHAPTER TEST 277
4. x – y = 5 x=y+5 5. y = 5x + 7 y = 2x + 1
2x + 3y = –5 Substitute (5x + 7) for y in the second equation.
Substitute (y + 5) for x in the second equation. 5x + 7= 2x + 1 (solve for x)
2(y + 5) + 3y = – 5 (solve for y) 3x = -6 x = -2
2y + 10 + 3y = – 5 Substitute -2 for x in the first equation.
5y + 10 = – 5 y = 5(-2) + 7 = -10 + 7 = -3
5y = – 15 y= – 3 The solution is (-2, -3).
Substitute (– 3) for y in the equation x = y + 5.
x=–3+5=2 The solution is (2,– 3).
6. x – y = 4 7. 4x + 3y = 5
2x + y = 5 (add) 2x + 4y = 10
3x = 9 x= 3 Multiply the second equation by (– 2).
Substitute 3 for x in the 2nd equation. 4x + 3y = 5
2(3) + y = 5 – 4x – 8y = – 20 (add)
6+y=5 y= – 1 The solution is (3,– 1). – 5y = – 15 y= 3
4x + 3(3) = 5
4x + 9 = 5
4x = – 4 x=–1
The solution is (–1,3).
8. 3x + 4y = 6 8. Substitute 2 for x in an equation.

2x - 3y = 4 2(2) – 3y = 4 (solve for y)
Multiply the 1st eq’n. by 3 and the 2nd eq’n. by 4. -3y = 0 y=0
9x + 12y = 18
8x – 12y = 16 The solution is (2, 0).
17x = 34 x=2
 1 3 4 = 1 3 4 =  1 3 4  ( r1 − 3r2 )  1 0 −2 
9.       0 1 2
5 7 4  ( −5r1 + r2 )  0 −8 −16 ( r2 ÷ ( −8 ) ) 0 1 2  =  
The solution is (– 2,2).
 2 −5  −1 −3  2 + (−1) −5 − 3  1 −8 

10. A + B =  +  =  3 + 2  6 5 
=
1 3   5 2   1 + 5  
 2 −5  −1 −3 3(2) − (−1) 3(−5) − (−3)   7 −12 

11. 3A – B = 3  − =  3(3) − 2   −2 7 
=
1 3   5 2   3(1) − 5
 2 −5  −1 −3  2(−1) + (−5)(5) 2(−3) + (−5)(2)   −27 −16

12. A x B =   =  1(−3) + 3(2)   14 3 
=
1 3   5 2   1(−1) + (3)(5) 
13. y < -2x + 2 y > 3x + 2 14. Let x = lb of $6.00 coffee

y = lb of $7.50 coffee
y x + y = 30 y = 30 - x
y = 3x + 2 6x + 7.5y = 7.00(30)
Substitute (30 – x) for y in the 2nd equation.
6x + 7.5(30 – x) = 210
y < – 2x + 2
y > 3x + 2 6x + 225 – 7.5x = 210
– 1.5x = – 15 x = 10
x Substitute 10 for x in the equation
y = 30 – x.
y = – 2x + 2 y = 30 – 10 = 20
Mix 10 lb of the $6.00 coffee with 20 lb of
the $7.50 coffee.
15. Let x = no. of one bedroom units 16. a)

y = no. of two bedroom units
x + y = 20 x = 20 - y
425x + 500y = 9100
Substitute (20 – y) for x in the second equation.
425(20 – y) + 500y = 9100
75y = 600 y=8
b) P = 5x + 3y
x + 8 = 20 x = 12
At (0, 0) P = 5(0) + 3(0) = 0
The building has 12 one bedroom and 8 two
At (0, 2) P = 5(0) + 3(2) = 6
bedroom apartments.
At (3, 1) P = 5(3) + 3(1) = 18
At (3.75, 0) P = 5(3.75) + 3(0) = 18.75
Max. at (3.75, 0) and Min. at (0, 0)
Group Projects
2. Let x = # of board feet of oak 2. c)

y = # of board feet of walnut y
a) 5x + 2y = 75 4x + 3y = 125
x ≥ 40 y ≥ 50
b) P = 75x + 125y 200 (40,520/3)
d) Determine the maximum profit.
(600/7,1000/7)
At (40,173) P = 75(40) + 125(173) = $24,625
100
At (40,50) P = 75(40) + 125(50) = $9,250 (40,50)
At (160,50) P = 75(160) + 125(50) = $18,250 (160,50)
At (86,143) P 75(86) + 125(143) = $24,325 80 x

160 240
Maximum profit occurs at 40 of model 01 and
173 of model 02.
e) Maximum profit = $24,625
CHAPTER EIGHT
THE METRIC SYSTEM
Exercise Set 8.1

1. The metric system. 2. The U.S. customary system.
3. It is the worldwide accepted standard of measurement. There is only 1 basic unit of measurement for each
quantity. It is based on the number 10 which makes many calculations easier.
4. a) meter b) kilogram c) liter d) celsius
5. a) Move the decimal point one place for each change in unit of measure.
714.6
b) 714.6 cm = km = 714.6 x 10 -5 km = 0.007146 km
105
c) 30.8 hm = (30.8)(1000) dm = 30800 dm
6. a) mega b) micro 7. kilo 1000 times the base unit k

hecto 100 times the base unit h
deka 10 times the base unit da
dec 1/10 times the base unit d
centi 1/100 times the base unit c
milli 1/1000 times the base unit m
8. a) 10,000 times greater 9. a) 100 times greater 10. a) 0o C

b) 1 h = 10,000 cm b) 1 dam = 100 dm b) 100o C
c) 1 cm = 0.0001 hm c) 1dm = 0.01 dam c) 37o C
11. 2 pounds 12. 1 yard 13. 5 grams 14. 30o C

15. 22o C 16. 2 m. 17. kilo d 18. milli b
19. hector c 20. deka e 21. deci f 22. centi a
23. a) 10 liters b) 1/100 liter c) 1/1000 liter d) 1/10 liter e) 1000 liters f) 100 liters
24. a) 100 grams b) 0.001 gram c) 1000 grams d) 0.01 gram e) 10 grams f) 0.1 gram
25. mg 1/1000 gm 26. cg 1/100 gm 27. dg 1/10 gm

28. dag 10 gm 29. hg 100 gm 30. kg 1000 gm
31. Max. load 320 kg = (320 x 1,000) g = 320 000 g 32. Max. load 320 kg = (320 x 1,000,000) mg
= 320,000,000 mg
33. 2 m = (2 x 100) cm = 200 cm 34. 35.7 hg = (35.7 x 100) g = 3,570 g
279
280 CHAPTER 8 The Metric System
35. 0.095 hl = (0.095)(100) = 9.5 l 36. 7 dam = (7 x 10) m = 70 m
37. 242.6 cm = (242.6)(0.0001) hm = 0.02426 hm 38. 1.34 ml = (1.34)(0.001) l = 0.00134 l

39. 4036 mg = (4036)(0.00001) hg = 0.04036 hg 40. 14.27 kl = (14.27)(1000) l = 14 270 l
41. 1.34 hm = (1.34)(10000) cm = 13,400 cm 42. 0.000062 kg = 62 mg
43. 92.5 kg = 92,500 g 44. 7.3 m = 7300 mm
45. 895 l = 895,000 ml 46. 24 dm = 0.0024 km
47. 240 cm = 0.0240 hm 48. 6,049 mm = 6.049 m
49. 40,302 ml = 4.0302 dal 50. 0.034 ml = 0.00034 l
51. 590 cm, 5.1 dam, 0.47 km 52. 680 m, 514 hm, 62 km
53. 2.42 kg, 2,400 g, 24,300 dg 54. 420 cl, 4.3 l, 0.045 kl
55. 203,000 mm, 2.6 km, 52.6 hm 56. 0.032 kl, 460 dl, 48,000 cl
57. Jim, since a meter is longer than a yard. 58. 1 hectometer in 10 min. 1 hm > 1 dm
59. The pump that removes 1 dal of water per min. 60. The side with the 15 lb. weight would go down.
1 dekaliter > 1 deciliter 5 kg = 5(2.2 lbs.) = 11 lbs.
61. a) Perimeter= 2l + 2w= 2(74) + 2(99)= 346 cm 62. a) (2)(250)(7) = 3,500 mg / week
b) 346 cm = (346 x 10) mm = 3,460 mm b) 3,500 mg / week = 3.5 g / week
63. a) (4)(27 m) = 108 m b) 108 m = 0.108 km 64. a) 1,200 km / 187 l = 6.417 km/l
c) 108 m = 108 000 mm b) 1,200,00 / 187 l = 6,417 m/l
65. 8 (400) m = 3,200 m; 3,200 m = 3.2 km  1000 ml   1 min 

66. 360 l = (360 l)   
 1 l   360 ml 
= 83.333…min. or 1 hr 23.333…min.
67. a) 6(360) ml = 2,160 ml 68. ($ 1.03)(37.7 l) = $ 38.83

b) 2160(1000) = 2.16 l
c) 2.45 / 2.16 = $1.13 per liter
69. a) (6.9)(1000) = 6,900 gm 70. 750 km = 7500 hm 750 – 32.5 = 717.5 km

b) 6,900 / 3 = 2300 gm 2300 gm = 23,000 dg
71. 1 gigameter = 1000 megameters 72. 1 nanogram = .001 microgram 73. 1 teraliter = 1 x 1024 picoliters
74. 1 megagram = 1 x 1015 nanogms 75. 0.8/.027 = 29.6 30 eggs 76. 0.8/.288 = 2.777… 2.8 cups
77. 195 mg = 0.195 g 78. 1.6 mg = 0.0016 g 79. 5000 cm = 5 dam
0.8/0.195 = 4.1 cups 0.8/0.016 = 500
500(49) = 24,500 g
80. 2000 mm = 2 m 81. 0.00006 hg = 6 mg 82. 3000 dm = 3 hm
83. 0.02 kl = 2 dal 84. 500 cm = 5 m 85. magr gram
86. migradec decigram 87. rteli liter 88. raktileed dekaliter
89. terem meter 90. leritililm milliliter 91. reketolim kilometer
92. timenceret centimeter 93. greeed sulesic degree celsius 94. togmeharc hectogram
SECTION 8.2 281
Exercise Set 8.2

1. volume 2. length 3. area 4. length
5. volume 6. volume 7. volume 8. volume
9. area 10. volume 11. length 12. area
13. Answers will vary. 14. Answers will vary. 15. Answers will vary. 16. Answers will vary.
(AWV)
17. Answers will vary. 18. Answers will vary. 19. 1 cubic decimeter 20. 1000 l = 1 kiloliter
21. 1 cubic centimeter 22. square kilometers 23. area 24. 2.5 acres
25. centimeters 26. kilometers 27. cm or mm 28. centimeters
29. centimeters 30. millimeters 31. millimeters 32. meters
33. cm or mm 34. cm or mm 35. kilometers 36. cm or m
37. c 27 m 38. a 2 cm x 3 cm 39. c 5 km 40. a 160 cm
41. a 2 cm 42. b 8 cm 43. a 93 dam 44. c 375 m
45. mm AWV 46. cm AWV 47. cm or m AWV 48. mm or cm AWV
49. mm or cm AWV 50. mm AWV 51. cm, km 52. km
53. m 54. m 55. cm 56. km
57. sq. mm. or sq. cm. 58. hectares or sq. km. 59. sq. m. 60. sq. mm. or sq. cm.
61. sq. m. or hectares 62. sq. m. or hectares 63. sq. mm. or sq. cm. 64. sq. cm. or sq. m.
65. hectares or sq. km. 66. sq. m. 67. b 2.2 sq .m. 68. a 5 sq. cm.
69. a 800 sq. m. 70. b 1/8 ha 71. c 360 sq. cm. 72. a 2.5 sq. cm.
73. c 1200 sq. mm. 74. c 4900 sq. km. 75. AWV 76. AWV
77. AWV 78. AWV 79. AWV 80. AWV
81. kiloliters 82. liters 83. milliliters 84. cubic centimeters
85. liters 86. cubic meters 87. cubic meters 88. cubic meters
89. liters 90. cubic meters 91. c 7780 cu. cm. 92. a 0.5 cu. m.
93. c 55 kl 94. b 355 ml 95. a 550 cu. m. 96. b 120 ml
97. a 24 cu. m. 98. b 14,000 cu. cm. 99. a) 144,000 cc 99. b) 152,561 cc
100. a) AWV b) (2)(1.5)(.25) = .75 m3 101. a) AWV b) v ≈ (3.14)(0.25)2 (1) = 0.20 m3

102. a) AWV b) v = π r2h ≈ (3.14)(0.20)2(2) = 0.25m3 103. a) AWV b) A = lw = (4)(2.2) = 8.8 cm2
104. A = π r2 = (3.14)(1.2)2 = 4.5216 cm2 105. (82)(62) - (50)(42) = 5084 - 2100 = 2984 cm2
106. a) (73)(53) = 3869 m2 107. a) (3.75)(1.4) = 5.25 km

b) 3869 – (70)(50) = 3869 – 3500 = 869 m2 b) (5.25)(100 ha) = 525 ha
108. a) (22.5)(18.3) = 411.75 m2 109. a) (18)(10)(2.5) = 450 m3
b) (411.75)(0.0001 ha) = 0.041175 ha b) 450 m3 = 450 kl
110. Total Surface Area of 4 walls = 2lh + 2wh = 2(20)(6) + 2(12)(6) = 384 m2
 1l   1l 
Liters for first coat = (384 m2)  2 
= 38.4 l Liters for second coat = (384 m2)  2 
= 25.6 l
 10 m   15 m 
Total liters = 38.4 + 25.6 = 64 l Total cost = (64)($4.75) = $304
 56000 
111. a) V = lwh = (70)(40)(20) = 56,000 cm3 b) 56,000 cm3 = 56,000 ml c) c) 56 000 ml =   l = 56 l
 1000 
112. V = π r 2h≈ (3.14)(4.0)2(12.5) 113. 102 = 100 times larger 114. 1002 = 10,000 times larger
628 cm3
115. 103 = 1000 times larger 116. 103 = 1000 times larger 117. 1,000,000 mm2
118. 1,000,000,000 cm2 119. 100 hm2 120. 0.0001 m2
121. 0.000,000,000,1 hm2 122. 10,000 mm2 123. 1,000,000 cm3
124. 1 hm3 = 0.001 km3 125. 435 cm3 = 435 ml 126. 435 cm3 = 0.435 l
127. 76 kl = 76 m3 128. 4.2 l = 4,200 cm3 129. (6.0 x 104)(10) = 600,000 dl
130. (600,000)(100) = 131. AWV 132. AWV
60,000,000 ml = 60,000,000 cc
133. 6.7 kl = 6.7 m3 = (6.7 x 103) dm3 = 6,700 dm3 134. 1.4 ha = 14,000 m2 = (14000 x 1002) cm2 =
140,000,000 cm2
ft 2 136. a) (1 yd3) = (36 in)3 = 46,656 in3

135. a) 1 sq mi = (1 mi2)(5280)2 = 27,878,400 ft2 (46,656 in3)(6) = 279,936 in3
mi 2
2 b) It is easier to convert in the metric system
in
27,878,400 ft2 x (12)2 2 = 4,014,489,600 in2 because it is a base 10 system.
ft
b) It is easier to convert in the metric system
because it is a base 10 system.
137. Answers will vary. 138. a) 1.5 m = 150 cm

150 – 50 = 100 cm.
b) 150/50 = 3 3 times larger
c) No.
139. a) 5150.7 liters / day
b) 493.2 liters / day
Exercise Set 8.3

1. kilogram 2. 5 gm 3. 2 lb 4. metric tonne
o o
5. approx. 35 C AWV 6. approx. – 15 C AWV 7. Answers will vary AWV
8. 8.a) Yes; mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object.
b) No; weight is a measure of gravitational force.
9. kilograms or grams 10. kilograms 11. grams 12. kilograms or grams
13. grams 14. metric tonnes 15. metric tonnes 16. milligrams
17. grams 18. grams 19. b 2.26 kg 20. a 9.1 mg
21. b 1.4 kg 22. c 0.45 kg 23. b 2800 kg 24. c 1.6 t
25. AWV 26. AWV 27. AWV 28. AWV
29. c 0o C 30. c 90o C 31. b 27o C 32. b Dress warmly

and walk.
SECTION 8.3 283
33. b 5o C 34. c bathing suit 35. c 177o C 36. c 1260o C

o
37. b -7 C 38. c 40o C
9 9
39. F = (30) + 32 = 54 + 32 = 86o F 40. F = (−5) + 32 = – 9 + 32 = 23o F
5 5
5 5 5 5
41. C = (92 − 32) = (60) = 33.3o C 42. C = (−10 − 32) = (−42) = – 23.3o C
9 9 9 9
5 5 5 5
43. C = (180 − 32) = (148) = 82.2o C 44. C = (98 − 32) = (66) = 36.7o C
9 9 9 9
9 9
45. F = (37) + 32 = 66.6 + 32 = 98.6o F 46. F = (−4) + 32 = – 7.2 + 32 = 24.8o F
5 5
5 5 5 5
47. C = (13 − 32) = (−19) = – 10.6o C 48. C = (75 − 32) = (43) = 23.9o C
9 9 9 9
9 9
49. F = (45) + 32 = 81 + 32 = 113o F 50. F = (60) + 32 = 108 + 32 = 140o F
5 5
5 5 5 5
51. C = (−20 − 32) = (−52) = -28.9o C 52. C = (425 − 32) = (393) = 218.3o C
9 9 9 9
9 9
53. F = (22) + 32 = 39.6 + 32 = 71.6o F 54. F = (15.6) + 32 = 28.1 + 32 = 60.1o F
5 5
9 9
55. F = (35.1) + 32 = 63.2 + 32 = 95.2o F 56. F = (32.3) + 32 = 58.1 + 32 = 90.1o F
5 5
9 9
57. low: F = (17.8) + 32 = 32 + 32 = 64.04o F 58. low: F = (22) + 32 = 39.6 + 32 = 71.6o F
5 5
9 9
high: F = (23.5) + 32 = 42.3 + 32 = 74.3o F high: F = (34) + 32 = 61.2 + 32 = 93.2o F
5 5
Range = 74.30 – 64.04 = 10.26o F Range = 93.2 – 71.6 = 21.6o F
59. cost = (6.2)(.70) = $ 4.34 60. cost = (1.3)(.80) = $ 1.04
61. total mass = 45 g + 29 g + 370 ml = 62. fuel used = (4320)(17) = 73,440 kg

45 g + 29 g + 370 g = 444 g 1t
73,440 kg = 73.44 t
1000 kg
63. a) V= lwh, l = 16 m, w = 12 m, h = 12 m 64. a) V = π r2 h r = 50 cm = 0.50 m
V = (16)(12)(12) = 2304 m3 h = 150 cm = 1.5 m
b) 2304 m3= 2304 kl V = (3.14)(0.50)2(1.50) = 1.1775 m3
c) 2304 kl = 2304 t b) 1.1775 m3 = 1.1775 kl = 1177.5 l
c) 1177.5 l = 1177.5 kg
 1t   1000 kg 
65. 4.2 kg = (4.2 kg)   = 0.0042 t 66. 9.52 t = (9.52 t)   = 9520 kg
 1000 kg   1t 
 1000 kg   1t 
67. 17.4 t = (17.4 t)   = 17,400 kg = 68. 1,460,000 mg = 1.46 kg = (1.46 kg)  =
 1t   1000 kg 
17,400,000 g 0.00146 t
5 70. Normal body temperature is 98.6o F or 37o C.

69. Yes, 78o F = (78 – 32) ≈ 25.6o C, not 20o C
9 Maria's temperature is 38.2o C which is above
normal. She should take an aspirin.
71. 1.2 l = 1200 ml a) 1200 gm b) 1200 cm3 9

72. – 40o C = (– 40) + 32 = – 72 + 32 ≈ – 40o F
5
73. a) V = lwh l = 1 yd = 3 ft w = 15 in = 1.25 ft 74. 3 kg x
h = 1.5 ft
V = (3)(1.25)(1.5) = 5.625 cubic feet
 lbs  (3)(2) = 6 = 4x
b) (5.625 ft3)  62.5  = 351.6 lb
 ft 3  x = 6/4 = 3/2 = 1.5 1.5 kg
 1 gal  1.5 kg = 1500 g
c) (351.6 lb)   = 42.4 gal
 8.3 lb 
9
75. a) -62.11o C F= (−62.11) + 32 = -111.798 + 32 = -79.798o F
5
9
b) 2.5o C F= (2.5) + 32 = 4.5 + 32 = 36.5o F
5
5 5
c) 918,000,000o F C= (918, 000, 000 − 32) = (917, 999, 968) = 509,999,982.2 ≈ 510,000,000o C
9 9
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
STATISTICS
Exercise Set 13.1

1. Statistics is the art and science of gathering, analyzing, and making inferences (predictions) from
numerical information obtained in an experiment.
2. Descriptive statistics is concerned with the collection, organization, and analysis of data.
Inferential statistics is concerned with making generalizations or predictions from the data collected.
5. Insurance companies, sports, airlines, stock market, medical profession
6. Probability is used to compute the chance of occurrence of a particular event when all possible outcomes are known.
Statistics is used to draw conclusions about possible outcomes through observations of only a few particular events.
7. a) A population consists of all items or people of interest.
b) A sample is a subset of the population.
8. a) A systematic sample is a sample obtained by selecting every nth item on a list or production line.
b) Use a random number table to select the first item, then select every nth item after that.
9. a) A random sample is a sample drawn in such a way that each item in the population has an equal chance
of being selected.
b) Number each item in the population. Write each number on a piece of paper and put each numbered piece of paper
in a hat. Select pieces of paper from the hat and use the numbered items selected as your sample.
10. a) A cluster sample is a random selection of groups of units.
b) Divide a geographic area into sections. Randomly select sections or clusters. Either each member of the selected
cluster is included in the sample or a random sample of the members of each selected cluster is used.
11. a) A stratified sample is one that includes items from each part (or strata) of the population.
b) First identify the strata you are interested in. Then select a random sample from each strata.
12. a) A convenience sample uses data that is easily or readily obtained.
b) For example, select the first 20 students entering a classroom.
13. a) An unbiased sample is one that is a small replica of the entire population with regard to income,
education, gender, race, religion, political affiliation, age, etc.
14. a) No, the method used to obtain the sample is biased. In classes where students are seated alphabetically, brothers
and sisters could be selected from different classes.
b) The mean will be greater. Families with many children are more likely to be selected.
15. Stratified sample 16. Systematic sample

17. Cluster sample 18. Random sample
19. Systematic sample 20. Stratified sample
21. Convenience sample 22. Cluster sample
23. Random sample 24. Convenience sample
25. a) – c) Answers will vary.

26. Biased because the subscribers of Consumer Reports are not necessarily representative of the entire
population.
27. President; four out of 42 U.S. presidents have been assassinated (Lincoln, Garfield, McKinley, Kennedy).
407
408 CHAPTER 13 Statistics
Exercise Set 13.2

2. Yes, the sum of its parts is 142%. The sum of the parts of a circle graph should be 100%. When the total percent of
responses is more than 100%, a circle graph is not an appropriate graph to display the data. A bar graph is more
appropriate in this situation.
3. There may have been more car thefts in Baltimore, Maryland than Reno, Nevada because many more people live in
Baltimore than in Reno. But, Reno may have more car thefts per capita than Baltimore.
4. Mama Mia’s may have more empty spaces and more cars in the parking lot than Shanghi’s due to a larger
parking lot or because more people may walk to Mama Mia’s than to Shanghi’s.
5. Although the cookies are fat free, they still contain calories. Eating many of them may still cause you to
gain weight.
6. The fact that Morgan's is the largest department store does not imply it is inexpensive.
7. More people drive on Saturday evening. Thus, one might expect more accidents.
8. Most driving is done close to home. Thus, one might expect more accidents close to home.
9. People with asthma may move to Arizona because of its climate. Therefore, more people
with asthma may live in Arizona.
10. We don’t know how many of each professor’s students were surveyed. Perhaps more of Professor Malone’s
students than Professor Wagner’s students were surveyed. Also, because more students prefer a teacher does
not mean that he or she is a better teacher. For example, a particular teacher may be an easier grader and that may be
why that teacher is preferred.
11. Although milk is less expensive at Star Food Markets than at Price Chopper Food Markets, other items may be more
expensive at Star Food Markets.
12. Just because they are the most expensive does not mean they will last the longest.
13. There may be deep sections in the pond, so it may not be safe to go wading.
14. Men may drive more miles than women and men may drive in worse driving conditions (like snow).
15. Half the students in a population are expected to be below average.
16. Not all students who apply to a college will attend that college.
17. a)
Percent of National Expenditures Spent
on Hospital Care
45
40
35
30
Percent
25
20
15
10
5
0
'85 '90 '95 '97 '98 '99 '00
Year
SECTION 13.2 409
17. b)
Percent of National Expenditures Spent
on Hospital Care
40
39
38
37
Percent
36
35
34
33
32
31
'85 '90 '95 '97 '98 '99 '00
Year
18. a)
U.S. Infant Mortality Rate per 1000 Births
8.0
7.0
6.0
Percent
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Year
18. b)
U.S. Infant Mortality Rate per 1000 Births
8.0
7.9
7.8
7.7
Percent
7.6
7.5
7.4
7.3
7.2
7.1
7.0
6.9
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Year
19. a)
Median Age at First Marriage for Males
30
25
20
Age
15
10
5
0
1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
19. b)
Median Age at First Marriage for Males
27
26
25
Age
24
23
22
1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
20. a)
Median Age at First Marriage for Females
25
20
15
Age
10
5
0
1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
20. b)
Median Age at First Marriage for Females
25
24
23
Age
22
21
20
1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
21. a)
Percent of Survey Respondents That Purchased Clothing
Accessories Online,
Nov. 2000 - Jan. 2001
Male 4.4
Female 5.2
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

Percent
b) Yes. The new graph gives the impression that the percents are closer together.
SECTION 13.3 411
394,000,000 − 275,000,000 119,000,000 1

22. a) = b) Radius = in. = 0.25 in.
275,000,000 275,000,000 4
= 0.4327 ≈ 43.3% increase A = π r 2 = π (0.25)2 = 0.0625π = 0.196349541
≈ 0.196 in.2
3 0.442 − 0.196 0.246

c) Radius = in. = 0.375 in. d) = = 1.255102041
8 0.196 0.196
A = π r 2 = π (0.375)2 = 0.140625π = 0.441786467 ≈ 125.5% increase
≈ 0.442 in.2
e) Yes, the percent increase in the size of the area

from the first circle to the second is greater than the
percent increase in population.
23. A decimal point
Exercise Set 13.3

1. A frequency distribution is a listing of observed values and the corresponding frequency of
occurrence of each value.
2. Subtract a lower class limit from the next lower class limit or subtract an upper class limit from the next upper class
limit.
3. a) 7 b) 16-22 c) 16 d) 22
4. a) 9 b) 21-29 c) 21 d) 29
5. The modal class is the class with the greatest frequency.
6. The class mark is another name for the midpoint of a class. Add the lower and upper class limits
and divide the sum by 2.
7. a) Number of observations = sum of frequencies = 18

b) Width = 16 − 9 = 7
16 + 22 38
c) = = 19
2 2
d) The modal class is the class with the greatest frequency. Thus, the modal class is 16 - 22.
e) Since the class widths are 7, the next class would be 51 - 57.
8. a) Number of observations = sum of frequencies = 25

b) Width = 50 - 40 = 10
50 + 59 109
c) = = 54.5
2 2
d) 40 - 49 and 80 - 89 both contain 7 pieces of data. Thus, they are both modal classes.
e) Since the class widths are 10, the next class would be 100 – 109.
9. Number Number of 10. Number Number of 11. Number of

Sold Days of Visits Families I.Q. Students
0 3 20 3 78 - 86 2
1 8 21 2 87 - 95 15
2 3 22 0 96 - 104 18
3 5 23 3 105 - 113 7
4 2 24 4 114 - 122 6
5 7 25 2 123 - 131 1
6 2 26 6 132 - 140 1
7 3 27 2
8 4 28 2
9 1 29 1
10 2 30 1
31 2
32 2
33 1
34 1
12. Number of 13. Number of 14. Number of

I.Q. Students I.Q. Students I.Q. Students
80 - 88 4 80 - 90 8 80 - 92 11
89 - 97 17 91 - 101 22 93 - 105 24
98 - 106 15 102 - 112 11 106 - 118 9
107 - 115 8 113 - 123 7 119 - 131 5
116 - 124 4 124 - 134 1 132 - 144 1
125 - 133 1 135 - 145 1
134 - 142 1
15. Placement Number 16. Placement Number 17. Placement Number 18. Placement Number
test scores of Students test scores of Students test scores of Students test scores of Students
472 - 492 9 470 - 486 4 472 - 487 4 472 - 496 9
493 - 513 9 487 - 503 9 488 - 503 9 497 - 521 12
514 - 534 5 504 - 520 8 504 - 519 7 522 - 546 4
535 - 555 2 521 - 537 2 520 - 535 3 547 - 571 2
556 - 576 3 538 - 554 2 536 - 551 2 572 - 596 3
577 - 597 2 555 - 571 2 552 - 567 2
572 - 588 2 568 - 583 2
589 - 605 1 584 - 599 1
SECTION 13.3 413
19. Circulation Number of 20. Circulation Number of 21. Circulation Number of

(thousands) Newspapers (thousands) Newspapers (thousands) Newspapers
209 - 458 36 205 - 414 35 209 - 408 34
459 - 708 8 415 - 624 8 409 - 608 9
709 - 958 3 625 - 834 3 609 - 808 3
959 - 1208 1 835 - 1044 1 809 - 1008 1
1209 - 1458 0 1045 - 1254 1 1009 - 1208 1
1459 - 1708 0 1255 - 1464 0 1209 - 1408 0
1709 - 1958 1 1465 - 1674 0 1409 - 1608 0
1959 - 2208 1 1675 - 1884 1 1609 - 1808 1
1885 - 2094 0 1809 - 2008 0
2095 - 2304 1 2009 - 2208 1
22. Circulation Number of 23. Population Number of 24. Population Number of

(thousands) Newspapers (millions) Counties (millions) Counties
209 - 358 30 1.4 - 2.1 15 1.0 - 2.7 19
359 - 508 9 2.2 - 2.9 6 2.8 - 4.5 4
509 - 658 4 3.0 - 3.7 2 4.6 - 6.3 1
659 - 808 3 3.8 - 4.5 0 6.4 - 8.1 0
809 - 958 1 4.6 - 5.3 0 8.2 - 9.9 1
959 - 1108 0 5.4 - 6.1 1
1109 - 1258 1 6.2 - 6.9 0
1259 - 1408 0 7.0 - 7.7 0
1409 - 1558 0 7.8 - 8.5 0
1559 - 1708 0 8.6 - 9.3 0
1709 - 1858 1 9.4 - 10.1 1
1859 - 2008 0
2009 - 2158 1
25. Population Number of 26. Population Number of 27. Price Number of

(millions) Counties (millions) Counties ($) States
1.0 - 2.5 19 1.4 - 2.9 21 0.35 - 0.44 6
2.6 - 4.1 4 3.0 - 4.5 2 0.45 - 0.54 10
4.2 - 5.7 1 4.6 - 6.1 1 0.55 - 0.64 11
5.8 - 7.3 0 6.2 - 7.7 0 0.65 - 0.74 3
7.4 - 8.9 0 7.8 - 9.3 0 0.75 - 0.84 2
9.0 - 10.5 1 9.4 - 10.9 1 0.85 - 0.94 4
0.95 - 1.04 1
1.05 - 1.14 2
1.15 - 1.24 2
1.25 - 1.34 1
1.35 - 1.44 0
1.45 - 1.54 1
28. Price Number of 29. Price Number of 30. Price Number of

($) States ($) States ($) States
0.35 - 0.45 7 0.35 - 0.54 16 0.35 - 0.48 12
0.46 - 0.56 13 0.55 - 0.74 14 0.49 - 0.62 12
0.57 - 0.67 8 0.75 - 0.94 6 0.63 - 0.76 6
0.68 - 0.78 2 0.95 - 1.14 3 0.77 - 0.90 6
0.79 - 0.89 5 1.15 - 1.34 3 0.91 - 1.04 1
0.90 - 1.00 2 1.35 - 1.54 1 1.05 - 1.18 3
1.01 - 1.11 2 1.19 - 1.32 2
1.12 - 1.22 1 1.33 - 1.46 1
1.23 - 1.33 2
1.34 - 1.44 0
1.45 - 1.55 1
31. February, since it has the fewest number of days

32. a) Did You Know?, page 762: There are 6 F’s.
Exercise Set 13.4

1. Answers will vary. 2. a) Observed values
b) Frequency
b)
Children in Selected Families
8
7
Number of Families
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number of Children

b)
Number of Sick Days Taken Last Year
8
7
Number of People
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sick Days Taken
SECTION 13.4 415
7. a) Answers will vary. 8.

Observed Values Frequency
b) Observed Values Frequency 16 1
45 3 17 2
46 0 18 1
47 1 19 1
48 0 20 0
49 1 21 1
50 1 22 2
51 2 23 1
24 1
25 2
9. Occasionally: 0.59 ( 500 ) = 295 10. Retail: 0.518 ( 700 ) = 362.6 ≈ 363
Most Times: 0.25 ( 500 ) = 125 Services: 0.259 ( 700 ) = 181.3 ≈ 181
Every Time: 0.07 ( 500 ) = 35 Other: 0.223 ( 700 ) = 156.1 ≈ 156
Never: 0.09 ( 500 ) = 45
175 85
11. Travelocity: = 0.35 = 35% Priceline: = 0.17 = 17%
500 500
125 115
Expedia: = 0.25 = 25% Other: = 0.23 = 23%
500 500
Using Online Travel Websites
Other
23%
Travelocity
35%
Priceline
17%
Expedia
25%
182 100
12. 2 bedrooms: = 0.303 ≈ 30.3% 4 bedrooms: = 0.16 ≈ 16.7%
600 600
230 88
3 bedrooms: = 0.383 ≈ 38.3% 5 or more bedrooms: = 0.146 ≈ 14.7%
600 600
Permits for New Houses, Number of Bedrooms
5 or more
bedrooms
14.7%
2 bedrooms
30.3%
4 bedrooms
16.7%
3 bedrooms
38.3%
13. a) and b)
Height of Male High School Seniors
10
Number of Males
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
Height (inches)
14. a) and b)
Age of People Attending a Jazz Concert
10
Number of People
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Age
15. a) and b)
DVDs Owned
11
Number of People
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
9.5 17.5 25.5 33.5 41.5 49.5 57.5
Number of DVDs
16. a) and b)
Annual Salaries of Management at the X-Chek Corp.
9
Number of People
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
32.5 38.5 44.5 50.5 56.5 62.5 68.5
Salaries (in $1000)
SECTION 13.4 417
17. a) The total number of people surveyed: e) Number of Soft Drinks Purchased Number of People
2 + 7 + 8 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 1 = 30 0 2
b) Four people purchased four soft drinks. 1 7
c) The modal class is 2 because more people 2 8
purchased 2 soft drinks than any other number of soft drinks. 3 5
d) Two people bought 0 soft drinks 0 4 4
Seven people bought 1 soft drink 7 5 3
Eight people bought 2 soft drinks 16 6 1
Five people bought 3 soft drinks 15
Four people bought 4 soft drinks 16
Three people bought 5 soft drinks 15
One person bought 6 soft drinks 6
Total number of soft drinks purchased: 75
18) a) The total number of students surveyed: 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 7 + 3 + 1 = 31

b) Since there are 51 units between class midpoints, each class width must also be 51 units.
650 is the midpoint of the first class and there must be 25 units below it and 25 units above it.
Therefore, the first class is 625 - 675. The second class will be 676 - 726.
c) Six
d) The class mark of the modal class is $803 because more students had an annual car insurance premium of
$778 - $828 than any other annual car insurance premium.
e) Price Number of Students
625 - 675 2
676 - 726 4
727 - 777 6
778 - 828 8
829 - 879 7
880 - 930 3
931 - 981 0
982 - 1032 1
19. a) 7 calls
b) Adding the number of calls responded to in 6, 5, 4, or 3 minutes gives: 4 + 7 + 3 + 2 = 16 calls
c) The total number of calls surveyed: 2 + 3 + 7 + 4 + 3 + 8 + 6 + 3 = 36
d) Response Time (min.) Number of Calls e)

3 2 Response Time for Selected Emergency Calls in Phoenix
4 3 8
5 7 7
Number of Calls
6
6 4 5
4
7 3 3
2
8 8 1
0
9 6 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10 3 Response Time (minutes)
20. a) 8 families
b) At least six times means six or more times. Adding the families that went 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 times
gives 11 + 9 + 3 + 0 + 1 = 24 families
c) Total number of families surveyed: 4 + 2 + 8 + 8 + 6 + 11 + 9 + 3 + 0 + 1 = 52 families
d) Number of Visits Number of Families e)

1 4
Number of Visits Selected Families Have Made to the
2 2 San Diego Zoo
3 8
11
4 8
Number of Families
10
9
8
5 6 7
6
5
6 11 4
3
2
7 9 1
0
8 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of Visits
9 0
10 1
21.
6
5
Frequency
4
3
2
1
0
12 19 26 33 40 47
Class
22.
7
6
5
Frequency
4
3
2
1
0
44.5 54.5 64.5 74.5 84.5 94.5
Class
23. 1 5 represents 15 24. 1 2 represents 12
1 0 5 7 0 3 8 2 5
2 4 4 1 2 8 2 5 9 3 7 6
3 6 0 3 2 5 1 7 2 3
4 8 5 2 5 8 3 3 4
5 3 4 4 1
6 0 2 0
SECTION 13.4 419
25. a) Salaries (in $1000) Number of Companies b) and c)

27 1
28 7 Starting Salaries for 25 Different Social Workers
29 4
8
30 3 7
No. of Soc. Workers

31 2 6
5
32 3
4
33 3 3
34 2 2
1
0
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Salaries, in $1000
d) 2 3 represents 23
2 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9
3 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4
26. a) Age Number of People b) and c)

20 - 24 9
25 - 29 6 Age of 40 People Attending a Broadway Show
30 - 34 10
10
35 - 39 6
Number of People
9
8
7
40 - 44 5 6
5
45 - 49 4 4
3
2
1
0
22 27 32 37 42 47
Age
2 0 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 8
3 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 7 8 9
4 0 0 0 2 4 5 5 6 7
27. a) Advertising Spending Number of b) and c)

(millions of dollars) Companies
597 - 905 19
Advertising Spending
906 - 1214 14
1215 - 1523 7 20
Number of Companies
18
1524 - 1832 3 16
14
12
1833 - 2141 2 10
8
2142 - 2450 3 6
4
2
2451 - 2759 1 0
2760 - 3068 0 751 1060 1369 1678 1987 2296 2605 2914 3223
Spending (millions of dollars)
3069 - 3377 1
28. a) Age Number of Ambassadors b) and c)

40 - 44 9
45 - 49 6 Ages of U.S. Ambassadors
50 - 54 10
Number of Ambassadors
10
9
55 - 59 6 8
7
60 - 64 5 6
5
65 - 69 4 4
3
2
1
0
42 47 52 57 62 67
Ages

Exercise Set 13. 5

1. Ranked data are data listed from the lowest value to the highest value or from the highest value
to the lowest value.
2. The mean is the balancing point of a set of data. It is the sum of the data divided by the number
of pieces of data.
3. The median is the value in the middle of a set of ranked data. To find the median, rank the data
and select the value in the middle.
4. The midrange is the value half way between the lowest and highest values. To find the midrange,
add the lowest and highest values and divide the sum by 2.
5. The mode is the most common piece of data. The piece of data that occurs most frequently is the mode.
6. The mode may be used when you are primarily interested in the most popular value, or the one that occurs most often,
for example, when buying clothing for a store.
7. The median should be used when there are some values that differ greatly from the rest of the values in the set, for
example, salaries.
8. The midrange should be used when the item being studied is constantly fluctuating, for example, daily temperature.
9. The mean is used when each piece of data is to be considered and "weighed" equally, for example,
weights of adult males.
10. a) x
b) µ
mean median mode midrange

99 5 + 23
11. = 11 10 10 = 14
9 2
550 15 + 15 9 + 370
12. = 55 = 15 15 = 189.5
10 2 2
485 42 + 90
13. ≈ 69.3 72 none = 66
7 2
58 5 + 12
14. ≈ 8.3 8 8 = 8.5
7 2
64 7+9 1 + 15
15. =8 =8 none =8
8 2 2
510 30 + 140
16. ≈ 72.9 60 none = 85
7 2
SECTION 13.5 421
mean median mode midrange

118 1 + 36
17. ≈ 13.1 11 1 = 18.5
9 2
92 4+4 1 + 21
18. ≈ 6 .6 =4 1 and 4 = 11
14 2 2
95 12 + 13 6 + 17
19. ≈ 11.9 = 12.5 13 = 11.5
8 2 2
60 5 + 15 5 + 15
20. = 10 = 10 5 and 15 = 10
6 2 2
65 5+5 2 + 19
21. = 6.5 =5 3 and 5 = 10.5
10 2 2
$469 $25 + $140
22. = $67 $59 none = $82.50
7 2
34 1 + 11
23. a) ≈ 4 .9 5 5 =6
7 2
37 1 + 11
b) ≈ 5 .3 5 5 =6
7 2
c) Only the mean
33 1 + 10
d) ≈ 4.7 5 5 = 5 .5
7 2
The mean and the midrange
24. Answers will vary. The National Center for Health uses the median for averages in this exercise.
25. A 79 mean average on 10 quizzes gives a total of 790 points. An 80 mean average on 10 quizzes requires a total of
800 points. Thus, Jim missed a B by 10 points not 1 point.
$361, 000 $27, 000 + $28, 000

26. a) Mean: = $36,100 b) Median: = $27,500
10 2
c) Mode: $26, 000 $24, 000 + $81, 000
d) Midrange: = $52,500
2
e) The median, since it is lower f) The mean, since it is higher
87.7 7.8 + 8.2

27. a) Mean: ≈ 8.8 million b) Median: = 8.0 million
10 2
c) Mode: none 4.6 + 19.7
d) Midrange: ≈ 12.2 million
2
$14,810 $1230 + $1250

28. a) Mean: ≈ $1234.17 b) Median: = $1240
12 2
c) Mode: $850 $850 + $1900
d) Midrange: = $1375
2
$55.9 b) Median: $2.3 billion

29. a) Mean: ≈ $5.1 billion
11
c) Mode: $2.3 billion and $1.5 billion $1.5 + $26.5
d) Midrange: = $14 billion
2
e) Answers will vary.
30. Let x = the sum of his scores 31. Let x = the sum of his scores
x x
= 76 = 85
5 6
x = 76 ( 5 ) = 380 x = 85 ( 6 ) = 510
15
32. One example is 1, 1, 2, 5, 6. Mode = 1, Median = 2, Mean = =3
5
33. One example is 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78.
450 74 + 76 72 + 78
Mean: = 75 , Median: = 75 , Midrange: = 75
6 2 2
34. One example is 80, 82, 84, 88, 94, 100.
528
Mean: = 88
6
35. a) Yes
b) Cannot be found since we do not know the middle two numbers in the ranked list
c) Cannot be found without knowing all of the numbers
d) Yes
24,000 50 + 500
e) Mean: = 200 ; Midrange: = 275
120 2
36. A total of 80 × 5 = 400 points are needed for a grade of B. Jorge earned 73 + 69 + 85 + 80 = 307
points on his first four exams. Thus, he needs 400 - 307 = 93 or higher to get a B.
37. a) For a mean average of 60 on 7 exams, she must have a total of 60 × 7 = 420 points. Sheryl presently has
49 + 72 + 80 + 60 + 57 + 69 = 387 points. Thus, to pass the course, her last exam must be 420 - 387 = 33 or greater.
b) A C average requires a total of 70 × 7 = 490 points. Sheryl has 387. Therefore, she would need
490 - 387 = 103 on her last exam. If the maximum score she can receive is 100, she cannot obtain a C.
c) For a mean average of 60 on 6 exams, she must have a total of 60 × 6 = 360 points. If the lowest score on an exam
she has already taken is dropped, she will have a total of 72 + 80 + 60 + 57 + 69 = 338 points. Thus, to pass the
course, her last exam must be 360 - 338 = 22 or greater.
d) For a mean average of 70 on 6 exams, she must have a total of 70 × 6 = 420 points. If the lowest score on an exam
she has already taken is dropped, she will have a total of 338 points. Thus, to obtain a C, her last exam must be
420 - 338 = 82 or greater.
38. The mode is the only measure which must be an actual piece of data since it is the most frequently occurring piece of
data.
39. One example is 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5 changed to 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5.

18 3+3
First set of data: Mean: = 3 , Median: = 3 , Mode: 3
6 2
19 3+ 4
Second set of data: Mean: = 3.16 , Median: = 3.5 , Mode: 4
6 2
SECTION 13.5 423
9 10
40. The mean changes from = 1.5 to = 1. 6 . The mode changes from no mode to a mode of 1.
6 6
3 4
The midrange changes from = 1.5 to = 2 .
2 2
41. No, by changing only one piece of the six pieces of data you cannot alter both the median and the midrange.
42. Let x = sum of the values

x
= 85.20
12
x = 85.20(12 ) = $1022.40
$1022.40 − $47 + $74 = $1049.40
1049.40
= $87.45 is the correct mean
12
43. The data must be arranged in either ascending or descending order.

44. She scored above approximately 73% of all the students who took the test.
45. He is taller than approximately 35% of all kindergarten children.
46. About 25% of the workers earn $20,750 or less.
47. a) Q2 = Median = $430

b) $290, $300, $300, $330, $350, $350, $350, $350, $350, $400
$350 + $350
Q1 = Median of the data listed below = = $350
2
c) $450, $450, $500, $600, $650, $650, $700, $700, $750, $800
$650 + $650
Q3 = Median of the data listed above = = $650
2
27 + 28
48. a) Q2 = Median = = 27.5 ¢
2
b) 17¢, 17¢, 20¢, 21¢, 24¢, 25¢, 27¢, 27¢, 27¢, 27¢
24 + 25
Q1 = Median of the data listed below = = 24.5 ¢
2
c) 28¢, 28¢, 28¢, 28¢, 31¢, 33¢, 38¢, 74¢, 80¢, 81¢
31 + 33
Q3 = Median of the data listed above = = 32 ¢
2
49. Second quartile, median

50. a) No, the percentile only indicated relative position of the score and not the value of it.
b) Yes, a higher percentile indicates a higher relative position in the respective population.
Thus, Kendra was in a better relative position.
51. a) $490 b) $500 c) 25% d) 25% e) 17% f) 100 × $510 = $51,000
56 26 10 50 396
52. a) =8, = 6.5 , = 2, = 10 , = 66
7 4 5 5 6
92.5 538
b) = 18.5 c) ≈ 19.926 d) No
5 27
53. a) Ruth: ≈ 0.290, 0.359, 0.301, 0.272, 0.315

Mantle: ≈ 0.300, 0.365, 0.304, 0.275, 0.321
b) Mantle's is greater in every case.
593 760
c) Ruth: ≈ 0.316 ; Mantle: ≈ 0.311 ; Ruth's is greater.
1878 2440
1.537 1.565
e) Ruth: ≈ 0.307 ; Mantle: = 0.313 ; Mantle's is greater.
5 5
f) and g) Answers will vary.
707,000
54. a) = $28,280
25
b) $21,000
c) $17,000
17,000 + 100,000
d) = $58,500
2
e) The median because there are pieces of data that are much greater and much smaller than
the rest of the data.
55. Σxw = 84 ( 0.40 ) + 94 ( 0.60 ) = 33.6 + 56.4 = 90

Σw = 0.40 + 0.60 = 1.00
Σxw 90
weighted average = = = 90
Σw 1.00
56. Σxw = 3.0 ( 4 ) + 4.0 ( 3) + 2.0 ( 3) + 4.0 ( 3) = 12 + 12 + 6 + 12 = 42

Σw = 4 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 13
Σxw 42
weighted average = = = 3.230769231 ≈ 3.23
Σw 13
57. a) – c) Answers will vary.

58. a) Answers will vary. One example is 2, 3, 5, 7, 7.
b) Answers will vary. The answers for the example given in part a) above are as follows:
24
Mean: = 4.8 , Median = 5, Mode = 7
5
Exercise Set 13.6

1. To find the range, subtract the lowest value in the set of data from the highest value.
2. The standard deviation measures the spread of the data about the mean.
4. Zero since the mean is the same value as all of the data values. The spread about the mean is 0.
5. It may be important to determine the consistency of the data.
6. s
7. σ
8. Where one expects to find a large variability such as test scores
SECTION 13.6 425
9. In manufacturing or anywhere else where a minimum variability is desired

10. The first set of data will have the greater standard deviation because the scores have a greater
spread about the mean.
11. They would be the same since the spread of data about each mean is the same.
12. The sum of the values in the (Data − Mean)2 column will always be greater than or equal to 0.
13. a) The grades will be centered about the same number since the mean, 75.2, is the same for both classes.
b) The spread of the data about the mean is greater for the evening class since the standard deviation is greater
for the evening class.
15. Range = 13 − 2 = 11 16. Range = 16 − 8 = 8

35 66
x= =7 x= = 11
5 6
x x−x ( x − x )2 x x−x ( x − x )2
7 0 0 10 -1 1
5 -2 4 10 -1 1
2 -5 25 14 3 9
8 1 1 16 5 25
13 6 36 8 -3 9
0 66 8 -3 9
0 54
66 54
= 16.5, s = 16.5 ≈ 4.06 = 10.8, s = 10.8 ≈ 3.29
4 5
17. Range = 126 − 120 = 6 18. Range = 12 − 0 = 12

861 70
x= = 123 x= =7
7 10
x x−x ( x − x )2 x x−x ( x − x )2
120 -3 9 3 -4 16
121 -2 4 7 0 0
122 -1 1 8 1 1
123 0 0 12 5 25
124 1 1 0 -7 49
125 2 4 9 2 4
126 3 9 11 4 16
0 28 12 5 25
6 -1 1
2 -5 25
0 162
28 162
≈ 4.67, s = 4.67 ≈ 2.16 = 18, s = 18 ≈ 4.24
6 9
19. Range = 15 − 4 = 11 20. Range = 9 − 9 = 0

60
x= = 10 Since all pieces of data are identical,
6
x x−x ( x − x )2 the standard deviation is 0.
4 -6 36
8 -2 4
9 -1 1
11 1 1
13 3 9
15 5 25
0 76
76
= 15.2, s = 15.2 ≈ 3.90
5
21. Range = 12 − 7 = 5 22. Range = 64 − 40 = 24

63 424
x= =9 x= = 53
7 8
x x−x ( x − x )2 x x−x ( x − x )2
7 -2 4 52 -1 1
9 0 0 50 -3 9
7 -2 4 54 1 1
9 0 0 59 6 36
9 0 0 40 -13 169
10 1 1 43 -10 100
12 3 9 64 11 121
0 18 62 9 81
0 518
18 518
= 3, s = 3 ≈ 1.73 = 74, s = 74 ≈ 8.60
6 7
23. Range = 50 − 18 = $32 24. Range = 28 − 1 = 27

360 84
x= = $36 x= = 12
10 7
x x−x ( x − x )2 x x−x ( x − x )2
28 -8 64 10 -2 4
28 -8 64 23 11 121
50 14 196 28 16 256
45 9 81 4 -8 64
30 -6 36 1 -11 121
45 9 81 6 -6 36
48 12 144 12 0 0
18 -18 324 0 602
45 9 81
23 -13 169
0 1240
1240 602
≈ 137.78, s = 137.78 ≈ $11.74 ≈ 100.33, s = 100.33 ≈ 10.02
9 6
SECTION 13.6 427
25. Range = 200 − 50 = $150 26. Range = 300 − 35 = $265

1100 980
x= = $110 x= = $140
10 7
x x−x ( x − x )2 x x−x ( x − x )2
50 -60 3600 60 -80 6400
120 10 100 100 -40 1600
130 20 400 85 -55 3025
60 -50 2500 35 -105 11,025
55 -55 3025 250 110 12,100
75 -35 1225 150 10 100
200 90 8100 300 160 25,600
110 0 0 0 59,850
125 15 225
175 65 4225
0 23,400
23, 400 59,850
= 2600, s = 2600 ≈ $50.99 = 9975, s = 9975 ≈ $99.87
9 6
27. a) Range = 68 - 5 = $63

204
x= = $34
6
x x−x ( x − x )2
32 -2 4
60 26 676
14 -20 400
25 -9 81
5 -29 841
68 34 1156
0 3158
3158
= 631.6, s = 631.6 ≈ $25.13
5
b) New data: 42, 70, 24, 35, 15, 78
The range and standard deviation will be the same. If each piece of data is increased by the same
number, the range and standard deviation will remain the same.
c) Range = 78 - 15 = $63
264
x= = $44
6
x x−x ( x − x )2
42 -2 4
70 26 676
24 -20 400
35 -9 81
15 -29 841
78 34 1156
0 3158
3158
= 631.6, s = 631.6 ≈ $25.13
5
The answers remain the same.
28. a) - c) Answers will vary.

d) If each piece of data is increased, or decreased, by n, the mean is increased, or decreased, by n.
The standard deviation remains the same.
63 4193
e) The mean of the first set of numbers is = 9 . The mean of the second set is = 599 .
7 7
Standard deviation of first set Standard deviation of second set

x x−x (x − x ) 2
x x−x ( x − x )2
6 -3 9 596 -3 9
7 -2 4 597 -2 4
8 -1 1 598 -1 1
9 0 0 599 0 0
10 1 1 600 1 1
11 2 4 601 2 4
12 3 9 602 3 9
0 28 0 28
28 28
= 4.67, s = 4.67 ≈ 2.16 = 4.67, s = 4.67 ≈ 2.16
6 6

d) If each number in a distribution is multiplied by n, both the mean and standard deviation of the new distribution
will be n times that of the original distribution.
e) The mean of the second set is 4 × 5 = 20 , and the standard deviation of the second set is 2 × 5 = 10 .
30. a) Same b) More
31. a) The standard deviation increases. There is a greater spread from the mean as they get older.
b) ≈ 133 lb
175 − 90
c) = 21.25 ≈ 21 lb
4
d) The mean weight is about 100 pounds and the normal range is about 60 to 140 pounds.
e) The mean height is about 62 inches and the normal range is about 53 to 68 inches.
f) 100% - 95% = 5%
32. a) and b) Answers will vary.

172
c) Baseball: = $17.20 million
10
1216
NFL: = $12.16 million
10
SECTION 13.6 429
32. d) Baseball Mean ≈ $17.2 million

NFL Mean ≈ $12.2 million
Baseball NFL
x x−x (x − x ) 2
x x−x ( x − x )2
22 4.8 23.04 15.4 3.2 10.24
20 2.8 7.84 13.3 1.1 1.21
18.7 1.5 2.25 13.0 0.8 0.64
17.2 0 0 12.0 -0.2 0.04
16 -1.2 1.44 11.7 -0.5 0.25
15.7 -1.5 2.25 11.7 -0.5 0.25
15.7 -1.5 2.25 11.4 -0.8 0.64
15.6 -1.6 2.56 11.3 -0.9 0.81
15.6 -1.6 2.56 11.3 -0.9 0.81
15.5 -1.7 2.89 10.5 -1.7 2.89
47.08 17.78
47.08 17.78
≈ 5.23, s = 5.23 ≈ $2.29 million ≈ 1.98, s = 1.98 ≈ $1.41 million
9 9
33. a) East West
Number of oil changes Number of Number of oil changes Number of

made days made days
15-20 2 15-20 0
21-26 2 21-26 0
27-32 5 27-32 6
33-38 4 33-38 9
39-44 7 39-44 4
45-50 1 45-50 6
51-56 1 51-56 0
57-62 2 57-62 0
63-68 1 63-68 0
b)
Number of Oil Changes Made Daily at East Store Number of Oil Changes Made Daily at West Store
7 9
6 8
Number of Days
Number of Days
5 7
4
6
5
3 4
2 3
1 2
0 1
0
17.5 23.5 29.5 35.5 41.5 47.5 53.5 59.5 65.5
17.5 23.5 29.5 35.5 41.5 47.5 53.5 59.5 65.5
Number Made
Number Made
c) They appear to have about the same mean since they are both centered around 38.
d) The distribution for East is more spread out. Therefore, East has a greater standard deviation.
950 950
e) East: = 38 , West: = 38
25 25
33. f) East West

x x−x (x − x ) 2
x x−x ( x − x )2
33 -5 25 38 0 0
30 -8 64 38 0 0
25 -13 169 37 -1 1
27 -11 121 36 -2 4
40 2 4 30 -8 64
44 6 36 45 7 49
49 11 121 28 -10 100
52 14 196 47 9 81
42 4 16 30 -8 64
59 21 441 46 8 64
19 -19 361 38 0 0
22 -16 256 39 1 1
57 19 361 40 2 4
67 29 841 34 -4 16
15 -23 529 31 -7 49
41 3 9 45 7 49
43 5 25 29 -9 81
27 -11 121 38 0 0
42 4 16 38 0 0
43 5 25 39 1 1
37 -1 1 37 -1 1
38 0 0 42 4 16
31 -7 49 46 8 64
32 -6 36 31 -7 49
35 -3 9 48 10 100
0 3832 0 858
3832 858
≈ 159.67, s = 159.67 ≈ 12.64 = 35.75, s = 35.75 ≈ 5.98
24 24

35. 6, 6, 6, 6, 6
Exercise Set 13.7

1. A rectangular distribution is one where all the values have the same frequency.
2. A J-shaped distribution is one where the frequency is either constantly increasing or constantly decreasing.
3. A bimodal distribution is one where two nonadjacent values occur more frequently than any other
values in a set of data.
4. A distribution skewed to the right is one that has "a tail" on its right.
5. A distribution skewed to the left is one that has "a tail" on its left.
6. A normal distribution is a bell-shaped distribution.
7. a) B
b) C
c) A
8. a) Yes, 36
b) B, since curve B is more spread out it has the higher standard deviation.
9. The distribution of outcomes from the roll of a die
10. Skewed left - a listing of test scores where most of the students did well and a few did poorly;
Skewed right - number of cans of soda consumed in a day where most people consumed a few
cans and a few people consumed many cans
11. J shaped right - consumer price index; J shaped left - value of the dollar
12. The distribution of heights of an equal number of males and females
SECTION 13.7 431
13. Normal
14. Rectangular
15. Skewed right
16. Bimodal
17. The mode is the lowest value, the median is greater than the mode, and the mean is greater than
the median. The greatest frequency appears on the left side of the curve. Since the mode is the
value with the greatest frequency, the mode would appear on the left side of the curve (where the
lowest values are). Every value in the set of data is considered in determining the mean. The
values on the far right of the curve would increase the value of the mean. Thus, the value of the
mean would be farther to the right than the mode. The median would be between the mode
and the mean.
18. The mode is the highest value. The median is lower than the mode. The mean is the lowest value.
21. In a normal distribution the mean, median, and the mode all have the same value.
22. A z-score measures how far, in terms of standard deviation, a given score is from the mean.
23. A z-score will be negative when the piece of data is less than the mean.
24. Subtract the mean from the value of the piece of data and divide the difference by the
standard deviation.
25. 0
26. a) ≈ 68% b) ≈ 95%

27. 0.500 28. 0.500
29. 0.477 + 0.341 = 0.818 30. 0.455 – 0.364 = 0.091
31. 0.500 – 0.466 = 0.034 32. 0.500 + 0.383 = 0.883
33. 0.500 − 0.463 = 0.037 34. 0.500 + 0.463 = 0.963
35. 0.500 − 0.481 = 0.019 36. 0.500 + 0.475 = 0.975
37. 0.500 − 0.447 = 0.053 38. 0.500 – 0.316 = 0.184
39. 0.261 = 26.1% 40. 0.294 – 0.060 = 0.234 = 23.4%
41. 0.410 + 0.488 = 0.898 = 89.8% 42. 0.500 − 0.471 = 0.029 = 2.9%
43. 0.500 + 0.471 = 0.971 = 97.1% 44. 0.500 − 0.496 = 0.004 = 0.4%
45. 0.500 + 0.475 = 0.975 = 97.5% 46. 0.484 − 0.264 = 0.22 = 22.0%
47. 0.466 − 0.437 = 0.029 = 2.9% 48. 0.484 + 0.500 = 0.984 = 98.4%
49. a) Jake, Sarah, and Carol scored above the mean because their z-scores are positive.
b) Marie and Kevin scored at the mean because their z-scores are zero.
c) Omar, Justin, and Kim scored below the mean because their z-scores are negative.
50. a) Sarah had the highest score because she had the highest z-score.
b) Omar had the lowest score because he had the lowest z-score.
51. 0.500 = 50%
14 − 18 −4 23 − 18 5
52. z14 = = = −1.00 53. z23 = = = 1.25
4 4 4 4
26 − 18 8
z26 = = = 2.00
4 4 0.500 – 0.394 = 0.106 = 10.6%
0.341 + 0.477 = 0.818 = 81.8%
54. 10.6% of college students work at least 23 hours 1650 − 1600 50

per week. (See Exercise 53.) 55. z1650 = = = 0.50
100 100
0.106 ( 500 ) = 53 students 0.500 + 0.192 = 0.692 = 69.2%
1750 − 1600 150 57. z1650 = 0.50 and z1750 = 1.50

56. z1750 = = = 1.50
100 100 (See Exercises 55 and 56.)
0.500 – 0.433 = 0.067 = 6.7% 0.433 – 0.192 = 0.241 = 24.1%
1400 − 1600 −200 1500 − 1600 −100

58. z1400 = = = −2.00 59. z1500 = = = −1.00
100 100 100 100
0.500 – 0.477 = 0.023 = 2.3% 1625 − 1600 25
z1625 = = = 0.25
100 100
0.341 = 0.099 = 0.44 = 44.0%
1480 − 1600 −120 7.4 − 7.6 −0.2

60. z1480 = = = −1.20 61. z7.4 = = = −0.50
100 100 0.4 0.4
0.385 + 0.500 = 0.885 = 88.5% 7.7 − 7.6 0.1
z7.7 = = = 0.25
0.4 0.4
0.192 + 0.099 = 0.291 = 29.1%
7.0 − 7.6 −0.6 63. z7.7 = 0.25 (See Exercise 61.)

62. z 7.0 = = = −1.50
0.4 0 .4 0.500 + 0.099 = 0.599 = 59.9%
0.500 − 0.433 = 0.067 = 6.7%
64. The 8-oz cup will overflow when the machine 65. 0.500 = 50.0%
dispenses more than 8 oz of coffee.
8.0 − 7.6 0.4
z 8.0 = = = 1.00
0.4 0.4
0.500 − 0.341 = 0.159 = 15.9%
197 − 206 −9 191 − 206 −15

66. z197 = = = −0.75 67. z191 = = = −1.25
12 12 12 12
215 − 206 9 0.500 – 0.394 = 0.106 = 10.6%
z215 = = = 0.75
12 12
0.273 + 0.273 = 0.546 = 54.6%
224 − 206 18 69. 10.6% of females have a cholesterol level less

68. z224 = = = 1.50
12 12 than 191. (See Exercise 67.)
0.500 – 0.433 = 0.067 = 6.7% 0.106 ( 200 ) = 21.2 ≈ 21 women
70. 6.7% of females have a cholesterol level greater 30, 750 − 35, 000 −4250
71. z30,750 = = = −1.70
than 224. (See Exercise 68.) 2500 2500
0.067 ( 200 ) = 13.4 ≈ 13 women 38,300 − 35, 000 3300
z38,300 = = = 1.32
2500 2500
0.455 + 0.407 = 0.862 = 86.2%
SECTION 13.7 433
72. At least 39,000 miles means 39,000 miles or more. 73. The tires that last less than 30,750 miles will fail to
39,000 − 35,000 4000 live up to the guarantee.
z 39,000 = = = 1.60 z30,750 = −1.70 (See Exercise 71.)
2500 2500
0.500 − 0.445= 0.055 = 5.5% 0.500 − 0.455 = 0.045 = 4.5%
74. 5.5% of tires will last at least 39,000 miles. 3.1 − 3.7 −0.6
75. z3.1 = = = −0.50
(See Exercise 72.) 1.2 1.2
0.055 ( 200, 000 ) = 11, 000 tires 0.192 + 0.500 = 0.692 = 69.2%
2.5 − 3.7 −1.2 6.7 − 3.7 3.0

76. z2.5 = = = −1.00 77. z6.7 = = = 2.50
1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
4.3 − 3.7 0.6 0.500 – 0.494 = 0.006 = 0.6%
z4.3 = = = 0.50
1.2 1.2
0.341 + 0.192 = 0.533 = 53.3%
78. z6.7 = 2.50 (See Exercise 77.) 79. 69.2% of the children are older than 3.1 years.
0.500 + 0.494 = 0.994 = 99.4% (See Exercise 75.)
0.692 (120 ) = 83.04 ≈ 83 children
80. 53.3% of the children are between 2.5 and 4.3 81. Customers will be able to claim a refund if they
years. (See Exercise 76.) lose less than 5 lb.
0.533 (120 ) = 63.96 ≈ 64 children 5 − 6.7 −1.7
z5 = = = −2.10
0.81 0.81
0.500 − 0.482 = 0.018 = 1.8%
82. A motor will require repair or replacement if it 83. The standard deviation is too large.
breaks down in less than 8 years. There is too much variation.
8 − 10.2 −2.2
z8 = = ≈ −1.22
1 .8 1 .8
0.500 − 0.389 = 0.111 = 11.1%
84. A z-score of 1.8 or higher is required for an A. The area from the mean to 1.8 is 0.464.
Thus, 0.500 − 0.464 = 0.036 = 3.6% will receive an A.
A z-score between 1.8 and 1.1 is required for a B. The areas from the mean to these z-scores are
0.464 and 0.364, respectively. Thus, 0.464 − 0.364 = 0.100 = 10.0% will receive a B.
A z-score between 1.1 and -1.2 is required for a C. The areas from the mean to these z-scores are
0.364 and 0.385, respectively. Thus, 0.364 + 0.385 = 0.749 = 74.9% will receive a C.
A z-score between -1.2 and -1.9 is required for a D. The areas from the mean to these z-scores are
0.385 and 0.471, respectively. Thus, 0.471 − 0.385 = 0.086 = 8.6% will receive a D.
A z-score of -1.9 or lower is required for an F. The area from the mean to -1.9 is 0.471.
Thus, 0.500 − 0.471 = 0.029 = 2.9% will receive an F.
28,408 − 23,200 5208

85. a) Katie: z 28,408 = = = 2 .4
2170 2170
29,510 − 25,600 3910
Stella: z 29,510 = = = 1 .7
2300 2300
b) Katie. Her z-score is higher than Stella's z-score. This means her sales are further above the
mean than Stella's sales.
160
86. a) x = = 5. 3 ≈ 5.33
30
b) x x−x ( x − x )2 x x−x ( x − x )2 x x−x ( x − x )2
1 -4.33 18.75 4 -1.33 1.77 7 1.67 2.79
1 -4.33 18.75 4 -1.33 1.77 8 2.67 7.13
1 -4.33 18.75 4 -1.33 1.77 8 2.67 7.13
1 -4.33 18.75 5 -0.33 0.11 8 2.67 7.13
2 -3.33 11.09 6 0.67 0.45 8 2.67 7.13
2 -3.33 11.09 6 0.67 0.45 9 3.67 13.47
2 -3.33 11.09 6 0.67 0.45 9 3.67 13.47
2 -3.33 11.09 7 1.67 2.79 9 3.67 13.47
3 -2.33 5.43 7 1.67 2.79 10 4.67 21.81
3 -2.33 5.43 7 1.67 2.79 10 4.67 21.81
260.70
260.70 ÷ 29 ≈ 8.99 s = 8.99 ≈ 3.00
c) x + 1.1s = 5.33 + 1.1(3) = 8.63 x - 1.1s = 5.33 - 1.1(3) = 2.03

x + 1.5s = 5.33 + 1.5(3) = 9.83 x - 1.15s = 5.33 - 1.5(3) = 0.83
x + 2.0s = 5.33 + 2.0(3) = 11.33 x - 2.0s = 5.33 - 2.0(3) = -0.67
x + 2.5s = 5.33 + 2.5(3) = 12.83 x - 2.5s = 5.33 - 2.5(3) = -2.17
d) Between -1.1s and 1.1s or between scores of 2.03 and 8.63, there are 17 scores.
17
= 0.5 6 ≈ 56.7%
30
Between -1.5s and 1.5s, or between scores of 0.83 and 9.83, there are 28 scores.
28
= 0.9 3 ≈ 93.3%
30
Between -2.0s and 2.0s, or between scores of -0.67 and 11.33, there are 30 scores.
30
= 1 = 100%
30
Between -2.5s and 2.5s, or between scores of -2.17 and 12.83, there are 30 scores.
30
= 1 = 100%
30
e) Minimum % K = 1.1 K = 1.5 K = 2.0 K = 2.5

(For any distribution) 17.4% 55.6% 75% 84%
Normal distribution 72.8% 86.6% 95.4% 99.8%
Given distribution 56.7% 93.3% 100% 100%
f) The percent between -1.1s and 1.1s is too low to be considered a normal distribution.
SECTION 13.8 435

88. Using Table 13.7, the answer is 1.96.
89. Using Table 13.7, the answer is -1.18.
0.77
91. = 0.385
2
Using the table in Section 13.7, an area of 0.385 has a z-score of 1.20.
x−x
z=
s
14.4 − 12
1.20 =
s
2.4
1.20 =
s
1.20s 2.4
=
1.20 1.20
s=2
Exercise Set 13.8

1. The correlation coefficient measures the strength of the relationship between the quantities.
2. The purpose of linear regression is to determine the linear relationship between two variables.
3. 1 4. -1 5. 0
6. A negative correlation indicates that as one quantity increases, the other quantity decreases.
7. A positive correlation indicates that as one quantity increases, the other quantity increases.
8. The line of best fit represents the line such that the sum of the vertical distances between the
points and the line is a minimum.
9. The level of significance is used to identify the cutoff between results attributed to chance and
results attributed to an actual relationship between the two variables.
10. A scatter diagram is a plot of data points.
11. No correlation 12. Weak negative

13. Strong positive 14. Strong negative
15. Yes, 0.76 > 0.684 16. No, 0.43 < 0.537
17. Yes, − 0.73 > 0.707 18. No, − 0.49 < 0.602
19. No, − 0.23 < 0.254 20. No, − 0.49 < 0.590
21. No, 0.82 < 0.917 22. Yes, 0.96 > 0.959
Note: The answers in the remainder of this section may differ slightly from your answers, depending upon how your answers
are rounded and which calculator you used.
23. a)
y 14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0 x
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
b) x y x2 y2 xy
4 6 16 36 24
5 9 25 81 45
6 11 36 121 66
7 11 49 121 77
10 13 100 169 130
32 50 226 528 342
5 ( 342 ) − 32 ( 50 ) 110
r= = ≈ 0.903
5 ( 226 ) − 1024 5 ( 528 ) − 2500 106 140
c) Yes, 0.903 > 0.878 d) No, 0.903 < 0.959
24. a)
14
y
12
10
0 x
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
b) x y x2 y2 xy
6 12 36 144 72
8 11 64 121 88
11 9 121 81 99
14 10 196 100 140
17 8 289 64 136
56 50 706 510 535
5 ( 535) − 56 ( 50 ) −125
r= = ≈ −0.891
5 ( 706 ) − 3136 5 ( 510 ) − 2500 394 50
c) Yes, − 0.891 > 0.878 d) No, − 0.891 < 0.959

SECTION 13.8 437
25. a)
45
y
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 x
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
b) x y x2 y2 xy
23 29 529 841 667
35 37 1225 1369 1295
31 26 961 676 806
43 20 1849 400 860
49 39 2401 1521 1911
181 151 6965 4807 5539
5(5539) − 181(151) 364

r= = ≈ 0.228
5(6965) − 32,761 5(4807 ) − 22,801 2064 1234
c) No, 0.228 < 0.878 d) No, 0.228 < 0.959
26. a)
8
y
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 x
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
b) x y x2 y2 xy
90 3 8100 9 270
80 4 6400 16 320
60 6 3600 36 360
60 5 3600 25 300
40 5 1600 25 200
20 7 400 49 140
350 30 23,700 160 1590
6(1590) − 350(30 ) − 960

r= = ≈ −0.883
6(23,700 ) − 122,500 6(160) − 900 19,700 60
c) Yes, − 0.883 > 0.811 d) No, − 0.883 < 0.917

27. a)
y 18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0 x
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
b) x y x2 y2 xy
5.3 10.3 28.09 106.09 54.59
4.7 9.6 22.09 92.16 45.12
8.4 12.5 70.56 156.25 105
12.7 16.2 161.29 262.44 205.74
4.9 9.8 24.01 96.04 48.02
36 58.4 306.04 712.98 458.47
5(458.47 ) − 36(58.4 ) 189.95

r= = ≈ 0.999
5(306.04) − 1296 5(712.98) − 3410.56 234.2 154.34
c) Yes, 0.999 > 0.878 d) Yes, 0.999 > 0.959
28. a)
60
y
50
40
30
20
10
0 x
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
b) x y x2 y2 xy
12 15 144 225 180
16 19 256 361 304
13 45 169 2025 585
24 30 576 900 720
100 60 10,000 3600 6000
50 28 2500 784 1400
215 197 13,645 7895 9189
6(9189) − 215(197 ) 12,779

r= = ≈ 0.732
6(13,645) − 46,225 6(7895) − 38,809 35,645 8561
c) No, 0.732 < 0.811 d) No, 0.732 < 0.917

SECTION 13.8 439
29. a)
8
y
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 x
0 20 40 60 80 100
b) x y x2 y2 xy
100 2 10,000 4 200
80 3 6400 9 240
60 5 3600 25 300
60 6 3600 36 360
40 6 1600 36 240
20 8 400 64 160
360 30 25,600 174 1500
6(1500) − 360(30 ) − 1800

r= = ≈ −0.968
6(25,600) − 129,600 6(174 ) − 900 24,000 144
c) Yes, − 0.968 > 0.811 d) Yes, − 0.968 > 0.917
30. a)
100
y 90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 x
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
b) x y x2 y2 xy
90 90 8100 8100 8100
70 70 4900 4900 4900
65 65 4225 4225 4225
60 60 3600 3600 3600
50 50 2500 2500 2500
40 40 1600 1600 1600
15 15 225 225 225
390 390 25,150 25,150 25,150
7(25,150 ) − 390(390) 23,950

r= = = 1.00
7(25,150) − 152,100 7(25,150) − 152,100 23,950 23,950
c) Yes, 1.00 > 0.754 d) Yes, 1.00 > 0.875

5 ( 342 ) − 32 ( 50 ) 110
31. From # 23: m= = ≈ 1.0
5 ( 226 ) − 1024 106
110
50 − ( 32 )
b= 106 ≈ 3.4, y = 1.0 x + 3.4
5
5 ( 535 ) − 56 ( 50 ) −125
32. From # 24: m= = ≈ −0.3
5 ( 706 ) − 3136 394
−125
50 − ( 56 )
b= 394 ≈ 13.6, y = −0.3x + 13.6
5
5(5539) − 181(151) 364

33. From # 25: m= = ≈ 0 .2
5(6965) − 32,761 2064
364
151 − (181)
b= 2064 ≈ 23.8, y = 0.2 x + 23.8
5
6(1590) − 350(30) − 960

34. From # 26: m= = ≈ −0.05
6(23,700 ) − 122,500 19,700
−960
30 − (350)
19,700
b= ≈ 7.8, y = −0.05 x + 7.8
6
5(458.47 ) − 36(58.4 ) 189.95

35. From # 27: m= = ≈ 0 .8
5(306.04 ) − 1296 234.2
189.95
58.4 − (36 )
b= 234.2 ≈ 5.8, y = 0.8 x + 5.8
5
6(9189) − 215(197 ) 12,779

36. From # 28: m= = ≈ 0.4
6(13,645) − 46,225 35,645
12,779
197 − (215)
35,645
b= ≈ 20.0, y = 0.4 x + 20.0
6
6(1500) − 360(30) − 1800

37. From # 29: m= = ≈ −0.1
6(25,600 ) − 129,600 24,000
−1800
30 − (360)
24,000
b= ≈ 9.5, y = −0.1x + 9.5
6
7 ( 25,150 ) − 390 ( 390 ) 23,950

38. From # 30: m= = = 1.0
7 ( 25,150 ) − 152,100 23,950
390 − 1( 390 )
b= = 0, y = 1.0 x
7
SECTION 13.8 441
39. a) x y x2 y2 xy
8 15 64 225 120
20 28 400 784 560
9 20 81 400 180
15 25 225 625 375
16 28 256 784 448
2 5 4 25 10
70 121 1030 2843 1693
6 (1693) − 70 (121) 1688

r= = ≈ 0.960
6 (1030 ) − 4900 6 ( 2843) − 14,641 1280 2417
b) Yes, 0.960 > 0.811
1688
6 (1693) − 70 (121)
1688
121 − ( 70 )
c) m = = ≈ 1.3 , b = 1280 ≈ 4.8, y = 1.3x + 4.8
6 (1030 ) − 4900 1280 6
40. a) x y x2 y2 xy
321 13 103,041 169 4173
380 23 144,400 529 8740
350 16 122,500 256 5600
358 14 128,164 196 5012
378 19 142,884 361 7182
391 19 152,881 361 7429
2178 104 793,870 1872 38,136
6 ( 38,136 ) − 2178 (104 ) 2304

r= = ≈ 0.808
6 ( 793,870 ) − 4, 743, 684 6 (1872 ) − 10,816 19,536 416
b) No, 0.808 < 0.811
2304
6 ( 38,136 ) − 2178 (104 )2304
104 − ( 2178 )
19,536
c) m = = ≈ 0.1 , b = ≈ −25.5, y = 0.1x − 25.5
6 ( 793,870 ) − 4, 743, 684 19,536 6
41. a) x y x2 y2 xy
20 40 400 1600 800
40 45 1600 2025 1800
50 70 2500 4900 3500
60 76 3600 5776 4560
80 92 6400 8464 7360
100 95 10,000 9025 9500
350 418 24,500 31,790 27,520
6(27,520) − 350(418) 18,820

r= = ≈ 0.950
6(24,500) − 122,500 6(31,790) − 174,724 24,500 16,016
b) Yes, 0.950 > 0.917
18,820
418 − (350 )
6(27,520) − 350(418) 18,820 24,500
c) m = = ≈ 0.8 , b = ≈ 24.9, y = 0.8 x + 24.9
6(24,500) − 122,500 24,500 6
42. a) x y x2 y2 xy
765 119 585,225 14,161 91,035
926 127 857,476 16,129 117,602
1145 150 1,311,025 22,500 171,750
842 119 708,964 14,161 100,198
1485 153 2,205,225 23,409 227,205
1702 156 2,896,804 24,336 265,512
6865 824 8,564,719 114,696 973,302
6 ( 973,302 ) − 6865 ( 824 ) 183, 052

r= = ≈ 0.925
6 ( 8,564, 719 ) − 47,128, 225 6 (114, 696 ) − 678,976 4, 260, 089 9200
b) Yes, 0.925 > 0.811
183, 052
6 ( 973,302 ) − 6865 ( 824 ) 183, 052
824 − ( 6865 )
4, 260, 089
c) m = = ≈ 0.04 , b = ≈ 88.2, y = 0.04 x + 88.2
6 ( 8,564,719 ) − 47,128, 225 4, 260, 089 6
d) y = 0.04 (1500 ) + 88.2 = 148.2 ≈ 148 mountain lions

SECTION 13.8 443
43. a) x y x2 y2 xy
20 8 400 64 160
12 10 144 100 120
18 12 324 144 216
15 9 225 81 135
22 6 484 36 132
10 15 100 225 150
20 7 400 49 140
12 18 144 324 216
129 85 2221 1023 1269
8(1269) − 129(85) − 813

r= = ≈ −0.782
8(2221) − 16,641 8(1023) − 7225 1127 959
b) Yes, − 0.782 > 0.707
−813
8(1269) − 129(85) − 813
85 − (129)
c) m = = ≈ −0.7 , b = 1127 ≈ 22.3, y = −0.7 x + 22.3
8(2221) − 16,641 1127 8
d) y = −0.7(14 ) + 22.3 = 12.5 muggings
44. a) x y x2 y2 xy
00 15.0 0 225 0
01 15.3 1 234.09 15.3
02 15.5 4 240.25 31
03 15.8 9 249.64 47.4
04 16.1 16 259.21 64.4
05 16.3 25 265.69 81.5
15 94 55 1473.88 239.6
6 ( 239.6 ) − 15 ( 94 ) 27.6
r= = ≈ 0.998
6 ( 55 ) − 225 6 (1473.88 ) − 8836 105 7.28
b) Yes, 0.998 > 0.811
27.6
6 ( 239.6 ) − 15 ( 94 ) 27.6
94 − (15 )
c) m = = ≈ 0.3 , b = 105 ≈ 15.0, y = 0.3x + 15.0
6 ( 55 ) − 225 105 6
d) y = 0.3 ( 8) + 15.0 = 17.4 million students

45. a) x y x2 y2 xy
89 22 7921 484 1958
110 28 12,100 784 3080
125 30 15,625 900 3750
92 26 8464 676 2392
100 22 10,000 484 2200
95 21 9025 441 1995
108 28 11,664 784 3024
97 25 9409 625 2425
816 202 84,208 5178 20,824
8(20,824 ) − 816(202 ) 1760

r= = ≈ 0.800
8(84,208) − 665,856 8(5178) − 40,804 7808 620
b) Yes, 0.800 > 0.707
1760
8(20,824 ) − 816(202 ) 1760
202 − (816)
c) m = = ≈ 0 .2 , b = 7808 ≈ 2.3, y = 0.2 x + 2.3
8(84,208) − 665,856 7808 8
d) y = 0.2(115) + 2.3 = 25.3 ≈ 25 units
46. a) x y x2 y2 xy
4 100 16 10,000 400
4 67 16 4489 268
3 80 9 6400 240
2 120 4 14,400 240
1 40 1 1600 40
3 90 9 8100 270
4 60 16 3600 240
2 60 4 3600 120
4 90 16 8100 360
1 100 1 10,000 100
28 807 92 70,289 2278
10(2278) − 28(807 ) 184

r= = ≈ 0.069
10(92 ) − 784 10(70,289) − 651,249 136 51,641
b) No, 0.069 < 0.632
184
10(2278) − 28(807 ) 184
807 − (28)
c) m = = ≈ 1 .4 , b = 136 ≈ 76.9, y = 1.4 x + 76.9
10(92 ) − 784 136 10
SECTION 13.8 445
47. a) x y x2 y2 xy
1 80.0 1 6400.0 80.0
2 76.2 4 5806.4 152.4
3 68.7 9 4719.7 206.1
4 50.1 16 2510.0 200.4
5 30.2 25 912.0 151.0
6 20.8 36 432.6 124.8
21 326 91 20,780.7 914.7
6(914.7 ) − 21(326) − 1357.8

r= = ≈ −0.977
6(91) − 441 6(20,780.7 ) − 106,276 105 18,408.2
b) Yes, − 0.977 > 0.917
−1357.8
6(914.7 ) − 21(326 ) − 1357.8
326 − (21)
c) m = = ≈ −12.9 , b = 105 ≈ 99.6, y = −12.9 x + 99.6
6(91) − 441 105 6
d) y = −12.9(4.5) + 99.6 = 41.55 ≈ 41.6%

c)
Dry Pavement
300
Wet Pavement
250
Stopping Distance (ft)
200 650
600
Stopping Distance (ft)
550
500
150 450
400
350
100 300
250
200
50 150
100
50
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
Speed (mph) Speed (mph)
d) x y x2 y2 xy
60 140 3600 19,600 8400
65 164 4225 26,896 10,660
70 190 4900 36,100 13,300
75 218 5625 47,524 16,350
80 247 6400 61,009 19,760
350 959 24,750 191,129 68,470
5(68,470) − 350(959) 6700

r= = ≈ 0.999
5(24,750 ) − 122,500 5(191,129 ) − 919,681 1250 35,964
49. e) x y x2 y2 xy
60 280 3600 78,400 16,800
65 410 4225 168,100 26,650
70 475 4900 225,625 33,250
75 545 5625 297,025 40,875
80 618 6400 381,924 49,440
350 2328 24,750 1,151,074 167,015
5(167,015) − 350(2328) 20,275

r= = ≈ 0.990
5(24,750 ) − 122,500 5(1,151,074) − 5,419,584 1250 335,786
f) Answers will vary.

6700
5(68,470) − 350(959) 6700
959 − (350)
g) m = = ≈ 5.4 , b = 1250 = −183.4, y = 5.4 x − 183.4
5(24,750) − 122,500 1250 5
20,275
5(167,015) − 350(2328) 20,275
2328 − (350)
h) m = = ≈ 16.2 , b = 1250 = −669.8, y = 16.2 x − 669.8
5(24,750 ) − 122,500 1250 5
i) Dry: y = 5.4(77 ) − 183.4 = 232.4 ft

Wet: y = 16.2(77 ) − 669.8 = 577.6 ft
50. a) The correlation coefficient will not change because ∑ xy = ∑ yx, (∑ x )(∑ y ) = (∑ y )(∑ x) ,
and the square roots in the denominator will be the same.
53. a) x y x2 y2 xy
1996 157 3,984,016 24,649 313,372
1997 161 3,988,009 25,921 321,517
1998 163 3,992,004 26,569 325,674
1999 167 3,996,001 27,889 333,833
2000 172 4,000,000 29,584 344,000
2001 177 4,004,001 31,329 354,177
11,991 997 23,964,031 165,941 1,992,573
6 (1,992,573) − 11,991( 997 ) 411

r= = ≈ 0.991
6 ( 23,964, 031) − 143, 784, 081 6 (165,941) − 994,009 105 1637
b) Should be the same.

53. c) x y x2 y2 xy
0 157 0 24,649 0
1 161 1 25,921 161
2 163 4 26,569 326
3 167 9 27,889 501
4 172 16 29,584 688
5 177 25 31,329 885
15 997 55 165,941 2561
6 ( 2561) − 15 ( 997 ) 411

r= = ≈ 0.991
6 ( 55 ) − 225 6 (165,941) − 994, 009 105 1637
The values are the same.
(∑ x )(∑ y ) 108(147 )
54. a) SS (xy ) = ∑ xy − n
= 2335 − = 350.5
8
(∑ x ) 2
∑x
11,664
SS (x ) = 2
− = 1866 − = 408
n 8
(∑ y ) 2
∑y
21,609
SS ( y ) = 2
− = 3055 − = 353.875
n 8
350.5
r= ≈ 0.92
408 353.875
b) Should be the same.
Review Exercises
1. a) A population consists of all items or people of interest.
b) A sample is a subset of the population.
2. A random sample is one where every item in the population has the same chance of being selected.
3. The candy bars may have lots of calories, or fat, or sodium. Therefore, it may not be healthy to eat them.
4. Sales may not necessarily be a good indicator of profit. Expenses must also be considered.
5. a) b)
NBC
NBC
ABC
ABC
8.7 8.8 8.9 9 9.1 9.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Millions of Viewers
Millions of Viewers
6. a) Class Frequency b) and c)

35 1 6
36 3 5
37 6
Frequency
4
38 2 3
39 3 2
40 0 1
41 4 0
35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
42 1 Class
43 3
44 1
45 1
7. a) High Number of b) and c)

Temperature Cities
30 - 39 5
Average Daily High Temperature in January for
40 - 49 8 Selected Cities
50 - 59 5
10
Number of Cities
60 - 69 6 8
70 - 79 6 6
4
80 - 89 10 2
0
34.5 44.5 54.5 64.5 74.5 84.5
Average Daily High Temperature
3 0 3 4 5 6
4 1 2 2 3 4 7 8 8
5 0 4 4 5 6
6 5 6 6 7 8 9
7 3 5 5 7 7 9
8 0 1 3 3 4 6 6 7 8 9
480 79 + 83
8. x = = 80 9. = 81
6 2
10. None 63 + 93
11. = 78
2
12. 93 − 63 = 30 13. x x−x ( x − x )2
63 -17 289
76 -4 16
79 -1 1
83 3 9
86 6 36
93 13 169
0 520
520
= 104, s = 104 ≈ 10.20
5
156 12 + 14
14. x = = 13 15. = 13
12 2
16. 12 and 7 4 + 23
17. = 13.5
2
18. 23 − 4 = 19 19. x x−x ( x − x )2
4 -9 81
5 -8 64
7 -6 36
7 -6 36
12 -1 1
12 -1 1
14 1 1
15 2 4
17 4 16
19 6 36
21 8 64
23 10 100
0 440
440
= 40, s = 40 ≈ 6.32
11
37 − 42 −5 32 − 42 −10
20. z 37 = = = −1.00 21. z 32 = = = −2.00
5 5 5 5
47 − 42 5 52 − 42 10
z 47 = = = 1.00 z 52 = = = 2.00
5 5 5 5
0.341 + 0.341 = 0.682 = 68.2% 0.477 + 0.477 = 0.954 = 95.4%
50 − 42 8 50 − 42 8
22. z 50 = = = 1.60 23. z 50 = = = 1.60
5 5 5 5
0.500 + 0.445 = 0.945 = 94.5% 0.500 − 0.445 = 0.055 = 5.5%
39 − 42 −3 20 − 20 0
24. z 39 = = = −.60 25. z20 = = =0
5 5 5 5
0.500 + 0.226 = 0.726 = 72.6% 25 − 20 5
z25 = = = 1.00
5 5
0.341 = 34.1%
18 − 20 −2 22 − 20 2
26. z18 = = = −0.40 27. z22 = = = 0.40
5 5 5 5
0.500 − 0.155 = 0.345 = 34.5% 28 − 20 8
z28 = = = 1.60
5 5
0.445 − 0.155 = 0.29 = 29.0%
30 − 20 10
28. z30 = = = 2.00
5 5
0.500 – 0.477 = 0.023 = 2.3%
29. a)
4.9
Sales ($billions) 4.7
4.5
4.3
4.1
3.9
3.7
0 1 2 3 4 5
Year
b) Yes; positive because generally as the year increases, the sales increase.
c) x y x2 y2 xy
0 3.9 0 15.21 0
1 3.9 1 15.21 3.9
2 4.1 4 16.81 8.2
3 4.6 9 21.16 13.8
4 4.8 16 23.04 19.2
5 4.9 25 24.01 24.5
15 26.2 55 115.44 69.6
6 ( 69.6 ) − 15 ( 26.2 ) 24.6

r= = ≈ 0.964
6 ( 55 ) − 225 6 (115.44 ) − 686.44 105 6.2
d) Yes, 0.964 > 0.811
6 ( 69.6 ) − 15 ( 26.2 ) 24.6

e) m = = ≈ 0.2
6 ( 55 ) − 225 105
24.6
26.2 − (15 )
b= 105 ≈ 3.8, y = 0.2 x + 3.8
6
30. a)
900
850
800
750
Number of Owners
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Year
b) Yes; negative because generally as the year increases, the number of owners decreases.
30. c) x y x2 y2 xy
0 897 0 804,609 0
1 800 1 640,000 800
2 770 4 592,900 1540
3 760 9 577,600 2280
4 735 16 540,225 2940
5 663 25 439,569 3315
15 4625 55 3,594,903 10,875
6 (10,875) − 15 ( 4625 ) −4125

r= = ≈ −0.952
6 ( 55 ) − 225 6 ( 3,594,903) − 21,390, 625 105 178, 793
d) Yes, −0.952 > 0.811
6 (10,875 ) − 15 ( 4625 ) −4125

e) m = = ≈ −39.3
6 ( 55 ) − 225 105
−4125
4625 − (15 )
b= 105 ≈ 869.0, y = −39.3x + 869.0
6
31. a)
200
150
Number Sold
100
50
0
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
Price (dollars)
b) Yes; negative because generally as the price increases, the number sold decreases.
c) x y x2 y2 xy
0.75 200 0.5625 40,000 150
1.00 160 1 25,600 160
1.25 140 1.5625 19,600 175
1.50 120 2.25 14,400 180
1.75 110 3.0625 12,100 192.5
2.00 95 4 9025 190
8.25 825 12.4375 120,725 1047.5
6 (1047.5 ) − 8.25 ( 825 ) −521.25

r= = ≈ −0.973
6 (12.4375 ) − 68.0625 6 (120, 725 ) − 680, 625 6.5625 43, 725
d) Yes, −0.973 > 0.811

6 (1047.5 ) − 8.25 ( 825) −521.25

31. e) m = = ≈ −79.4
6 (12.4375 ) − 68.0625 6.5625
−521.25
825 − (8.25)
b= 6.5625 ≈ 246.7, y = −79.4 x + 246.7
6
f) y = −79.4 (1.60 ) + 246.7 = 119.66 ≈ 120 sold
32. Mode = 175 lb 33. Median = 180 lb

34. 25% 35. 25%
36 100% - 86% = 14% 37. 100(187) = 18,700 lb
38. 187 + 2(23) = 233 lb 39. 187 - 1.8(23) = 145.6 lb
150 41. 2
40. x = ≈ 3.57
42
3+3 0 + 14
42. =3 43. =7
2 2
44. 14 - 0 = 14
45. x x−x ( x − x )2 x x−x ( x − x )2 x x−x ( x − x )2

0 -3.6 12.96 2 -1.6 2.56 4 0.4 0.16
0 -3.6 12.96 2 -1.6 2.56 5 1.4 1.96
0 -3.6 12.96 3 -0.6 0.36 5 1.4 1.96
0 -3.6 12.96 3 -0.6 0.36 5 1.4 1.96
0 -3.6 12.96 3 -0.6 0.36 6 2.4 5.76
0 -3.6 12.96 3 -0.6 0.36 6 2.4 5.76
1 -2.6 6.76 3 -0.6 0.36 6 2.4 5.76
1 -2.6 6.76 3 -0.6 0.36 6 2.4 5.76
2 -1.6 2.56 4 0.4 0.16 6 2.4 5.76
2 -1.6 2.56 4 0.4 0.16 7 3.4 11.56
2 -1.6 2.56 4 0.4 0.16 8 4.4 19.36
2 -1.6 2.56 4 0.4 0.16 10 6.4 40.96
2 -1.6 2.56 4 0.4 0.16 14 10.4 108.16
2 -1.6 2.56 4 0.4 0.16 332.32
2 -1.6 2.56
332.32
≈ 8.105, s = 8.105 ≈ 2.85
41
46. # of Child. # of Presidents 47. and 48.

0- 1 8
2- 3 15 Number of Children of U.S. Presidents
4- 5 10
20
Number of Presidents
6- 7 6 18
8- 9 1 16
14
10 - 11 1 12
10
12 - 13 0 8
6
14 - 15 1 4
2
0
0.5 2.5 4.5 6.5 8.5 10.5 12.5 14.5
Number of Children
CHAPTER TEST 453
49. No, it is skewed to the right.

50. No, some families have no children, more have one child, the greatest percent may have two children, fewer have
three children, etc.
51. No, the number of children per family has decreased over the years.
Chapter Test
180 2. 37
1. x = = 36
5
3. 37 21 + 46
4. = 33.5
2
5. 46 – 21 = 25 6. x x−x ( x − x )2
21 -15 225
37 1 1
37 1 1
39 3 9
46 10 100
0 336
336
= 84, s = 84 ≈ 9.17
4
7. Class Frequency 8. and 9.
25 - 30 7
31 - 36 5
37 - 42 1 7
43 - 48 7 6
49 - 54 5 5
Frequency
55 - 60 3 4
3
61 - 66 2
2
1
0
27.5 33.5 39.5 45.5 51.5 57.5 63.5
Class
10. Mode = $695 11. Median = $670
12. 100% - 25% = 75% 13. 79%
14. 100(700) = $70,000 15. $700 + 1($40) = $740
16. $700 - 1.5($40) = $640 50,000 − 75,000 −25,000

17. z 50,000 = = ≈ −2.08
12,000 12,000
70, 000 − 75, 000 −5000
z70,000 = = ≈ −0.42
12, 000 12, 000
0.481 − 0.163 = 0.318 = 31.8%
60,000 − 75,000 −15,000 90,000 − 75,000 15,000

18. z 60,000 = = = −1.25 19. z 90,000 = = = 1.25
12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000
0.500 + 0.394 = 0.894 = 89.4% 0.500 − 0.394 = 0.106 = 10.6%
20. From #17 and #18,

z 60,000 = −1.25 and z70,000 ≈ −0.42
0.394 − 0.163 = 0.231 = 23.1%
0.231(300) = 69.3 ≈ 69 cars
21. a)
y 14
12
10
Percent
8
6
4
2
0 x
0 10 20 30 40
Year
b) Yes
c) x y x2 y2 xy
0 9.8 0 96.04 0
10 11.3 100 127.69 113
20 12.5 400 156.25 250
25 12.8 625 163.84 320
30 12.4 900 153.76 372
85 58.8 2025 697.58 1055
5 (1055) − 85 ( 58.8) 277

r= = ≈ 0.932
5 ( 2025) − 7225 5 ( 697.58 ) − 3457.44 2900 30.46
d) Yes, 0.932 > 0.878
5 (1055 ) − 85 ( 58.8 ) 277

e) m = = ≈ 0.1
5 ( 2025 ) − 7225 2900
277
58.8 − ( 85)
b= 2900 ≈ 10.1, y = 0.1x + 10.1
5
f) y = 0.1( 40 ) + 10.1 = 14.1%
Group Projects
1. a) – j) Answers will vary.
2. a) – g) Answers will vary.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
GRAPH THEORY
Exercise Set 14.1

1. A graph is a finite set of points, called vertices, that are connected with line segments, called edges.
2. 3. A B
A B
C
C D
E D
4. The degree of a vertex is the number of edges that connect to that vertex.
5. If the number of edges connected to the vertex is even, the vertex is even. If the number of edges
connected to the vertex is odd, the vertex is odd.
6. Answers will vary. In the following graph, the edge EF is a bridge because if it were removed from the graph, the
result would be a disconnected graph (i.e., there would be no path from vertices A, B, E, H, and G to vertices
C, D, J, I, and F).
A B C D
E F
G H I J
7. a) A path is a sequence of adjacent vertices and the edges connecting them.

b) A circuit is a path that begins and ends at the same vertex.
c)
The path A, B, D, C is a path that is not a circuit.
The path A, B, D, C, A is a path that is also a circuit.
455
456 CHAPTER 14 Graph Theory
8. Answers will vary. In the graphs below, the graph on the right is disconnected since no path connects vertices
A, D, and E to vertices B and C.
A A
B C C
B
F G
D E D E
Connected Graph Disconnected Graph
9. A 10. A B
C D
B C
A, B, and C are all even. A, B, C, and D are all odd.
11. 12.
A B
C D
B and C are even. A and D are odd.
13. 14.
SECTION 14.1 457
15. No. There is no edge connecting vertices B and C. Therefore, A, B, C, D, E is not a path.
16. Edge AC (or CA) and edge CD (or DC)
17. Yes. One example is A, C, E, D, B.
18. Yes. One example is C, D, E, C.
19. Yes. One example is C, A, B, D, E, C, D.
20. Yes. One example is A, B, D, E, C, A.
21. 22.
A A
B C B C
D D
23. 24.
25. 26.
27. 28.
GB MB
LR
O G
MB K
B
K/D LR
U B E
29. 30.
31. 32.
A B C
A B C
E F G
H
D E D
I J K
F G
33. Disconnected. There is no path that connects 34. Connected

A to C.
35. Connected 36. Disconnected. There is no path that
connects A to B.
37. Edge AB 38. Edge EF
39. Edge EF 40. Edge FK and edge HL
41. 42. Answers will vary.

A
D H
J T
43. It is impossible to have a graph with an odd number of odd vertices.

d) The sum of the degrees is equal to twice the number of edges. This is true since each edge
must connect two vertices. Each edge then contributes two to the sum of the degrees.
SECTION 14.2 459
Exercise Set 14.2

1. a) An Euler path is a path that must include each edge of a graph exactly one time.
b) and c)
A B
b) The path A, B, E, D, C, A, D, B is an Euler path.
c) The path A, B, E, D, C is a path that is not an Euler path.
C D E
2. a) An Euler circuit is a circuit that must include each edge of a graph exactly one time and return to the
original vertex.
b) and c)
B
A C
b) The circuit A, B, C, G, F, B, D, F, E, D, A is an
Euler circuit.
D c) The path A, B, C, G, F, E, D, A is a circuit
but not an Euler circuit.
E F G
3. a) Yes, according to Euler's Theorem. 4. a) Yes, according to Euler's Theorem.

b) Yes, according to Euler's Theorem. b) No, according to Euler's Theorem.
c) No, according to Euler's Theorem. c) No, according to Euler's Theorem.
5. If all of the vertices are even, the graph has an Euler circuit.
6. a) If all the vertices are even, then start with any vertex. If there are two odd vertices, then start with one of the odd
vertices. Move from vertex to vertex without tracing any bridges until you have traced each edge of the graph exactly
one time. You will finish at the other odd vertex.
b) If there are any odd vertices, then there is no Euler circuit. If there are all even vertices, then start
with any vertex. Move from vertex to vertex without tracing any bridges until you have traced each edge
of the graph exactly one time. You will finish at the vertex you started from.
7. A, B, C, D, E, B, E, D, A, C; other answers are possible.
8. C, A, B, E, D, C, B, E, D, A; other answers are possible.
9. No. This graph has exactly two odd vertices. Each Euler path must begin with an odd vertex. B is an even vertex.
10. No. A graph with exactly two odd vertices has no Euler circuits.
11. A, B, A, C, B, E, C, D, A, D, E; other answers are possible.
12. E, D, A, B, E, C, D, A, B, C, A; other answers are possible.
13. No. A graph with exactly two odd vertices has no Euler circuits.
14. No. This graph has exactly two odd vertices. Each Euler path must begin with an odd vertex. C is an even vertex.
15. A, B, C, E, F, D, E, B, D, A; other answers are possible.
16. B, D, F, E, B, C, E, D, A, B; other answers are possible.
17. C, B, A, D, F, E, D, B, E, C; other answers are possible.
18. D, A, B, C, E, B, D, E, F, D; other answers are possible.
19. E, F, D, E, B, D, A, B, C, E; other answers are possible.
20. F, D, E, C, B, A, D, B, E, F; other answers are possible.
21. a) Yes. There are zero odd vertices. 22. a) Yes. There are two or fewer odd vertices.
b) Yes. There are zero odd vertices. b) No. There are more than zero odd vertices.
23. a) No. There are more than two odd vertices. 24. a) No. There are more than two odd vertices.
b) No. There are more than zero odd vertices. b) No. There are more than zero odd vertices.
25. a) Yes. Each island would correspond to an odd vertex. According to item 2 of Euler's Theorem, a graph
with exactly two odd vertices has at least one Euler path, but no Euler circuit.
b) They could start on either island and finish at the other.
26. a) Yes. The land at the top and the island on the left would each correspond to an odd vertex. According
to item 2 of Euler's Theorem, a graph with exactly two odd vertices has at least one Euler path, but no
Euler circuits.
b) They could start either on the land at the top of the picture or on the island on the left. If they started
on the island, then they would end on the land at the top, and vice versa.
In Exercises 27-32, one graph is shown. Other graphs are possible.
27. a)
b) Vertices A and N are both odd. According to item 2 of Euler’s Theorem, since there are exactly two odd vertices,
at least one Euler path, but no Euler circuits exist.
Yes; A, T, L, C, N, L, A, N
c) No. (See part b) above.)
28. a)
b) Vertices T and C are both odd. According to item 2 of Euler’s Theorem, since there are exactly two odd vertices,
Yes; T, B, L, V, C, L, T, C
SECTION 14.2 461
29. a)
b) Vertices J and Q are both odd. According to item 2 of Euler’s Theorem, since there are exactly two odd vertices,
Yes; J, Q, T, N, A, P, N, Q
30. a)
b) Vertices S and C are both odd. According to item 2 of Euler’s Theorem, since there are exactly two odd vertices,
Yes; S, I, A, S, G, A, C, G, P, C
31. a)
b) Vertices A and S are both odd. According to item 2 of Euler’s Theorem, since there are exactly two odd vertices,
Yes; A, S, M, N, T, Y, B, A, T, S
32. a)
b) Vertices A and P are both odd. According to item 2 of Euler’s Theorem, since there are exactly two odd vertices,
Yes; P, B, Z, P, A, B, C, A, U, Z, A
33. a) No. The graph representing the floor plan:
B
D
A
C
E F
The wood carver is seeking an Euler path or an Euler circuit. Note that vertices B, C, E, and F are
all odd. According to item 3 of Euler's Theorem, since there are more than two odd vertices, no Euler
path or Euler circuit can exist.
b) No such path exists.
34. a) Yes. The graph representing the floor plan:
A C
D E
The wood carver is seeking an Euler path or an Euler circuit. Note that there are no odd vertices.
According to item 1 of Euler's Theorem, since there are no odd vertices, at least one Euler path
(which is also an Euler circuit) must exist.
b) One path (which is also a circuit) is A, D, B, C, E, A.
A C
B
D E
The wood carver is seeking an Euler path or an Euler circuit. Note that vertices A and C are both odd.
According to item 2 of Euler's Theorem, since there are exactly two odd vertices, at least one Euler path,
but no Euler circuits exist.
b) One path is A, D, B, E, C, B, A, C.
SECTION 14.2 463
A B
C D
E
The wood carver is seeking an Euler path or an Euler circuit. Note that there are no odd vertices.
According to item 1 of Euler's Theorem, since there are no odd vertices, at least one Euler path (which is
also an Euler circuit) must exist.
b) One path is A, C, D, B, E, B.
37. a) Yes. The graph representing the map:

A B C
D E
F G
They are seeking an Euler path or an Euler circuit. Note that vertices A and B are both odd. According
to item 2 of Euler's Theorem, since there are exactly two odd vertices, at least one Euler path, but no
Euler circuits exist.
b) The residents would need to start at the intersection of Maple Cir., Walnut St., and Willow St. or at the
intersection of Walnut St. and Oak St.

A B C
G H
F
D
E
I J K
They are seeking an Euler path or an Euler circuit. Note that vertices G and J are both odd. According
to item 2 of Euler's Theorem, since there are exactly two odd vertices, at least one Euler path, but no
Euler circuits exist.
b) The residents would need to start at the intersection of Spring Blvd. and Lake St. or at the rightmost
intersection of Stream Cir. and Ocean Blvd.
39. F, G, E, F, D, E, B, D, A, B, C, E; other answers are possible.

40. H, I, F, C, B, A, D, G, H, F, E, D, H, E, B; other answers are possible.
41. H, I, F, C, B, D, G, H, E, D, A, B, E, F; other answers are possible.

42. D, A, B, E, I, H, D, C, G, K, L, H, M, I, N, O, J, F, E; other answers are possible.
43. A, B, E, F, J, I, E, D, H, G, C, D, A; other answers are possible.
44. A, B, C, E, H, G, F, D, B, E, G, D, B, E, G, D, A; other answers are possible.
45. A, E, B, F, C, G, D, K, G, J, F, I, E, H, A; other answers are possible.
46. A, B, C, D, F, C, B, E, F, H, G, E, A; other answers are possible.
47. A, B, C, E, B, D, E, F, I, E, H, D, G, H, I, J, F, C, A; other answers are possible.
48. A, B, C, E, B, D, E, F, D, A, C, A; other answers are possible.
49. F, C, J, M, P, H, F, M, P; other answers are possible.
50. B, A, E, H, I, J, K, D, C, G, G, J, F, C, B, F, I, E, B; other answers are possible.
51. B, E, I, F, B, C, F, J, G, G, C, D, K, J, I, H, E, A, B; other answers are possibe.
52. J, G, G, C, F, J, K, D, C, B, F, I, E, B, A, E, H, I, J; other answers are possible.
53. J, F, C, B, F, I, E, B, A, E, H, I, J, G, G, C, D, K, J; other answers are possible.
54. a) No.
b) California, Nevada, and Louisiana (and others) have an odd number of states bordering them.
Since a graph of the United States would have more than two odd vertices, no Euler path and no
Euler circuit exist.
55. It is not possible to draw a graph with an Euler circuit that has a bridge. Therefore, a graph with an
Euler circuit has no bridge.
56. a) b) c)
Exercise Set 14.3

1. a) A Hamilton circuit is a path that begins and ends with the same vertex and passes through all other
vertices exactly one time.
b) Both Hamilton and Euler circuits begin and end at the same vertex. A Hamilton circuit passes through
all other vertices exactly once, while an Euler circuit passes through each edge exactly once.
2. a) A Hamilton path is a path that passes through each vertex exactly one time.
b) A Hamilton path passes through each vertex exactly once; an Euler path passes through each edge
exactly once.
3. a) A weighted graph is a graph with a number, or weight, assigned to each edge.
b) A complete graph is a graph in which there is an edge between each pair of vertices.
c) A complete, weighted graph is a graph in which there is an edge between each pair of vertices and
each edge has a number, or weight, assigned to it.
4. a) The factorial of a number is computed by multiplying the given number by each natural number less
than the given number.
b) 7! = 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 = 5040
c) 8! = 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 = 40,320
d) 10! = 10 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 = 3, 628,800
SECTION 14.3 465
5. a) The number of unique Hamilton circuits in a complete graph with n vertices is found by
computing ( n − 1) !
b) n = 4; ( n − 1) ! = ( 4 − 1) ! = 3! = 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 = 6
c) n = 9; ( n − 1) ! = ( 9 − 1) ! = 8! = 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 = 40,320
6. The optimal solution to a traveling salesman problem is the least expensive or shortest way to visit each
location exactly one time and return to the starting location.
7. To find the optimal solution using the Brute Force method, write down all possible Hamilton circuits
and then compute the cost or distance associated with each Hamilton circuit. The one with the lowest
cost or shortest distance is the optimal solution to the traveling salesman problem.
8. Starting from your current position, choose the cheapest or shortest route to get to the next location.
From there choose the cheapest or shortest route to a location you have not already visited.
Continue this process until you have visited each location. The path found is the path found using the
Nearest Neighbor method for approximating the optimal solution.
9. A, B, C, G, F, E, D and E, D, A, B, F, G, C; other answers are possible.
10. F, B, C, A, D, E, G and E, G, D, A, C, F, B; other answers are possible.
11. A, B, C, D, G, F, E, H and E, H, F, G, D, C, A, B; other answers are possible.
12. A, B, C, D, H, G, F, E, I, J, K, L and A, E, I, J, F, B, C, G, K, L, H, D; other answers are possible.
13. A, B, C, E, D, F, G, H and F, G, H, E, D, A, B, C; other answers are possible.
14. A, D, F, G, H, E, B, C, I and I, C, B, A, D, E, F, H, G; other answers are possible.
15. A, B, D, E, G, F, C, A and A, C, F, G, E, D, B, A; other answers are possible.
16. A, B, C, D, H, L, K, G, F, J, I, E, A and A, E, I, J, K, L, H, D, C, G, F, B, A; other answers are possible.
17. A, B, C, F, I, E, H, G, D, A and A, E, B, C, F, I, H, G, D, A; other answers are possible.
18. A, B, F, G, H, I, E, D, C, A and A, C, D, E, I, H, G, F, B, A; other answers are possible.
A
19. A B 20.
B C
C D
D E
21. The number of unique Hamilton circuits within the complete graph with eight vertices representing
this situation is ( 8 − 1) ! = 7! = 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 = 5040 ways
22. The number of unique Hamilton circuits within the complete graph with thirteen vertices representing
this situation is (13 − 1) ! = 12! = 12 ⋅11 ⋅10 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 = 479, 001, 600 ways
23. The number of unique Hamilton circuits within the complete graph with eleven vertices representing
this situation is (11 − 1) ! = 10! = 10 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 = 3, 628,800 ways
(The vertices are the 10 different farms he has to visit and his starting point.)
24. The number of unique Hamilton circuits within the complete graph with twelve vertices representing
this situation is (12 − 1) ! = 11! = 11⋅10 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 = 39,916,800 ways
In Exercises 25-32, other graphs are possible.

25. a)
337
B R
393 113
841 855
T S
803
b) Hamilton First Second Third Fourth Total

Circuit Leg/Cost Leg/Cost Leg/Cost Leg/Cost Cost
S, R, B, T, S 113 337 393 803 $1646

S, R, T, B, S 113 841 393 855 $2202
S, T, B, R, S 803 393 337 113 $1646
S, T, R, B, S 803 841 337 855 $2836
S, B, R, T, S 855 337 841 803 $2836
S, B, T, R, S 855 393 841 113 $2202
The least expensive route is S, R, B, T, S or S, T, B, R, S

c) $1646
26. a)
280
O G
80 500
205 245
C S
300

Circuit Leg/Distance Leg/Distance Leg/Distance Leg/Distance Distance
C, O, G, S, C 80 280 500 300 1160 miles

C, O, S, G, C 80 245 500 205 1030 miles
C, G, O, S, C 205 280 245 300 1030 miles
C, G, S, O, C 205 500 245 80 1030 miles
C, S, G, O, C 300 500 280 80 1160 miles
C, S, O, G, C 300 245 280 205 1030 miles
The shortest route is C, O, S, G, C or C, G, O, S, C or C, G, S, O, C or C, S, O, G, C

c) 1030 miles
SECTION 14.3 467
27. a) 1.5
H HS
2 2.5
3.5 4
C B
3

H, HS, B, C, H 1.5 2.5 3 2 9 miles

H, HS, C, B, H 1.5 3.5 3 4 12 miles
H, B, HS, C, H 4 2.5 3.5 2 12 miles
H, B, C, HS, H 4 3 3.5 1.5 12 miles
H, C, HS, B, H 2 3.5 2.5 4 12 miles
H, C, B, HS, H 2 3 2.5 1.5 9 miles
The shortest route is H, HS, B, C, H or H, C, B, HS, H
c) 9 miles
28. a) 150
O D
400 125
450
100
L S
250

O, D, S, L, O 150 125 250 400 925 feet

O, D, L, S, O 150 450 250 100 950 feet
O, L, S, D, O 400 250 125 150 925 feet
O, L, D, S, O 400 450 125 100 1075 feet
O, S, D, L, O 100 125 450 400 1075 feet
O, S, L, D, O 100 250 450 150 950 feet
The shortest route is O, D, S, L, O or O, L, S, D, O
c) 925 feet
29. a)
B
131 298 256

576
154 P
M
970 353
356
1164
S 179 W
b) B, M, P, S, W, B for 131 + 154 + 353 + 179 + 576 = $1393

30. a)
A
365 351 1008 252
246 C
B
257 174
159
278
D 124 E
b) A, C, D, E, B, A for 252 + 174 + 124 + 257 + 365 = $1172

SECTION 14.3 469
31. a)
C
39 119 418
105
319 G
D
128 271
109
520
M 701 T
b) C, D, M, G, T, C for 39 + 109 + 271 + 520 + 105 = $1044

32. a)
A
182 197
159 180
115 N
D
110 55
115
156
P W
205
b) N, P, D, W, A, N for 55 + 115 + 110 + 180 + 197 = $657


A
34. a)
B C
There are two choices for moving to the second vertex. There is one choice for moving to a third vertex.
2(1) = 2
(3 -1)! = 2! = 2(1) = 2
The number obtained is the same as the number of Hamilton circuits in a complete graph with 3 vertices.
b)
A B
C D
There are three choices for moving to the second vertex. There are two choices for moving to the third
vertex. There is one choice for moving to the fourth vertex.
3(2)(1) = 6
(4 - 1)! = 3! = 3(2)(1) = 6
c)
A
B C
D E
There are four choices for moving to the second vertex. There are three choices for moving to the third
vertex. There are two choices for moving to the fourth vertex. There is one choice for moving to the
fifth vertex.
4(3)(2)(1) = 24
(5 - 1)! = 4! = 4(3)(2)(1) = 24
SECTION 14.4 471
34. c)
A
C
B
D E
F
There are five choices for moving to the second vertex. There are four choices for moving to the third
vertex. There are three choices for moving to the fourth vertex. There are two choices for moving to the
fifth vertex. There is one choice for moving to the sixth vertex.
5(4)(3)(2)(1) = 120
(6 - 1)! = 5! = 5(4)(3)(2)(1) = 120
d) When starting at a vertex in a complete graph with n vertices, you have n − 1 choices. At your second
vertex, you have one less choice, or n − 2 choices. This process continues until you only have one vertex
to choose from.
35. A, E, D, N, O, F, G, Q, P, T, M, L, C, B, J, K, S, R, I, H, A; other answers are possible.
Exercise Set 14.4

1. A tree is a connected graph in which each edge is a bridge.
2. In a tree, each edge is a bridge. In a graph that is not a tree, there is at least one edge that is not a bridge.
3. Yes, because removing the edge would create a disconnected graph.
4. A spanning tree is obtained by removing the edges of a graph one at a time, while maintaining a path
to each vertex, until the graph is reduced to a tree.
5. A minimum-cost spanning tree is a spanning tree that has the lowest cost or shortest distance of all
spanning trees for a given graph.
6. To find a minimum-cost spanning tree from a weighted graph, choose the edge with the smallest weight first.
Continue to choose the edge with the smallest weight that does not lead to a circuit until a spanning tree
is found.
7. Joe
Allan Rosemary
Martin
Christopher AJ Peter
Donetta Paula
8. Rita
Arturo
Maria
Tito
Josephine David Mario Rickardo
Rosen
9.
Martin
Kent
Pearse
Burnette Fields Buckles Jones Freeman Kowalski

DiTaranto
Kroger
10.
Dorfman
Hoover
Blutarsky
Stratton Day Schoenstein De Pasto Jennings Wormer

Stork Liebowitz
11.

SECTION 14.4 473
12.
A A
13. B B
C C
D D
F
E E
F
G H G H
14. A A
B B
D D
F F
C E C E
15.

16.
17.
18.
19.
Choose edges in the following order:
DB, BA, DC
SECTION 14.4 475
20.
GB, BC, BA, AH, DE, CF, FE
21.
DG, GF, AB, CD, BD, EF
22. B
A
85
95 EF, FD, FC, BD, AC
D
C 75
70
F
E 65
A
23.
3
1 Choose edges in the following order:
C AB, CF, AC, FG, BD, FH, EC
B
2
7
5
F
D E 4 6
H
G
24.
A 12 B
AB, HI, EG, CD, AC, DG, EF, DH
71 F
41 E
D
37 22
C 41 G
47
H 18 I
B C D
25. A 12 73 23
E
31
37 F 38 G
61
H
Choose edges in the following order: BE, FD, AH, EF, FG, HE, CF
26. A
7
B 13 C
D
12
E 5 F
Choose edges in the following order: AD, EF, AB, DE, BC
27. a) 75
R J
32 43
45
37
M
40 35
I H
64

SECTION 14.4 477
27. b)
R J Choose edges in the following order:
RM, MH, JH, IM
32
M 37
40 35
I H
c) 15(32 + 35 + 37 + 40) = 15(144) = $2160
28. a) C 27 BB
30
13
31
28
CS
33
25
18
26
ECK 15
BD
C 27 BB
b)
13 BB CS, ECK BD, BD CS, C BB
CS
18
ECK 15
BD
c) 0.75(13 + 15 + 18 + 27) = 0.75(73) = $54.75

Mi
29. a) Ma
50.7
50.7 39.1
71.7 W
Pa
Pl
Choose edges in the following order: Mi Pa, W Mi, Ma W, Ma Pl

b) 895(39.1 + 50.7 + 50.7 + 71.7) = 895(212.2) = $189,919
A
30. a)
H 44
R
33
25 59
25
P
Y
Choose edges in the following order: HY, YL, LR, RA, AP

b) 6800(25 + 25 + 33 + 44 + 59) = 6800(186) = $1,264,800
31. a)
12
D H
15
14 13 16
L S
26
b)

DH, HL, DS
c) 3500 (12 + 13 + 15) = 3500 (40) = $140,000

SECTION 14.4 479
A
32. a)
23 45
Ca 68
Cl
53
125
48 75
146
Co 178 Y
b) A
45 Choose edges in the following order:

23
ACa, AC, AY, CaCo
Ca
Cl
125
48
Co Y
c) 2300(23 + 45 + 48 + 125) = 2300(241) = $554,300

33. a)
B
286
184 325
ED 237
FS
91
116
195 197
160
LR 43 PB
b) B
184
ED
FS
91
160
LR 43 PB
Choose edges in the following order: LR PB, ED PB, LR FS, B LR
c) 2500(43 + 91 + 160 + 184) = 2500(478) = $1,195,000

SECTION 14.4 481
34. a) Cha
135 89
Chi 170
P
202
85
181
86 74
129
R 193 S
Cha
b)
Chi
P
85
86 74
129
R S
Choose edges in the following order: PS, Chi R, Cha S, RP
c) 74 + 85 + 86 + 129 = 374 miles

38. a) EULER
b) FLEURY
c) HAMILTON
d) KRUSKAL
Review Exercises
A B
1. 2.
A, B, and C are all even. There is a Edge FG is a bridge.

loop at vertex C. Other answers are possible.
3. A, B, C, A, D, C, E, D; other answers are possible.

4. No. To trace each edge in the graph with a path would require you to trace at least one edge twice (the graph has
more than two odd vertices).
WA A B C
5. 6.
ID
OR
UT
NV
D E F
AZ
CA
7. Connected
8. Disconnected. There is no path that connects A to C.
9. Edge CD
10. C, B, A, F, E, D, C, G, B, A, G, E, D, G, F; other answers are possible.
11. F, E, G, F, A, G, D, E, D, C, B, A, B, G, C; other answers are possible.
12. B, C, A, D, F, E, C, D, E, B; other answers are possible.
13. E, F, D, E, C, D, A, C, B, E; other answers are possible.
14. a) No. The graph representing the map:

NE IA
CO MO
KS
KS
OK
TX
b) Vertices CO and TX are both odd. According to item 2 of Euler’s Theorem, since there are exactly two
odd vertices, at least one Euler path, but no Euler circuits exist.
Yes; CO, NE, IA, MO, NE, KS, MO, OK, CO, KS, OK, TX; other answers are possible.
A B C
F
D E
We are seeking an Euler path or an Euler circuit. Note that there are no odd vertices. According to
item 1 of Euler's Theorem, since there are no odd vertices, at least one Euler path (which is also an
Euler circuit) must exist.
b) The person may start in any room and will finish in the room where he or she started.
A B C
D E F G
The officer is seeking an Euler path or an Euler circuit. Note that vertices A and C are both odd.
According to item 2 of Euler's Theorem, since there are exactly two odd vertices, at least one Euler
path but no Euler circuits exist.
b) The officer would have to start at either the upper left-hand corner or the upper right-hand corner.
If the officer started in the upper left-hand corner, he or she would finish in the upper right-hand corner,
and vice versa.
17. A, B, F, A, E, F, G, C, D, G, H, D; other answers are possible.

18. A, B, C, D, H, G, C, F, G, B, F, E, A; other answers are possible.
19. A, C, B, F, E, D, G and A, C, D, G, F, B, E; other answers are possible.
20. A, B, C, D, F, E, A and A, E, F, B, C, D, A; other answers are possible.
21. A
B C
D E
22. The number of unique Hamilton circuits within the complete graph with 5 vertices representing this
situation is ( 5 − 1) ! = 4! = 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 = 24 ways
23. a)
428
P D
787 458
449 902
C
415 M

P, D, C, M, P 428 449 415 902 $2194

P, D, M, C, P 428 458 415 787 $2088
P, C, M, D, P 787 415 458 428 $2088
P, C, D, M, P 787 449 458 902 $2596
P, M, D, C, P 902 458 449 787 $2596
P, M, C, D, P 902 415 449 428 $2194
The least expensive route is P, D, M, C, P or P, C, M, D, P
c) $2088
24. a)
C
130 177
127 168
54 SJ
KC
192 304
256
224
SL 210
Sp
b) SJ, KC, C, SL, Sp, SJ traveling a total of 54 + 130 + 127 + 210 + 224 = 745 miles
c) Sp, C, SL, KC, SJ, Sp traveling a total of 168 + 127 + 256 + 54 + 224 = 829 miles
25.
Hulka
Winger Ziskey
Markowicz Soyer Elmo Jenesky
Oxburger
Hector
A B C
D
26.
G H I
A B C
D
G H I
A
27.
B C CF, EF, FG, BE, AE, AD
31
41 28 17
D E 23 F 27 G
CHAPTER TEST 487
28. a) J 75 B
26 GCJ 37
47
42
35 25
11
29 O 24
FA 61 PF
J B
b)
26 GCJ 37
11
29 O 24
FA PF

O GCJ, O PF, J GCJ, FA O, GCJ B
c) 2.50 (11 + 24 + 26 + 29 + 37) = 2.50 (127) = $317.50
Chapter Test
1. 2.
SL BF
L IC G T B
Edge AB is a bridge. There is a loop at vertex G.
3. One example: 4. D, A, B, C, E, B, D, E;
A B C other answers are possible.
E F G
5. Yes. The graph representing the floor plan:
A B
C D E
We are seeking an Euler path or an Euler circuit. Note that there are no odd vertices. According
to item 1 of Euler's Theorem, since there are no odd vertices, at least one Euler path (which is also
an Euler circuit) must exist.
The person may start in any room and will finish in the room where he or she started.
6. A, D, E, A, F, E, H, F, I, G, F, B, G, C, B, A; other answers are possible.

7. A, B, C, D, H, I, L, K, J, G, F, E, A; other answers are possible.
8. The number of unique Hamilton circuits within the complete graph with 8 vertices representing
this situation is ( 8 − 1) ! = 7! = 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 = 5040 ways
9. a)
449
I P
201 677
728 203
EP A
49

I, P, EP, A, I 449 728 49 203 $1429

I, P, A, EP, I 449 677 49 201 $1376
I, A, P, EP, I 203 677 728 201 $1809
I, A, EP, P, I 203 49 728 449 $1429
I, EP, A, P, I 201 49 677 449 $1376
I, EP, P, A, I 201 728 677 203 $1809
The least expensive route is I, P, A, EP, I or I, EP, A, P, I for $1376.
c) I, EP, A, P, I for $1376

GROUP PROJECTS 489
10. A B C D
E H I J
F G
K L
M
11.

AB, DG, FI, KG, BF, HI, EH, FC, CD, JK
V1 V2
45
12. a) Choose edges in the following order:
V2 V4, V3 V4, V4 V5, V1 V2
29
V3
32 V4 41 V5
b) 1.25 (29 + 32 + 41 + 45) = 1.25 (147) = $183.75
Group Projects
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
VOTING AND APPORTIONMENT
Exercise Set 15.1

1. When a candidate receives more than 50% of the votes.
2. Each voter votes for one candidate. The candidate receiving the most votes is declared the winner.
3. Voters rank candidates from most favorable to least favorable. Each last place vote is awarded one point, each
next to last place vote is awarded two points, each third from last place vote is awarded three points, etc.
The candidate receiving the most points is the winner.
4. Each voter votes for one candidate. If a candidate receives a majority of votes, that candidate is declared the
winner. If no candidate receives a majority, eliminate the candidate with the fewest votes. (If there is a tie for
the fewest votes, eliminate all tied candidates.) Repeat this process until a candidate receives a majority.
5. Voters rank the candidates. A series of comparisons in which each candidate is compared to each of the other
candidates follows. If candidate A is preferred to candidate B, then A receives one point. If candidate B is
preferred to candidate A, then B receives one point. If the candidates tie, each receives ½ point. The candidate
receiving the most points is declared the winner.
6. Different systems can lead to a different winner.
7. A preference table summarizes the results of an election.
8. a) Pair-wise comparison method
2 3 4
1 3 2 3 3+2+1 = 6 groupings
4 4
2 3
3 4 4 5 6
1 4 2 5 3 5 4 5 5+4+3+2+1 = 15 groupings
5 6 6 6
6
9. a) Jeter is the winner; he received the most votes using the plurality method.
265128 265128
b) No. = ≈ 0.40 is not a majority. Majority is > 334,158 votes.
192827 + 210361 + 265128 668316
10. a) Felicia is the winner. Felicia received the most votes using the plurality method.
2863 2863
b) No. = ≈ 0.25 is not a majority. Majority is > 5,624 votes.
2192 + 2562 + 1671 + 2863 + 1959 11247
491
492 CHAPTER 15 Voting and Apportionment
11.
Number of votes 3 1 2 2 1
First B A C C A
Second A B B A C
Third C C A B B
12.
Number of votes 2 3 2 1
First A C B C
Second B A A B
Third C B C A
13. 9 + 5 + 3 + 2 = 19 employees 16. M: 9 1st place votes = (9)(3) = 27

5 2nd place votes = (5)(2) = 10
5 3rd place votes = (5)(1) = 5
14. No. Mop had the most with 9 votes, but 9/19 = V: 8 1st place votes = (8)(3) = 24
0.47 which is not a majority. Majority is > 10. 11 2nd place votes = (11)(2) = 22
B: 2 1st place votes = (2)(3) = 6
3 2nd place votes = (3)(2) = 6
15. Votes – (M): 9, (V): 5+3 = 8, (W): 2. Mop wins 14 3rd place votes = (14)(1) = 14
with the most votes. M = 42 points; V = 46 points; B = 26 points
Vacuum wins with 46 points.
17. A majority out of 19 votes is 10 or more votes. 18. M vs. V: M = 9 V = 5+3+2 = 10 V gets 1 pt.
First choice votes: (M) 9, (V) 8, (B) 0 M vs. B: M = 9+5 = 14 B = 3+2 = 5
None receives a majority, thus B with the least M gets 1 pt.
votes is eliminated. V vs. B: V = 9+5+3 = 17 B = 2 V gets 1 pt.
Second round: (M) 9, (V) 5+3+2 = 10 Vacuum wins with 2 points.
Vacuum wins with a majority of 10 votes.
19. B: 4 1st place votes = (4)(3) = 12 20. Votes – (B): 3+1 = 4, (G): 2, (M): 2+1 = 3
2 2nd place votes = (2)(2) = 4 Beach wins with the most votes.
G: 2 1st place votes = (2)(3) = 6 21. B vs. G: M = 3+2+1 = 6 G = 2+1 = 3
4 2nd place votes = (4)(2) = 8 B gets 1 pt.
3 3rd place votes = (3)(1) = 3 B vs. M: B = 3+1 = 4 M = @+@+! = 5
M: 3 1st place votes = (3)(3) = 9 M gets 1 pt.
3 2nd place votes = (3)(2) = 6 G vs. M: G = 3+2 = 5 M = 2+1+1 = 4
3 3rd place votes = (3)(1) = 3 G gets 1 pt.
B = 19 points; G = 17 points; M = 18 points All get 1 point, which indicates no winner.
Beach wins with 19 points.
SECTION 15.1 493
22. A majority out of 9 votes is 5 or more votes. 23. Votes: (S) 8+3+2 = 13 (L) 6+3 9
First choice votes: (B) 4, (G) 2, (M) 3 (H) 4+3+2 = 9 (T) 1
None receives a majority, thus G with the least San Antonio wins with the most votes.
votes is eliminated.
Second round: (B) 4, (M) 2+2+1 = 5
Mount Rushmore wins with a majority of 5 votes.
24. S: 9 1st place votes = (13)(4) = 52 25. A majority out of 32 votes is 16 or more votes.
5 2nd place votes = (5)(3) = 15 First choice votes: (S) 13, (L) 9, (H) 9, (T) 1
4 3rd place votes = (4)(2) = 8 None receives a majority, thus T with the least
10 4th place votes = (10)(1) = 10 votes is eliminated.
L: 9 1st place votes = (9)(4) = 36 Second round: (S) 13, (L) 9, (H) 10
18 2nd place votes = (18)(3) = 54 No majority, thus eliminate L.
4 3rd place votes = (4)(2) = 8 Third round: (S) 16, (H) 16
1 4th place vote = (1)(1) = 1 Since S and H tied, there is no winner.
H: 9 1st place votes = (9)(4) = 36
9 2nd place votes = (9)(3) = 27 26. S vs. L: S = 8+3+2+1+2 = 16
11 3rd place votes = (11)(2) = 22 L = 6+3+4+3 = 16 S / L get 0.5 pt.
3 4th place vote = (3)(1) = 3 S vs. H: S = 8+3+3+2 = 16
T: 1 1st place votes = (1)(4) = 4 H = 6+4+3+1+2 = 16 S / H get 0.5 pt.
0 2nd place votes = 0 S and T: S = 8+3+2+1+2 = 16
13 3rd place votes = (13)(2) = 26 T = 6+4+1 = 11 S gets 1 pt.
18 4th place vote = (18)(1) = 18 L and H: L = 8+6+3+3 = 20
H = 4+3+2+1+2 = 12 L gets 1 pt.
S = 85 points; L = 99 points; L and T: L = 8+6+3+4+3+3+2+2 = 31
H = 88 points; T = 48 points T=1 L gets 1 pt.
Los Angeles wins with 99 points. H and T: H = 8+6+3+4+3+2+2 = 28
T=4 H gets 1 pt.
S = 2 H = 1.5 L = 2.5 T = 0 LA wins.
27. W: 5 1st place votes = (5)(3) = 15 28. Votes: (W): 5, (D): 1, (J): 4 + 2 = 6
4 2nd place votes = (4)(2) = 8 Johnson wins with the most votes.
D: 1 1st place votes = (1)(3) = 3 29. W vs. D: W = 5+4 = 9 D = 1+2 = 3
7 2nd place votes = (7)(2) = 14 W gets 1 pt.
4 3rd place votes = (4)(1) = 4 W vs. J: W = 5 J = 1+4+2 = 7
J: 6 1st place votes = (6)(3) = 18 J gets 1 pt.
1 2nd place votes = (1)(2) = 2 D vs. J: D = 5+1 = 6 J = 4+2 = 6
5 3rd place votes = (5)(1) = 5 D and J get 0.5 pt.
W = 26 points; D = 21 points; J = 25 points W = 1 pt. D = 1 pt. J = 1.5 pts.
Williams wins with 26 points. Johnson wins with 1.5 points.
30. A majority out of 12 votes is 6 or more votes. 31. A majority out of 12 votes is 6 or more votes.
First choice votes: (W) 5, (D) 1, (J) 6 Most last place votes: (W) 3, (D) 4, (J) 5
None receives a majority, thus D with the least Thus J with the most last place votes is eliminated.
votes is eliminated. Second round using the most last place votes:
Second round: (W) 5, (J) 1+4+2 = 7 (W) 1+2 = 3, (D) 5+4 = 9
Johnson wins with a majority of 7 votes. Williams wins with the least last place votes.
32. Votes: (L): 5, (E): 2, (O): 4. Lehigh Road wins 33. L: 5 1st place votes = (5)(3) = 15
with the most votes. 6 3rd place votes = (6)(1) = 6
E: 2 1st place votes = (2)(3) = 6
34. A majority out of 11 votes is 6 or more votes. 9 2nd place votes = (9)(2) = 18
First choice votes: (L) 5, (E) 2, (O) 4 O: 4 1st place votes = (4)(3) = 12
None receives a majority, thus E with the least 2 2nd place votes = (2)(2) = 4
votes is eliminated. 5 3rd place votes = (5)(1) = 5
Second round: (L) 5, (O) 2+4 = 6 L = 21 points; E = 24 points; O = 21 points
Ontario Road wins with a majority of 6 votes. Erie Road wins with 24 points.
35. L vs. E: L = 5 E = 2+4 = 6 E gets 1 pt. 36. A majority out of 11 votes is 6 or more votes.
L vs. O: L = 5 O = 2+4 = 6 O gets 1 pt. Most last place votes: (L) 2+4 = 6, (E) 0, (O) 5
E vs. O: E = 5+2 = 6 O = 4 E gets 1 pt. Thus L with the most last place votes is eliminated.
Erie Road wins with 2 points. Second round using the most last place votes:
(E) 0, (O) 4
Erie Road wins with the least last place votes.
37. a) Votes: (TI): 10, (C): 3, (HP): 2 37. c) A majority out of 15 votes is 8 or more votes.
Texas Instruments wins with the most votes. First choice votes: (TI) 10, (C) 3
b) TI: 10 1st place votes = (10)(4) = 40 (S) 0, (HP) = 2
5 2nd place votes = (5)(3) = 15 Because TI already has a majority, TI wins.
C: 3 1st place votes = (3)(4) = 12 d) TI vs. C: TI = 6+4+2 = 12 C = 3
6 2nd place votes = (6)(3) = 18 TI gets 1 pt.
6 3rd place votes = (6)(2) = 12 TI vs. S: TI = 6+4+3+2 = 15 TI gets 1 pt.
S: 9 3rd place votes = (9)(2) = 18 TI vs. HP: TI = 6+4+3 = 14 HP = 2
6 4th place votes = (6)(1) = 6 TI gets 1 pt.
9 4th place votes = (9)(1) = 9 C vs. S: C = 6+4+3+2 = 15 C gets 1 pt.
HP: 2 1st place votes = (2)(4) = 8 C vs. HP: C = 6+3 = 9 HP = 4+3 = 7
4 2nd place votes = (4)(3) = 12 C = gets 1 pt.
9 4th place votes = (9)(1) = 9 S vs. HP: S = 6+3 = 9 HP = 4+2 = 6
TI= 55 points; C = 42 points; S = 24 points, S gets 1 pt.
HP = 29 points TI wins with 55 points. TI wins with 3 points.
SECTION 15.1 495
38. a) Votes: (L): 8, (M): 2, (S): 3, (H): 4 38. c) A majority out of 17 votes is 9 or more votes.
I Love Lucy wins with the most votes. First choice votes: (L) 8, (M) 2
b) L: 8 1st place votes = (8)(4) = 32 (S) 3, (H) = 4
9 4th place votes = (9)(1) = 9 None receives a majority, thus M with the least
M: 2 1st place votes = (2)(4) = 8 votes is eliminated.
15 2nd place votes = (15)(3) = 45 Second round: (L) 8, (S) 5, (H) 4
S: 3 1st place votes = (3)(4) = 12 No majority, thus eliminate H.
2 2nd place votes = (2)(3) = 6 Third round: (L) 8, (S) 9
12 3rd place votes = (12)(2) = 24 Seinfeld wins with 9 votes.
H: 4 1st place votes = (4)(4) = 16 d) L vs. M: L = 8 M = 9 M gets 1 pt.
5 3rd place votes = (5)(2) = 10 L vs. S: L = 8 S = 9 S gets 1 pt.
8 4th place votes = (8)(1) = 8 L vs. H: L = 8 H = 9 H gets 1 pt.
L= 41 points; M = 53 points; S = 42 points, M vs. S: M = 14 S = 3 M gets 1 pt.
H = 34 points Mash wins with 53 points. M vs. H: M = 13 H = 4 M gets 1 pt.
S vs. H: S = 13 H = 4 S gets 1 pt.
Mash wins with 3 points.
39. a) A: 6 1st place votes = (6)(4) = 24 39. b) Votes: (A): 6, (B): 1, (C): 5, (D): 2
1 2nd place vote = (1)(3) = 3 A wins with the most votes.
2 3rd place votes = (2)(2) = 4 c) A majority out of 14 votes is 7 or more votes.
5 4th place votes = (5)(1) = 5 First choice votes: (A) 6, (B) 1
B: 1 1st place vote = (1)(4) = 4 (C) 5, (D) = 2
4 2nd place vote = (4)(3) = 12 None receives a majority, thus B with the least
9 3rd place votes = (9)(2) = 18 votes is eliminated.
C: 5 1st place votes = (5)(4) = 20 Second round: (A) 7, (C) 5, (D) 2
6 2nd place vote = (6)(3) = 18 No majority, thus eliminate D.
1 3rd place vote = (1)(2) = 2 Third round: (A) 9, (C) 5
2 4th place votes = (2)(1) = 2 A wins with 9 votes.
D: 2 1st place votes = (2)(4) = 8 d) A vs. B: A = 6 B = 8 B gets 1 pt.
3 2nd place vote = (3)(3) = 9 A vs. C: A = 9 C = 5 A gets 1 pt.
2 3rd place votes = (2)(2) = 4 A vs. D: A = 7 D = 7 A / D get 0.5 1 pt.
7 4th place votes = (7)(1) = 7 B vs. C: B = 34 C = 11 C gets 1 pt.
A = 36 points; B = 34 points; C = 42 points; B vs. D: B = 9 D = 5 B gets 1 pt.
D = 28 points C vs. D: C = 12 D = 2 C gets 1 pt.
C wins with 42 points. B and C tie with 2 points.
40. a) G vs. A: G = 69 A = 73 A gets 1 pt. 40. b) A majority out of 142 votes is 71 or more votes.
G vs. C: G = 43 C = 99 C gets 1 pt. First choice votes: G=43, A=30, C=29, D=40
G vs. D: G = 43 D = 99 D gets 1 pt. None receives a majority, thus C with the least
A vs. C: A = 73 C = 69 A gets 1 pt. votes is eliminated.
A vs. D: A = 73 D = 69 A gets 1 pt. Second round: (G) 43, (C) 30, (D) 69
C vs. D: C = 72 D = 70 C gets 1 pt. No majority, thus eliminate C.
Third round: (G) 43, (C) 99
Apple wins with 3 points. Compaq wins with 99 votes.
40. c) G: 43 1st place votes = (43)(4) = 172 40. d) Votes: (G): 43, (A): 30, (C): 29, (D): 40
1 2nd place vote = (1)(3) = 3 Gateway wins with the most votes.
26 3rd place votes = (26(2) = 52 e) You must choose the voting method prior to
73 4th place votes = (73)(1) = 73 the election.
A: 30 1st place vote = (30)(4) = 120
43 2nd place vote = (43)(3) = 129
29 3rd place votes = (29)(2) = 58 41. a) If there were only two columns then only two of
26 4th place votes = (26)(1) = 26 the candidates were the first choice of the
C: 29 1st place votes = (29)(4) = 116 voters. If each of the 15 voters cast a ballot,
40 2nd place vote = (40)(3) = 120 then one of the voters must have received a
73 3rd place vote = (73)(2) = 146 majority of votes because 15 cannot be split
D: 40 1st place votes = (40)(4) = 160 evenly.
59 2nd place vote = (59)(3) = 177 b) An odd number cannot be divided evenly so one
43 4th place votes = (43)(1) = 43 of the two first choice candidates must receive
G = 300 points; A = 333 points; more than half of the votes.
C = 382 points; D = 380 points
Compaq wins with 380 points.
42. a) A: 1 + 2 + 3 + 1 = 8 43. a) C: 4 + 1 +1 = 6 R: 4 + 4 + 3 = 11
B. 3 + 1 + 4 + 3 = 11 W: 3 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 1 + 1 = 12
C: 4 + 4 + 1 + 1 = 10 T: 4 + 3 + 2 + 2 = 11
D: 2 + 3 + 2 + 4 = 11 The Warriors finished 1st, the Rams and the
B and D tie with 11 points. Tigers tied for 2nd , and the Comets were 4th.
b) A: 0 + 1 + 3 + 1 = 5 b) C: 5 + 0 = 5 R: 5 + 5 + 3 = 13
B: 3 + 0 + 5 + 3 = 11 W: 3 + 3 + 1 + 1 + 0 + 0 = 8
C: 5 + 5 + 0 + 0 = 10 T: 5 + 3 + 1 1 = 10
D: 1 + 3 + 1 + 5 = 10 Rams - 1st, Tigers - 2nd, Warriors - 3rd, and
B wins with 11 points. Comets - 4th.
C wins with 42 points.
44. a) Each voter casts 3+2+1 = 6 votes. 45. a) Each voter casts $+3+2+1 = 10 votes.
(20)(6) = 120 votes (15)(10) = 150 votes
b) 120 – (55+25) = 120 – 80 = 40 votes b) 150 – (35+40+25) = 150 – 100 = 50 votes
c) No. Candidate B cannot win because the votes c) Yes. Candidate D has more votes than each
for Candidate A > votes for Candidate B. of the other 3 candidates.
46. A = 10 B=7 C=5 D=9

Candidates A and D will win.
Exercise Set 15.2

1. If a candidate receives a majority of first place votes, then that candidate should be declared the winner.
2. A candidate who wins a first election and then gains additional support without losing any of the original
support should also win a second election.
3. If a candidate is favored when compared individually with every other candidate, then that candidate should be
declared the winner.
4. If a candidate is declared the winner of an election, and in a second election, one or more of the other
candidates is removed, then the previous winner should still be declared the winner
SECTION 15.2 497
5. A candidate that is preferred to all others will win each pairwise comparison and be selected with the pairwise
comparison method.
6. A candidate that holds a majority of first place votes wins each pairwise comparison and is selected with the
pairwise comparison method.
7. If a candidate receives a majority of first place votes, then that candidate should be declared the winner.
Plurality counts only the 1st place votes.
8. If a majority is not reached on the 1st vote, then the candidate with the lowest vote total is eliminated and
successive votes are taken until one of the candidates achieves a majority vote.
9. The plurality method yields Tacos are the winner 11. Total votes = 3+2+1+1 = 7 Candidates A is the
with a majority of 8 1st place votes. However, if candidate of choice with a plurality of 4 votes.
the Borda count method is used: A: 4 1st place votes = (4)(4) = 16
Tacos (8)(3) + (3)(2) + (4)(1) = 24 + 6 + 4 = 34 3 4th place votes = (3)(1) = 3
Pizza (4+3)(4) + (8)(2) = 28 + 16 = 44 B: 3 1st place vote = (3)(4) = 12
Burgers (4)(2) + (8+3)(1) = 8 + 11 = 19 4 2nd place vote = (4)(3) = 12
The winner is Pizza using the Borda count C: 2 2nd place vote = (2)(3) = 6
method, thus violating the majority criterion. 4 3rd place vote = (4)(2) = 8
1 4th place vote = (1)(1) = 1
10. a) Total votes = 2+4+2+3 = 11 D: 1 2nd place vote = (1)(3) = 3
A vs. B: A = 4+2 = 6 B = 2+3 = 5 A gets 1 pt. 3 3rd place votes = (3)(2) = 6
A vs. C: A = 2+4 = 6 C = 2+3 = 5 A gets 1 pt. 3 4th place votes = (3)(1) = 3
B vs. C: B = 2+4 = 6 C = 2+3 = 5 B gets 1 pt. G = 300 points; A = 333 points;
Plan A wins with 2 points. A = 19 votes; B = 24 votes; C = 15 votes;
b) C wins by a plurality of 5 votes. No, the D = 12 votes
head-to-head criterion is not satisfied. Candidate B is chosen with 24 votes, therefore the
majority criterion is not satisfied.
12. a) Total votes = 12+6+4+3 = 25 13. P: 4 1st place votes = (4)(3) = 12

B vs. W: B = 12+6+4 = 22 W = 3 B gets 1 pt. 2 2nd place votes = (2)(2) = 4
B vs. S: B= 12+3 = 15 S = 10 B gets 1 pt. 3 3rd place votes = (3)(1) = 3
B vs. R: B = 12+6 = 18 R = 7 B gets 1 pt. L: 3 1st place vote = (3)(3) = 9
W vs. S: W = 12+3 = 15 S = 10 W gets 1 pt. 5 2nd place vote = (5)(2) = 10
W vs. R: W = 12+6+3 = 21 R = 4 W gets 1 pt. 1 3rd place vote = (1)(1) = 1
S vs. R: S = 12+6 = 18 S = 7 S gets 1 pt. S: 2 1st place votes = (2)(3) = 6
Beach wins with 3 points. 2 2nd place vote = (2)(3) = 6
5 3rd place vote = (5)(1) = 5
b) B wins by a plurality of 12 votes. Yes, the P = 19 votes; L = 20 votes; S = 17 votes
head-to-head criterion is satisfied. P vs. L: P = 4+1 = 5 L = 4 P gets 1 pt.
P vs. S: P = 4+1 = 5 S = 4 P gets 1 pt.
L vs. S: L = 4+1+2 = 7 S = 2 L gets 1 pt.
Because Parking wins by head-to-head comparison
and the Lounge Areas win by Borda count method,
the head-to-head criterion is not satisfied.
14. A: 2 1st place votes = (2)(3) = 6 15. A majority out of 25 votes is 13 or more votes.
72nd place votes = (7)(2) = 14 First choice votes: A=7, B=15, C=3
B: 2 1st place vote = (2)(3) = 6 Since B has > 13 votes, B wins by plurality with
2 2nd place vote = (2)(2) = 4 elimination.
5 3rd place vote = (5)(1) = 5
C: 5 1st place votes = (5)(3) = 15 A vs. B: A = 7+3 = 10 B = 15 B gets 1 pt.
4 3rd place vote = (4)(1) = 4 A vs. C: A = 7 C = 25-7 = 18 C gets 1 pt.
A = 20 votes; B = 15 votes; C = 19 votes B vs. C: B = 15+7 = 22 C = 3 B gets 1 pt.
A vs. B: A = 2+2 = 4 B = 5 B gets 1 pt.
A vs. C: A = 2+2 = 4 C = 5 C gets 1 p Yes, because B wins by both methods, the
B vs. C: B = 2+2 = 4 C = 5 C gets 1 pt. head-to-head criterion is satisfied.
Because C wins by head-to-head comparison
and the A wins by the Borda count method,
the head-to-head criterion is not satisfied.
16. A majority out of 25 votes is 13 or more votes. 17. Votes: A: 8, B: 4, C: 5; thus, A wins.
First choice votes: (A) 10, (B) 2, (C) 8, (D) = 5 If B drops out, we get the following:
None receives a majority, thus B with the least Votes: A: 8, C: 4 + 5 = 9, thus C would win.
votes is eliminated. The irrelevant alternatives criterion is not satisfied.
Second round: (A) 10, (C) 10, (D) 5
Still no majority, thus eliminate D. 18. Votes: A: 3, B: 4, C: 5; thus B wins
Third round: (A) 10, (C) 15 If C drops out, we get the following:
C wins with a majority of 15 votes. Votes: A: 3 + 5 = 8, B:6, thus A would win.
A vs. B: A = 10 B = 15 B gets 1 pt. The irrelevant alternatives criterion is not satisfied.
A vs. C: A = 10 C = 15 C gets 1 pt.
A vs. D: A = 12 D = 13 D gets 1 pt. 19. A receives 53 points, B receives 56 points, and
B vs. C: B = 17 C = 8 B gets 1 pt. C receives 53 points. Thus, B wins using the
B vs. D: B = 20 D = 5 B gets 1 pt. Borda count method. If A drops out, we get the
C vs. D: C = 10 D = 15 D gets 1 pt. following: B receives 37 points, and C receives
B wins with 3 points. Therefore, the head-to-head 44 points. Thus, C wins the second vote. The
criterion is not satisfied. irrelevant alternatives criterion is not satisfied.
20. A receives 38 points, B receives 35 points, C 21. A majority out of 32 voters is 16 or more votes.
receives 35 points. Thus, A wins using the Borda Votes: A: 8 + 3 = 11, B: 9, C: 12; none has a
count method. If B drops out we get the following: majority, thus eliminate B.
A receives 25 points, and C receives 29 points. Votes: A:8 + 3 = 11, C: 9 +12 = 21, thus C
Thus, C wins the second vote. wins. If the three voters who voted for A,C,B
change to C,A,B, the new set of votes becomes:
The irrelevant alternatives criterion is not satisfied. Votes: A: 12, B: 9, C: 11; none has a
majority, thus eliminate B.
Votes: A: 9 + 12 = 21, C = 11, thus A wins.
Thus, the monotonicity criterion is not satisfied.
SECTION 15.2 499
22. A majority out of 29 voters is 15 or more votes. 23. A majority out of 23 voters is 12 votes.
Votes: A: 8, B: 10, C: 11; none has a majority, Votes: A: 10, B: 8, C: 5; none has a majority,
thus eliminate A. thus eliminate C.
Votes: B: 8 + 10 = 18, C: 7 + 4 = 11, thus B Votes: B: 10, B: 8 + 5 = 13; thus B wins.
wins. After the four votes change their votes, the After A drops out, the new set of votes is
the new set of votes is A: 8, B: 14., C: 7; B: 8, C: 10 + 5 = 15; thus C wins.
none has a majority, thus eliminate C.
Votes: A: 7+ 8 = 15, B:14; thus A wins. The irrelevant alternatives criterion is not satisfied.
Thus, the monotonicity criterion is not satisfied.
24. A majority out of 13 voters is 7 votes. 25. A receives 2 points, B receives 3 point, C receives
Votes: A: 3, B: 6, C: 4; none has a majority, thus 2 points, D receives 1 point, and E receives 2 pts.
eliminate A. Votes: B: 6, C: 4 + 3 = 7; thus C B wins by pairwise comparison.
wins. After B drops out, the new set of votes is After A, C and E drop out, the new set of votes is
Votes: A: 6 + 3 = 9, C: 4; thus A wins. B: 2 D: 3, thus D wins. The irrelevant
The irrelevant alternatives criterion is not satisfied. alternatives criterion is not satisfied.
26. A receives 3 points, B receives 1 point, C receives 28. Total votes = 11 B wins with a plurality of
3 points, D receives 1 point, and E receives 2 points. 5 votes.
A and C tie, but when A vs. C, C wins and thus we A: 1 1st place votes = (1)(3) = 3
declare C the winner. After A, B and E drop out, 5 2nd place votes = (5)(2) = 10
the new set of votes is table is C: 2 + 1 = 3, 5 3rd place votes = (5)(1) = 5
D: 4, thus D wins. B: 6 1st place vote = (6)(3) = 18
The irrelevant alternatives criterion is not satisfied. 5 3rd place votes = (5)(1) = 5
C: 4 1st place votes = (4)(3) = 12
27. Total votes = 7 A wins with a majority of 6 2nd place votes = (6)(2) = 12
4 votes. 1 3rd place vote = (1)(1) = 1
A: 4 1st place votes = (4)(3) = 12 A = 21 points; B = 23 points; C = 25 points
3 3rd place votes = (3)(1) = 3 C wins with 25 points. No. The majority
B: 2 1st place vote = (2)(3) = 6 criterion is not satisfied.
5 2nd place vote = (5)(2) = 10
C: 1 1st place votes = (1)(3) = 3 29. Total votes = 31 Majority = 16 or more
2 2nd place votes = (2)(2) = 4 a) Museum of Natural History
4 3rd place vote = (4)(1) = 4 b) Museum of Natural History
A = 15 points; B = 16 points; C = 11 points c) Museum of Natural History
B wins with 16 points. No. The majority d) None of them
criterion is not satisfied.
30. a) Total votes = 44 A majority is > 22 votes. 31. a) A majority out of 82 votes is 41 or more votes.
A: 8 1st place votes = (8)(5) = 40 First choice votes: (A) 28, (C) 30, (D) 24
8 3rd place votes = (8)(3) = 24 None receives a majority, thus D with the least
8 4th place votes = (8)(2) = 16 votes is eliminated.
20 5th place votes = (20)(1) = 20 Second round: (A) 52, (C) 30
B: 20 1st place vote = (20)(5) = 100 Thus, Jennifer Aniston is selected..
2 2nd place vote = (2)(4) = 8 b) No majority on the 1st vote; C is eliminated
14 4th place votes = (14)(2) = 28 with the fewest votes.
8 5th place votes = (8)(1) = 8 Second round: (A) 38, (D) 44
C: 4 1st place votes = (4)(5) = 20 Denzel Washington is chosen.
8 2nd place votes = (8)(4) = 32 c) Yes.
16 3rd place vote = (16)(3) = 48
8 4th place votes = (8)(2) = 16 32. a) A receives 1 point, B receives 2½ points,
8 5th place votes = (8)(1) = 8 C receives 1½ points, D receives 3 points,
D: 4 1st place votes = (4)(5) = 20 E receives 2 points. Thus, (D) wins.
28 2nd place votes = (28)(4) = 112 b) A receives 0 points, B receives 2½ points,
4 3rd place votes = (4)(3) = 12 D receives 2 points, E receives 1½ points.
8 5th place votes = (8)(1) = 8 Thus, B wins.
E: 8 1st place votes = (8)(5) = 40 c) Yes.
2 2nd place votes = (2)(4) = 8
16 3rd place votes = (16)(3) = 48 33. A candidate who holds a plurality will only gain
14 4th place votes = (14)(2) = 28 strength and hold and even larger lead if more
A = 100 pts.; B = 136 pts.; C = 124 pts.; favorable votes are added.
D = 152 pts.; E = 124 pts.
Dow Chemical is chosen with 152 points. 34. Answers will vary (AWV).
b) Burrows-Welcome will be chosen.
c) Yes. 35. AWV 36. AWV 37. AWV
38. A majority out of 11 voters is 6 or more votes. 39. AWV

a) Votes: A: 9, B: 2; thus A wins.
b) Votes: A: 4 + 2 = 6, C: 5; Yes, A wins.
c) The five voters who favor C should vote C, B, A
instead of C, A, B.
Exercise Set 15.3

1. If we divide the total population by the number of items to be apportioned we obtain a number called the
standard divisor.
2. The standard quota is found by dividing each group’s population by the standard divisor.
3. The standard quota rounded down to the nearest whole number.
4. The standard quota rounded up to the nearest whole number.
5. An apportionment should always be either the upper quota or the lower quota.
6. Hamilton’s method
7. Jefferson’s method, Webster’s method, Adams’s method
8. a) Jefferson’s method b) Adam’s method c) Webster’s method
9. a) Webster’s method b) Adam’s method c) Jefferson’s method
10. Jefferson’s method, Webster’s method, Adams’s method
SECTION 15.3 501
7500000
11. a) = 50, 000 = standard divisor
150
b) and c)
State A B C D Total
Population 1,222,000 2,730,000 857,000 2,693,000 7,500,000
Standard Quota 24.40 54.60 17.14 53.86
Lower Quota 24 54 17 53 148
Hamilton’s Apportionment 24 55 17 54 150
12. a) and b)
State A B C D Total
Population 1,222,000 2,730,000 857,000 2,693,000 7,500,000
Modified Quota 24.65 55.15 17.31 54.40
Jefferson’s Apportionment 24 55 17 54 150
(round down)
13. a) and b)
State A B C D Total
Population 1,222,000 2,730,000 857,000 2,693,000 7,500,000
Modified Quota 24.70 55.26 17.35 54.51
(round down)
14. a) and b)
State A B C D Total
Population 1,222,000 2,730,000 857,000 2,693,000 7,500,000
Modified Quota 24.11 53.95 16.94 53.22
Adams’ Apportionment 25 54 17 54 150
(round up)
15. a) and b)
State A B C D Total
Population 1,222,000 2,730,000 857,000 2,693,000 7,500,000
Modified Quota 24.06 53.85 16.90 53.12
(round up)
16. a) and b)
State A B C D Total
Population 1,222,000 2,730,000 857,000 2,693,000 7,500,000
Standard Quota 24.40 54.60 17.14 53.86
Webster’s Apportionment 24 55 17 54 150
(standard rounding)
17. a) and b)
State A B C D Total
Population 1,222,000 2,730,000 857,000 2,693,000 7,500,000
Modified Quota 24.38 54.55 17.12 53.81
total 675
18. a) Standard divisor = = = 27
25 25
b) and c)
Hotel A B C Total
Amount 306 214 155 675
Standard Quota 11.33 7.93 5.74
Hamilton’s Apportionment 11 8 6 25
19. a) and b)
Hotel Al Bob Charlie Total
Amount 350 530 470 1350
Modified Quota 8.05 12.18 10.84
Jefferson’s Apportionment 8 12 10 30
(rounded down)
20. a) and b)
Amount 350 530 470 1350
21. a) and b)
Amount 350 530 470 1350
Adam’s Apportionment 8 12 10 30
(rounded up)
22. a) and b)
Amount 350 530 470 1350
(rounded up)
SECTION 15.3 503
23. a) and b)
Store Al Bob Charlie Total
Amount 350 530 470 1350
Webster’s Apportionment 8 12 10 30
(standard rounding)
24. a) and b)
Store Al Bob Charlie Total
Amount 350 530 470 1350
total 540
25. a) A standard divisor = = = 18
30 30
b)
Store A B C D Total
Population 75 97 140 228 540
Standard Quota 4.177 5.39 7.78 12.67 30
26.
Store A B C D Total
Population 123 484 382 271 1260
Standard Quota 5.86 23.05 18.19 12.90
Lower Quota 5 23 18 12 58
27. A divisor of 20.5 was used.

Store A B C D Total
Population 123 484 382 271 1260
Modified Quota 6.00 23.61 18.63 13.22
(round down)

Store A B C D Total
Population 123 484 382 271 1260
Modified Quota 5.72 27.51 17.77 12.60
(round up)
29.
Store A B C D Total
Population 123 484 382 271 1260
Standard Quota 5.86 23.05 18.19 12.90
total 13000
250 250
b)
School LA Sci. Eng. Bus. Hum Total
Enrollment 1746 7095 2131 937 1091 13000
Standard Quota 33.58 136.44 40.98 18.02 20.98
31.
Enrollment 1746 7095 2131 937 1091 13000
Standard Quota 33.58 136.44 40.98 18.02 20.98
Lower Quota 33 136 40 18 20 247
Hamilton’s Apportionment 34 136 41 18 21 250

Enrollment 1746 7095 2131 937 1091 13000
Modified Quota 33.90 137.77 41.38 18.19 21.18
Jefferson’s Apportionment 33 137 41 18 21 250
(round down)

Enrollment 1746 7095 2131 937 1091 13000
Modified Quota 33.26 135.14 40.59 17.85 20.78
Adam’s Apportionment 34 136 41 18 21 250
(round up)
34.
Enrollment 1746 7095 2131 937 1091 13000
Standard Quota 33.58 136.44 40.98 18.02 20.98
Webster’s Apportionment 34 136 41 18 21 250
(standard rounding)
total 13500
35. a) A standard divisor = = = 90
150 150
Dealership A B C D Total
Annual Sales 4800 3608 2990 2102 13500
Standard Quota 53.33 40.09 33.22 23.36 150.00
36.
Annual Sales 4800 3608 2990 2102 13500
Standard Quota 53.33 40.09 33.22 23.36 150.00
SECTION 15.3 505
37.
Annual Sales 4800 3608 2990 2102 13500
Standard Quota 53.33 40.09 33.22 23.36 150.00
38.
Annual Sales 4800 3608 2990 2102 13500
Standard Quota 53.33 40.09 33.22 23.36 150.00
Adam’s Apportionment 53 40 33 24 150
39.
Annual Sales 4800 3608 2990 2102 13500
Standard Quota 53.33 40.09 33.22 23.36 150.00
total 2940
210 210
b)
Precinct A B C D E F Total
Crimes 743 367 432 491 519 388 2940
Standard Quota 53.07 26.21 30.86 35.07 37.07 27.71
41.
Crimes 743 367 432 491 519 388 2940
Standard Quota 53.07 26.21 30.86 35.07 37.07 27.71
Lower Quota 53 26 30 35 37 27 208
Hamilton’s Apportionment 53 26 31 35 37 28 210
42. The divisor 3.8 as used.

Crimes 743 367 432 491 519 388 2940
Modified Quota 53.84 26.59 31.30 35.58 37.61 28.12
Jefferson’s Apportionment 53 26 31 35 37 28 210
(round down)
43. The divisor 14.2 as used.

Crimes 743 367 432 491 519 388 2940
Modified Quota 52.32 22.85 30.42 34.58 36.55 27.32
Adam’s Apportionment 53 26 31 35 37 28 210
(round up)
44.
Crimes 743 367 432 491 519 388 2940
Standard Quota 52.32 22.85 30.42 34.58 36.55 27.32
Webster’s Apportionment 53 26 31 35 37 28 210
(standard rounding)
total 2400
200 200
b)
Shift A B C D Total
Room calls 751 980 503 166 2400
Standard Quota 62.58 81.67 41.92 13.83
46.
Shift A B C D Total
Room calls 751 980 503 166 2400
Standard Quota 62.58 81.67 41.92 13.83
Lower Quota 62 81 41 13 197
47. The divisor 11.9 was used.

Shift A B C D Total
Room calls 751 980 503 166 2400
Modified Quota 63.11 82.35 42.27 13.95
(round down)

Shift A B C D Total
Room calls 751 980 503 166 2400
Modified Quota 62.07 80.99 41.57 13.72
Adam’s Apportionment 63 81 42 14 200
(round up)
Shift A B C D Total
Room calls 751 980 503 166 2400
Modified Quota 62.48 81.53 41.85 13.81
(standard rounding)
SECTION 15.4 507
3615920
50. Standard divisor = = 34437.33
105
a) Hamilton’s Apportionment: 7, 2, 2, 2, 8, 14, 4, 5, 10, 10, 13, 2, 6, 2, 18
b) Jefferson’s Apportionment: 7, 1, 2, 2, 8, 14, 4, 5, 10, 10, 13, 2, 6, 2, 19
c) States that Benefited: Virginia States Disadvantaged: Delaware
Exercise set 15.4

1. The Alabama paradox occurs when an increase in the total # of items results in a loss of items for a group.
2. The new-states paradox occurs when the addition of a new group changes the apportionment of another group.
3. The population paradox occurs when group A loses items to group B, although group A’s population grew at
a higher rate than group B’s.
4. Yes, it can produce the Alabama paradox, population paradox, and new-states paradox.
5. Hamilton’s, Jefferson’s
6. Adam’s, Webster’s
900
7. New divisor = = 17.65
51
School A B C D E Total
Standard Quota 11.90 9.35 9.07 9.92 10.76
Lower Quota 11 9 9 9 10 48
No. No school suffers a loss so the Alabama paradox does not occur.
2592
8. a) Standard divisor = = 18
144
School A B C D Total
Population 739 277 618 958 2592
Standard Quota 41.06 15.38 34.33 53.22
2592
b) New divisor = = 17.88
145
School A B C D Total
Population 739 277 618 958 2592
Standard Quota 41.33 15.49 34.56 53.57
Yes. School B loses a monitor while schools C and D each gain a monitor.
900
30
State A B C Total
Population 161 250 489 900
900
9. b) New divisor = = 29.03
31
State A B C Total
Population 161 250 489 900
Yes, state A loses 1 seat and states B and C each gain 1 seat.
1000000
200
State A B C Total
Population 233,000 461,000 306,000 1,000,000
Lower Quota 46 92 61 199
1000000
10. b) New divisor = = 4975.12
201
State A B C Total
Population 233,000 461,000 306,000 1,000,000
No. None of the States lost a seat.
25000
200
City A B C Total
Population 8130 4030 12,840 25,000
Standard Quota 65.04 32.24 102.72
25125
200
City A B C Total
New Population 8150 4030 12,945 25,125
Standard Quota 64.88 32.08 103.04
No. None of the Cities loses a bonus.
900
30
College A B C Total
Faculty 162 249 489 900
SECTION 15.4 509
965
12. b) New divisor = = 32.167
30
College A B C Total
Faculty 178 269 518 965
No. The opportionment is the same.
5400
54
Division A B C D E Total
Population 733 1538 933 1133 1063 5400
Standard Quota 7.33 15.38 9.33 11.33 10.63
Lower Quota 7 15 9 11 10 52
5454
13. b) New divisor = = 101
54
Division A B C D E Total
Population 733 1539 933 1133 1116
Standard Quota 7.26 15.238 9.238 11.22 11.05
Lower Quota 7 15 9 11 11 53
Yes. Division B loses an internship Division A even though the population of division B grew faster than
the population of division A.
30000
250
State A B C Total
Population 459 10551 18990 30000
30000
b) Same divisor = = 120
250
State A B C Total
Population 464 10551 19100 30110
No. The opportionment is the same.
4800
48
Tech. Data A B Total
Employees 844 3956 4800
Standard Quota 8.44 39.56
Lower Quota 8 39 47
Hamilton’s Apportionment 8 40 48
5524
55
Tech. Data A B C Total
Employees 844 3956 724 5524
Yes. Group B loses a manager.
10000
100
State A B Total
Population 1135 8865 10000
10625
16. b) New divisor = = 100.24
106
State A B C Total
Population 1135 8865 625 10625
Yes. State C loses a seat to State B.
990000
17. a) Standard divisor = = 15, 000
66
State A B C Total
Population 68970 253770 667260 990000
1075800
b) New divisor = = 15,152.11
71
State A B C D Total
Population 68970 253770 667260 85800 1075800
Standard Quota 4.55 16.75 44.04 5.66
Yes. State C loses a seat to State B.
3300
33
State A B Total
Population 744 2556 3300
Lower Quota 7 25 32
4010
40
State A B C Total
Population 744 2556 710 4010
No. The apportionment is the same.
Review Exercises
1. a) Robert Rivera wins with the most votes (12).
b) A majority out of 24 voters is 13 or more votes. Robert Rivera does not have a majority.
2. a) Michelle MacDougal wins with the most votes (224).
b) Yes. A majority out of 421 voters is 211 or more votes.
3. 4.
# of votes 3 2 1 3 1 # of votes 2 2 2 1
First B A D C D First C A B C
Second A C C B A Second A B C B
Third C D A A B Third B C A A
Fourth D B B D C
5. Number of votes = 6 + 4 + 3 +2 + 1 + 1 = 17 8. A majority out 17 voters is 9 or more votes.

Votes: P: 6+1 = 7, V: 4, S: 3+2 = 5, A:1.
6. Park City wins with a plurality of 6 votes. None has a majority, thus eliminate A.
Votes: P: 6+1 = 7, V: 4, S: 3+2+1 = 6
7. P: 50 points, V: 47 points, S: 35 points, None has a majority, thus eliminate V.
A: 38 points. Park City wins with 50 points. Votes: P: 6+4+1 = 11, S: 3+2+1 = 6.
Park City wins.
9. P: 3 pts., V: 2 pts., S: 0 pts., A: 1 pt. 10. Votes: P: 7, V: 4, S: 5, A: 1 None has a

Park City wins with 3 points. majority, thus eliminate S with most last place
votes. Votes: P: 10, V: 4, A: 3; Park City wins.
11. 38+30+25+7+10 = 110 students voted 12. Volleyball wins with a plurality of 40 votes.
13. S: 223 pts., V: 215 pts., B: 222 pts. 14. A majority out of 110 voters is 56 or more votes.
Soccer wins. Votes: S: 38, V: 40, B: 32; None has a majority,
thus eliminate B. Votes: S: 45, V: 65
Volleyball wins.
15. S: 1 pt., V: 1 pt., B: 1 pt. A 3-way tie 16. Votes: S: 38, V: 40, B: 32 None has a
majority, thus eliminate V with the most last place
votes. Votes: S: 68, B: 42. Soccer wins.
17. a) Votes: A: 161+134 = 295, F: 45, M: 12, 18. Votes: (NO): 70, (LV): 55, (C): 30, (SD): 45
P: 0 AARP wins. a) A majority out of 200 voters is 101 or more
b) Yes. A majority out of 372 voters is 186 or more votes. None of the cities has a majority.
votes. AARP receives a majority. b) New Orleans win a plurality of 70 votes.
c) A: 985 pts., F: 740 pts., M: 741 pts., c) (NO):410 pts., (LV): 580 pts., (C): 505 pts.,
P: 852 pts. AARP wins. (SD): 495 pts. Las Vegas wins.
d) 186 or more votes is needed for a majority. d) Las Vegas wins with 130 pts. to 70 pts. for NO.
Votes: A: 295, F: 45, M: 12, P: 0 e) NO: 0 pts., LV: 3 pts., C: 1 pt., SD: 1 pt.
AARP wins. Las Vegas wins with points.
e) A: 3 pts., F: 1 pt., M: 1 pt., P: 1 pt.
AARP wins.
19. a) A majority out of 16 voters is 9 or more votes. 19. c) (EB) vs. (WB): EB: 4+3+1 = 8 points,
Votes: (EB): 4+3+ = 7, (FW): 1+1 = 2, (WB): 6+1+1 = 8 points.
(G): 0, (WB): 6+1 = 7 None has a majority, EB and WB tie again.
thus eliminate G. Votes: (EB): 4+3 = 7,
(FW): 1+1 = 2, (WB): 6 + 1 = 7 None has a 20. A: 33 pts., B: 39 pts, C: 28 pts., D: 20 pts.
majority, thus eliminate FW Using the Borda count, method B wins.
Votes: (EB): 4+3+1 = 8, (WB): 6+1+1 = 8. However, B only has 3 first place votes, thus the
Thus, EB and WB tie. majority criterion is not satisfied.
b) Use the Borda count method to break the tie.
(EB) = 46 points, (WB) = 50 points; 21. In a head-to-head comparison, B must win over all
World Book wins. the others. For (B vs. A), A wins with 3 pts.
The head-to-head criterion is not satisfied.
22. a) A majority out of 42 voters is 21 or more votes. 22. c) If B drops out the new table is
Votes: A: 12, B: 10+6 = 16, C: 14 Number of votes 10 14 6 12
None has the majority, thus eliminate A. First A C C A
Votes: B :10+6 = 16, C: 14+12 = 26 C wins. Second C A A C
b) The new preference table is Votes: A: 10+12 = 22, C: 14+6 = 20 A wins.

Number of votes 10 14 6 12 Since C won the first election and then after B
First B C C A dropped out A won, the irrelevant criterion is
Second A B B C not satisfied.
Third C A A B
Votes: A: 12, B: 10, C: 20; None has a
majority, thus eliminate B.
Votes: A: 22, C: 20 A wins. When the
order is changed A wins. Therefore, the
monotonicity criterion is not satisfied.
23. a) M has 0 pts., S has 3 pts., F has 1 pt., and 24. a) Yes. Fleetwood Mac is favored when
E has 1 pt. Thus, Starbucks wins. compared to each of the other bands.
b) Maxwell House wins w/a plurality of 33 votes. b) Votes: A: 15, B: 34, C: 9+4 = 13,
c) M = 228 pts., S = 277 pts., F = 293 pts., and F: 25 Boston wins.
E = 292 pts. Thus, Folgers wins. c) A: 217 points, B: 198 points, C: 206 points,
d) Eight O’clock wins over Maxwell House with F: 249 points Fleetwood Mac wins.
76 points. d) A majority out of 87 voters is 44 or more votes.
e) Same results as in a), thus, Starbucks wins. Votes: A: 15, B: 34, C: 13, F:25
f) The plurality, plurality with elimination, and None has a majority, thus eliminate C.
Borda count methods all violate the Votes: A: 15+9+4 = 28, B: 34, F: 25
head-to-head criterion. None has a majority, thus eliminate F.
Votes: A: 28+25 = 53, B: 34 Abba wins.
25. The Borda count method e) A = 2 pts., B = 0 pts., C = 1 pt., F = 3 pts.
26. Plurality and plurality w/elimination methods Thus, Fleetwood Mac wins.
27. Pairwise comparison and Borda count methods f) Plurality and plurality w/elimination methods
6000
28. Standard divisor = = 600
10
Region A B C Total
Number of Houses 2592 1428 1980 6000
Lower Quota 4 2 3 9
29. Using the modified divisor 500.

Region A B C Total
Number of Houses 2592 1428 1980 6000
(rounded down)

Region A B C Total
Number of Houses 2592 1428 1980 6000
(rounded up)

Region A B C Total
Number of Houses 2592 1428 1980 6000
(normal rounding)
32. Yes. Hamilton’s Apportionment becomes 5, 2, 4. Region B loses one truck.
690
33. Standard divisor = = 30
23
Course A B C Total
Number of Students 311 219 160 690
34. Use the modified divisor 28

Course A B C Total
(round down)
35. Use the modified divisor 31.5

Course A B C Total
(round up)
36. Use the modified divisor 29.5

Course A B C Total
(standard rounding)
698
37. The new divisor is = 30.35
23
Course A B C Total
No. The apportionment remains the same.
55000
38. The Standard divisor = = 1000
55
State A B Total
Population 4862 50138 55,000
CHAPTER TEST 515
39. The apportionment is 4, 51. 40. The apportionment is 5, 50.

41. The apportionment is 5, 50.
60940
42. The new divisor is = 1015.67
60
State A B C Total
Population 4862 50138 5940 60940
Yes. State A. gains a seat while State B loses a seat.
Chapter Test
1. 6+5+5+4 = 20 members voted. 2. No candidate has a majority of > 10 votes.
3. Chris wins with a plurality of 9 votes. 4. D = 41 pts., C = 44 pts., S = 35 pts. Chris wins.
5. Donyall wins with 11 pts. 6. D = 1.5 pts., C = 1 pt., S = 0.5 pt. Donyall wins.
7. a) Votes: H: 26+14 = 40, I: 29, L: 30, S: 43 7. b) (S) 1st (43)(4) = 172

Thus, the snail wins. 2nd (0)(3) = 0
b) (H) 1st (40)(4) = 160 3rd (26)(2) = 52
2nd (59)(3) = 177 4th (73)(1) = 73 S receives 297 points.
3rd (0)(2) = 0 The iguana (I) wins with the most points.
4th (43)(1) = 43 H receives 380 points. c) A majority out of 142 voters is 72 or more votes.
( I ) 1st (29)(4) = 116 Votes: H: 40, I: 29, L: 30, S: 43; None has a
2nd (40)(3) = 120 majority, thus eliminate I. Votes: H: 69,
3rd (73)(2) = 146 L: 30, S: 43 None has a majority, thus
4th (0)(1) = 0 I receives 382 points eliminate L. Votes: H: 99, S: 43
(L) 1st (30)(4) = 120 The hamster wins.
2nd (43)(3) = 129 d) H vs. I: I gets 1 pt. H vs. L: L gets 1 pt.
3rd (43)(2) = 86 H vs. S: H gets 1 pt. I vs. L: L gets 1 pt.
4th (26)(1) = 26 L receives 361 points I vs. S: I gets 1 pt. L vs. S: L gets 1 pt.
Ladybug wins with 3 points.
8. Plurality: Votes: W: 86, X: 52+28 = 80, Y: 60, 8. Head-to-Head: When Y is compared to each of the
Z: 58 W wins. others, Y is favored. Thus Y wins the
Borda count: W gets 594 points, X gets 760 points, head-to-head comparison.
Y gets 722 points, Z gets 764 points Z wins Plurality, Borda count and Plurality with elimination
Plurality with elimination: A majority out of 284 each violate the head-to-head criterion. The pairwise
voters is 143 or more votes. method never violates the head-to-head criterion.
Votes: W: 86, X: 80, Y: 60, Z: 58
None has a majority, thus eliminate Z. 9. A majority out of 35 voters is 18 or more votes.
Votes: W: 86, X: 80+58 = 138, Y: 60 Louisiana (L) has a majority.
None has a majority, thus eliminate Y. However, Mississippi (M) wins using the Borda
Votes: W: 86, X: 138+60 = 198 X wins. count method. Thus the majority criterion is
violated.
33000
10. a) The standard divisor = = 1100
30
State A B C Total
Population 6933 9533 16534 33,000
b)
State A B C Total
Population 6933 9533 16534 33,000
(round down)
c) The new divisor 1064.52

State A B C Total
Population 6933 9533 16534 33,000
The Alabama paradox does not occur, sine none of the states loses a seat.
33826
d) The divisor = = 1091.16
31
State A B C Total
Population 7072 9724 17030 33,826
The Alabama paradox does not occur, sine none of the states loses a seat.
38100
10. e) The new divisor is = 1058.33
36
State A B C D Total
Population 6933 9533 16534 5100 38100
Standard Quota 6.55 9.01 15.62 4.82
The new states paradox does not occur, sine none of the existing states loses a seat.
APPENDIX
GRAPH THEORY
Exercise Set
1. A vertex is a designated point.
2. An edge (or an arc) is any line, either straight or curved, that begins and ends at a vertex.
3. To determine whether a vertex is odd or even, count the number of edges attached to the vertex.
If the number of edges is odd, the vertex is odd. If the number of edges is even, the vertex is even.
5. 5 vertices, 7 edges 6. 6 vertices, 8 edges

7. 7 vertices, 11 edges 8. 5 vertices, 6 edges
9. Each graph has the same number of edges from the 10. Each graph has the same number of edges from
corresponding vertices. the corresponding vertices.
11. Odd vertices: C, D 12. Odd vertices: A, C, E, F
Even vertices: A, B Even vertices: B, D
13. Yes. The figure has exactly two odd vertices, namely C and D. Therefore, the figure is traversable.
You may start at C and end at D, or start at D and end at C.
14. No. All four vertices are odd. There are more than two odd vertices. Therefore, the figure is not traversable.
15. Yes. The figure has no odd vertices. Therefore, the figure is traversable. You may start at any point
and end where you started.
17. No. The figure has four odd vertices, namely A, B, E, and F. There are more than two odd vertices.
Therefore, the figure is not traversable.
18. Yes. The figure has exactly two odd vertices, namely C and G. Therefore, the figure is traversable.
You may start at C and end at G, or start at G and end at C.
19. Yes. The figure has exactly two odd vertices, namely A and C. Therefore, the figure is traversable.
You may start at A and end at C, or start at C and end at A.
21. a) 0 rooms have an odd number of doors.
5 rooms have an even number of doors.
b) Yes because the figure would have no odd vertices.
c) Start in any room and end where you began. For example: A to D to B to C to E to A.
1 room has an even number of doors.
b) No because the figure would have more than two odd vertices.
517
518 APPENDIX Graph Theory

b) Yes because the figure would have exactly two odd vertices.
c) Start at B and end at F, or start at F and end at B.
For example: B to C to F to E to D to A to B to E to F
b) Yes because the figure would have exactly two odd vertices.
c) Start at B and end at E, or start at E and end at B. For example: B to A to D to E to F to C to B to E
29. The door must be placed in room D. Adding a door to any other room would create two rooms with
an odd number of vertices. You would then be unable to enter the building through the door marked
"enter" and exit through the new door without going through a door at least twice.
30. The door must be placed in room D. Adding a door to any other room would create two rooms with
an odd number of vertices. You would then be unable to enter the building through the door marked
"enter" and exit through the new door without going through a door at least twice.
31. Yes because the figure would have exactly two odd vertices. Begin at either the island on the left or
on the right and end at the other island.
32. Yes because the figure would have exactly two odd vertices. Begin at the island on the right
and end on the land below the island, or vice versa.
33. 34.
A B B
A C
D C
D
E
APPENDIX 519
35. a) Kentucky, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Missouri
b) Illinois, Arkansas, Tennessee
36. a) French Guiana, Surinam, Guyana, Venezuela, Columbia, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina,
Uruguay
b) Peru, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil
37. a) 4 38. Dawn

b) 4
c) 11 Pam
Bill
Scott
Jessica
Ed
39.
France Spain
Belgium Netherlands
Germany Poland
Switzerland Czech Republic
Italy Austria
40. No, it is not possible, assuming that your starting and ending points are considered vertices.
41. a) Yes, the graph has exactly two odd vertices, namely C and G.
b) C, A, B, E, F, D, G, C
42. Number of Edges = Number of Vertices + Number of Regions - 2
SECTION 8.4 285
Exercise Set 8.4

1. Dimensional analysis is a procedure used to convert from one unit of measurement to a different
unit of measurement.
2. A unit fraction is a fraction in which the numerator and denominator contain different units and the
value of the fraction is 1.
60 seconds 1 minute
3. or because 60 seconds = 1 minute
1 minute 60 seconds
3 ft 1 yd
4. or because 3 ft = 1 yd
1 yd 3 ft
1 ft
5. Since we need to eliminate centimeters, cm must appear in the denominator. Since we
30 cm
need to convert to feet, ft must appear in the numerator.
1 lb
6. Since we need to eliminate kilograms, kg must appear in the denominator. Since we
0.45 kg
need to convert to pounds, lb must appear in the numerator.
3.8 l
7. Since we need to eliminate gallons, gal must appear in the denominator. Since we
1 gal
need to convert to liters, l must appear in the numerator.
0.8 m 2
8. 2
Since we need to eliminate square yards, yd 2 must appear in the denominator. Since we
1 yd
need to convert to square meters, m 2 must appear in the numerator.
 2.54 cm 
9. 52 in. = ( 52 in.)   = 132.08 cm
 1 in. 
 0.45 kg 
10. 9 lb = ( 9 lb )   = 4.05 kg
 1 lb 
 30 cm  1 m 
11. 4.2 ft = ( 4.2 ft )    = 1.26 m
 1 ft  100 cm 
 1 oz 
12. 427 g = ( 427 g )   = 15.25 oz
 28 g 
 0.8 m 2 
13. 15 yd 2 = (15 yd 2 )  2 
= 12 m 2
 1 yd 
 1 lb 
14. 160 kg = (160 kg )   = 355.5 ≈ 355.6 lb
 0.45 kg 
 1.6 km 
15. 39 mi = ( 39 mi )   = 62.4 km
 1 mi 
 1 cm   1 in. 
16. 765 mm = ( 765 mm )    = 30.11811024 ≈ 30.12 in.
 10 mm   2.54 cm 
 1 acre 
17. 675 ha = ( 675 ha )   = 1687.5 acres
 0.4 ha 
 28 g 
18. 192 oz = (192 oz )   = 5376 g
 1 oz 
 1 pt 
19. 15.6 l = (15.6 l )   = 33.19148936 ≈ 33.19 pints
 0.47 l 
 0.9 t 
20. 4 T = ( 4 T )   = 3.6 t
 1T 
 1 fl oz 
21. 45.6 ml = ( 45.6 ml )   = 1.52 fl oz
 30 ml 
 1 mi 2 
22. 1.6 km 2 = (1.6 km 2 )  2  = 0.615384615 ≈ 0.62 mi
2
 2.6 km 
 0.45 kg 
23. 120 lb = (120 lb )   = 54 kg
 1 lb 
 0.4 ha 
24. 6.2 acres = ( 6.2 acres )   = 2.48 ha
 1 acre 
25. 28 grams
26. 28 grams, 0.45 kilogram
27. 0.45 kilogram
 12 in.   2.54 cm 
28. 5 ft = ( 5 ft )    = 152.4 cm
 1 ft   1 in. 
 2.54 cm 
2 in. = ( 2 in.)   = 5.08 cm
 1 in. 
152.4 cm + 5.08 cm = 157.48 centimeters
 1m 
157.48 cm = (157.48 cm )   = 1.5748 ≈ 1.57 meters
 100 cm 
29. 2.54 centimeters, 1.6 kilometers
30. 1.6 kilometers

 0.9 m 
31. 10 yd = (10 yd )   = 9 meters
 1 yd 
32. 0.9 meter
 1 yd 
33. 505 m = ( 505 m )   = 561. 1 ≈ 561.11 yd
 0.9 m 
 1 yd 
34. 175 m = (175 m )   = 194.4 ≈ 194.44 yd
 0.9 m 
 100 cm  1 ft 
35. 344 m = ( 344 m )    = 1146.6 ≈ 1146.67 ft
 1 m  30 cm 
 100 cm   1 ft 
36. 303 m = ( 303 m )    = 1010 ft
 1 m   30 cm 
 1 mi 
37. 85 km = ( 85 km )   = 53.125 ≈ 53.13 mph
 1.6 km 
 1.6 km 
38. 105 mi = (105 mi )   = 168 km
 1 mi 
39. ( 6 yd )( 9 yd ) = 54 yd 2
 0.8 m 2 
54 yd 2 = ( 54 yd 2 )  2 
= 43.2 m 2
 1 yd 
SECTION 8.4 287
 1.6 km 
40. 110 mi = (110 mi )   = 176 km
 1 mi 
 1 oz 
41. 400 g = ( 400 g )   = 14.28571429 ≈ 14.29 oz
 28 g 
 1 mi 
42. 80 km = ( 80 km )   = 50 mph
 1.6 km 
 30 ml 
43. 8 fl oz = ( 8 fl oz )   = 240 ml
 1 fl oz 
 3.8 l   1 kl 
44. 12,500 gal = (12,500 gal )    = 47.5 kl
 1 gal   1000 l 
45. ( 50 ft )( 30 ft )(8 ft ) = 12, 000 ft 3
 0.03 m3 
12, 000 ft 3 = (12,000 ft 3 )  3  = 360 m
3
 1 ft 
 2.6 km 2 
46. 1189 mi 2 = (1189 mi 2 )  2  = 3091.4 km
2
 1 mi 
 1 lb 
47. 1 kg = (1 kg )   = 2.2 lb
 0.45 kg 
$1.10
= $0.495 per pound
2.2
 1T 
48. a) 1.3 t = (1.3 t )   = 1.4 ≈ 1.44 T
 0.9 t 
 2000 lb 
b) 1.4 T = (1.4 T )   = 2888.8 ≈ 2888.9 lb
 1T 
 1000 l   1 gal 
49. 34.5 kl = ( 34.5 kl )    = 9078.947368 ≈ 9078.95 gal
 1 kl   3.8 l 
 28 g 
50. 0.25 oz = ( 0.25 oz )  =7 g
 1 oz 
$80
= 11.42857143 ≈ $11.43 per gram
7
 70 kg 
51. a) 8 stones = (8 stones )   = 50.90 ≈ 50.91 kg
 11 stones 
 1 lb 
(
b) 50.90 kg = 50.90 kg  )  = 113.13 ≈ 113.13 lb
 0.45 kg 
1  1g 
52. carat = ( 0.125 carat )   = 0.025 g
8  5 carat 
 30 cm 
53. a) −282 ft = ( −282 ft )   = −8460 cm
 1 ft 
 1m 
b) −8460 cm = ( −8460 cm )   = −84.6 m
 100 cm 
 1 qt 
54. 5.7 l = ( 5.7 l )   = 6 qt
 0.95 l 
 ( 3.3)2 ft 2 
55. a) 1 m 2 = (1 m 2 )   = 10.89 ft 2
 1 m2 
 
 ( 3.3)3 ft 3 
b) 1 m = (1 m ) 
3 3
 = 35.937 ft 3
 1 m3 
 
 ( 30 ) 2 cm 2 
56. a) 1 ft 2 = (1 ft 2 )   = 900 cm 2
 1 ft 2 
 
 ( 30 )3 cm3 
b) 1 ft 3 = (1 ft 3 )   = 27 000 cm3
 1 ft 3 
 
 0.45 kg   1 mg 
57. 56 lb = ( 56 lb )    = 25.2 mg
 1 lb   1 kg 
 0.45 kg   1.5 mg 
58. 170 lb = (170 lb )    = 114.75 mg
 1 lb   1 kg 
 0.45 kg   200 mg 
59. 76 lb = ( 76 lb )    = 6840 mg
 1 lb   1 kg 
 1g 
6840 mg = ( 6840 mg )   = 6.84 g
 1000 mg 
 0.45 kg   5 mg 
60. 82 lb = ( 82 lb )    = 184.5 mg
 1 lb   1 kg 
 12.5 mg 
61. a) 2 teaspoons = ( 2 teaspoons )   = 25 mg
 1 teaspoon 
 30 ml  12.5 mg 
b) 12 fl oz = (12 fl oz )    = 900 mg
 1 fl oz  5 ml 
 236 mg 
62. a) 2 tablespoons = ( 2 tablespoons )   = 472 mg
 1 tablespoon 
 30 ml   1 tablespoon   236 mg 
b) 8 fl oz = ( 8 fl oz )     = 3776 mg
 1 fl oz   15 ml   1 tablespoon 
 30 cm   1 m 
63. a) 964 ft = ( 964 ft )    = 289.2 m
 1 ft   100 cm 
 0.9 tonne 
b) 85, 000 tons = ( 85, 000 tons )   = 76 500 t
 1 ton 
 1.6 km 
c) 28 mi = ( 28 mi )   = 44.8 kph
 1 mi 
SECTION 8.4 289
( 0.5 c ) 
0.24 l 
64.  = 0.12 l graham cracker crumbs
 1c 
(12 oz ) 
28 g 
 = 336 g nuts
 1 oz 
(8 oz ) 
28 g 
 = 224 g chocolate pieces
 1 oz 
 4  0.24 l 
 c   = 0.32 l flaked coconut
 3  1 c 
 4  0.24 l 
 c   = 0.32 l condensed milk
 3  1 c 
( 9 in.) 
2.54 cm   2.54 cm 
 × (13 in.)   = 22.86 cm × 33.02 cm baking pan
 1 in.   1 in. 
5
350° F = ( 350 − 32 ) = 176.6 ≈ 176.7° C
9
(1.5 in.) 
2.54 cm   2.54 cm 
 × ( 3 in.)   = 3.81 cm × 7.62 cm bars
 1 in.   1 in. 
( 37 m ) 
1 yd 
65. a)  = 41. 1 ≈ 41.1 yd
 0.9 m
 1 mi 
b) ( 370 140 km )   = 231,337.5 mi
 1.6 km 
( 44 km ) 
1 mi 
c)  = 27.5 mi
 1.6 km 
9
d) 1260° C = (1260 ) + 32 = 2300° F
5
( 335 km ) 
1 mi 
e)  = 209.375 mph
 1.6 km 
 1 lb 
f) ( 29 484 kg )   = 65,520 lb
 0.45 kg 
( 4.5 m ) 
1 yd   1 yd 
g)  × (18 m )   = 5 yd × 20 yd
 0.9 m   0.9 m 
 1 gal 
h) (171 396 l )   = 45,104.21053 ≈ 45,104.21 gal/min
 3.8 l 
 1 gal 
i) ( 63 588 l )   = 16, 733.68421 ≈ 16, 733.68 gal/min
 3.8 l 
( 46.89 m ) 
1 yd 
j)  = 52.1 yd
 0.9 m
(8.4 m ) 
1 yd 
k)  = 9.3 ≈ 9.33 yd
 0.9 m 
 1 lb 
l) ( 632 772 kg )   = 1, 406,160 lb
 0.45 kg 
 1 lb 
65. m) (106 142 kg )   = 235,871. 1 ≈ 235,871.11 lb
 0.45 kg 
9
n) −251° C = ( −251) + 32 = −419.8° F
5
 
 1 grain   1 ml 
66. ( 0.2 mg )    = 1.0 cc, or b)
 60 mg   1 grain 
 300 
67. 15 (130 lb ) = 1950 lb
0.18 kg   1 lb 
(1950 lb )    = 7.8 lb
 100 lb   0.45 kg 
1000 ml   1 cm3 
68. a) ( 4.0 l )    = 4000 cc
 1 l   1 ml 
 1 in.3 
b) ( 4000 cm )  3
=
3 
4000
= 244.0949764 ≈ 244.09 in.3
 ( 2.54 ) cm 
3
16.387064
69. A meter 70. A kilogram

71. A hectare 72. A liter
73. A tonne 74. A decimeter
75. wonton 76. 1 microscope
  28 g  
77. 1 kilohurtz 78. 1 pound cake 1 lb = 16 oz; 16 oz   = 448 g 
  1 oz  
79. 1 megaphone 80. 2 megacycles
81. 2 kilomockingbird 82. 1 decacards
83. 1 decoration 84. 1 microfiche
Review Exercises
1 1
1. of base unit 3. of base unit
100 2. 1000 × base unit 1000
4. 100 × base unit 5. 10 times base unit 1
6. of base unit
10
7. 20 cg = 0.20 g 8. 3.2 l = 320 cl 9. 0.0004 cm = 0.004 mm
10. 1 000 000 mg = 1 kg 11. 4.62 kl = 4620 l 12. 192.6 dag = 19 260 dg
13. 2.67 kl = 2 670 000 ml 14. 0.047 km = 47 m 15. Centimeters
14 630 cl = 146 300 ml 47 000 cm = 470 m
3000 ml, 14 630 cl, 2.67 kl 0.047 km, 47 000 cm,
4700 m
16. Grams 17. Degrees Celsius 18. Millimeters or centimeters
19. Square meters 20. Milliliters or cubic centimeters 21. Millimeters
22. Kilograms or tonnes 23. Kilometers 24. Meters or centimeters
25. a) and b) Answers will vary. 26. a) and b) Answers will vary. 27. c
28. b 29. c 30. a
31. a 32. b
 1 lb   1 T   0.9 t 
33. 2500 kg = ( 2500 kg )     = 2.5 t
 0.45 kg   2000 lb   1 T 
 1 T  2000 lb   0.45 kg   1000 g 
34. 6.3 t = ( 6.3 t )      = 6 300 000 g
 0.9 t  1 T   1 lb   1 kg 
9 5
35. 18° C = (18 ) + 32 = 64.4° F 36. 68° F = ( 68 − 32 ) = 20° C
5 9
5 9
37. −6° F = ( −6 − 32 ) = −21. 1 ≈ −21.1° C 38. 39° C = ( 39 ) + 32 = 102.2° F
9 5
39. l = 4 cm, w = 1.6 cm

A = lw = 4 (1.6 ) = 6.4 cm 2
40. r = 1.5 cm
A = π r 2 ≈ 3.14 (1.5 ) = 7.065 ≈ 7.07 cm 2
2
41. a) V = lwh = (10 )( 4 )( 2 ) = 80 m3
b) (80 m )  11mkl 

3
3
1000 l  1 kg 

 1 kl  1 l 
 = 80 000 kg
42. a) A = lw = 30 ( 22 ) = 660 m 2
 1 km 2 
b) 660 m 2 = ( 660 m 2 )   = 0.000 66 km 2
 (1000 )2 m 2 
 
43. a) V = lwh = ( 80 )( 40 )( 30 ) = 96 000 cm3
 1 m3 
b) 96 000 cm3 = ( 96 000 cm3 )   = 0.096 m3
 (100 ) cm3 
3
 
 1 ml 
c) 96 000 cm3 = ( 96 000 cm3 )  3 
= 96 000 ml
 1 cm 
 1 kl 
d) 0.096 m3 = ( 0.096 m3 )  3 
= 0.096 kl
1 m 
44. Since 1 km = 100 ×1 dam, 1 km 2 = 100 2 × 1 dam 2 = 10 000 dam 2 .
Thus, 1 square kilometer is 10,000 times larger than a square dekameter.
( 20 cm ) 
1 in.   1 lb 
45.  = 7.874015748 ≈ 7.87 in. 46. (105 kg )   = 233.3 ≈ 233.33 lb
 2.54 cm   0.45 kg 
 0.9 m 
(100 m ) 
1 yd 
47. (83 yd )   = 74.7 m 48.  = 111. 1 ≈ 111.11 yd
 1 yd   0.9 m 
( 45 mi ) 
1.6 km 
( 40 l ) 
1 qt 
49.  = 72 kph 50.  = 42.10526316 ≈ 42.11 qt
 1 mi   0.95 l
 3.8 l   3

51. (15 gal )   = 57 l
 1 gal 
52. ( 40 m )  0.76
3 1 yd
3  = 52.63157895 ≈ 52.63 yd
3
 m 
 2
  0.95 l 
53. (83 cm )  6.51 in.cm
2
2  = 12.76923077 ≈ 12.77 in.
2
54. ( 4 qt ) 
 1 qt 
 = 3.8 l
 
( 62 mi ) 
 3
 1.6 km 
55. (15 yd )  0.76
3 m
3  = 11.4 m
3 56.
 1 mi 
 = 99.2 km

1 yd 
( 27 cm ) 
1 ft 
( 3.25 in.) 
2.54 cm   10 mm 
57.  = 0.9 ft 58.   = 82.55 mm
 cm 
30  1 in.   1 cm 
59. a) 700 (1.5 kg ) = 1050 kg

 1 lb 
b) 1050 kg = (1050 kg )   = 2333.3 ≈ 2333.33 lb
 0.45 kg 
60. A = lw = ( 24 )(15) = 360 ft 2
 0.09 m 2 
360 ft 2 = ( 360 ft 2 )  2  = 32.4 m
2
 1 ft 
 3.8 l   1 kl 
61. a) ( 50,000 gal )    = 190 kl
 1 gal   1000 l 
 1000 l   1 kg 
b) (190 kl )    = 190 000 kg
 1 kl   1 l 
 1.6 km 
62. a) 35 mi = ( 35 mi )   = 56 kph
 1 mi 
 1000 m 
b) 56 km = ( 56 km )   = 56 000 meters per hour
 1 km 
63. a) V = lwh = ( 90 )( 70 )( 40 ) = 252 000 cm3
 1 ml  1 l 
252 000 cm3 = ( 252 000 cm3 )  3   = 252 l
 1 cm  1000 ml 
 1 kg 
b) 252 l = ( 252 l )   = 252 kg
 1l 
 1 lb 
64. 1 kg = (1 kg )   = 2.2 lb
 0.45 kg 
$3.50
= $1.575 ≈ $1.58 per pound
2.2
Chapter Test
1. 204 cl = 0.204 dal
2. 123 km = 123 000 000 mm
 100 dam 
3. 1 km = (1 km )   = 100 dam or 100 times greater
 1 km 
4. 400 ( 6 ) = 2400 m 5. b
( 2400 m ) 
1 km 
 = 2.4 km
 1000 m 
6. a 7. c
8. c 9. b
GROUP PROJECTS 293
 1002 cm 2 
10. 1 m 2 = (1 m 2 )  2  = 10 000 cm or 10,000 times greater
2
 1m 
 10003 mm3 
11. 1 m3 = (1 m3 )  3  = 1 000 000 000 mm or 1,000,000,000 times greater
3
 1 m 
 2.54 cm 
12. 452 in. = ( 452 in.)   = 1148.08 cm
 1 in. 
 1 yd 
13. 150 m = (150 m )   = 166.6 ≈ 166.67 yd
 0.9 m 
5 9
14. −10° F = ( −10 − 32 ) = −23.3 ≈ −23.33° C 15. 20° C = ( 20 ) + 32 = 68° F
9 5
 30 cm   12 in.  2.54 cm 
16. 12 ft = (12 ft )   = 360 cm or 12 ft = (12 ft )    = 365.76 cm
 1 ft   1 ft  1 in. 
17. a) V = lwh = 20 ( 20 )( 8 ) = 3200 m3

 1000 l   1 kl 
b) 3200 m3 = ( 3200 m3 )  3 
= 3 200 000 l or 3 200 000 l = ( 3 200 000 l )   = 3200 kl
 1m   1000 l 
 1 kg 
c) 3 200 000 l = ( 3 200 000 l )   = 3 200 000 kg
 1l 
18. Total surface area: 2lh + 2 wh = 2 ( 20 )( 6 ) + 2 (15)( 6 ) = 420 m 2

 1l 
Liters needed for first coat: ( 420 m 2 )  2 
= 42 l
 10 m 
 1l 
Liters needed for second coat: ( 420 m 2 )   = 28 l
 15 m 
2
Total liters needed: 42 + 28 = 70 l

 $3.50 
Total cost: ( 70 l )   = $245
 1l 
Group Projects
0.45 kg   20 mg 
1. a) (196 lb )    = 1764 mg
 1 lb   1 kg 
 250 cc   1 hr 
b)    = 4.16 ≈ 4.17 cc/min
 1 hr   60 min 
( 60 lb ) 
0.45 kg 
2. a)  = 27 kg
 1 lb 
27 kg
Child's dose: ( 70 mg ) = 28 mg
67.5 kg
child's weight in kg
b) × 70 mg = 70 mg
67.5 kg
child's weight in kg
=1
67.5 kg
 1 lb 
Child's weight: 67.5 kg = ( 67.5 kg )   = 150 lb
 0.45 kg 
3. a) 5 ft 2 in. = 62 in.
 2.54 cm 
62 in. = ( 62 in.)   = 157.48 cm
 1 in. 
 $1 U.S. 
b) 8695.5 yen = ( 8695.5 yen )   = $73.53488372 U.S. ≈ $73.53 U.S.
 118.25 yen 
 16 oz   28g 
c) 6 lb = ( 6 lb )    = 2688 g
 1 lb   1 oz 
 10 pesos   $0.095 U.S. 
2688 g = ( 2688 g )    = 25.536 ≈ $25.54
 100 g   1 peso 
Note: If you use different conversion factors, your answer will be slightly different because the conversion
factors are rounded values.
d) To fill the tank in New Zealand dollars:

 $0.929 New Zealand 
53 l   = $49.237 New Zealand ≈ $49.24 New Zealand
 1l 
To fill the tank in U.S. dollars:
 $0.584 U.S. 
$49.237 New Zealand = ( $49.237 New Zealand )   = $28.754408 U.S. ≈ $28.75 U.S.
 $1 New Zealand 
$28.754408 U.S. for 53 l
$28.754408 U.S.
= $0.542536 U.S. per l
53 l
 $0.542536 U.S.   3.8 l 
   = $2.0616368 U.S. per gal ≈ $2.06 U.S. per gal
 1l   1 gal 
CHAPTER NINE
GEOMETRY
Exercise Set 9.1

1. a) Undefined terms, definitions, postulates (axioms), and theorems
b) First, Euclid introduced undefined terms. Second, he introduced certain definitions. Third, he stated primitive
propositions called postulates (axioms) about the undefined terms and definitions. Fourth, he proved, using
deductive reasoning, other propositions called theorems.
2. An axiom (postulate) is a statement that is accepted as being true on the basis of its "obviousness" and its relation to
the physical world. A theorem is a statement that has been proven using undefined terms, definitions, and axioms.
3. Two lines in the same plane that do not intersect are parallel lines.
4. Two lines that do not lie in the same plane and do not intersect are called skewed lines.
5. Two angles in the same plane are adjacent angles when they have a common vertex and a common side but no
common interior points.
6. Two angles the sum of whose measure is 180° are called supplementary angles.
7. Two angles the sum of whose measure is 90° are called complementary angles.
8. An angle whose measure is 180° is a straight angle.
9. An angle whose measure is greater than 90° but less than 180° is an obtuse angle.
10. An angle whose measure is less than 90° is an acute angle.
11. An angle whose measure is 90° is a right angle.
12. In the pair of intersecting lines below, ( 1 and ( 3 are vertical angles as are ( 2 and ( 4.
2
1 3
4
JJJG
13. Half line, 14. Half open line 15. Line segment, AB 16. Ray, AB
segment,
HJJG JJJG
17. Line, AB 18. Half line, 19. Open line 20. Ray, BA
segment,
JJJG HJJG HJJG
21. BD 22. EG 23. 24. AD
25. { B, F } 26. {C} 27. {C} 28.
295
296 CHAPTER 9 Geometry
HJJG
29. BC 30. + BCF 31. BC 32. ∅
JJJG HJJG
33. ∅ 34. 35. BC 36. DE
37. (ABE 38. (FBE 39. (EBC 40. {B}
41. 42. ∅ 43. 44. {B}
45. Obtuse 46. Straight 47. Straight 48. Acute

49. Right 50. None of these 51. None of these 52. Right
53. 90° − 19° = 71° 54. 90° − 89° = 1°
55. 90° − 32 34 ° = 57 14 ° 56. 90° − 43 13 ° = 46 23 °
57. 90° − 64.7° = 25.3° 58. 90° − 0.01° = 89.99°
59. 180° − 91° = 89° 60. 180° − 8° = 172°
61. 180° − 20.5° = 159.5° 62. 180° − 179.99° = 0.01°
63. 180° − 43 57 ° = 136 72 ° 64. 180° − 64 167 ° = 115 169 °
65. d 66. b 67. c

68. f 69. e 70. a
71. Let x = measure of ( 2 72. Let x = measure of ( 1

x+4 = measure of ( 1 90 − x = measure of ( 2
x + x + 4 = 90 x − ( 90 − x ) = 62
2 x + 4 = 90 x − 90 + x = 62
2 x = 86 2 x − 90 = 62
86 2 x = 152
x= = 43°, m( 2
2 152
x + 4 = 43 + 4 = 47°, m(1 x= = 76°, m(1
2
90 − x = 90 − 76 = 14°, m( 2
73. Let x = measure of ( 1 74. Let x = measure of ( 1

180 − x = measure of ( 2 17x = measure of ( 2
x − (180 − x ) = 88 x + 17 x = 180
x − 180 + x = 88 18 x = 180
2 x − 180 = 88 x=
180
= 10°, m(1
2 x = 268 18
268 17 x = 17 (10 ) = 170°, m( 2
x= = 134°, m(1
2
180 − x = 180 − 134 = 46°, m( 2
SECTION 9.1 297
75. m( 1 + 125° = 180° 76. m( 3 + 30° = 180°

m( 1 = 55° m( 3 = 150°
m( 2 = m( 1 (vertical angles) m( 1 = 30° (vertical angles)
m( 3 = 125° (vertical angles) m( 2 = m( 3 (vertical angles)
m( 5 = m( 2 (alternate interior angles) m( 4 = m( 1 (corresponding angles)
m( 4 = m( 3 (alternate interior angles) m( 7 = m( 4 (vertical angles)
m( 7 = m( 4 (vertical angles) m( 6 = m( 3 (alternate interior angles)
m( 6 = m( 5 (vertical angles) m( 5 = m( 6 (vertical angles)
Measures of angles 3, 4, and 7 are each 125°. Measures of angles 1, 4, and 7 are each 30°.
Measures of angles 1, 2, 5, and 6 are each 55°. Measures of angles 2, 3, 5, and 6 are each 150°.
77. m( 1 + 25° = 180° 78. m( 3 + 120° = 180°

m( 1 = 155° m( 3 = 60°
m( 3 = m( 1 (vertical angles) m( 4 = 120° (vertical angles)
m( 2 = 25° (vertical angles) m( 7 = m( 3 (vertical angles)
m( 4 = m( 3 (alternate interior angles) m( 6 = m( 3 (alternate interior angles)
m( 5 = m( 2 (corresponding angles) m( 5 = m( 4 (alternate exterior angles)
Measures of angles 2, 5, and 6 are each 25°. Measures of angles 2, 4, and 5 are each 120°.
Measures of angles 1, 3, 4, and 7 are each 155°. Measures of angles 1, 3, 6, and 7 are each 60°.
79. x + 3x + 10 = 90 80. x + 7x + 2 = 90
4x + 10 = 90 8x + 2 = 90
4x = 80 8x = 88
80 88
x = = 20°, m( 2 x = = 11°, m( 1
4 8
3x + 10 = 3(20) + 10 = 70°, m( 1 7x + 2 = 7(11) + 2 = 79°, m( 2
81. x + 2x - 9 = 90 82. x + 8x - 9 = 90
3x - 9 = 90 9x - 9 = 90
3x = 99 9x = 99
99 99
x = = 33°, m( 1 x = = 11°, m( 2
3 9
2x - 9 = 2(33) - 9 = 57°, m( 2 8x - 9 = 8(11) - 9 = 79°, m( 1
83. x + 2x - 15 = 180 84. x + 4x + 10 = 180

3x - 15 = 180 5x + 10 = 180
3x = 195 5x = 170
195 170
x = = 65°, m( 2 x = = 34°, m( 2
3 5
2x - 15 = 2(65) - 15 = 115°, m( 1 4x + 10 = 4(34) + 10 = 146°, m( 1
85. x + 5x + 6 = 180 86. x + 6x + 5 = 180

6x + 6 = 180 7x + 5 = 180
6x = 174 7x = 175
174 175
x = = 29°, m( 1 x = = 25°, m( 1
6 7
5x + 6 = 5(29) + 6 = 151°, m( 2 6x + 5 = 6(25) + 5 = 155°, m( 2
87. a) An infinite number of lines can be drawn through a given point.

b) An infinite number of planes can be drawn through a given point.
88. If the two planes are not parallel, the intersection is a straight line.
89. An infinite number of planes can be drawn through a given line.
90. a) Yes, any three noncollinear points always determine a plane.
b) No, the plane determined is unique.
c) An infinite number of planes can be drawn through three collinear points.
For Exercises 91 - 98, the answers given are one of many possible answers.
HJJG HJJJG
91. Plane ABG and plane JCD 92. EF and DG
HJJG HJJJG
93. BG and DG 94. Plane ABG and plane BCD
HJJG
95. Plane AGB ∩ plane ABC ∩ plane BCD = { B} 96. Plane HGD ∩ plane FGD ∩ plane BGD = GD
HJJG HJJG HJJG

97. BC ∩ plane ABG = { B} 98. AB ∩ plane ABG = AB
99. Always true. If any two lines are parallel to a third line, then they must be parallel to each other.
100. Sometimes true. A triangle must always contain at least two acute angles. Some triangles contain three acute angles.
101. Sometimes true. Vertical angles are only complementary when each is equal to 45°.
102. Sometimes true. Alternate exterior angles are only supplementary when each is equal to 90°.
103. Sometimes true. Alternate interior angles are only complementary when each is equal to 45°.
104. Never true. The sum of two obtuse angles is greater than 180°.
105. No. Line m and line n may intersect.
106. No. Line l and line n may be parallel or skewed.
107.
SECTION 9.2 299
108.
1
4 2
3
m(1 + m( 2 = 180°
m(3 + m( 4 = 180°
180° + 180° = 360°
109. a)
D C
E B A

b) Let m(ABC = x and m(CBD = y.
x + y = 90° and y = 2 x
Substitute y = 2 x into x + y = 90°.
x + 2 x = 90°
3 x = 90°
3x 90°
=
3 3
x = 30° = m(ABC
c) m(CBD = y
y = 2 x = 2 ( 30° ) = 60°
d) m(ABD + m(DBE = 180°
m(ABD = x + y = 30° + 60° = 90°.
90° + m(DBE = 180°
m(DBE = 180° − 90° = 90°.
Exercise Set 9.2

1. A polygon is a closed figure in a plane determined by three or more straight line segments.
2. A regular polygon is one whose sides are all the same length and whose interior angles all have
the same measure; other polygons may have sides of different length and interior angles with
different meaures.
3. The different types of triangles are acute, obtuse, right, isosceles, equilateral, and scalene. Descriptions will vary.
4. The different types of quadrilaterals are trapezoid, parallelogram, rhombus, rectangle, and square.
Descriptions will vary.
5. If the corresponding sides of two similar figures are the same length, the figures are congruent figures.
6. Figures that have the same shape but may be of different sizes are similar figures.
7. a) Rectangle 8. a) Triangle 9. a) Hexagon 10. a) Octagon

b) Not regular b) Regular b) Regular b) Not regular
11. a) Rhombus 12. a) Pentagon 13. a) Octagon 14. a) Dodecagon
b) Not regular b) Regular b) Not regular b) Not regular
15. a) Scalene 16. a) Isosceles 17. a) Isosceles 18. a) Isosceles

b) Right b) Acute b) Obtuse b) Right
19. a) Equilateral 20. a) Scalene 21. a) Scalene 22. a) Scalene
b) Acute b) Acute b) Obtuse b) Right
23. Parallelogram 24. Rectangle 25. Rhombus 26. Trapezoid
27. Trapezoid 28. Square
29. The measures of the other two angles of the triangle are 138° and 25° (by vertical angles). Therefore, the measure of
angle x is 180° - 138° - 25° = 17°.
30. The measure of one angle of the triangle is 75° (by vertical angles). The measure of another angle of the triangle is
180° - 133° = 47°. The measure of the third angle of the triangle is 180° - 75° - 47° = 58°. Since angle x is a vertical
angle with the 58° angle, the measure of angle x is 58°.
31. The measure of one angle of the triangle is 27° (by vertical angles). The measure of another angle of
the triangle is 180° - 57° = 123°. The measure of the third angle of the triangle is 180° - 27° - 123° = 30°.
The measure of angle x is 180° - 30° = 150° (The 30° angle and angle x form a straight angle.).
32. The given measure of one angle of the triangle is 35°. The measure of another angle of the triangle
is 30° (by vertical angles). The measure of the third angle of the triangle is 180° - 35° - 30° = 115°. The measure of
angle x is 180° - 115° = 65° (The 115° angle and angle x form a straight angle.).
33. Angle Measure Reason

1 50° ( 1 and ( 5 are vertical angles
2 63° Vertical angle with the given 63° angle
3 67° ( 1, ( 2, and ( 3 form a straight angle
5 50° ( 5 and ( 12 are corresponding angles
6 113° ( 6 and the given 67° angle form a straight angle
7 50° The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°
8 130° ( 8 and ( 12 form a straight angle
34. Angle Measure Reason

7 90° ( 2, ( 6, and ( 7 form a straight angle
35. n=5 36. n=9

(5 - 2) × 180° = 3 × 180° = 540° (9 - 2) × 180° = 7 × 180° = 1260°
SECTION 9.2 301
37. n=6 38. n = 10

(6 - 2) × 180° = 4 × 180° = 720° (10 - 2) × 180° = 8 × 180° = 1440°
39. n = 20 40. n = 12
(20 - 2) × 180° = 18 × 180° = 3240° (12 - 2) × 180° = 10 × 180° = 1800°
41. a) The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a 42. a) The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a
triangle is 180°. Dividing by 3, the number of quadrilateral is (4 - 2) × 180° = 2 × 180° = 360°.
angles, each interior angle measures 60°. Dividing by 4, the number of angles, each interior
b) Each exterior angle measures 180° - 60° = 120°. angle measures 90°.
b) Each exterior angle measures 180° - 90° = 90°.
43. a) The sum of the measures of the interior angles of 44. a) The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a
an octagon is (8 - 2) × 180° = 6 × 180° = 1080°. nonagon is (9 - 2) × 180° = 7 × 180° = 1260°.
Dividing by 8, the number of angles, each interior Dividing by 9, the number of angles, each interior
angle measures 135°. angle measures 140°.
b) Each exterior angle measures 180° - 135° = 45°. b) Each exterior angle measures 180° - 140° = 40°.
45. a) The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a 46. a) The sum of the measures of the interior angles of
dodecagon is (12 - 2) × 180° = 10 × 180° = 1800°. an icosagon is (20 - 2) × 180° = 18 × 180° = 3240°.
Dividing by 12, the number of angles, each interior Dividing by 20, the number of angles, each interior
angle measures 150°. angle measures 162°.
b) Each exterior angle measures 180° - 150° = 30°. b) Each exterior angle measures 180° - 162° = 18°.
47. Let x = BC Let y = A′C ′

BC
=
AB A ′C ′ A ′B ′
B ′C ′ A ′B ′ =
AC AB
x 10 y 4
= =
2.4 4 8 10
4 x = 24 10 y = 32
x = 6
32 16
y = =
10 5
48. Let x = A′C ′ Let y = B ′C ′

A ′C ′ A ′B ′ B ′C ′ A ′B ′
= =
AC AB BC AB
x 2 y 2
= =
10 5 8 5
5 x = 20 5 y = 16
x = 4
16
y =
5
49. Let x = DC Let y = B ′C ′

DC
=
AB B′C ′ A ′B ′
D ′C ′ A ′B ′ =
BC AB
x 4 y 10
= =
6 10 3 4
10 x = 24 4 y = 30
24 12
x = = 30 15
10 5 y = =
4 2
50. Let x = AB Let y = C ′D ′

AB
=
AD C ′D ′ A ′D ′
A ′B ′ A ′D ′ =
CD AD
x 5 y 12
= =
5 12 1 5
12 x = 25 5 y = 12
25
x = 12
12 y =
5
51. Let x = AC Let y = A′B ′

AC
=
BC A′B ′ B′C ′
A′C ′ B′C ′ =
AB BC
x 2 y 1.25
= =
0.75 1.25 1 2
1.25x = 1.5 2 y = 1.25
x = 1.2 y = 0.625
52. Let x = BC Let y = DE

BC
=
DC DE D ′E ′
=
′
BC ′ D′C ′ DC D ′C ′
x 1 y 0.7
= =
0.875 1.75 1 1.75
1.75x = 0.875 1.75y = 0.7
x = 0.5 y = 0.4
53. Let x = BC 54. Let x = DC

BC AB DC DE
= =
EC DE AC AB
x 6 x 2
= =
2 2 10 6
2 x = 12 6 x = 20
x = 6 20 10
x = =
6 3
SECTION 9.2 303
10 30 10 20 56. BE = BC − EC = 6 − 2 = 4
55. AD = AC − DC = 10 − = − =
3 3 3 3
57. A′B′ = AB = 14 58. B ′C ′ = BC = 30
59. AC = A′C ′ = 28 60. m(B′A′C ′ = m(BAC = 84°
61. m(ACB = m(A′C ′B′ = 28° 62. m(ABC = m(A′B ′C ′ = 180° − 84° − 28° = 68°
63. A′B ′ = AB = 8 64. AD = A′D ′ = 6
65. B ′C ′ = BC = 16 66. m(BCD = m(B′C ′D ′ = 50°
67. m(A′D ′C ′ = m(ADC = 70° 68. m(DAB = m(D ′A′B′
= 360° − 130° − 70° − 50° = 110°
69. 180° − 125° = 55° 70. 55°
71. 180° − 90° − 55° = 35° 72. 90° + 35° = 125°
73. Let x = height of silo 74. m(BAC + m(BCA + 80° = 180°

x 105 m(BAC + m(BCA = 100°
=
6 9 m(BAC = m(BCA
9 x = 630 m(BAC = 50°, m(BCA = 50°
x = 70 ft m(x = 50° since (x and (BAC are
alternate interior angles.
The measure of the angle adjacent to (y
is 180° − 50° − 80° = 50°.
m(y = 180° − 50° = 130°
 5280 ft  12 in.   5280 ft  12 in. 

75. a) 197 mi = (197 mi )    76. a) 44 mi = ( 44 mi )   
 1 mi  1 ft   1 mi  1 ft 
= 12, 481, 920 in. = 2, 787,840 in.
Let x = the actual distance from Dallas to Houston Let x = the actual distance from St. Paul to Austin
x 12, 481,920 x 2, 787,840
= =
3.75 3 2.25 0.875
3 x = 46,807, 200 0.875 x = 6, 272, 640
x = 15, 602, 400 in. x = 7,168, 731.429 in.
 1 ft  1 mi  7,168,731.429 in.
15,602,400 in. = (15, 602, 400 in.)   
 12 in.  5280 ft   1 ft  1 mi 
= ( 7,168,731.429 in.)   
= 246.25 mi  12 in.  5280 ft 
b) Let x = the actual distance from Dallas to = 113.1428571 ≈ 113.14 mi
San Antonio b) Let x = the actual distance from St. Paul to
x 12, 481,920 Rochester
= x 2, 787,840
4.125 3 =
3 x = 51, 487,920 1.5 0.875
x = 17,162, 640 in. 0.875 x = 4,181, 760
x = 4, 779,154.286 in.
 1 ft  1 mi 
17,162,640 in. = (17,162, 640 in.)    4,779,154.286 in.
 12 in.  5280 ft 
= 270.875 mi  1 ft   1 mi 
= ( 4,779,154.286 in.)   
 12 in.   5280 ft 
= 75.42857143 ≈ 75.43 mi
DE EF DF
77. =3 =3 =3
D′E ′ E ′F ′ D ′F ′
12 15 9
=3 =3 =3
D′E ′ E ′F ′ D ′F ′
3D ′E ′ = 12 3E ′F ′ = 15 3D ′F ′ = 9
D ′E ′ = 4 E ′F ′ = 5 D ′F ′ = 3
E ′F ′ 1 F ′G ′ 1 G ′H ′ 1 E ′H ′ 1
78. = = = =
EF 3 FG 3 GH 3 EH 3
E ′F ′ 1 F ′G ′ 1 G ′H ′ 1 E ′H ′ 1
= = = =
21 3 9 3 9 3 12 3
3E ′F ′ = 21 3F ′G ′ = 9 3G ′H ′ = 9 3E ′H ′ = 12
E ′F ′ = 7 F ′G ′ = 3 G ′H ′ = 3 E ′H ′ = 4
79. a) m( HMF = m( TMB, m( HFM = m( TBM, m( MHF = m( MTB

b) Let x = height of the wall
x 5.5
=
20 2.5
2.5 x = 110
110
x= = 44 ft
2.5
80. a) m(CED = m(ABC ; m(ACB = m(DCE (vertical angles); m(BAC = m(CDE (alternate interior angles)
b) Let x = DE
x CE
=
AB BC
x 1404
=
543 356
356 x = 762,372
x = 2141.494382 ≈ 2141.49 ft
Exercise Set 9.3

Throughout this section, on exercises involving π , we used the π key on a scientific calculator to determine
the answer. If you use 3.14 for π , your answers may vary slightly.
1. a) The perimeter of a two-dimensional figure is the sum of the lengths of the sides of the figure.
b) The area of a two-dimensional figure is the region within the boundaries of the figure.
c)
6
A = lw = 6(2 ) = 12 square units
2 P = 2l + 2w = 2 ( 6 ) + 2 ( 2 ) = 12 + 4 = 16 units
SECTION 9.3 305
2. The radius of a circle is half the diameter or the diameter of a circle is twice the radius.
3. a) To determine the number of square inches, multiply the number of square feet by 12 × 12 = 144.
b) To determine the number of square feet, divide the number of square inches by 12 × 12 = 144.
4. a) To determine the number of square feet, multiply the number of square yards by 3 × 3 = 9.
b) To determine the number of square yards, divide the number of square feet by 3 × 3 = 9.
1 1 6. 3 yd = 3 ( 3) = 9 ft
5. A = bh = (10 )( 7 ) = 35 in.2
2 2
1 1 4.5
A = bh = (1)( 9 ) = 4.5 ft 2 = = 0.5 yd 2
2 2 9
1
2
1
7. A = bh = ( 7 )( 5) = 17.5 cm 2
2
8.
1 1
A = bh = ( 2 )
2 2
( 3) = 3 m2
9. A = lw = (15 )( 7 ) = 105 ft 2 10. A = bh = ( 7 )( 5 ) = 35 in.2

P = 2l + 2w = 2 (15 ) + 2 ( 7 ) = 44 ft P = 2b + 2 w = 2 ( 7 ) + 2 ( 6 ) = 26 in.
11. 3 m = 3 (100 ) = 300 cm 12. 2 yd = 2 ( 3) = 6 ft
A = bh = 300 ( 20 ) = 6000 cm 2
A = s 2 = ( 6 ) = 36 ft 2
2
P = 2b + 2w = 2 ( 300 ) + 2 ( 27 ) = 654 cm P = 4s = 4 ( 6 ) = 24 ft
2 ft = 2 (12 ) = 24 in. 1 1
h(b1 + b2 ) = (12 )(6 + 16 )
13.
14. A =
1 1 2 2
A= h(b1 + b2 ) = (24 )(5 + 19 ) 1
2 2 = (12 )( 22 ) = 132 in.2
1 2
= ( 24 )( 24 ) = 288 in.2 P = s1 + s2 + b1 + b2 = 13 + 13 + 6 + 16 = 48 in.
2
P = s1 + s2 + b1 + b2 = 25 + 25 + 5 + 19 = 74 in.
15. A = π r 2 = π ( 7 ) = 49π = 153.93804 ≈ 153.94 in.2

2
100
16. r = = 50 cm
2
C = 2π r = 2π ( 7 ) = 14π = 43.98229715 ≈ 43.98 in.
A = π r 2 = π ( 50 ) = 2500π = 7853.981634
2
≈ 7853.98 cm 2
C = 2π r = 2π ( 50 ) = 100π = 314.1592654
≈ 314.16 cm
A = π r 2 = π (13) = 169π = 530.9291585
2
9 18.
17. r= = 4.5 ft
2
≈ 530.93 mm 2
A = π r = π ( 4.5 ) = 20.25π = 63.61725124
2 2
C = 2π r = 2π (13) = 26π = 81.68140899

≈ 63.62 ft 2 ≈ 81.68 mm
C = 2π r = 2π ( 4.5) = 9π = 28.27433388
≈ 28.27 ft
19. a) a 2 + 12 2 = 152 20. a) c 2 = 52 + 12 2
a 2 + 144 = 225 c 2 = 25 + 144
a 2 = 81 c 2 = 169
a = 81 = 9 in. c = 169 = 13 ft
b) P = s1 + s2 + s3 = 9 + 12 + 15 = 36 in. b) P = s1 + s2 + s3 = 5 + 12 + 13 = 30 ft
1 1 1 1
c) A = bh = ( 9 )(12 ) = 54 in.2 c) A = bh = ( 5 )(12 ) = 30 ft 2
2 2 2 2
21. a) c 2 = 10 2 + 24 2 22. a) b 2 + 152 = 392

c 2 = 100 + 576 b 2 + 225 = 1521
c 2 = 676 b 2 = 1296
c = 676 = 26 cm c = 1296 = 36 m
b) P = s1 + s2 + s3 = 10 + 24 + 26 = 60 cm b) P = s1 + s2 + s3 = 15 + 36 + 39 = 90 m
1 1 1 1
c) A = bh = (10 )( 24 ) = 120 cm 2 c) A = bh = ( 36 )(15 ) = 270 m 2
2 2 2 2
23. Area of larger circle: 24. Area of square: (10 ) = 100 m 2
2
π ( 4 ) = 16π = 50.265 482 46 cm 2

2
Area of circle: π ( 5 ) = 25π = 78.539 816 34 m 2

2
Area of smaller circle:

Shaded area:
π ( 3) = 9π = 28.274 333 88 cm 2
2
100 − 78.53981634 = 21.46018366 ≈ 21.46 m 2
Shaded area:
50.26548246 − 28.27433388 = 21.99114858
≈ 21.99 cm 2
25. Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the length of a 26. Area of rectangle: 7 ( 4 ) = 28 ft 2
side of the shaded square.
1 1
x2 = 22 + 22 Area of trapezoid: ( 4 )( 3 + 7 ) = ( 4 )(10 ) = 20 ft 2
2 2
x2 = 4 + 4
Shaded area: 28 − 20 = 8 ft 2
x =8
2
x= 8
Shaded area: 8 ( 8 ) = 8 in.2
27. Area of trapezoid: 28. Area of circle: π ( 5 ) = 25π = 78.539 816 34 m 2

2
1 1
(8 )( 9 + 20 ) = ( 8 )( 29 ) = 116 in.2 Area of rectangle: 8 ( 6 ) = 48 m 2
2 2
Area of circle: π ( 4 ) = 16π = 50.26548246 in.2 Shaded area:
2
78.53981634 − 48 = 30.53981634 ≈ 30.54 m 2

Shaded area:
116 − 50.26548246 = 65.73451754 ≈ 65.73 in.2
29. Area of small rectangle on the right side: 28
30. Radius of larger circle: = 14 cm
12 ( 6 ) = 72 ft 2
2
Area of semi-circle on the right side: Area of large circle:
π (14 ) = 196π = 615.7521601 cm 2
2
1
π ( 6 ) = 18π = 56.54866776 ft 2
2
2 14
Area of shaded region on the right side: Radius of each smaller circle: = 7 cm
2
72 − 56.54866776 = 15.45133224 ft 2 Area of each smaller circle:
Area of shaded region on the left side:
π ( 7 ) = 49π = 153.93804 cm 2
2
2
15.45133224 ft
Shaded area:
1
Area of triangle: (14 )(12 ) = 84 ft 2 615.7521601 − 153.93804 − 153.93804
2
= 307.8760801 ≈ 307.88 cm 2
Shaded area:
15.45133224 + 15.45133224 + 84
= 114.9026645 ≈ 114.90 ft 2
SECTION 9.3 307
31. Length of rectangle: 3 ( 8 ) = 24 in. 32. Area of each outer rectangle: 2 ( 4 ) = 8 cm 2

Area of rectangle: 24 ( 8 ) = 192 in.2 Area of four outer rectangles: 4 ( 8) = 32 cm 2
8 Area of inner square: 4 ( 4 ) = 16 cm 2
Radius of each circle: = 4 in.
2 4
Radius of circle: = 2 cm
Area of each circle: π ( 4 ) = 16π = 50.26548246
2
2
Area of circle: π ( 2 ) = 4π = 12.56637061
2
Shaded area:
192 − 50.26548246 − 50.26548246 − 50.26548246 Shaded area: 32 + 16 − 12.56637061
= 41.20355262 ≈ 41.20 in.2 = 35.43362939 ≈ 35.43 cm 2
1 9 1 9
33. = 34. =
x 107 x 15.2
9 x = 107 9 x = 15.2
107 15.2
x= = 11.8 ≈ 11.89 yd 2 x= = 1.68 ≈ 1.69 yd 2
9 9
1 9 1 9
35. = 36. =
14.7 x 18.3 x
x = 14.7 ( 9 ) = 132.3 ft 2 x = 18.3 ( 9 ) = 164.7 ft 2
1 10, 000 1 10, 000
37. = 38. =
23.4 x 14.7 x
x = 23.4 (10, 000 ) = 234, 000 cm 2 x = 14.7 (10, 000 ) = 147, 000 cm 2
1 10, 000 1 10, 000
39. = 40. =
x 1075 x 608
10, 000 x = 1075 10, 000 x = 608
1075 608
x= = 0.1075 m 2 x= = 0.0608 m 2
10, 000 10, 000
41. Area of living/dining room: 25 ( 22 ) = 550 ft 2 42. Area of living/dining room: 25 ( 22 ) = 550 ft 2
a) 550 ( 5.89 ) = $3239.50 a) 550 (10.86 ) = $5973
b) 550 ( 8.89 ) = $4889.50 b) 550 (13.86 ) = $7623
43. Area of kitchen: 12 (14 ) = 168 ft 2
44. Area of kitchen and both bathrooms: 340 ft 2
(See Exercise 43.)
Area of first floor bathroom: 6 (10 ) = 60 ft 2
Cost: 340 ( $8.50 ) = $2890
Area of second floor bathroom: 8 (14 ) = 112 ft 2
Total area: 168 + 60 + 112 = 340 ft 2
Cost: 340 ( $5 ) = $1700
45. Area of bedroom 1: 10 (14 ) = 140 ft 2 46. Area of all three bedrooms: 480 ft 2
(See Exercise 45.)
Area of bedroom 2: 10 ( 20 ) = 200 ft 2
Cost: 480 ( $5.56 ) = $2668.80
Area of bedroom 3: 10 (14 ) = 140 ft 2
Total area: 140 + 200 + 140 = 480 ft 2
Cost: 480 ( $6.06 ) = $2908.80
47. Area of entire lawn if all grass: 48. Area of entire lawn if all grass:
200 (100 ) = 20, 000 ft 2 400 ( 300 ) = 120, 000 ft 2
Area of patio: 40 (10 ) = 400 ft 2 1
Area of house: ( 50 )(100 + 150 ) = 6250 ft 2
Area of shed: 10 ( 8 ) = 80 ft 2 2
Area of goldfish pond:
Area of house: 50 ( 25 ) = 1250 ft 2
π ( 20 ) = 400π = 1256.637061 ft 2
2
Area of drive: 30 (10 ) = 300 ft 2

Area of privacy hedge: 200 ( 20 ) = 4000 ft 2
Area of pool: π (12 ) = 144π = 452.3893421 ft 2
2
Area of garage: 70 ( 30 ) = 2100 ft 2
Area of lawn:
Area of driveway: 40 ( 25) = 1000 ft 2
20,000 − 400 − 80 − 1250 − 300 − 452.3893421
Area of lawn:
17,517.61066
= 17,517.61066 ft = 2
120,000 − 6250 − 1256.637061 − 4000 − 2100 − 1000
9
105,393.3629
= 1946.401184 yd 2 = 105,393.3629 ft 2 =
9
Cost:
= 11, 710.37366 yd 2
1946.401184 ( $0.02 ) = $38.92802368 ≈ $38.93
Cost:
11, 710.37366 ( $0.02 ) = $234.2074732 ≈ $234.21
49. a) A = 11.5 (15.4 ) = 177.1 m 2 50. Wendy's hamburger: A = 3 ( 3) = 9 in.2
1 10,000 Burger King hamburger:
b) = 2
x 177.1  3.5 
A=π  = π (1.75 ) = 3.0625π
2
10,000 x = 177.1  2 
177.1 = 9.621127502 ≈ 9.62 in.2
x= = 0.01771 hectare
10, 000 Burger King's hamburger is larger by
≈ 9.62 − 9 = 0.62 in.2
51. Let c = length of guy wire 52. Let a = height on the wall that the ladder reaches
902 + 522 = c 2 a 2 + 202 = 292
8100 + 2704 = c 2 a 2 + 400 = 841
10,804 = c 2 a 2 = 441
c = 10,804 = 103.9422917 ≈ 103.94 ft a = 441 = 21 ft
53. Let a = horizontal distance from dock to boat 54.
a 2 + 92 = 412
43 in. 21 in.
a 2 + 81 = 1681
a 2 = 1600
x
a = 1600 = 40 ft
x 2 + 212 = 432
x 2 + 441 = 1849
x 2 = 1408
x = 1408 = 37.52332608 ≈ 37.52 in.
SECTION 9.4 309
55. a) A = s 2 56. a) A = bh
b) A = 2b(2h ) = 4bh
b) A = (2s )2 = 4s 2
c) The area of the parallelogram in part b) is
c) The area of the square in part b) is four
four times larger than the area of the
times larger than the area of the square
parallelogram in part a).
in part a).
1 58. a) A = a 2
57. s = (a + b + c ) = 1 (8 + 6 + 10) = 12
2 2 b) A = ab
A = 12(12 − 8)(12 − 6 )(12 − 10) c) A = ab
d) A = b 2
= 12 ( 4 )( 6 )( 2 ) = 576 = 24 cm 2
e) ( a + b ) = a 2 + ab + ab + b 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2
2
Exercise Set 9.4

In this section, we use the π key on the calculator to determine answers in calculations involving π .
If you use 3.14 for π , your answers may vary slightly.
1. Volume is a measure of the capacity of a figure.

2. Solid geometry is the study of three-dimensional solid figures.
3. A polyhedron is a closed surface formed by the union of polygonal regions.
A regular polyhedron is one whose faces are all regular polygons of the same size and shape.
4. A prism is a polyhedron whose bases are congruent polygons and whose sides are parallelograms.
A right prism is one in which all of the lateral faces are rectangles.
5. A prism and a pyramid are both polyhedrons, but a prism has a top and a bottom base while a pyramid
only has one base.
6. For any polyhedron, the number of vertices minus the number of edges plus the number of faces
equals two.
7. V = s 3 = ( 3) = 27 ft 3
3
8. V = lwh = 8 ( 3)( 3) = 72 ft 3
9. 1 ft = 12 in. 10. 2 ft = 2 (12 ) = 24 in.
V = π r h = π (2 ) (12) = 48π
2 2
V = π r 2 h = π (6 )2 (24 ) = 864π
= 150.7964474 ≈ 150.80 in. 3
= 2714.336053 ≈ 2714.34 in.3
1 1 10
11. V = π r 2 h = π (3)2 (14) = 42π 12. r= = 5 ft
3 3 2
= 131.9468915 ≈ 131.95 cm 3 1 1
V = π r 2 h = π (5)2 (24 ) = 200π
3 3
= 628.3185307 ≈ 628.32 ft 3
13. Area of the base: 1 1
1 1 14. Area of the base: B = bh = ( 8 )( 8) = 32 in.2
B = h ( b1 + b2 ) = (10 )( 8 + 12 ) = 100 in. 2 2 2
2 2 V = Bh = 32 (12 ) = 384 in.3
V = Bh = 100 ( 24 ) = 2400 in. 3
9 4 4
15. r= = 4.5 cm 16. V= π r 3 = π (7 )3 = 457. 3π
2 3 3
4 4 = 1436.75504 ≈ 1436.76 cm3
V = π r 3 = π ( 4.5 ) = 121.5π
3
3 3
= 381.7035074 ≈ 381.70 cm 3
Area of the base: B = s 2 = (11) = 121 cm 2
2
1 1
17. 18. Area of the base: B = bh = ( 9 )(15) = 67.5 ft 2
2 2
1 1
V = Bh = (121)(13) = 524.3 ≈ 524.33 cm3 1 1
3 3 V = Bh = ( 67.5 )(13) = 292.5 ft 3
3 3
19. Area of the base: 20. Area of the base: B = lw = 18 (15 ) = 270 in.2
1 1
B= h ( b1 + b2 ) = ( 5 )( 7 + 9 ) = 40 in.2 1 1
2 2 V = Bh = ( 270 )(10 ) = 900 in.3
3 3
1 1
V = Bh = ( 40 )( 8 ) = 106.6 ≈ 106.67 in.3
3 3
21. V = volume of rect. solid - volume of cylinder 22. V = volume of cylinder - volume of cone
= 6(4 )(3) − π (1)2 (4 ) = 72 − 4π 1
= π (2 )2 (9 ) − π (2 )2 (9 ) = 36π − 12π = 24π
= 72 − 12.56637061 3
= 59.43362939 ≈ 59.43 m3 = 75.39822369 ≈ 75.40 cm3
23. V = volume of rect. solid - volume of sphere 24. V = vol. of large sphere - vol. of small sphere
4 4 4
= 4(4 )(4 ) − π (2 )3 = 64 − 33.51032164 = π (6 )3 − π (3)3 = 288π − 36π = 252π
3 3 3
= 30.48967836 ≈ 30.49 ft 3 = 791.6813487 ≈ 791.68 cm3
25. V = vol. of large cylinder - vol. of small cylinder 26. V = volume of cylinder - volume of 3 spheres
= π (1.5) (5) − π (0.5) (5) = 11.25π − 1.25π = 10π
2 2
4 
= π (3.5)2 (20.8) − 3 π (3.45)3 
= 31.41592654 ≈ 31.42 m 3 3 
= 254.8π − 164.2545π = 90.5455π
= 284.4570776 ≈ 284.46 cm 3
27. V = volume of rect. solid - volume of pyramid 28. V = volume of prism − volume of rectangular solid
1 2
= 3 ( 3)( 4 ) − ( 3) ( 4 ) = 36 − 12 = 24 ft 3 =
1
( 6 )(8 )(11) − 3 ( 4 )(11)
3 2
= 264 − 132 = 132 in.3
29. 7 yd3 = 7 ( 27 ) = 189 ft 3 30. 3.8 yd 3 = 3.8 ( 27 ) = 102.6 ft 3
153 2457
31. 153 ft 3 = = 5.6 ≈ 5.67 yd 3 32. 2457 ft 3 = = 91 yd 3
27 27
33. 5.9 m3 = 5.9 (1, 000, 000 ) = 5,900, 000 cm3 34. 17.6 m3 = 17.6 (1, 000, 000 ) = 17, 600, 000 cm3
3, 000, 000 7,300, 000
35. 3, 000, 000 cm3 = = 3 m3 36. 7,300, 000 cm3 = = 7.3 m3
1, 000, 000 1, 000, 000
37. a) V = 46 ( 25 )( 25 ) = 28, 750 in.3 38. Tubs: V = π r 2 h = π (3)2 (5) = 45π
b) (1 ft ) = (12 in.)(12 in.)(12 in.) = 1728 in.3 = 141.3716694 ≈ 141.37 in.3
3
Boxes: V = s 3 = ( 5 ) = 125 in.3

3
28, 750
28, 750 in.3 = = 16.63773148 ≈ 16.64 ft 3
1728
SECTION 9.4 311
39. V = 12 ( 4 )( 3) = 144 in. 3  3

40. Wendy's Volume: 4 ( 4 )   = 3 in.3
144 in.3 = 144 ( 0.01736 ) = 2.49984 ≈ 2.50 qt  16 
Magic Burger's Volume:
2
 4 .5 
π  (0.25) = π (2.25) (0.25)
2
 2 
= 3.976078202 ≈ 3.98 in.3
The Magic Burger has the greater volume
by ≈ 0.98 in.3
41. a) Cylinder 1: 42. a) V = 15 ( 9 )( 2 ) = 270 m3
2
 10 
V = π   (12 ) = 300π = 942.4777961 ≈ 942.48 in.3 b) 270 kl
 2
Cylinder 2:
2
 12 
V = π   (10 ) = 360π
 2
= 1130.973355 ≈ 1130.97 in.3
The container with the larger diameter holds
more.
b) 1130.97 − 942.48 = 188.49 ≈ 188.50 in.3
1 1 44. a) V = 80 ( 50 )( 30 ) = 120, 000 cm3
Bh = ( 720 ) ( 480 ) = 82,944,000 ft 3
2
43. V =
3 3 b) 120, 000 ml
120, 000
c) 120, 000 ml = = 120 l
1000
3.875 4 1
45. r = = 1.9375 in. 46. a) 4 in. = = ft
2 12 3
Volume of each cylinder: 1
V = lwh = 9 (18 )   = 54 ft 3
π r h = π (1.9375 ) ( 3)
2
3
2
= 11.26171875π = 35.37973289 54
= 2 yd3
Total volume: 27
8 ( 35.37973289 ) = 283.0378631 ≈ 283.04 in.3 b) 2 ( $32.95 ) = $65.90
47. a) 5.5 ft = 5.5 (12 ) = 66 in. 48. a) Volume of water needed to fill the pool to a height
1 21
2.5 of ft: π r 2 h = π ( 2 )   = 2π = 6.283185307 ft 3
r= = 1.25 in. 2 2
2
1
V = π r 2 h = π (1.25 ) ( 66 ) = 103.125π
2
Radius of bucket of water: ft
2
= 323.9767424 ≈ 323.98 in.3 Volume of bucket of water:
323.98 2
b) = 0.187488425 ≈ 0.19 ft 3 1 1
1728 π r 2 h = π   (1) = π = 0.785398163 ft 3
  2 4
6.283185307
= 8.000000004 ≈ 8 bucketsful
0.785398163
b) 6.283185307 ( 62.5 ) = 392.6990817 ≈ 392.70 lb
c) 6.283185307 ( 7.5 ) = 47.1238898 ≈ 47.12 gal
49. a) Round pan: 1 1 3

2
2 50. V = π r 2 h = π   (6 ) = 4.5π
9 3 3 2
A = π r 2 = π   = 20.25π
2 = 14.13716694 ≈ 14.14 in.3
= 63.61725124 ≈ 63.62 in.2
Rectangular pan: A = lw = 7 ( 9 ) = 63 in.2
b) Round pan:
V = π r 2 h ≈ 63.62 ( 2 ) = 127.24 in.3
Rectangular pan: V = lwh = 7 ( 9 )( 2 ) = 126 in.3
c) Round pan
1  19.6 
51. a) B = area of trapezoid = ( 9 )(8 + 12 ) = 90 in.2 52. a) C = 2π r = 2π   = 19.6π
2  2 
4 ft = 4 (12 ) = 48 in. = 61.57521601 ≈ 61.58 m
V = Bh = 90 ( 48 ) = 4320 in.3  19.6 
2
b) V = π r 2 h = π   (60 ) = 5762.4π
b) 1 ft 3 = (12 )(12 )(12 ) = 1728 in.3  2 
4320 = 18,103.11351 ≈ 18,103.11 m3

4320 in.3 = = 2.5 ft 3
1728
53. 8 − x + 3 = 2 54. 12 − 16 + x = 2
11 − x = 2 −4 + x = 2
− x = −9 x = 6 faces
x = 9 edges
55. x − 8 + 4 = 2 56. 7 − 12 + x = 2
x−4=2 −5 + x = 2
x = 6 vertices x = 7 faces
57. 11 − x + 5 = 2 58. x − 10 + 4 = 2
16 − x = 2 x−6 = 2
−x = −14 x = 8 vertices
x = 14 edges
59. Let r = the radius of one of the cans of orange juice

The length of the box = 6r and the width of the box = 4r
Volume of box - volume of cans:
( )
lwh − 6 π r 2 h = (6r )(4r )h − 6π r 2 h = 24r 2 h − 6π r 2 h = 6r 2 h(4 − π )
Percent of the volume of the interior of the box that is not occupied by the cans:
6r 2 h(4 − π ) 6r 2 (4 − π ) 4 − π
= = = 0.2146018366 ≈ 21.46%
lwh (6r )(4r ) 4
60. a) – e) Answers will vary.

f) If we double the length of each edge of a cube, the new volume will be eight times the original volume.
61. a) – e) Answers will vary.
f) If we double the radius of a sphere, the new volume will be eight times the original volume.
SECTION 9.5 313
62. a) 42 ( 60 )( 24 )( 365 ) = 22, 075, 200 drops

22, 075, 200
b) = 1,103, 760 ml
20
1,103, 760
= 1103.76 l
1000
1103.76
= 291.2295515 ≈ 291.23 gal
3.79
c) 291.23 ( $0.11) = 32.0353 ≈ $32.04
63. a) Find the volume of each numbered region. Since the length of each side is a + b , the sum of the
volumes of each region will equal (a + b )3 .
b) V1 = a(a )(a ) = a 3 V 2 = a(a )(b ) = a 2 b V3 = a(a )(b ) = a 2 b V 4 = a(b )(b ) = ab 2
V5 = a(a )(b ) = a 2 b V6 = a(b )(b ) = ab 2 V7 = b(b )(b ) =b 3
c) The volume of the piece not shown is ab 2 .
64. a) 5.5 ft = 5.5 (12 ) = 66 in.
V = Bh = 5 ( 66 ) = 330 in.3
0.75
b) Radius of cylinder: = 0.375 in.
2
Volume of cylinder: π r 2 h = π ( 0.375) ( 66 ) = 9.28125π = 29.15790682 in.3
2
Volume of hollow noodle: 330-29.15790682=300.8420932 ≈ 300.84 in.3
Exercise Set 9.5

1. The act of moving a geometric figure from some starting position to some ending position without altering its shape
or size is called rigid motion. The four main rigid motions studied in this section are reflections, translations,
rotations, and glide reflections.
2. Transformational geometry is a type of geometry in which we study how to use a geometric figure to obtain other
geometric figures by conducting one of several changes, called rigid motions, to the figure.
3. A reflection is a rigid motion that moves a figure to a new position that is a mirror image of the figure in the
starting position.
5. A translation is a rigid motion that moves a figure by sliding it along a straight line segment in the plane.
7. A rotation is a rigid motion performed by rotating a figure in the plane about a specific point.
9. A glide reflection is a rigid motion formed by performing a translation (or glide) followed by a reflection.
11. A geometric figure is said to have reflective symmetry if the positions of a figure before and after a reflection are
identical (except for vertex labels).
12. A geometric figure is said to have rotational symmetry if the positions of a figure before and after a rotation are
identical (except for vertex labels).
13. A tessellation is a pattern consisting of the repeated use of the same geometric figures to entirely cover a plane,
leaving no gaps.
SECTION 9.5 315
47. a) 48. a)
b) Yes b) Yes
c) Yes c) Yes
49. a) 50. a)
b) No b) No
c) No c) No
51. a) 52. a)
b) No b) Yes
c) No c) Yes
d) d)
e) Yes e) Yes
f) Yes f) Yes
53. a) – c)
d) No. Any 90° rotation will result in the figure being in a different position than the starting position.
54. a)
b) No. Any reflection about any horizontal line will result in the figure being in a different position than the starting
position.
c) No. Any 90° rotation will result in the figure being in a different position than the starting position.
d) No. Any 180° rotation will result in the figure being in a different position than the starting position.
55. a) – b)
c) No
d) The order in which the translation and the reflection are performed is important. The figure obtained in
part b) is the glide reflection.
SECTION 9.6 317

b) A regular octagon cannot be used as a tessellating shape.
b) A regular pentagon cannot be used as a tessellating shape.
60. Although answers will vary depending on the font, the following capital letters have reflective symmetry about a
horizontal line drawn through the center of the letter: B, C, D, E, H, I, K, O, X.
61. Although answers will vary depending on the font, the following capital letters have reflective symmetry about a
vertical line drawn through the center of the letter: A, H, I, M, O, T, U, V, W, X, Y.
62. Although answers will vary depending on the font, the following capital letters have 180° rotational symmetry
about a point in the center of the letter: H, I, O, S, X, Z.
Exercise Set 9.6

1. Topology is sometimes referred to as “rubber sheet geometry” because it deals with bending and stretching of
geometric figures.
2. A Möbius strip is a one-sided, one-edged surface.
3. You can construct a Möbius strip by taking a strip of paper, giving one end a half twist, and taping the ends together.
4. A Klein bottle is a topological object that resembles a bottle but has only one side.
5. Four
6. a) Six
b) Seven
7. A Jordan curve is a topological object that can be thought of as a circle twisted out of shape.
8. Since you must cross the curve to get from outside to inside, two crosses puts you back where you started. Thus, if
you cross the curve twice (or any even number of times) to get outside, you must have started outside. Also, if you
cross the curve once (or any odd number of times) to get outside, you must have started inside.
9. The number of holes in the object determines the genus of an object.
10. Two figures are topologically equivalent if one figure can be elastically twisted, stretched, bent, or shrunk into the
other figure without ripping or puncturing the original figure.
11. 1, 4, 6 – Red; 2,3 – Yellow; 7 – Green; 5 – Blue 12. 1, 3, 7 – Red; 2, 6, 8 – Blue; 4,5 – Green
13. 1, 4, 6 – Red; 2, 5, 8 – Blue; 3, 7, 9 – Yellow 14. 1 – Red; 2, 5 – Yellow; 3, 6 – Blue; 4, 7 – Green
15. 1 – Red; 2, 5 – Yellow; 3, 6 – Blue; 4, 7 – Green 16. 1 – Red; 2, 5 – Yellow; 3, 6 – Blue; 4, 7 – Green
17. YT, NU, AB, ON, NS – Red 18. BCS, SON, DGO, NLE – Red
NT, QC – Blue BCA, CHH, ZAC, TMP – Blue
BC, SK, NB, NF – Green SIN, COA – Green
MB, PE – Yellow NAY, SLP – Yellow
19. TX, KS, MS, KY, SC, FL – Red 20. CA, WA, MT, UT – Red
OK, LA, TN – Green OR, WY, AZ – Green
MO, GA, VA – Blue ID, NM – Blue
AR, AL, NC – Yellow NV, CO – Yellow
21. Outside; a straight line from point A to a point 22. Inside; a straight line from point B to a point clearly
clearly outside the curve crosses the curve an even outside the curve crosses the curve an odd number of
number of times. times.
23. Outside; a straight line from point A to a point 24. Outside; a straight line from point B to a point
clearly outside the curve crosses the curve an even clearly outside the curve crosses the curve an even
number of times. number of times.
25. Outside; a straight line from point C to a point 26. Outside; a straight line from point D to a point
clearly outside the curve crosses the curve an even clearly outside the curve crosses the curve an even
number of times. number of times.
27. Inside; a straight line from point E to a point clearly 28. Inside; a straight line from point F to a point clearly
outside the curve crosses the curve an odd number of outside the curve crosses the curve an odd number of
times. times.
29. 1 30. 1 31. 1 32. 5

33. Larger than 5 34. 0 35. 5 36. 1
37. 0 38. Larger than 5 39. 5 40. 1
41. a) - d) Answers will 42. One 43. One 44. One
vary.
45. Two
46. a) No, it has an inside and an outside. 47. The smaller one is a Möbius strip; the larger one is
b) Two not.
c) Two
d) Two strips, one inside the other
48. No, it does not. 49. Yes. “Both sides” of the belt experience wear.
50. Answers will vary. 51. Ecuador, Brazil, Chile – Red
Colombia, Guyana, French Guiana, Bolivia – Green
Peru, Venezuela, Suriname, Paraguay,
Uruguay – Yellow
Argentina - Blue
52. Answers will vary. 53. a) 1
b) 1
Exercise Set 9.7

1. Girolamo Saccheri - proved many theorems of hyperbolic geometry
2. Janos Bolyai - discovered hyperbolic geometry
3. Carl Friedrich Gauss - discovered hyperbolic geometry
4. Nikolay Ivanovich Lobachevsky - discovered hyperbolic geometry
5. G.F. Bernhard Riemann - discovered elliptical geometry
6. Benoi Mandelbrot – first to use the word fractal to describe shapes that had several common characteristics, including
some form of “self-similarity”
7. a) Euclidean - Given a line and a point not on the line, one and only one line can be drawn parallel to the given line
through the given point.
b) Hyperbolic - Given a line and a point not on the line, two or more lines can be drawn through the given point
parallel to the given line.
c) Elliptical - Given a line and a point not on the line, no line can be drawn through the given point parallel to the
given line.
8. a) Euclidean - The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180°.
b) Hyperbolic - The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is less than 180°.
c) Elliptical - The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is greater than 180°.
9. A plane
10. A sphere
11. A pseudosphere
12. Each type of geometry can be used in its own frame of reference.
13. Spherical - elliptical geometry; flat - Euclidean geometry; saddle-shaped - hyperbolic geometry
14. Coastlines, trees, mountains, galaxies, polymers, rivers, weather patterns, brains, lungs, blood supply
SECTION 9.7 319
15.
16.
17.
18.
19. a)
b) Infinite since it is infinitely subdivided.

c) Finite since it covers a finite or closed area.
20. a) Step Perimeter

0
4
1 3  = 3(1) = 3
3
1
4 4
2 3  = 3  = 4
3 3
2
4  16  16
3 3  = 3  =
3 9 3
3
4  64  64
4 3  = 3  =
 
3  27  9
4
4  256  256
5 3  = 3 =
 
3  81  27
5
4  1024  1024
6 3  = 3 =
3  243  81
4
b) At each stage, the perimeter is multiplied by the previous perimeter.
3
c) The area is finite because it encloses a finite region.
The perimeter is infinite because it consists of an infinite number of pieces.
Review Exercises
In the Review Exercises and Chapter Test questions, the π key on the calculator is used to determine answers in
calculations involving π . If you use 3.14 for π , your answers may vary slightly.
1. {F } 2. + BFC
HJJG HJJJG
3. BC 4. BH
5. {F } 6. {}
7. 90° − 51.2° = 38.8° 8. 180° − 124.7° = 55.3°
9. Let x = BC 10. Let x = A′B ′

BC AC A ′B ′ A′C
= =
B ′C A ′C AB AC
x 12 x 4
= =
3 .4 4 6 12
4 x = 40.8 12 x = 24
40.8 24
x = = 10.2 in. x = = 2 in.
4 12
11. m(ABC = m(A′B ′C 12. m(ABC = m(A′B ′C

m(A′B ′C = 180° − 88° = 92° m(A′B ′C = 180° − 88° = 92°
Thus, m(ABC = 92° Thus, m(ABC = 92°
m(BAC = 180° − 30° − 92° = 58°
13. m(1 = 180° − 110° = 70°

m(6 = 70° (angle 1 and angle 6 are vertical angles)
The measure of the top angle of the triangle is 50°, by vertical angles. The measure of the angle on the bottom right
of the triangle is 180° − 70° − 50° = 60°.
m( 2 = 60° (angle 2 and the angle on the bottom right of the triangle are vertical angles)
The measure of the alternate interior angle of angle 2 is 60° . Thus, m(3 = 180° − 60° = 120°.
The measure of the alternate interior angle of angle 6 is 70° . Thus, m(5 = 180° − 70° = 110°.
m( 4 = 180° − 110° = 70°
14. n=6 15. A = lw = 9 ( 7 ) = 63 cm 2

( n − 2 )180° = ( 6 − 2 )180° = 4 (180° ) = 720°
1 1 1 1
16. A = bh = (14 )( 5 ) = 35 in.2 17. A= h ( b1 + b2 ) = ( 2 )( 4 + 9 ) = 13 in.2
2 2 2 2
18. A = bh = 12 ( 7 ) = 84 in.2 19. A = π r 2 = π (13) = 169π

2
= 530.9291585 ≈ 530.93 cm 2
20. A = lw = 14 (16 ) = 224 ft 2 21. V = π r 2 h = π ( 5 ) (15 ) = 375π

2
Cost: 224 ( $2.75 ) = $616 = 1178.097245 ≈ 1178.10 in.3
22. V = lwh = 10 ( 3)( 4 ) = 120 cm3 23. If h represents the height of the triangle which is
the base of the pyramid, then
h 2 + 32 = 5 2
h 2 + 9 = 25
h 2 = 16
h = 16 = 4 ft
1 1
B = bh = ( 6 )( 4 ) = 12 ft 2
2 2
1 1
V = Bh = (12 )( 7 ) = 28 ft 3
3 3
1 1 12
24. B = bh = ( 9 )(12 ) = 54 m 2 25. r = = 6 mm
2 2 2
V = Bh = 54 ( 8) = 432 m3 1 1
V = π r 2 h = π ( 6 ) (16 ) = 192π
2
3 3
= 603.1857895 ≈ 603.19 mm3
26.
4 4
V = π r 3 = π ( 7 ) = 457.3π
3 27. h 2 + 12 = 3 2
3 3 h2 +1 = 9
= 1436.75504 ≈ 1436.76 ft 3
h2 = 8
h = 8
A=
1
2
h ( b1 + b2 ) = ( )
1
2
8 ( 2 + 4 ) = 8.485281374 ft 2
a) V = Bh = 8.485281374(8)
= 67.88225099 ≈ 67.88 ft 3
b) Weight:
67.88 ( 62.5 ) + 375 = 4617.5 lb
Yes, it will support the trough filled with water.
c) ( 4617.5 − 375) = 4242.5 lb of water
4242.5
= 511.1445783 ≈ 511.14 gal
8.3
37. Yes 38. No 39. No 40. Yes

CHAPTER TEST 323
41. 1
42. Saarland, North Rhine-Westphalia, Bremen, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Berlin, Thuringia,
Baden-Württemberg, Hamburg – Red
Rhineland-Palatinate, Lower Saxony, Saxony – Green
Schleswig-Holstein, Hesse, Brandenburg – Yellow
Bavaria, Saxony-Anhalt - Blue
43. Outside; a straight line from point A to a point clearly outside the curve crosses the curve an even
number of times.
44. Euclidean: Given a line and a point not on the line, one and only one line can be drawn parallel to the given line
through the given point.
Elliptical: Given a line and a point not on the line, no line can be drawn through the given point parallel to the given
line.
Hyperbolic: Given a line and a point not on the line, two or more lines can be drawn through the given point parallel
to the given line.
45.
Chapter Test
1. 2. + BCD
HJJG
3. {D} 4. AC
5. 90° − 36.9° = 53.1° 6. 180° − 101.5° = 78.5°
7. The other two angles of the triangle are 48° 8. n=8
(by vertical angles) and 180° - 112° = 68°. ( n − 2 )180° = ( 8 − 2 )180° = 6 (180° ) = 1080°
Thus, the measure of
angle x = 180° - 48° - 68° = 64°.
9. Let x = B ′C ′ 10. a) x 2 + 5 2 = 13 2
B ′C ′ A ′C ′ x 2 + 25 = 169
=
BC AC
x 2 = 144
x 5
= x = 144 = 12 in.
7 13
b) P = 5 + 13 + 12 = 30 in.
13x = 35
1 1
35 c) A = bh = ( 5 )(12 ) = 30 in.2
x = = 2.692307692 ≈ 2.69 cm 2 2
13
12. B = 9 (14 ) + π ( 4.5) = 126 + 20.25π = 189.6172512
2
16
11. r= = 8 cm
2
V = Bh = 189.6172512 ( 6 ) = 1137.703507 ft 3
4 4
V = π r 3 = π (8)3 = 682. 6π 1137.703507
3 3 1137.703507 ft 3 =
27
= 2144.660585 ≈ 2144.66 cm 3
= 42.13716694 ≈ 42.14 yd 3
13. B = lw = 4 ( 7 ) = 28 ft 2 14.
1 1
V = Bh = ( 28 )(12 ) = 112 ft 3
3 3
15. 16.
17. 18. a) No
b) Yes
19. A Möbius strip is a surface with one side and 20. a) and b) Answers will vary.
one edge.
21. Euclidean: Given a line and a point not on the line,
one and only one line can be drawn parallel to the
given line through the given point.
Elliptical: Given a line and a point not on the line, no
line can be drawn through the given point parallel to
the given line.
Hyperbolic: Given a line and a point not on the line,
two or more lines can be drawn through the given
point parallel to the given line.
Group Projects
2
 12 
1. a) B = π r = π   = 36π = 113.0973355
2
 2
V = Bh = 113.0973355 ( 4 ) = 452.3893421 ≈ 452 ft 3
b) 452.3893421( 7.5) = 3392.920066 ≈ 3393 gal
c) 452.3893421( 52.4 ) = 23, 705.20153 ≈ 23, 705 lb
d) Weight of Jacuzzi and water: 475 + 23, 705.20153 = 24,180.20153 lb
Yes
e) Weight of Jacuzzi, water, and four people: 24,180.20153 + 4 (115 ) = 24, 640.20153 lb
Yes
GROUP PROJECTS 325
2. a) 12 ft
b) 4 in. × 3 ft 6 in. × 12 ft 6 in.
4
c) V = ft × 3.5 ft × 12.5 ft = 14.583 ft 3
12
14.583
14.583 ft 3 = = 0.5401234568 yd3
27
d) 0.5401234568(45) = 24.30 5 ≈ $24.31
e) 1 sheet
f) $18.95
g) Five 8 ft 2× 4's
h) 5($2.14 ) = $10.70
1 1
i) B = bh = ( 2 )(12 ) = 12 ft 2
2 2
V = Bh = 12 ( 3) = 36 ft 3
36
36 ft 3 = = 1.3 yd 3 ≈ 1.33 yd 3
27
j) 1. 3($45) = $60
k) $24.31 + $18.95 + $10.70 + $60 = $113.96
l) 2 2 + 12 2 = x 2
4 + 144 = x 2
x 2 = 148
x = 148 = 12.16552506 ≈ 12.17 ft
m) 8 boards
n) 8($6.47 ) = $51.76
o) 10($2.44 ) = $24.40
p) $24.31 + $51.76 + $24.40 = $100.47
q) The materials are less expensive for the wooden ramp.
CHAPTER TEN
MATHEMATICAL SYSTEMS
Exercise Set 10.1

1. A binary operation is an operation that is performed on two elements, and the result is a single element.
2. A set of elements and at least one binary operation.
3. Each of these operations can be performed on only two elements at a time and the result is always a single
element. a) 2 + 3 = 5 b) 5 – 3 = 2 c) 2 × 3 = 6 d) 6 ÷ 3 = 2
4. Closure, identity, each element must have a unique inverse, associative property.
5. Closure, identity, each element must have a unique inverse, associative property, commutative property.
6. Abelian group
7. If a binary operation is performed on any two elements of a set and the result is an element of the set, then
that set is closed under the given binary operation. For all integers a and b, a + b is an integer. Therefore,
the set of integers is closed under the operation of addition.
8. An identity element is an element in a set such that when a binary operation is performed on it and any
given element in the set, the result is the given element. The additive identity element is 0, and the
multiplicative identity element is 1. Examples: 5 + 0 = 5, 5 × 1 = 5
9. When a binary operation is performed on two elements in a set and the result is the identity element for the
binary operation, then each element is said to be the inverse of the other. The additive inverse of 2 is (– 2)
since 2 + (– 2) = 0, and the multiplicative inverse of 2 is (1/2) since 2 × 1/2 = 1.
10. A specific example illustrating that a specific property is not true is called a counterexample.
11. No. Every commutative group is also a group.
12. Yes. For a group, the Commutative property need not apply.
13. d The Commutative property need not apply.
14. Squaring, finding square roots, finding the reciprocal, finding the absolute value
15. The associative property of addition states that (a + b) + c = a + (b + c), for any elements a, b, and c.
Example: (3 + 4) + 5 = 3 + (4 + 5)
16. The associative property of multiplication states that (a × b) × c = a × (b × c), for any real numbers
a, b, and c. Example: (3 × 4) × 5 = 3 × (4 × 5)
17. The commutative property of multiplication stated that a × b = b × a, for any real numbers a, b, and c.
Example: 3 × 4 = 4 × 3
18. The commutative property of addition stated that a + b = b + a, for any elements a, b, and c.
Example: 3 + 4 = 4 + 3
19. 8 ÷ 4 = 2, but 4 ÷ 8 = ½ 20. 7 – 3 = 4, BUT 3 – 7 = – 4
21. (6 – 3) – 2 = 3 – 2 = 1, but 6 – (3 – 2) = 6 – 1 = 5
22. (16 ÷ 4) ÷ 2 = 4 ÷ 2, = 2 but 16 ÷ (4 ÷ 2) = 16 ÷ 2 = 8
23. No. No inverse element 24. No. No inverse element
25. Yes. Satisfies 5 properties needed 26. Yes. Satisfies 4 properties needed
27. No. Not closed 28. No. Not closed
327
328 CHAPTER 10 Mathematical Systems
29. No. No identity or inverse elements 30. No. Not all elements have inverses
31. No. Not closed 32. No. Not all elements have inverses
33. Yes. Satisfies 4 properties needed 34. No. Not all elements have inverses
35. No. Not closed ie.: 1/0 is undefined 36. No. Does not satisfy Associative property
37. No. Does not satisfy Associative property 38. No. Not closed
39. No; the system is not closed, π + (– π ) = 0 40. No; π (1/ π ) = 1 which is not an irrational
which is not an irrational number. number.
41. Yes. Closure: The sum of any two real 42. No. Closure: The product of any two real
numbers is a real number. The identity element numbers is a real number. The identity element
is zero. Example: 5 + 0 = 0 + 5 = 5 is one. Example: 5 y 0 = 0 y 5 = 5
Each element has a unique inverse. Not every element has an inverse.
Example: 6 + (– 6) = 0 Example: 2 y ? = 1
The associative property holds: The associative property holds:
Example: (2 + 3) + 4 = 2 + (3 + 4) Example: (2 y 3) y 4 = 2 y (3 y 4)
43. Answers will vary. 44. 999

45. 9/19/29/39/49/59/69/79/89 9 } 20
90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99 11 }
Exercise Set 10.2

1. The clock addition table is formed by adding all pairs of integers between 1 and 12 using the 12 hour clock
to determine the result. Example: If the clock is at 7 and we add 8, then the clock will read 3.
Thus, 7 + 8 = 3 in clock arithmetic.
2. 12 + 12 = 12. Start at 12 move clockwise 12 hours, the result is 12.
3. a) First add (6 + 9) on the clock, then add that result to 5 on the clock to obtain the final answer.
b) (4 + 10) + 3 = 2 (2) + 3 = 5
4. a) Start at the first number on the face of the clock, then count counterclockwise the number being
subtracted. The number you end at is the difference.
b) 4 – 7 = 9
5. a) 5 – 9 5 + 12 = 17 17 – 9
b) 17 – 9 = 8
6. The system is commutative if the elements in the table are symmetric about the main diagonal.
7. If a binary operation is performed on any two elements of a set and the result is an element of the set, then
that set is closed under the given binary operation. For all integers a and b, a + b is an integer. Therefore,
the set of integers is closed under the operation of addition.
8. Yes. 12
9. Yes. One and 11 are inverses, 2 and 10 are inverses, 3 and 9 are inverses, 4 and 8 are inverses, 5 and 7 are
inverses, 6 is its own inverse, and 12 is its own inverse.
10. (2 + 3) + 8 = 2 + (3 + 8) 11. Yes. 6 + 9 = 3 and 9 + 6 = 3
5 + 8 = 2 + 11
1=1
SECTION 10.2 329
12. Yes, the five properties are met.

1) The system is closed. All results are from the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
2) The identity element is 12.
3) Each element has an inverse.
4) The associative property holds true.
5) The system is commutative.
13. a) Identity element = 5 14. a) Identity element = 8

b) Add inverse of 2, which is 3. 2+3=5 b) Add inverse of 3, which is 5. 3+5=8
15. Yes. Commutative, symmetrical around main 16. No. Not commutative, Non-symmetrical
diagonal around main diagonal
17. Identity element = C, Row 3 is identical to top 18. There is no identity. While the top row = 3rd row,
row and column 3 is identical to left column the left column ≠ any other column.
19. The inverse of A is B, because A operate B = C 20. The inverse of A is A, because A operate A = A.
and B operate A = C.
21. 4 + 7 = 11 22. 8+7=3 23. 9+8=5

24. 10 + 4 = 2 25. 4 + 12 = 4 26. 12 + 12 = 12
27. 3 + (8 + 9) = 3 + 5 = 8 28. (8 + 7) + 6 = 3 + 6 = 9 29. (6 + 4 ) + 8 = 10 + 8 = 6
30. (6 + 10) + 12 = 4 + 12 = 4 31. (7 + 8) + (9 + 6) = 3 + 3 = 6 32. (7 + 11) + (9 + 5) = 6 + 2 = 8
33. 7–4=3 34. 11 – 8 = 3 35. 4 – 12 = 4
36. 3–9=6 37. 5 – 10 = 7 38. 3 – 10 = 5
39. 1 – 12 = 1 40. 6 – 10 = 8 41. 5 – 5 = 12
42. 8 – 8 = 12 43. 12 – 12 = 12 44. 5–8=9
45. + 1 2 3 4 5 6 45. + 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1
2 3 4 5 6 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2
3 4 5 6 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3
4 5 6 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4
5 6 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5
6 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
46. 4+5=3 47. 1+6=1 48. 6+4=4

49. 5–2=3 50. 4–5=5 51. 2–6=2
52. 3–4=5 53. 4–6=4 54. 2 + (1 – 3) = 2 + 4 = 6
55. See above. 56. 5+4=2 57. 6+5=4
58. 4+4=1 59. 7+6=6 60. 2–3=6
61. 3–6=4 62. 2–4=5 63. (4 – 5) - 6 = 6 – 6 = 7
64. 3 – (2 – 6) = 3 – 3 = 7
65. Yes. Satisfies 5 required properties 66. No, not necessarily. It may not have an inverse,
identity element, or satisfy the Commutative or
Associative properties.
67. a) {0, 1, 2, 3} 68. a) {*, 5, L} b)

b) airplane
b)
c) Yes. All solutions are members of the
c) Yes. All solutions are members of the
original set.
original set.
d) Identity element is 0.
d) Identity element is L.
e) Yes; 0 0 = 0, 1 3 = 0,
2 2 = 0, 3 1=0 e) Yes; * 5 = L, 5 * = L, L L=L
f) (1 2) 3=3 3=2
f) (* 5) 5=L 5=5
and 1 (2 3) = 1 1=2
g) Yes; 3 2=1=2 3 and * (5 5) = * *=5
h) Yes, system satisfies five properties needed.
g) Yes; L * = * and * L=*
69. a) {r, s, t, u} b)
c) Yes. All solutions are members of the 70. a) {3, 5, 8, 4} b)
original set. c) Yes. All solutions are members of the
d) Yes, the identity element is t. original set.
e) Yes; r r = t, s u = t, d) Identity element is 4.
t t = t, u s=t
f) (r s) u =u u=r e) Yes. 3 8 = 4, 5 5 = 4, 8 3 = 4,
and r (s u) = r t=r
g) Yes; s r = u and r s=u 4 4=4
f) (5 8) 4=3 4=3
and 5 (8 4) = 5 8=3
g) Yes. 8 5=3=5 8
71.a) {f, r, o, m} b) 72. a) No, there is no identity element.

c) The system is closed. All elements in the table b) (1 w 3) w 4 ≠ 1 w (3 w 4)
are elements of the set. 4w4 ≠ 1w3
d) (r o) f = m f = m 73. a) Is closed; all solutions are members of the
e) (f r) m) = r m = f original set. b) Identity =
f) Identity element is f. c) Inverse: of is ; of M is M; of is
d) (M8 ) 8 M = 8 M = M
g) Inverse of r is m since m r = f.
M 8 ( 8 M) = M 8 M =
h) Inverse of m is r since r m = f.
Not associative since M
e) 8 M = M M8=
Not commutative since M ≠
SECTION 10.2 331
74. Not closed: y ^ x = a and a is not a member of 75. No inverses for and *
the set {w, x, y} (* 8 *) 8 T = 8 T = *
No identity element, and therefore no inverses. * 8 (* 8 T) = * 8 T =
(x ^ w) ^ x = y ^ x = a Not associative since * ≠
x ^ (w ^ x) = x ^ y = w
Not associative since a w
y ^ x = a and x ^ y = w
Not commutative since a ≠ w
76. (a a) ∆= ∆ ∆=a 77. No identity element and therefore no inverses.

(d ⇔ e) ⇔ d = d ⇔ d = e
a (a ∆)=a 0=≺
d ⇔ (e ⇔ d) = d ⇔ e = d
Not associative since a ≺ Not associative since e d
∆ ≺=≺ ≺ U=a e ⇔d=e d ⇔ e=d
Not commutative since e ≠ d
Not commutative since ≺ ≠ a
78. No inverses for 0, 2, 3, and 4 80. a) E O

E E E
79. a) + E O O E O
E E O b) The identity is 0, but since E has no inverse,
O O E the system is not a group.
b) The system is closed, the identity element is E,
each element is its own inverse, and the system 81. Student activity - Answers will vary.
is commutative since the table is symmetric
about the main diagonal. Since the system has
82. Student activity - Answers will vary.
fewer than 6 elements satisfying the above
properties, it is a commutative group.
83. a) All elements in the table are in the set 83. Examples of associativity
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} so the system is closed. (2 ∞ 3) ∞ 4 = 5 ∞ 4 = 3 and
The identity is 6. 5 and 1 are inverses of each 2 ∞ (3 ∞ 4) = 2 ∞ 5 = 3
other, and 2, 3, 4, and 6 are their own inverses. (1 ∞ 3) ∞ 5 = 4 ∞ 5= 2 and
Thus, if the associative property is assumed, 1 ∞ (3 ∞ 5) = 1 ∞ 4 = 2
the system is a group.
b) 4 ∞ 5 = 2, but 5 ∞ 4 = 3
85. a) * R S T U V I
84. a) Is closed Identity = F
R V T U S I R
(C D) A=E A=F S U I V R T S
T S R I V U T
C (D A) = C C = F
U T V R I S U
Is Associative since F = F V I U S T R V
Inverses of: A E = F, B B = F, I R S T U V I
R * (T * V) = R * U = S
C C = F, D D = F,
(R * T ) * V = U * V = S
E A = F, F F=F Is Associative since S = S
B C=E C B=A b) Is closed
Not Commutative since E ≠ A c) R * S = T S*R=U
Not Commutative since T ≠ U
86. 43 = 64 ways R  (S  V) = R  T = U
87. + 0 1 2 3 4 88. + 0 1 2 3 4 5
0 0 1 2 3 4 0 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 1 2 3 4 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 0
2 2 3 4 0 1 2 2 3 4 5 0 1
3 3 4 0 1 2 3 3 4 5 0 1 2
4 4 0 1 2 3 4 4 5 0 1 2 3
5 5 0 1 2 3 4
89. + 0 1 2 3 89. 1) Add # in left column to # in top row

0 0 1 2 3 2) Divide by 4
1 1 2 3 4 3) Replace remainder in table
2 2 3 4 0
3 3 4 0 1
Exercise Set 10.3

1. A modulo m system consists of m elements, 0 through m – 1, and a binary operation.
2. a) a is congruent to b modulo m, written a ≅ b (mod m), means a and b have the same remainder when
divided by m.
b) 13 and 3 have the same remainder, 3, when divided by 5.
3. In a modulo 5 system there will be 5 modulo classes. When a number is divided by 5 the remainder
will be a number from 0 – 4.
0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14
……………………………………
SECTION 10.3 333
4. In any modulo system, modulo classes are developed by placing all numbers with the same remainder
in the same modulo class.
5. In a modulo 12 system there will be 12 modulo classes. When a number is divided by 12 the remainder
will be a number 0 – 11.
6. In a modulo n system there will be n modulo classes. When a number is divided by n the remainder
will be a number from 0 – (n–1).
7. 27 ≅ ? (mod 5) c or d 27, 12, and 107 have 8. 167 ≅ ? (mod 7) b or d 106, 71, and 22
the same remainder, 2, when divided by 5. have the same remainder, 1, when divided by 7.
9. Thursday = Day 4 30 ≅ 2 (mod 7) Saturday 10. 4 + 161 = 165 and 165 ÷ 7 = 23, remainder 4
Day 4 = Thursday
11. 4 + 366 = 370 and 370 ÷ 7 = 52, remainder 6 12. 5 years = (5 y 365) days = 1825 days
Day 6 = Saturday 4 + 1825 = 1829 and 1829 ÷ 7 = 261, remainder 2
Day 2 = Tuesday
13. 3 years, 34 days = (3)(365 + 34) days = 1129 days 14. 4 + 463 = 467 and 467 ÷ 7 = 66, remainder 5
4 + 1129 = 1133 and 1133 ÷ 7 = 161, remainder 6 Day 5 = Friday
Day 6 = Saturday
15. 728 days / 7 = 104 remainder 0 Thursday 16. 3 yrs. 27 days = 1122 days
1122 / 7 = 160 remainder 2 Saturday
25. 8 + 6 = 14 14 ≅ 4 (mod 5) 26. 5 + 10 = 15 15 ≅ 0 (mod 5)
27. 1 + 9 + 12 = 22 22 ≅ 2 (mod 5) 28. 9 - 3 = 6 6 ≅ 1 (mod 5)
29. 5 - 12 = 3 3 ≅ 3 (mod 5) 30. 7 y 4 = 28 28 ≅ 3 (mod 5)
31. 8 y 9 = 72 72 = 2 (mod 5) 32. 10 - 15 = 0 0 ≅ 0 (mod 5)
33. 4 - 8 = 1 1 ≅ 1 (mod 5) 34. 3 - 7 = 1 1 ≅ 1 (mod 5)
35. (15 y 4) - 8 = 60 – 8 = 52 52 ≅ 2 (mod 5) 36. (4 – 9)7 = (-5)7 = 5(7) = 35 35 ≅ 0 (mod 5)
37. 15 (mod 5) ≅ 0 38. 23 (mod 7) ≅ 2 39. 84 (mod 12) ≅ 0 40. 43 (mod 6) ≅ 1

41. 60 (mod 9) ≅ 6 42. 75 (mod 8) ≅ 3 43. 30 (mod 7) ≅ 2 44. 53 (mod 4) ≅ 1
45. -5 (mod 7) ≅ 2 46. -7 (mod 4) ≅ 1 47. -13 (mod 11) ≅ 9 48. -11 (mod 13) ≅ 2
49. 135 (mod 10) ≅ 5 50. -12 (mod 4) ≅ 0 51. 3 + 4 = 7 ≅ 1 (mod 6) 52. 6 + 5 ≅ 3 (mod 8)
53. 2 + 2 ≅ 4 (mod 5) 54. 4 + 5 ≅ 3 (mod 6) 55. 4 - 5 ≅ 5 (mod 6) 56. 4 y 5 ≅ 6 (mod 7)
57. 5 y 5 ≅ 7 (mod 9) 58. 3 y { } ≅ 5 (mod 6) 59. 3 y { } ≅ 1 (mod 6) 60. 3 y { } ≅ 3 (mod 12)
No solution No solution {1, 5, 9}
61. 4 y { } ≅ 4 (mod 10) 62. 2 – 6 ≅ 4 (mod 8) 63. 4 – 7 ≅ 9 (mod 12) 64. 6 – 7 ≅ 8 (mod 9)
{1, 6}
65. 3 y 0 ≅ 05 (mod 10) 66. 4 y { } ≅ 5 (mod 8) 67. a) 2016, 2020, 2024, 67. c) 2552, 2556, 2560,
No solution 20,28, 2032 2564, 2568, 2572
b) 3004
68. a) flying 7 R 4 b) flying 11 R 2 69. a) 28/8 = 3 R 4 resting 2nd day
c) resting 30 R 0 d) flying 7 – 6 = 1 b) 60/8 = 7 R 4 resting 2nd day
e) flying f) 7 – 20 = 3
c) 127/8 = 15 R 7 am/pm practice
d) no am practice
70. a) 20/10 = 2 R 0 twice a day 71. The manager’s schedule is repeated every seven
b) 49/10 = 4 R 9 twice a day weeks. If this is week two of her schedule, then
c) 103/10 = 10 R 3 twice a day this is her second weekend that she works, or week
d) 78/10 = 7 R 8 yes, rest 1 in a mod 7 system. Her schedule in mod 7 on any
given weekend is shown in the following table:
72. a) 6 ≅ 1 (mod 5) Weekend (mod 7):
If this is week 3, then 3 + 1 ≅ 4 (mod 5) indicates Work/off 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
the 3 P.M. - 11 P.M. shift. w w w w w w o
b) 7 ≅ 2 (mod 5) a) If this is weekend 1, then in 5 more weeks
If this is week 4, then 4 + 2 ≅ 1 (mod 5) indicates (1 + 5 = 6) she will have the weekend off.
the 7 A.M. - 3 P.M. shift. b) 25 ≅ 7 = 3, remainder 4. Thus 25 ≅ (mod 7)
c) 11 ≅ 1 (mod 5) and 4 weeks from weekend 1 will be weekend 5.
If this is week 1, then 1 + 1 ≅ 2 (mod 5) indicates
She will not have off.
the 7 A.M. - 3 P.M. shift.
c) 50 ≅ 7 = 7, remainder 1. One week from
weekend 1 will be weekend 2. It will be 4 more
weeks before she has off. Thus, in 54 weeks she
will have the weekend off.
73. The waiter’s schedule in a mod 14 system is given 74. The truck driver's schedule is repeated every 17
in the following table: days as indicated by the following table:
Day: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Days Activity
shift: d d d d d e e e d d d d e e 0-2 N.Y. - Chicago
Note: This is his second day shift which is day 1 3 Rest in Chicago
in the mod 14 system. 4-6 Chicago - L.A.
a) 20 ≅ 14 = 1, remainder 6. Six days from day 1 is 7-8 Rest in L.A.
day 7 which is the evening shift. 9 - 13 L.A. - N.Y.
b) 52 ≅ 14 = 3, remainder 10. Ten days from day 1 14 – 16
is day 11, which is the day shift. a) 30 ≅ 13 (mod 17) indicates that he will be
driving from L.A. to N.Y.
c) 365 ≅ 14 = 26, remainder 1. One day from day 1
b) 70 ≅ 2 (mod 17) indicates that he will be
is day 2, which is the day shift. driving from N.Y. to Chicago.
c) 2 years = 730 days ≅ 16 (mod 17)
SECTION 10.3 335
75. a) + 0 1 2 3 76. a) + 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 0 1 2 3 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 1 2 3 0
2 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1
2 2 3 0 1 3 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2
3 3 0 1 2 4 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3
b) Yes. All the numbers in the table are from the 5 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4
set {0, 1, 2, 3}. 6 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5
c) The identity element is 0. 7 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
d) Yes. element + inverse = identity b) Yes. All the numbers in the table are from the
0+0=0 1+3=0 2 + 2 =0 3+1=0 set {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}.
e) (1 + 3) + 2 0 + 2 = 2 1 + (3 + 2) = 1 + 1 = 2 c) The identity element is 0.
d) elem. + inverse = identity
Associative since 2 = 2. 0+0=0 1+7=0 2+6=0 3+5=0
f) Yes, the table is symmetric about the main 4+4=0 5+3=0 6+2=0 7+1=0
diagonal. 1+3=0=3+1 e) (1 + 2) + 5 = 3 + 5 = 0
1 + (2 + 5) = 1 + 7 = 0 Yes, Associative
f) Yes. 2 + 4 = 6 = 4 + 2
g) Yes. All five properties are satisfied.
h) Same answer as problem 63 part h.
77. a) 0 1 2 3 78. a) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 2 3 0 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 2 3 0 1 2 0 2 4 6 1 3 5
3 3 0 1 2 3 0 3 6 2 5 1 4
b) Yes. All the elements in the table are from 4 0 4 1 5 2 6 3
the set {0, 1, 2, 3}. 5 0 5 3 1 6 4 2
c) Yes. The identity element is 1. 6 0 6 5 4 3 2 1
d) elem. inverse = identity b) Yes. All the elements in the table are from
0 none = 1 1 1 = 1 2 none = 1 the set {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
3 3 = 1 Elements 0 and 2 do not have c) Yes. The identity element is 1.
inverses. d) No. elem. Æ inverse 0 Æ none 1 Æ1
e) (1 3) 0 = 3 0 = 0 2Æ4 3Æ5 4Æ2 5Æ3 6Æ6
1 (3 0) = 1 0 = 0 Yes, Associative The element 0 does not have an inverse.
f) Yes. 2 3 = 2 = 3 2 e) (1 2) 4 = 2 4 = 1
g) No. Not all elements have inverses. 1 (2 4) = 1 1 = 1 Yes, Associative
f) Yes. 2 3 =6 = 3 2
g) No. 0 does not have an inverse.
For the operation of division in modular systems, we define n ÷ d = n y i, where i is the multiplicative inverse of d.
79. 5 ÷ 7 ≅ ? (mod 9) 80. ? ÷ 5 ≅ 5 (mod 9)
Since 7 y 4 = 28 ≅ 1 (mod 9), 4 is the inverse of 7. Since 5 5 ≅ 5 (mod 9), 1 ≅ 5 (mod 5) ?=7
Thus, 5 ÷ 7 = 0 R 2 5 7 ≅ 2 (mod 9) ?=2
81. ? ÷ ? ≅ 1 (mod 4) 0 ÷ 0 is undefined. 82. 1 ÷ 2 ≅ ? (mod 5)

1 ÷ 1 ≅ 1 )mod 4) 2 ÷ 2 ≅ 1 (mod 4) 2(1/2) ≅ 3? 1 ≅ 6 (mod 5) 1=1
3 ÷ 3 ≅ 1 (mod 4) ? = {1, 2, 3} ?=3
83. 5k ≅ x (mod 5) 5(1) ≅ 0 (mod 5) 84. 5k + 4 ≅ x (mod 5) 5(1) + 4 = 9 ≅ 4 (mod 5)

5(2) = 10 ≅ 0 (mod 5) x=0 5(2) + 4 = 14 ≅ 4 (mod 5) x=4
85. 4k – 2 ≅ x (mod 4) 4(0) – 2 = -2 ≅ 2 (mod 4) 86. Check the numbers divisible by 5 until you find
4(1) – 2 = 2 ≅ 2 (mod 4) 4(2) – 2 = 6 ≅ 2 (mod 4) one that is also congruent to 2 in modulo 6.
x=2 20 ≅ 2 (mod 6) and 20 is also divisible by 5.
87. (365 days)(24 hrs./day)(60 min./hr.) = 525,600 hrs. 88. 1 yr. 21 days = 365 + 21 = 386 days
(525,600)/(4) = 131,400 rolls 131400 ≅ 0 (mod 4) 386/5 = 77 R 1 Halfway up the mountain
89. If 10 is subtracted from each number on the wheel,

23 11 3 18 10 19 2 10 16 4 24 becomes
13 1 20 8 0 9 19 0 6 21 14 which is equivalent to
M A T H I S F U N
Review Exercises
1. A set of elements and at least one binary operation.
2. A binary operation is an operation that can be performed on two and only two elements of a set. The result is
a single element.
3. Yes. The sum of any two integers is always an integer.
4. No. Example: 2 – 3 = – 1, but – 1 is not a natural number.
5. 9 + 10 = 19 ≅ 7 (mod 12) 6. 5 + 12 = 17 ≅ 5 (mod 12) 7. 8 – 10 = -2 ≅ 10 (mod 12)
8. 4 + 7 + 9 = 20 ≅ 8 (mod 12) 9. 7 – 4 +6 = 9 ≅ 9 (mod 12) 10. 2 – 8 – 7 = -13 ≅ 11 (mod 12)
11. a) The system is closed. If the binary operation is then for any elements a and b in the set, a  b is a member
of the set.
b) There exists an identity element in the set. For any element a in the set, if a i = i a = a, then i is
called the identity element.
c) Every element in the set has a unique inverse. For any element a in the set, there exists an element b
such that a b = b a = i. Then b is the inverse of a, and a is the inverse of b.
d) The set is associative under the operation For elements a, b, and c in the set, (a b) c = a (b c).
12. An Abelian group is a group in which the operation has the commutative property.
13. Yes. Closure: The sum of any two integers is an Yes, Associative Example: (2 + 3) + 4 = 2 + (3 + 4)
integer. The identity element is zero. Each element has a unique inverse.
14. The set of integers with the operation of multiplication does not form a group since not all elements have
an inverse. 4 y ? = 1
15. Yes. Closure: The sum of any two rational #s is a Yes, Associative Example: (2 + 3) + 4 = 2 + (3 + 4)
rational number. Each element has a unique inverse. Ex. ; 6 + (– 6) = 0
The identity element is zero. Ex.: 5 + 0 = 0 + 5 = 5
16. The set of rational numbers with the operation of multiplication does not form a group since zero does not
have an inverse. 0 y ? = 1
17. There is no identity element. Therefore the system does not form a group.
18. Not Associative Example: (! p) ? = p ? = ! ! (p ?) = ! ! = U !≠U
19. Not Associative Example: (p ? p) ? 4 = L ? 4 = # p ? (p ? 4) = p ? L = 4 # ≠4
20. a) { , , ?, ∆ } 21. 21 ÷ 3 = 7, remainder 0 21 ≅ 0 (mod 3)

b)
c) Yes. All the elements in the table are from 22. 31 ÷ 8 = 3, remainder 7 31 ≅ 7 (mod 8)
the set { , , ?, ∆ }.
23. 31 ÷ 6 = 5, remainder 1 31 ≅ 1 (mod 6)
d) The identity element is )-- .
e) Yes. elem. inverse = identity 24. 59 ÷ 8 = 7, remainder 3 59 ≅ 3 (mod 8)
= ∆ =
25. 82 ÷ 13 = 6, remainder 4 82 ≅ 4 (mod 13)
? ?= ∆ =
26. 54 ÷ 4 = 13, remainder 2 54 ≅ 2 (mod 4)

f) Yes, Associative
( ?) ∆ =? ∆ = 27. 52 ÷ 12 = 4, remainder 4 52 ≅ 4 (mod 12)
(? ∆)= =
g) Yes. ∆ ?= =? ∆
h) Yes, all five properties are satisfied.
28. 54 ÷ 14 = 3, remainder 12 54 ≅ 12 (mod 14) 29. 97 ÷ 11 = 8, remainder 9 97 ≅ 9 (mod 11)
30. 42 ÷ 11 = 3, remainder 9 42 ≅ 9 (mod 11) 31. 5 + 8 = 13 ≅ 4 (mod 9)

Thus, replace ? with 4.
32. ? – 3 ≅ 0 (mod 5) 33. 4 y ? ≅ 3 (mod 6)

0 – 3 ≅ 2 (mod 5) 1 – 3 ≅ 3 (mod 5) 4 y 0 ≅ 0 (mod 6) 4 y 1 ≅ 4 (mod 6)
2 – 3 ≅ 4 (mod 5) 3 – 3 ≅ 0 (mod 5) 4 y 2 = 8 ≅ 2 (mod 6) 4 y 3 = 12 ≅ 0 (mod 6)
Replace ? with 3. 4 y 4 = 16 ≅ 4 (mod 6) 4 y 5 = 20 ≅ 2 (mod 6)
There is no solution. ? = { }
34. 6 – ? ≅ 5 (mod 7) 35. ? y 4 ≅ 0 (mod 8)

6 – 0 ≅ 6 (mod 7) 6 – 1 ≅ 5 (mod 7) 0 y 4 ≅ 0 (mod 8) 1 y 4 ≅ 4 (mod 8)
6 – 2 ≅ 4 (mod 7) 6 – 3 ≅ 3 (mod 7) 2 y 4 = 8 ≅ 0 (mod 8) 3 y 4 = 12 ≅ 4 (mod 8)
6 – 4 ≅ 2 (mod 7) 6 – 5 ≅ 1 (mod 7) 4 y 4 = 16 ≅ 0 (mod 8) 5 y 4 = 20 ≅ 4 (mod 8)
Replace ? with 1. 6 y 4 = 24 ≅ 0 (mod 8) 7 y 4 = 28 ≅ 4 (mod 8)
Replace ? with {0, 2, 4, 6}.
36. 10 y 7 ≅ ? (mod 12) 37. 3 – 5 ≅ ? (mod 7)

10 y 7 = 70; 70 12 ≅ 5, remainder 10 3 – 5 = (3+7) – 5 = 5 ≅ 5 (mod 7)
Replace ? with 5.
Thus, 10 y 7 ≅ 10 (mod 12).
Replace ? with 10.
38. ? y 7 ≅ 3 (mod 10) 39. 5 y ? ≅ 3 (mod 8)

0 y 7 ≅ 0 (mod 10) 1 y 7 ≅ 7 (mod 10) 5 y 0 ≅ 0 (mod 8) 5 y 1 ≅ 5 (mod 8)
2 y 7 = 14 ≅ 4 (mod 10) 3 y 7 = 21 ≅ 1 (mod 10) 5 y 2 = 10 ≅ 2 (mod 8) 5 y 3 = 15 ≅ 7 (mod 8)
8 y 7 = 56 ≅ 6 (mod 10) 9 y 7 = 63 ≅ 3 (mod 10) Replace ? with 7.
10 y 7 = 70 ≅ 0 (mod 10)
Replace ? with 9.
40. 7 y ? 2 (mod 9) 41. a) + 0 1 2 3 4 5

7 y 0 ≅ 0 (mod 9) 7 y 1 ≅ 7 (mod 9) 0 0 1 2 3 4 5
7 y 2 = 14 ≅ 5 (mod 9) 7 y 3 = 21 ≅ 3 (mod 9) 1 1 2 3 4 5 0
7 y 4 = 28 ≅ 1 (mod 9) 7 y 5 = 35 ≅ 7 (mod 9) 2 2 3 4 5 0 1
7 y 6 = 42 ≅ 6 (mod 9) 7 y 7 = 49 ≅ 4 (mod 9) 3 3 4 5 0 1 2
7 y 8 = 56 ≅ 2 (mod 9) 4 4 5 0 1 2 3
Replace ? with 8. 5 5 0 1 2 3 4
CHAPTER TEST 339
41. b) Since all the numbers in the table are elements of 42. a) 0 1 2 3
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, the system has the closure 0 0 1 2 3
property. 1 1 2 3 0
c) The commutative property holds since the 2 2 3 0 1
elements are symmetric about the main 3 3 0 1 2
diagonal.
d) The identity element is 0 and the inverses of b) The identity element is 1, but because 0 and 2
each element are 0 – 0, 1 – 5, 2 – 4, 3 – 3, have no inverses, the system does not form a
4 – 2, 5 – 1 group.
e) If it is assumed the associative property holds as
illustrated by the example: (2 + 3) + 5 = 4 =
2 +(3 + 5), then the system is a commutative
group.
43. Day (mod 10): 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Work/off : w w w o o w w o o o
a) If today is the first day of her work pattern, day 0, then 18 ≅ 8 (mod 10) indicates Toni will not be working
in 18 days.
b) 38 ≅ 8 (mod 10) indicates that Toni will have the evening off in 38 days.
Chapter Test
1. A mathematical system consists of a set of elements and at least one binary operation.
2. Closure, identity element, inverses, associative property, and commutative property.
3. No, the numbers greater than 0 do not have inverses.
4. + 1 2 3 4 5 5. Yes. It is closed since the only elements in the table

1 2 3 4 5 1 are from the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. The identity element
2 3 4 5 1 2 is 5. The inverses are 1 – 4, 2 – 3, 3 – 2, 4 – 1, and
3 4 5 1 2 3 5 – 5. The system is associative. The system is
4 5 1 2 3 4 commutative since the table is symmetric about the
5 1 2 3 4 5 main diagonal. Thus, all five properties are satisfied.
6. 9 + 3 + 2 = 14 ≅ 4 mod 5 7. 5 – 18 = (15 + 5) – 18 = 20 – 18 = 2 ≅ 2 mod 5
8. a) The binary operation is ∆ .

b) Yes. All elements in the table are from the set {W, S, T, R}.
c) The identity element is T, since T ∆ x = x = x ∆ T, where x is any member of the set {W, S, T, R}.
d) The inverse of R is S, since R ∆ S = T
e) (T ∆ R) ∆ W = R ∆ W = S
9. The system is not a group. It does not have the closure property since c  c = d, and d is not a member of {a, b, c}.
10. Since all the numbers in the table are elements of {1, 2, 3}, the system is closed. The commutative property
holds since the elements are symmetric about the main diagonal. The identity element is 2 and the inverses are
1 – 3, 2 – 2, 3 – 1. If it is assumed the associative property holds as illustrated by the example:
(1 ? 2) ? 1 = 2 = 1 ? (2 ? 3), then the system is a commutative group.
11. Since all the numbers in the table are elements of {@, $, &, %}, the system is closed. The commutative
property holds since the elements are symmetric about the main diagonal. The identity element is $ and the
inverses are @ – &, $ – $, & – @, % – %. It is assumed the associative property holds as illustrated by the
example: (@ O $) O % = & = @ O ($ O %), then the system is a commutative group.
12. 64 ÷ 9 = 7, remainder 1 64 ≅ 1 (mod 9) 13. 58 ÷ 11 = 5, remainder 3 3 ≅ 1 (mod 11)
14. 7 + 7 = 6 mod 8 15. 2 – 3 = (5 + 2) -3 = 4 ≅ 4 mod 5
16. 3 – 5 ≅ 7 (mod 9) 17. 4 y 2 = 8 and 8 ÷ 6 = 1, remainder 2

3 – 5 = (3 + 9) – 5 =12 – 5 ≅ 7 (mod 9) 4 y 2 ≅ 2 (mod 6)
12 – 5 ≅ 7 (mod 9) Replace ? with 2.
Replace ? with 5.
18. 3 y ? y≅ 2 (mod 6) 19. 103 ÷ 7 = 14, remainder 5

3 y 0 ≅ 0 (mod 6) 3 y 1 ≅ 3 (mod 6) 103 ≅ 5 (mod 7)
3 y 2 ≅ 0 (mod 6) 3 y 3 ≅ 3 (mod 6) Replace ? with 5.
3 y 4 ≅0 (mod 6) 3 y 5 ≅ 3 (mod 6)
There is no solution for ? The answer is { }.
20. a) 0 1 2 3 4
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 2 3 4
2 0 2 4 1 3
3 0 3 1 4 2
4 0 4 3 2 1
b) The system is closed. The identity is 1.

However, 0 does not have an inverse, so
the system is not a group.
GROUP PROJECTS 341
Group Projects
1. a) ♣ A B C D 2. a) Yes, see Group Project exercise 3. a).
A B C D A b) Product = 0 when factors 0
B C D A B mod 4, mod 6, mod 8, mod 9
C D A B C c) Product = 0 when at least 1 factor = 0
D A B C D mod 3, mod 5, mod 7
d) The systems in which the modulo is a composite
b) The system is closed. The identity is D.
number system have factors 0.
c) (A ♣ B) ♣ C = C ♣ C = B
A ♣ (B ♣ C) = A ♣ A = B
Yes, Associative
d) A ♣ C = D B♣B=D C♣A=D
D♣D=D All elements have inverses.
e) A ♣ B = C = B ♣ A
Yes, Commutative, symmetrical around the
main diagonal
Therefore, the system is a group.
3. a)
mod 3 mod 4
y 0 1 2 y 0 1 2 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 2 1 0 1 2 3
2 0 2 1 2 0 2 0 2
3 0 3 2 1
3. a)
mod 5 mod 6
y 0 1 2 3 4 y 0 1 2 3 4 5
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 2 3 4 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
2 0 2 4 1 3 2 0 2 4 0 2 4
3 0 3 1 4 2 3 0 3 0 3 0 3
4 0 4 3 2 1 4 0 4 2 0 4 2
5 0 5 4 3 2 1
3. a)
mod 7 mod 8
y 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 y 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 0 2 4 6 1 3 5 2 0 2 4 6 0 2 4 6
3 0 3 6 2 5 1 4 3 0 3 6 1 4 7 2 5
4 0 4 1 5 2 6 3 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 4
5 0 5 3 1 6 4 2 5 0 5 2 7 4 1 6 3
6 0 6 5 4 3 2 1 6 0 6 4 2 0 6 4 2
7 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
mod 9 3. b) mod 3, mod 5, mod 7

y 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 c) mod 4, mod 6, mod 8, mod 9
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 0 2 4 6 8 1 3 5 7 d) Modulo systems that have composite numbers
3 0 3 6 0 3 6 0 3 6 have multiplicative inverses for all nonzero
4 0 4 8 3 7 2 6 1 5 numbers.
5 0 5 1 6 2 7 3 8 4
6 0 6 3 0 6 3 0 6 3
7 0 7 5 3 1 8 6 4 2
8 0 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CHAPTER ELEVEN
CONSUMER MATHEMATICS
Exercise Set 11.1

1. A percent is a ratio of some number to 100.
2. (i) Divide the number by 100. (ii) Remove the percent sign.
3. (i) Divide the number by the denominator.
(ii) Multiply the quotient by 100 (which has the effect of moving the decimal point two places to the right).
(iii) Add a percent sign.
4. Multiply the decimal number by 100 and add a percent sign.
( Amount in latest period ) − ( Amount in previous period )

5. Percent change = x 100
Amount in previous period
Selling Price − Dealer's Cost

6. Percent markup on cost = x 100
Dealer's Cost
1 1
7. = 0.500 = (0.500)(100)% = 50.0% 8. = 0.25 = (0.25)(100)% = 25.0%
2 4
2 7
9. = 0.400 = (0.400)(100)% = 40.0% 10. = 0.875 = (0.875)(100)% = 87.5%
5 8
11. 0.007654 = (0.007654)(100)% = 0.8% 12. 0.5688 = (0.5688)(100)% = 56.9%
13. 3.78 = (3.78)(100)% = 378.0% 14. 13.678 = (13.678)(100)% = 1367.8%
4 6.9 1.34
15. 4% = = 0.04 16. 6.9% = = 0.069 17. 1.34% = = 0.0134
100 100 100
0.0005 1 0.25 20.

18. 0.0005% = = 0.000005 19. % = 0.25% = = 0.0025 3 0.375
100 4 100 % = 0.375% = = 0.00375
8 100
1 0.2 135.9 1
21. % = 0.2% = = 0.002 22. 135.9% = = 1.359 23. 1% = = 0.01
5 100 100 100
343
344 CHAPTER 11 Consumer Mathematics
0.50 95
24. 0.50% = = 0.005 25. ≈ .0271428571 = (0.0271428571 × 100)% =
100 3500
2.714 %
26. 50 + 50 + 40 + 40 = 180 (180)(.06) = $ 10.80 27. 8(.4125) = 3.3 8.0 – 3.3 = 4.7 g
28. (693,905)(.36) = 249,805.8 miles 29. (591,000)(.08) = $ 47,280,000 = $ 47.28 M
30. (591 M)(.06) = $ 35.46 M 31. (591 M)(.27) = $ 159.57 M
32. (591 M)(.59) = $ 348.69 M 33. (32.3 B)(.176) = $ 5.6848 B
34. (32.3 B)(.058) = $ 1.8734 B 35. (32.3 B)(.306) = $ 9.8838 B
36. (32.3 B)(.46) = $ 14.858 B 1, 553 M

37. = .1916 (.1916)(100) = 19.2%
8,105 M
1, 392 M 1, 592 M
38. = .1717 (.1717)(100) = 17.2% 39. = .1964 (.1964)(100) = 19.6%
8,105 M 8,105 M
2,188 M 45, 793

40. = .2699 (.2699)(100) = 27.0% 41. = .942 100 – 94.2 ≈ 5.8 %
8,105 M 48, 622
288.4 M 42. b) (288.4 M)(1.1596) = 334.4 M

42. a) = 1.1596 115.96 – 100.0 ≈ 16 %
248.7 M
9, 457 M 9, 457 M
43. a) = 1.1735 117.35 – 100.0 = 17.3 % 44. a) = 1.1735 117.35 – 100.0 = 17.3 %
8, 059 M 8, 059 M
13, 577 M 13, 577 M
b) = 1.4357 143.57 – 100.0 = 43.6 % b) = 1.4357 143.57 – 100.0 = 43.6 %
9, 457 M 9, 457 M
20, 947 M 9, 457 M
c) = 1.5428 154.28 – 100.0 = 54.3 % c) = 1.1735 117.35 – 100.0 = 17.3 %
13, 577 M 8, 059 M
32, 240 M 13, 577 M
d) = 1.5391 153.91 – 100.0 = 53.9 % d) = 1.4357 143.57 – 100.0 = 43.6 %
20, 947 M 9, 457 M
10, 403.94 50, 000

45. a) = 1.0488 104.88 – 100.0 = 4.9 % 46. a) = 2.00 200.0 – 100.0 = 100 %
9, 920 25, 000
7, 591.93 100, 000
b) = 0.7297 100.0 – 72.97 = 27.0 % b) = 1.3333 133.33 – 100.0 = 33.3 %
10, 403.94 75, 000
7, 591.93 400, 000
c) = 0.7653 100.0 – 76.53 = 23.5 % c) = 2.00 200.0 – 100.0 = 100 %
9, 920 200, 000
8, 397.03 400, 000
d) = 1.1060 110.60 – 100.0 = 10.6 % d) = 16.00 1600.0 – 100.0 = 1500 %
7, 591.93 25, 000
SECTION 11.1 345
47. (.15)(45) = $ 6.75 48. (.065)(150) = $ 9.75 49. 24/96 = .25 (.25)(100) = 25.0%
50. 15/75 = .20 (.20)(100) = 20.0% 51. .05x = 75 x = 75/.05 = 300 52. 10x = 75 x = 75/.10 = 750
53. a) tax = 6% of $43.50 = (0.06)(43.50) = $2.61 54. 25% of what number is 10?
b) total bill before tip = $43.50 + $2.61 = $46.11 10
c) tip = 15% of 46.11 = 0.15(46.11) = $6.92 0.25x = 10 x= = 40
0.25
d) total cost = 46.11 + 6.92 = $53.03 original number of crew is 40.
18 57
55. 1.50(x) = 18 x= = 12 56. 0.30(x) = 57 x= = 190
1.50 0.30
12 students got an A on the 2nd test. The original number of employees was 190.
57. Mr. Browns' increase was 0.07(36,500) = $2,555 58. (0.17)(300) = x = 51 51 prefer Ranch.
His new salary = $36,500 + $2,555 = $39,055
 407 − 430  60.

59. Percent change =   (100 ) =  699 − 320 
 430  379
Percent markup =   (100 ) = = 1.184
 −23   320  320
  (100 ) = – 5.3% (1.184)(100) = 118.4 %
 430 
There was a 5.3% decrease in the # of units sold.
31.1M 62. Percent increase in great grandchildren =

61. = .7913 100.0 – 79.13 = 20.9 %
39.3 M  12 − 8 
  (100 ) = 0.50 Æ (0.50(100) = 50.0 %
 8 
63. Percent decrease from regular price =  11.95 − 7.95 

64. Percent markup =   (100 ) =
 $439 − 539.62   −100.62   7.95 
  (100 ) =   (100 ) =
 539.62   539.62  (0.5031)(100) = 50.3 %
- 18.6 %
The sale price is 18.6% lower than the regular price.
65. (0.18)(sale price) = $675 66. No, 15% of $115 is (0.15)($115) = $17.25
675 The sale price should be 115 – 17.25 = $97.75
sale price = = $3,750 not $100.
0.18
67. $1000 increased by 10% is $1000 + 0.10($1000) = $1000 + $100 = $1,100.

$1,100 decreased by 10% is $1,100 – 0.10($1,100) = $1,100 – $110 = $990.
Therefore if he sells the car at the reduced price he will lose $10.
68. a) No, the 25% discount is greater. (see part b)

b) 189.99 – 0.10(189.99) = 189.99 – 19.00 = 170.99 170.99 – 0.15(170.99) = 170.99 – 25.65 = $145.34
c) 189.99 – 0.25(189.99) = 189.99 – 47.50 = $142.49
d) Yes
69. Total profit must = 0.40($5901.79) = $2,360.72 Total revenue must = $5901.79 + $2360.72 = $8,262.51
Revenue from first sale = 100 × $9.00 = $900 Revenue from second sale = 150 × $12.50 = $1,875.00
Exercise Set 11.2

1. Interest is the money the borrower pays for the use of the lender’s money.
2. The amount of money that a bank is willing to lend to a person is called credit.
3. Security is anything of value pledged by the borrower that the lender may sell or keep if the borrower does not
repay the loan.
4. A cosigner is a person, other than the person who received the loan, who guarantees that a loan will be repaid.
5. i = interest, p = principal, r = interest rate, t = time
The rate and time must be expressed for the same period of time, i.e. days, months or years.
6. A personal note is an agreement that states the conditions of the loan.
7. The difference between ordinary interest and interest calculated using the Banker’s rule is the way in which
time is used in the simple interest formula. Ordinary interest: a month is 30 days and year is 360 days.
Banker’s rule: any fractional part of a year is the exact number of days, and a year is 360 days.
8. The United States Rule states that if a partial payment is made on a loan, interest is computed on the principal
from the first day of the loan (or previous partial payment) up to the date of the partial payment. For each
partial payment, the partial payment is used to pay the interest first, then the remainder of the payment is
applied to the principle. On the due date of the loan the interest is calculated from the date of the last partial
payment.
9. i = prt = (300)(.04)(5) = $60.00 10. (450)(.055)(2) = $49.50
11. (900)(.0375)(30/360) = $2.81 8

12. i = (365.45)(0.115)   = $28.02
 12 
13. i = prt = (587)(0.00045)(60) = $15.85  90 
14. i = (6,742.75)(0.0605)   = $101.98
 360 
 103   67 
15. i = (2,756.78)(0.1015)   = $80.06 16. i = (550.31)(0.089)   = $9.12
 360   360 
 60 
17. i = (1372.11)(.01375)(12)(.5) = $113.20 18. i = (41864)(.000375)(360)   = $941.94
 360 
 450   90   600 
19. (1500)(r)(3 = 450 r=   (100) = 10.0 % 20. p(.03)   = 600 p=   = $80,000.00
 4500   360   .0075 
3 12.00 22. 64.00 = (800)(0.06)(t) = 48t

21. 12.00 = p(0.08)   = p(0.02) p= = $600
 12  0.02
t=
64.00
= 1.33 years, or 1 yr. 4 months
48
23. 124.49 = (957.62)(0.065)(t) = 62.2453t 24. 343.20 = (1650.00)(r)(6.5) = 10725r

124.49 343.20
=t t = 2 years =r r = 0.032 or 3.2% per year
62.2453 10725
25. i = (1000)(.03)(1) = $30.00 15 + 1000 = $1015 26. a) (4500)(.0475)(3) = $641.25

b) 4500 + 641.25 = $5,141.25
SECTION 11.2 347
27. a) i= prt i = (3500)(0.075)(6/12) = $131.25 28. a) i= prt I = (2500)(0.08)(5/12) = $83.33

b) A= p + i A = 3500 + 131.25 = $3,631.25 b) 2500.00 – 83.33 = $2416.67
c) i= prt 83.33 = (2416.67)(5/12) = 1006.95r
83.33
= r = 0.08275 or 8.3%
1006.95
29. a) i= prt I = (3650)(0.075)(8/12) = $182.50 30. a) 0.80x = 350 x = 350/0.80 = $437.50

b) 3650.00 – 182.50 = $3467.50, which is the $437.50 is needed in savings
amount Julie received. 1 1
c) i= prt 182.50 = (3467.50)(r)(8/12) = 2311.67r b) 3 % + 2% = 5 %
4 4
182.50 c) i = prt i = (350)(0.0525)(0.5) = $9.19
= r =0.0789 or 7.9%
2311.67 A = p + i = 350 + 9.19 = $359.19
31. Amt. collected = (470)(4500/2) = $1,057,500 32. i = 80.25 – 75.00 = 5.25

i = prt = (1,057,500)(0.054)(5/12) = $23,793.75 5.25 = (75.00)(r)(14/360) = 2.92r
5.25
r= = 1.80 or 180%
2.92
33. [Jan 17 – July 4] = 185 – 17 = 168 days 34. [06/19 – 02/12] = 170 – 43 = 127 days
Because of Leap Year, 127 + 1 = 128 days
35. [12/08 – 03/17] = 342 – 76 = 266 days 36. [06/14 – 01/24] = (365 – 165) + 24 = 200 + 24 =
224 days
37. [08/24 – 05/15] = (365 – 236) + 135 = 129 + 135 = 38. [12/21 – 04/28] = (365 – 355) + 118 = 10 + 118 =
264 days 128 days
39. [04/15] for 60 days 105 + 60 = 165, which is 40. [05/18] for 180 days 138 + 180 = 318, which
June 14 is November 14
41. [11/25] for 120 days 329 + 120 = 449; 42. July 5 for 210 days 186 + 210 = 396;
449 – 365 = 84 84 – 1 leap year day = day 83, 396 – 365 = day 31, which is January 31
which is March 24
43. [03/01 to 05/01] = 91 – 60 or 30 days 44. [01/15 to 03/01] = 60 – 15 or 45 days
(2000)(.05)(31/360) = 8.61 400.00 - 8.61 = 391.39 (4500)(.03)(45/360) = 16.875

2000.00 – 391.39 = $1608.61 2000.00 – 16.875 = $1983.125
4500.00 – 1983.125 = $2516.875
(1608.61)(.05)(31/360) = 6.70
1608.61 + 6.70 = $1615.31 (2516.875)(.03)(5/360) = 9.44
2516.875 + 9.44 = $2526.32
45. [08/01 to 11/15] = 319 – 213 or 106 days, 46. [04/15 to 08/01] = 213 – 105 or 108 days,
to [12/15] = 30 days to [10/01] = 61 days
(7000)(.0575)(106/360) = 118.51 (7500)(.12)(108/360) = 270.00

3500.00 – 118.51 = $3381.49 1000.00 – 270.00 = $730.00
7000.00 – 3381.49 = $3618.51 7500.00 – 730.00 = $6770.00
(3618.51)(.0575)(30/360) = 17.34 (6770)(.12)(61/360) = 137.66

3618.51 + 17.34 = $3635.85 6770.00 + 137.66 = $6907.66
47. [07/15 to 12/27] = 361 – 196 or 165 days, 48. [01/01 to 01/15] = 14 days,
to [02/01] = 4 + 32 = 36 days to [02/15] = 31 days
(9000)(.06)(165/360) = 247.50 (1000)(.125)(14/360) = 4.86

4000.00 – 247.50 = $3752.50 300.00 – 4.86 = $295.14
9000.00 – 3752.50 = $5247.50 1000.00 – 295.14 = $704.86
(5247.50)(.06)(36/360) = 31.485 (704.86)(.125)(31/360) = 7.59

5247.50 + 31.49 = $5278.99 704.86 + 7.59 = $712.45
49. [08/01 to 09/01] = 31 days, 50. [10/15 to 11/15] = 31 days,

to [10/01] = 30 days to [12/15] = 30 days
to [11/01] = 31 days to [01/01] = 16 days
(1800)(.15)(31/360) = 23.25 (5000)(.14)(31/360) = 60.28

500.00 – 23.25 = $476.75 800.00 – 60.28 = $739.72
1800.00 – 476.75 = $1323.25 5000.00 – 739.72 = $4260.28
(1323.25)(.15)(30/360) = 16.54 (4260.28)(.14)(30/360) = 49.70

500.00 – 16.54 = 483.46 800.00 – 49.70 = 750.30
1323.25 – 483.46 = $839.79 4260.28 – 750.30 = $3509.98
(839.79)(.15)(31/360) = 10.85 (3509.98)(.14)(16/360) = 21.84

839.79 + 10.85 = $850.64 3509.98 + 21.84 = $3531.82
51. [03/01 to 08/01] = 153 days, 52. [07/12 to 10/10] = 90 days,

to [11/15] = 106 days to [12/08] = 59 days
to [12/01] = 16 days to [01/30] = 53 days
(11600)(.06)(153/360) = 295.80 (21000)(.04375)(90/360) = 229.69

2000.00 – 295.80 = $1704.20 8000.00 – 229.69 = $7770.31
11600.00 – 1704.20 = $9895.80 21000.00 – 7770.31 = $13229.69
(9895.80)(.06)(106/360) = 174.83 (13229.69)(.04375)(59/360) = 94.86

4000.00 – 174.83 = 3825.17 6000.00 – 94.86 = 5905.14
9895.8 – 3825.17 = $6070.63 13229.69 – 5905.14 = $7324.55
(6070.63)(.06)(16/360) = 16.19 (7324.55)(.04375)(53/360) = 47.18

6070.63 + 16.19 = $6086.82 7324.55 + 47.18 = $7371.73
SECTION 11.2 349
53. [03/01 to 05/01] = 61 days, 54. [05/15 to 06/15] = 31 days,

to [07/01] = 61 days to [08/01] = 47 days
to [08/28] = 58 days to [09/01] = 31 days
(6500)(.105)(61/360) = 115.65 (3000)(.11)(31/360) = 28.42

1750.00 – 115.65 = $1634.35 875.00 – 28.42 = $846.58
6500.00 – 1634.35 = $4865.65 3000.00 – 846.58 = $2153.42
(4865.65)(.105)(61/360) = 86.57 (2153.42)(.11)(47/360) = 30.93

2350.00 – 86.57 = 2263.43 940.00 – 30.93 = 909.07
4865.65 – 2263.43 = $2602.22 2153.42 – 909.07 = $1244.35
(2602.22)(.105)(58/360) = 44.02 (1244.35)(.11)(31/360) = 11.79

2602.22 + 44.02 = $2646.24 1244.35 + 11.79 = $1256.14
55. a) May 5 is day 125 125 + 182 = 307 56. a) Aug. 31 is day 243 243 + 364 = 607
day 307 is Nov. 3 (607 – 1) – 365 = 241 day 241 is Aug. 29
b) i = (1000)(0.0434)(182/360) = $21.94 b) i = (6000)(0.044)(364/360) = $266.93
Amt. paid = 1000 – 21.94 = $978.06 Amt. paid = 6000 – 266.93 = $5,733.07
c) interest = $21.94 c) interest = $266.93
i 21.94 266.93
d) r = = = 0.0444 or 4.44% d) r = = 0.0460 or 4.6%
(
pt 978.06 182
360 ) (
5733.07 364
360 )
57. a) Amt. received = 743.21 – 39.95 = $703.26 58. a) (600)(.0675)(30/360) = 3.38

i = prt 200.00 + 3.38 = $203.38
39.95 = (703.26)(r)(5/360)
39.95 = (9.7675)(r) (400)(.07)(30/360) = 2.33
r = 39.95/9.7675 = 4.09 or 409% 200.00 + 2.33 = $202.33
b) 39.95 = (703.26)(r)10/360)
39.95 = (19.535)(r) (200)(.0725)(30/360) = 1.21
r = 39.95/19.535 = 2.045 or 204.5% 200.00 + 1.21 = $201.21
c) 39.95 = (703.26)(r)(20/360)
39.95 = (39.07)r b) 3.38 + 2.33 + 1.21 = $6.92= total interest
r = 39.95/39.07 = 1.023 or 102.3%
93337 60. a) [08/03/1492 to 12/01/1620]

59. a) = 0.93337 1492 to 1620 = 127 years = 45720 days
100000
1.00000 – 0.93337 = .06663 or 6.663 % 08/03 to 12/31 = 365 – 215 = 150 days
b) 100000 – 93337 = $6663.00 01/01 to 12/01 = 335 days
45720 + 150 + 335 = 46205 days
100000
c) = 1.071386 (1)(.05)(46205/360) = 6.417361 = $6.42
93337
b) [07/04/1776 to 08/03/1492]
1.071386 – 1.000000 = .071386 or 7.139 %
284 yrs. minus 30 days = 102,210
d) (6663)(.05)(1) = 33.15
(1)(.05)(102,210/360) = 14.1958 = $14.20
6663.00 + 33.15 = $6696.15
c) [08/03/1492 to 12/07/1941]
449 yrs plus 126 days = 161,766 days
(1)(.05)(161,766/360) = $22.47
Exercise Set 11.3

1. An investment is the use of money or capital for income or profit.
2. With a fixed investment the amount invested as principal is guaranteed and interest is computed at a fixed rate.
3. For a variable investment neither the principal nor the interest is guaranteed.
4. Interest that is computed on the principal and any accumulated interest is called compound interest.
5. The effective annual yield on an investment is the simple interest rate that gives the same amount of interest
as a compound rate over the same period of time.
6. The principal that would have to be invested today to have a fixed amount of money in the future.
7. a) n = 1, r = 2.0%, t = 3, p = $2000 8. a) n = 2, r = 2.0%, t = 3, p = $2000

1•3 2•3
 0.02   0.02 
A = 2000 1 +  = $2122.42 A = 2000 1 +  = $2123.04
 1   2 
b) i = $2122.42 – $2000 = $122.42 b) i = $2123.04 – $2000 = $123.04
9. a) n = 2, r = 3.0%, t = 4, p = $3500 10. a) n = 1, r = 3.0%, t = 4, p = $3500

2• 4 1• 4
 0.03   0.03 
A = 3500  1 +  = $3942.72 A = 3000 3500  1 +  = $3939.28
 2   1 
b) i = $3942.72 – $3500 = $442.72 b) i = $3939.28 – $3500 = $439.28
11. a) n = 4, r = 4.75%, t = 3, p = $1500 12. a) n = 4, r = 4.75%, t = 4, p = $1500

4•3 4•4
 0.0475   0.0475 
A = 1500 1 +  = $1728.28 A = 1500 1 +  = $1811.85
 4   4 
b) i = $1728.28 – $1500 = $228.28 b) i = $1811.85 – $1500 = $311.85
13. a) n = 12, r = 6.25%, t = 2, p = $2500 14. a) n = 12, r = 6.25%, t = 2, p = $3000

12 • 2 12 • 2
 0.0625   0.0625 
A = 2500 1 +  = $2831.95 A = 3000 1 +  = $3398.34
 12   12 
b) i = $2831.95 – $2500 = $331.95 b) i = $3398.34 – $3000 = $398.34
15. a) n = 360, r = 4.59%, t = 4 yr., p = $4000 16. a) n = 360, r = 4.59%, t = 8 yr., p = $4000
360 • 4 360•8
 0.0459   0.0459 
A = 4000 1 +  = $4806.08 A = 4000 1 +  = $5774.61
 360   360 
b) i = $4806.08 – $4000 = $806.08 b) i = $5774.61 – $4000 = $1774.61
2• 4 4•3
 0.0266   0.0412 
17. A = 7500 1 +  = $8336.15 18. A = 9500 1 +  = $10743.06
 2   4 
12• 2.5 20. p = 250,000 – 10,000 = 240,000

 0.039 
19. A = 1500 1 +  = $1653.36 12 •10
 12   0.015 
A = 240,000 1 +  = $278814.00
 12 
SECTION 11.3 351
21. p = 800 + 150 + 300 + 1000 = $2250 4•5

 0.0335 
360 • 2 22. A = 5000 1 +  = $5907.60
 0.02   4 
A = 2250 1 +  = $2,341.82
 360 
2•15 2 10
 0.05   0.06 
23. a) A = 2000 1 +  = $4,195.14 24. a) A = 2000 1 +  = $3612.22 - 1st 10 yrs.
 2   2 
2 15 4 8
 0.05   0.06 
b) A = 2000 1 +  = $4,214.36 b) A = 3612.22 1 +  = $5,816.85 - 18 yrs.
 4   4 
 0.08  8  0.0525 
24
25. A = 3000 1 +  = $3514.98 26. A = 6000 1 +
 4   = $6,662.74
 12 
i = $6662.74 – $6000 = $662.74
12 28. Let p = 1.00. Then

 0.08 
27. A = 6000 1 +  = $7,609.45 360
 4   0.056 
A = 1 1 +  = $1.0576
 360 
i = 1.0576 – 1.00 = 0.0576
The effective annual yield is 5.76%
4 24
 0.02   0.12 
29. a) A = 1000  1 +  = $1,040.60 30. a) A = 100 1 +  = $126.97
 2   12 
i = $1040.60 – $1000 = $40.60 i = $126.97 – $100 = $26.97
4 24
 0.04   0.12 
b) A = 1000 1 +  = $1,082.43 b) A = 200 1 +  = $253.95
 2   12 
i = $1082.43 – $1000 = $82.43 i = $253.95 – $200 = $53.95
4 24
 0.08   0.12 
c) A = 1000 1 +  = $1,169.86 c) A = 400 1 +  = $507.89
 2   12 
i = $1169.86 – $1000 = $169.86 i = $507.89 – $400 = $107.89
d) No predictable outcome. d) The interest doubles also.
4 1•1
 0.06   0.04 
31. a) A = 1000 1 +  = $1,125.51 32. a) A = 1000 1 +  = $1,004.00
 2   2 
i = $1125.51 – $1000 = $125.51 i = $1040.00 – $1000 = $40.00
8 1• 2
 0.06   0.04 
b) A = 1000 1 +  = $1,266.77 b) A = 1000 1 +  = $1,040.40
 2   2 
i = $1266.77 – $1000 = $266.77 i = $1040.04 – $1000 = $40.04
16 4•1
 0.06   0.04 
c) A = 1000 1 +  = $1,604.71 c) A = 1000 1 +  = $1,040.60
 2   2 
i = $1604.71 – $1000 = $604.71 i = $1040.60 – $1000 = $40.60
(old amount) 2 d) No
d) New amount =
1000
12•1 12•1
 0.035   0.0475 
33. A = 1 1 +  = 1.03536 or 3.54 % 34. A = 1 1 +  = 1.04854 or 4.85 %
 12   12 
12•1 4 •1
 0.024   0.045 
35. A = 1 1 +  = 1.02426 36. A = 1 1 +  = 1.045765 Yes, 4.85 %
 12   12 
Yes, APY = 2.43 %, not 2.6 %
37. The effective rate of the 4.75% account is: 38. The amount Troy owes the bank after two years is:
 0.0475 
12  0.10  4 y 2
A = 1 1 + A = 1500 1 +  = $1,827.60
 = 1.0485  4 
 12 
1.0485 – 1.00 = 0.0485 or 4.85% Bank’s interest charge:
Therefore the 5% simple interest account pays i = 1827.60 - 1500 = $327.60
more interest. Grandfather’s interest charge:
i = prt = (1500)(0.07)(2) = $210.00
Troy will save 327.60 – 210.00 = $117.60
A 290000 A 783000
39. a) = = $129, 210.47 40. a) = = $204, 010.21
(1+ i n ) ( ) (1+ i n ) ( )
n•t 20 n•t 180
1 + 0.0825 1 + 0.09
2 12
129210.47 204010.21 − 50000
b) surcharge = = $134.88 b) surcharge = = $57.42
958 2682
A 30000 200000
41. p = = = $23, 202.23 42. Present value = = $45,250.17
(1+ i n ) (1 + 0.051512 )
n•t 60 80
 0.075 
1 + 
 4 
50000 20000
43. Present value = 72
= $12,015.94 44. Present value = 60
= $7,062.61
 0.08   0.07 
1 +  1 + 
 4   4 
45. p = 1.35, r = 0.025, t = 10, n = 1 46. p = 2000, A = 3586.58, n = 12, t = 5

A = 1.35(1 + 0.025)5 = $1.53  r 
60
3586.58 = 2000 1 + 
 12 
60
3586.58  r 
= 1 + 
47. a) 72/3 = 24 years b) 72/6 = 12 years 2000  12 
c) 72/8 = 9 years d) 72/12 = 6 years r
(1.79329)1/60 = 1 + = 1.00978
e) 72/r = 22 72 = 22r r = 72/22 = 0.0327 12
r = 3.27% r
0.00978 = r = 0.00978(12) = .117 or 11.7%
12
SECTION 11.4 353
48. A = 2000 [1 + (.08/2)]6 = 2000 (1.04)6 = $2530.64 49. R = $500, r = 5.5%, n = 2, t = 17

i = $2530.64 – 2500 = $530.64  0.055 34 
Simple interest: i = prt = 530.64 = 2000(r)(3)  1 +  − 1
 2  
530.64 S = 500 =
530.64 = 6000r r= = 0.0884 or 8.84 % 0.055
6000
2
 2 
500 [1.51526]   = $27,550.11
 0.055 
50. 51. Use the formula given in exercise 45.

 0.08  120
 a) R = 150, r = 0.056, n = 12, t = 18
 1 +  − 1 ans. S = $55,726.01
 4   b) R = 900, r = 0.058, n = 2, t = 18
S = 50 = $24,412.91
0.08 ans. S = $55,821.15
4
Exercise Set 11.4

1. An open-end installment loan is a loan on which you can make different payment amounts each month. A fixed
installment loan is one in which you pay a fixed amount each month for a set number of months.
2. With an installment plan, the borrower repays the principal plus the interest with weekly or monthly payments
that usually begin shortly after the loan is made. With a personal note, the borrower repays the principal plus
the interest as a single payment at the end of the specified time period.
3. The APR is the true rate of interest charged on a loan.
4. The finance charge is the total amount of money the borrower must pay for the use of the money borrowed.
5. The total installment price is the sum of all the monthly payments and the down payment, if any.
6. The Actuarial method and the Rule of 78’s.
7. The unpaid balance method and the average daily balance method.
8. A cash advance is a loan obtained through a credit card.
9. a) Amount financed = 43000 – 0.15(43000) = $36,550.00

From table 11.2 the finance charge per $100 at 5.5 % for 60 payments is 14.61.
 36550 
Total finance charge = (14.61)   = $5340.00
 100 
b) Total amount due after down payment = 36550.00 + 5340.00 = $41889.96
41889.96
Monthly payment = =$698.17
60
10. a) Amount financed = 2900 – 0.20(2900) = $2,320.00

From table 11.2, the finance charge per $100 financed at 8.5% for 24 months is 9.09.
 2320 
Total finance charge = (9.09)   = $210.89
 100 
b) Total amount due after down payment = 2320 + 210.89 = $2,530.89
2530.89
Monthly payment = = $105.45
24
11. a) From table 11.2, the finance charge per $100 financed at 7.5% for 60 months is $20.23.
 4000 
Total finance charge is (20.23)   = $809.20
 100 
b) Total amount due = 4000 + 809.20 = $4,809.20
4809.20
60
12. a) From table 11.2, the finance charge per $100 financed at 4.5% for 48 months is $9.46.
 2500 
Total finance charge = (9.46)   =$236.50
 100 
b) Total amount due = 2500 + 236.50 = $2736.50
2736.50
48
13. a) Down payment = 0.20(3200) = $640

Total installment price = 640 + (60 y 53.14) = $3828.40
Finance charge = 3828.40 – 3200 = $628.40
 finance charge   628.40 
b)   (100) =   (100) = 24.55
 amt. financed   2560 
From Table 11.2 for 60 payments, the value of 24.55 corresponds with an APR of 9.0 %.
14. a) Total installment price = (64)(24) = $1536.00

Finance charge = 1536.00 – 1420.25 = $115.75
b)   (100) =   (100) = 8.15
 amt. financed   1420.25 
From Table 11.2, for 24 payments, the value of $8.15 is closest to $8.00 which corresponds with an
APR of 7.5 %.
15. a) Total installment price = (224)(48) = $10752.00

Finance charge = 10752.00 – 9000.00 = $1752.00
b)   (100) =   (100) = 19.47
APR of 9.0 %.
16. Down payment = (1/4)(3450) = $862.50 Amount financed = (3/4)(3450) = $2587.50

a) Installment price = (6)(437) = 2622
Finance charge = $2622.00 – $2587.50 = $34.50
b)   (100) =   (100) = 1.33
 amt. financed   2587.50 
APR of 4.5 %.
SECTION 11.4 355
17. Down payment = $0.00 Amount financed = $12000.00

a) Installment price = (60)(232) = 13920
Finance charge = $13920.00 – $12000.00 = $1920.00
  (100) =   (100) = 16.00
From Table 11.2, for 6 payments, the value of $16.00 corresponds with an APR of 6.0 %.
npv ( 36 )( 232 )( 9.52 ) 79511.04
b) u = = = = 725.9956 = $726.00
100 + v (100 + 9.52 ) 109.52
c) (232)(23) = 5336 5336 + 726 = 6062 13920 – 6062 = $7858.00
18. (167.67)(48) = 8048.16 8048.16 – 7500.00 = 548.16

 548.16 
a)   (100) = $7.31 per $100 From Table 11.2, $7.31 corresponds with an APR of 3.5 %.
 7500 
npv ( 30 )(167.67 )( 4.58) 23037.86
b) u = = = = $220.29 )
100 + v (100 + 4.58 ) 104.58
c) (167.67)(17) = 2850.39 2850.39 + 220.29 = 3070.68 8048.16 – 3070.68 = $4977.48
19. a) Amount financed = 32000 – 10000 = $22000

From table 11.2, the finance charge per 100 financed at 8 % for 36 payments is 12.81.
 22000 
Total finance charge = (12.81)   = 2818.20
 100 
b) Total amt. due = 22000 + 2818.20 = $24,818.20
24818.20
36
(12)(689.89)(4.39) 36317.07
c) u = = = $347.90
100 + 4.39 104.39
d) (23)(689.39) = 15855.97 15855.97 – 347.90 = 16203.87 24818.20 – 16203.87 = $8614.17
 94.48 
20. a) Amount financed = (110.52)(24) = $2652.48 2652.48 – 2558.00 = 94.48   (100) = 3.69
 2558 
From table 11.2, the interest rate that would generate a finance charge of $3.69 is 3.5 % for 24 payments.
(110.52)(12)(1.91) 2533.12
b) u = = = 24.86
100 + 1.91 101.91
c) (110.52)(11) = 1215.72 1215.72 + 24.86 = 1240.58 2652.48 - 1240.58 = $1411.90
21. a) Amount financed = $7345.00 with no down payment.

From table 11.2, the finance charge per 100 financed at 8.5 % for 48 payments is 18.31.
 7345 
Total finance charge = (18.31)   = 1344.87
 100 
b) Total amt. due = 7345.00 + 1344.87 = $8,689.87
8689.87
48
(1344.87)(36)(36 + 1) 1791366.84
c) u = = = $761.64
48 ( 48 + 1) 2352
d) (181.04)(48) = 8689.92 (11)(181.04) = 1991.44 1991.44 + 761.64 = 2753.08
8689.92 – 2753.08 = $5936.84
22. a) From table 11.2, at 8.5% for 36 payments the finance charge per 100 is 13.64.
 3600 
Finance charge = (13.64)   = $491.04
 100 
b) Total installment price = 3600 + 491.04 = $4091.04
4091.04
36
c) K = 24, n = 36, f = 491.04
(491.04)(24)(25)
u= =$221.19
(36)(37)
d) $2727.36 Total of remaining payments 2727.36 – 221.19 = 2506.17
2506.17 + 113.64 = $2619.81 Total amount due
23. a) Interest = 500 + (151.39 )(18) - 3000 = $225.02 k = 6, n = 18, and f = 225.02
(225.02)(6)(6 + 1) 9450.84
u= = = $27.63
18(18 + 1) 342
b) $908.34 Total of remaining payments 908.34 – 27.63 = 880.71
880.71 + 151.39 = $1032.10 Total amount due
24. a) Interest = 850 +(134.71)(12) – 2375 = $91.52 k = 6, n = 12, and f = 91.52

(91.52)(6)(6 + 1) 3843.84
u= = = $24.64
12(12 + 1) 156
b) $808.26 Total of remaining payments 808.26 – 24.64 = $783.62
783.62 + 134.71 = $918.33 Total amount due
bal. due 824

25. a) Balance due = 365 + 180 + 195 + 84 = $824 min. payment = = ≈ 17.17 ≈ $18
48 48
b) Bal. due after Dec. 1 payment = 824 – 200 = $624 interest for Dec. = (0.011)(624) = $6.86
Bal. due Jan. 1 = 624 + 6.86 = $630.86
SECTION 11.4 357
bal. due 1175

26. a) Bal. due = 425 + 175 + 450 + 125 = $1175 min. payment = = ≈ 32.64 ≈ $33
36 36
b) Bal. due after Sept. 1 payment = 1175 – 650 = $525 interest for Sept. = (0.012)(525) = $6.30
Bal. due Oct. 1 = 525 + 6.30 = $531.30
bal. due 1095

36 36
b) Bal. due after Mar. 1 payment = 1095 – 548 = $547 interest for March = (0.011)(547) = $6.02
Bal. due Apr. 1 = 547 + 6.02 = $553.02
bal. due 1224

36 48
b) Bal. due after July 1 payment = 1224 – 500 = $724 interest for July = (0.013)(724) = $9.41
Bal. due Aug. 1 = 724 + 9.41 = $733.41
29. a) Finance charge = (1097.86)(0.018)(1) = $19.76

b) Bal. due May 5 = (1097.86 + 19.76 + 425.79) – 800 = $743.41
30. a) Finance charge = (567.20)(0.011)(1) = $6.24

b) old balance + finance charge – payment + airline ticket + hotel bill + clothing = new balance
567.20 + 6.24 – 275.00 + 330.00 + 190.80 + 84.75 = $903.99
31. a) Finance charge = (124.78)(0.0125)(1) = $1.56

b) old balance + finance charge – payment + art supplies + flowers + music CD = new balance
124.78 + 1.56 – 100.00 + 25.64 + 67.23 + 13.90 = $133.11
32. a) Finance charge = (57.88)(0.0135(1) = $0.78

b) old balance + finance charge – payment + paint + curtains + chair = new balance
57.88 + 0.78 – 45.00 + 64.75 + 72.85 + 135.50 = $903.99
33. a) Date Balance Number 15872.07

Due of Days (Balance)(Days) Average daily balance = =
31
May 12 $378.50 1 (378.50)( 1) = $ 378.50 $512
May 13 $508.29 2 (508.29)( 2) = 1,016.58
May 15 $458.29 17 (458.29)(17) = 7,790.93 b) Finance charge = prt =
June 01 $594.14 7 (594.14)( 7) = 4,158.98 (512.00)(0.013)(1) = $6.66
June 08 $631.77 4 (631.77)( 4) = 2,527.08 c) Balance due = 631.77 + 6.66 =
31 sum = $15,872.07 $638.43

31
Mar. 23 $1,578.25 3 (1578.25)(3) = $4,734.75 $1585.37
Mar. 26 $1,658.23 4 (1658.23)(4) = 6,632.92
Mar. 30 $1,710.99 4 (1710.99)(4) = 6,843.96 b) Finance charge = prt =
Apr. 03 $1,460.99 12 (1460.99)(12) = 17,531.88 (1585.37)(0.013)(1) = $20.61
Apr. 15 $1,651.51 7 (1651.51)(7) = 11,560.57 c) Balance due = 1842.36 + 20.61 =
Apr. 22 $1,842.36 1 (1842.36)(1) = 1,842.36 $1,862.97
31 sum = $49,146.44

28
Feb. 03 $124.78 5 (124.78)(5) = $623.90 $121.78
Feb. 08 $150.42 4 (150.42)(4) = 601.68 b) Finance charge = prt =
Feb. 12 $ 50.42 2 (50.42)(2) = 100.84 (121.78)(0.0125)(1) = $1.52
Feb. 14 $117.65 11 (117.65)(11) = 1294.15 c) Balance due = 131.55 + 1.52 =
Feb. 25 $131.55 6 (131.55)(6) = 789.30 $133.07
28 sum = $3,409.87 d) The interest charged using the ave.
daily balance method is $0.04 less
than the interest charged using the
unpaid balance method.

30
Sept. 05 $385.75 3 (385.75)(3) = $1157.25 $351.61
Sept. 08 $110.75 13 (110.75)(13) = 1439.75 b) Finance charge = prt =
Sept. 21 $440.75 6 (440.75)(6) = $2644.50 (351.61)(0.014)(1) = $4.92
Sept. 27 $631.55 5 (631.55)(5) = $3157.75 c) Balance due = 716.30 + 4.92 =
Oct. 02 $716.30 3 (716.30)(3) = $2148.90 $721.22
28 sum = $10,548.15 d) Smaller finance charge on Oct. 5
using the ave. daily balance method.
37. 0.05477 % per day = 0.0005477 a) (600)(0.0005477)(27) = $8.87 b) 600.00 + 8.87 = $608.87
38. a) i = (875)(0.0004273)(32) = $11.96 b) A = 875 + 11.96 = $886.96
39. $1000.00 5% 6 payments

a) State National Bank (SNB): (1000)(.05)(.5) = $25.00
b) Consumers Credit Union (CCU): (1000)(x)(1) = 35.60 (86.30)(12) = 1035.60
1035.60 – 1000.00 = $35.60
 25 
c)   (100 ) = 2.50 In Table 11.2, $2.49 is the closest value to $2.50, which corresponds to an
 1000 
APR of 8.5 %.
 35.60 
d)   (100 ) = 3.56 In Table 11.2, $3.56 corresponds to an APR of 6.5 %.
 1000 
40. The interest on $890 at 5.25% annually for 1 month is: i = (890)(0.0525)(1/12) = $3.89
She will be saving $3.89 by using her credit card.
41. a) Amount financed = 3450 – 1150 = $2300 Total = $74.62 It will take 6 months to
Month Finance charge Payment Balance repay the loan.
1 None $384.00 $1,916.00
2 (1916)(0.013) = $24.91 408.91 1,532.00 b) The total amount of interest paid is
3 (1532)(0.013) = $19.92 403.92 1,148.00 $74.62
4 (1148)(0.013) = $14.92 398.92 764.00 c) The finance charge is $13.38 less
5 (764)(0.013) = $ 9.93 393.93 380.00 using the credit card.
6 (380)(0.013) = $ 4.94 384.94 0.00
SECTION 11.5 359
42. Let p = amount Ken borrowed Since i = prt we have:

p + 2500 = purchase price 13,662 – p = (p)(.06)(3) = 13,662 – p = .18p
Installment price: 2500 + (379.50)(36) = $16,162 13,662 = .18p + p p = 11,577.97
Interest = Installment price – purchase price purchase price = 11,577.97 + 2500 =
i = 16,162 – (p + 2500) = 16,162 – p – 2500 = 13,662 – p $14,077.97
43. $35,000 15 % down payment 60 month fixed loan APR = 8.5 %

(35000)(.15) = 5250 35000 – 5250 = 29750
a) From Table 11.2, 60 payments at an APR of 8.5 % yields a finance charge of $23.10 per $100.
 29750 
  ( 23.10 ) = $6872.25
 100 
36622.25
b) 29750.00 + 6872.25 = 36622.25 = $610.37
60
c) In Table 11.2, 36 payments at an APR of 8.5 % yields a finance charge of $13.64 per $100.
( 36 ) (610.37)(13.64) 299716.08
u= = = $2637.42
100 + 13.64 113.64
f • k ( k+1) ( 6872.25 ) (36)(37) 9153837
d) u = = = = $2501.05
n ( n+1) 60 ( 61) 3660
44. $23,000 10 % down payment 48 month fixed loan APR = 6.0 %

(23000)(.10) = 2300 23000 – 2300 = 20700
a) From Table 11.2, 48 payments at an APR of 6.0 % yields a finance charge of $12.73 per $100.
 20700 
  (12.73) = $2635.11
 100 
23335.11
b) 20700.00 + 2635.11 = 23335.11 = $486.15
48
c) In Table 11.2, 36 payments at an APR of 6.0 % yields a finance charge of $9.52 per $100.
( 36 ) (486.15)(9.52) 166613.33
u= = = $1521.31
100 + 9.52 109.52
f • k ( k+1) ( 2635.11) (36)(37) 3509966.52
d) u = = = = $1492.33
n ( n+1) 48 ( 49 ) 2352
45. With her billing date on the 25th of the month she can buy the camera during the period of June 26 - June 29
and the purchase will be on the July 25th bill. Purchasing during these dates she can pay the bill on August 5th
or later without paying interest.
Exercise Set 11.5

1. A mortgage is a long term loan in which the property is pledged as security for payment of the difference
between the down payment and the sale price.
2. The down payment is the amount of cash the buyer must pay the seller before the lending institution will grant
the buyer a mortgage.
3. The major difference between these two types of loans is that the interest rate for a conventional loan is fixed for
the duration of the loan, whereas the interest rate for a variable-rate loan may change every period, as specified
in the loan agreement.
4. a) A point is 1% of the mortgage. b) For x points multiply the mortgage by 0.01x.

5. A buyer’s adjusted monthly income is found by subtracting any fixed monthly payment with more than
10 months remaining from the gross monthly income.
6. An add on rate, or margin, is the percent added to the interest rate on which the adjustable rate mortgage is based.
7. An amortization schedule is a list of the payment number, interest, principal, and balance remaining on the loan.
8. The FHA insures the loan and a bank provides the money for the loan.
9. Equity is the difference between the appraised value of your home and the loan balance.
10. A home equity loan is a loan in which the equity in your home is used as collateral.
11. a) Down payment = 15% of $250,000 12. a) Down payment = 20% of $175,000
(0.15)(250000) = $35,700 (0.20)(175000) = $35,000
b) amt. of mortgage = 250000 – 35700 = 212500 b) amt. of mortgage = 175000 – 35000 = 140000
Table 11.4 yields $7.65 per $1000 of mortgage Table 11.4 yields $5.68 per $1000 of mortgage
 212000   140000 
Monthly payment =   (7.65) = $1625.63 Monthly payment =   (5.68) = $795.20
 1000   1000 
13. a) Down payment = 10% of $210,000 14. a) Down payment = 5% of $95,000

(0.10)(210000) = $21,000 (0.05)(95000) = $4,750
b) amt. of mortgage = 210000 – 21000 = 189000 b) amt. of mortgage = 95000 – 4750 = 90250
Table 11.4 yields $6.60 per $1000 of mortgage Table 11.4 yields $6.65 per $1000 of mortgage
 189000   90250 
Monthly payment =   (6.60) = $1247.40 Monthly payment =   (6.65) = $600.16
 1000   1000 
15. a) Down payment = 20% of $195,000 16. a) 245000 – 45000 = $200,000.00

(0.20)(195000) = $39,000 b) (200000)(.015) = $3000.00
b) amt. of mortgage = 195000 – 39000 = 156000
c) (156000)(.02) = $3120.00
17. $3,200 = monthly income 18. $4,100 = monthly income

a) (25)(335) = $8,375.00 3200 – 335 = $2865 a) 4100 – 505 = $3595.00
b) (2865)(.28) = $802.20 b) (3595)(.28) = $1006.60
c) Table 11.4 yields $7.91 per $1000 of mortgage c) Table 11.4 yields $9.00 per $1000 of mortgage
 150000   275000 
  ( 7.91) = $1186.50   ( 9.00 ) = $2475.00
 1000   1000 
d) No; $1411.50 > $802.20 2475 + 425 = $2900.00
d) No; $2900.00 > $1006.60
19. a) (490.24)(30)(12) = $176,486.40 20. a) Down payment = 160,000 – 110,000 = $50,000

176486.40 + 11250.00 = $187,736.40 Total cost of house = 50000 + (1038.40)(12)(25)
b) 187736.40 – 75000 = $112,736.40 = $361,520
c) i = prt = (63750)(.085)(1/12) = 451.56 b) interest = $361,520 – $160,000 = $201,520
490.24 – 451.56 = $38.68 c) interest on first payment i = prt
(110,000)(0.105)(1/12) = $962.50
amount applied to principal =
1038.40 – 962.50 = $75.90
SECTION 11.5 361
21. a) down payment = (0.28)(113500) = $31,780 22. Cost of house = $95,000.00

b) amount of mortgage = 113500 – 31780 = $81,720 a) (95000)(.20) = $19,000.00
cost of three points = (0.03)(81720) = $2,451.60 b) 4000 – 135 = $3865 (3865)(.28) = $1082.20
c) 4750 – 420 = $4330.00 adjusted monthly income c) Table 11.4 yields $8.74 per $1000 of mortgage
d) maximum monthly payment =  76000 
(0.28)(4330) = $1,212.40   ( 8.74 ) = $664.24
 1000 
e) At a rate of 10% for 20 years, Table 11.4 d) 664.24 + 125.00 + 28.00 = $817.24
yields 9.66. e) Yes; $817.24 < $1082.20
 81720  f) i = prt = (76000)(.095)(1/12) = $601.67
mortgage payment =   (9.66) = $789.42
 1000  g) (664.24)(25)(12) = 199272
f) 789.42 + 126.67 = $916.09 total mo. Payment 199272 + 19000 = $218,272.00
g) Since $1,212.40 is greater than $916.09, the h) 218272 – 95000 = $123,272.00
Yakomo’s qualify.
h) interest on first payment = i = prt =
(81720)(0.10)(1/12) = $681.00
amount applied to principal = 789.42 – 681.00 =
$108.42
23. Bank A Down payment = (0.10)(105000) = 24. Condominium $525,000.00

$10,500 GCTCU 20% down payment, 7.5%, 15 years,
amount of mortgage 105000 – 10500 = $94,500 1 point at closing
At a rate of 10% for 30 years, Table 11.4 yields SCCU 15% down payment, 8.5%, 20 years,
$8.70 . No points
monthly mortgage payment = (525000)(.80) = 420000
 94500  1 pt.: (420000)(.01) = 42000
  (8.70) = $822.15 At 7.5% for 15 yrs., Table 11.4 yields $9.27.
 1000 
cost of three points = (0.03)(94500) = $2835  378000 
(9.27)   = $3504.06
Total cost of the house =  1000 
10500 + 2835 + (822.15)(12)(30) = $309,309 GCTCU: 105000.00 + 42000.00 + 630730.80 =
Bank B Down payment = (0.20)(105000) = $777,730.80
$21,000
amount of mortgage 105000 – 21000 = $84,000 (525000)(.85) = 446250
At a rate of 11.5% for 25 years, Table 11.4 yields At 8.5% for 20 yrs., Table 11.4 yields $8.68.
$10.16.  446250 
monthly mortgage payment = (8.68)   = $3873.45
 1000 
 84000  (3873.45)(20)(12) = $929,628.00
  (10.16) = $853.44
 1000  SCCU: 929628 + 78750 = $1,008,378.00
cost of the house = 21000 + (853.44)(12)(25) =
$277,032 Grant County Teacher’s Credit Union would
The Nagrockis should select Bank B. provide a lower cost.
 100000 
25. a) Amount of mortgage = 105000 - 5000 = $100000 Initial monthly payment =   (8.05) = $805.00
 1000 
b) Payment # Interest Principal Balance
1 $750.00 $55.00 $99,945.00
2 749.59 55.41 99,889.59
3 749.17 55.83 99,833.76
c) effective interest rate = 6.13% + 3.25% = 9.38%. The new rate is 9.38%.
d) Payment # Interest Principal Balance
4 $780.37 $24.63 $99,809.13
5 780.17 24.83 99,784.30
6 779.98 25.02 99,759.28
e) New rate = 6.21% + 3.25% = 9.46%
26. a) amount of mortgage: $95000 – $13000 = $82,000  amount of mortgage 

At a rate of 8.5% for 30 years, Table 11.4 yields 27. a)   (8.4) = 950
 1000 
$7.69. amount of mortgage = $113,095.24
initial monthly payment = b) (0.75)(total price) = 113,095.24
 82000  total price = $150,793.65
  (7.69) = $630.58
 1000 
b) effective interest rate: 5.65 + 3.25 = 8.9% 28. a) The variable rate mortgage would be the
8.9% is less than 1% above the old rate of 8.5%. cheapest.
Thus, the new rate is 8.9%. b) By choosing the variable rate plan, they would
c) effective new interest rate: 4.85 + 3.25 = 8.1%. save $2,672.64
Review Exercises
1. 3/5 = 0.60 (0.60)(100) = 60% 2. 2/3 ≈ 0.667 (0.667)(100) = 66.7%
3. 5/8 = 0.625 (0.625)(100) = 62.5% 4. 0.041 (0.041)(100) = 4.1%
5. 0.0098 (0.0098)(100) = 0.98% ≈ 1.0% 6. 3.141 (3.141)(100) = 314.1%
3 12.1
7. 3% = .03 8. 12.1% = 0.121
100 100
123 1 .25
9. 123% = 1.23 10. % = 0.25% = .0025
100 4 100
5 0.83 0.00045
11. = 0.83% = 0.0083 12. 0.00045% = 0.0000045
6 100 100
71500 5100
13. = 1.17618 (1.17618)(100 ) ≈ 17.6% 14. = 0.11039 ( 0.11039 )(100 ) ≈ 11.0%
60790 46200
15. (x%)(80) = 25 x% = 25/80 = .3125 16. 0.16x= 44 x = 44/0.16 = 275

(.3125)(100) = 31.25% Forty-four is 16% of 275.
Twenty-five is 31.25% of 80.
17. (0.17)(540) = x 91.8 = x 18. Tip = 15% of $42.79 = (0.15)(42.79) = $6.42

Seventeen percent of 540 is 91.8.
19. 0.20(x) = 8 x = 8/0.20 = 40 ( 95 − 75 ) 20

The original number was 40 people. 20. == .26 (.267)(100) = 26.7
75 75
The increase was 26.7%.
21. i = (2500)(.04)(60/360) = $16.67 22. 41.56 = (1575)(r)(100/360) = 41.56

 157500 
41.56 =   (r) r = 0.095 or 9.5%
 360 
23. 114.75 = (p)(0.085)(3) 24. 316.25 = (5500)(0.115)(t)

114.75 = (p)(0.255) $450 = p 316.25 = (632.50)(t) t = 0.5 yrs. or 6 mos.
25. i = (5300)(.0575)(3) = 914.25 26. a) i = (3000)(0.081)(240/360) = $162

Total amount due at maturity = 5300 + 914.25 = She paid 3000 + 162 = $3,162
$6214.25
27. a) i = (6000)(0.115)(24/120 = $1380.00 1 1

b) amount received: 6000.00 - 1380.00 = 4,620.00 28. a) 5 % + 2% = 7 %
2 2
c) i = prt 1380 = (4620)(r)(24/12) = 9240r b) i = (800)(0.75)(6/12) = $30
r = (1380)(9240) = .1494 (.1494)(100) = 14.9% A = $800 + $30 = $830.00
c) x = amount of money in the account
85% of x = 800 0.85x = 800 x = $941.18
5
 .10 
29. a) A = 1000 1 +  = (1.10 ) = 1610.51
5
1610.51 - 1000 = $610.51
 1 
10
 .10 
b) A = 1000 1 +  = (1.05) = 1628.89
10
1628.89 - 1000 = $628.89
 2 
20
 .10 
c) A = 1000 1 +  = (1.025 ) = 1638.62
20
1638.62 - 1000 = $638.62
 4 
60
 .10 
( )
60
d) A = 1000 1 +  = 1.0083 = 1645.31 1645.31 - 1000 = $645.31
 12 
1800
 .10 
( )
1800
e) A = 1000 1 +  = 1.00027 = 1648.38 1648.38 - 1000 = $648.38
 360 
 r  nt  0.56 
360
30. A = p 1 +  31. Let p = 1.00. Then A = 1 1 +
 n   = 1.05759
 360 
4•15
 0.0475  i = 1.05759 – 1.00 = 0.05759
A = 2500 1 +  = $5,076.35 The effective annual yield is 5.76% .
 4 
80
 0.055  40000
32. p 1 +  = 40000 p= = 13415.00 You need to invest $13,415.00
 4  (1.01375)80
33. 48 mo. $176.14/mo. $7500 24 payments

 954.72 
a) (176.14)(48) = 8454.72 8454.72 – 7500 = $954.72   (100 ) = $12.73 /$100
 7500 
From Table 11.2, $12.73 indicates an APR of 6.0%
(24)(176.14)(6.37) 26928.28
b) n = 24, p = 176.14, v = 6.37 u= = = $253.16
100 + 6.37 106.37
c) (176.14)(48) = 8454.72 (176.14)(23) = 4051.22 8454.72 – 4051.22 = $4403.50
4403.50 – 253.16 = $4150.34
34. a) Amount financed = $3,500 Finance charge = (163.33)(24) – 3500 = $419.92

(419.92)(12)(13)
f = 419.92, k = 12, n = 24 u= = $109.18
(24)(25)
b) 1959.96 - 109.18 = $1850.78 1850.78 + 163.33 = $2014.11
35. 24 mo. $111.73/mo. Down payment = $860 24 payments

a) 3420 – 860 = $2560.00 (111.73)(24) = 2681.52 2681.52 – 2560.00 = $121.52
 121.52 
  (100 ) = $4.75 /$100
 2560 
From Table 11.2, $4.75 indicates an APR of 4.5%
(12)(111.73)(2.45) 3284.86
b) n = 12, p = 111.73, v = 2.45 u= = = $32.06
100 + 2.45 102.45
c) (111.73)(11) = 1229.03 2681.52 – 1229.03 = 1452.49 1452.49 – 32.06 = $1420.43
36. Balance = $485.75 as of June 01 i = 1.3%

June 04: 485.75 – 375.00) = $110.75 June 08: 110.75 + 370.00 = $480.75
June 21: 480.75 + 175.80 = $656.55 June 28: 656.55 + 184.75 = $841.30
a) (485.75)(.013)(1) = $6.31 b) 841.30 + 6.31 = $847.61
c) (485.75)(3) + (110.75)(4) + (480.75)(13) + (656.55)(7) + (841.30)(3) = $15269.75
15269.75/30 = $508.99
d) (508.99)(.013)(1) = $6.62 e) 841.30 + 6.62 = $847.92
37. a) Aug. 01: $185.72 c) Date Balance # of Days Balance-Days

Aug. 05: 185.72 + 2.60 = $188.32 Aug. 01 185.72 4 (185.72)(4) = 742.88
Aug. 08: 188.32 + 85.75 = $274.07 Aug. 05 188.32 3 (188.32)(3) = 564.96
Aug. 10: 274.07 – 75.00 = $199.07 Aug. 08 274.07 2 (274.07)(2) = 548.14
Aug. 15: 199.07 + 72.85 = $271.92 Aug. 10 199.07 5 (199.07)(5) = 995.35
Aug. 21: 271.92 + 275.00 = $546.92 Aug. 15 271.92 6 (271.92)(6) = 1631.52
b) As of Aug. 31, 544.32 + 2.60 = $546.92 Aug. 21 546.92 11 (546.92)(11) = 6016.12
31 sum = $10,498.97
CHAPTER TEST 365
40. a) down payment = (0.25)(135700) = $33,925 41. a) down payment = (0.15)(89900) = $13,485
b) gross monthly income = 64000/12 = $5,333.33 b) amount of mortgage = 89,900 - 13,485 =
adjusted monthly income: $76,415
5333.33 - 528.00 = $4,805.33 At 11.5% for 30 years, Table 11.4 yields 9.90.
c) maximum monthly payment: monthly mortgage payment:
(0.28)(4805.33) = $1,345.49  76415 
 101775    (9.90) = $756.51
 1000 
d)   ( 8.11) = $825.40
 1000  c) i = prt = (76415)(0.115)(1/12) = $732.31
e) total monthly payment: amount applied to principal:
825.40 + 316.67 = $1,142.07 756.51 – 732.51 = $24.20
f) Yes, $1345.49 is greater than $1142.07. d) total cost of house: 13485 + (756.51)(12)(30) =
$285,828.60
e) total interest paid: 285,828.60 – 89900 =
$195,928.60
 78750 
42. a) amount of mortgage: 105,000 – 26,250 = $78,750 First payment =   (6.99) = $550.40
 1000 
b) 5.00% + 3.00% = 8.00% c) 4.75% + 3.00% = 7.75%
Chapter Test
1. i = (2000)(0.04)(1/2) = $40.00 2. 288 = (1200)(0.08)(t) 288 = 96t t = 3 years
3. i = prt = (5000)(0.085)(18/12) = $637.50 4. Total amount paid to the bank

5000 + 637.50 = $5,637.50
5. Partial payment on Sept. 15 (45 days)  0.03  8

i = (5400)(0.125)(45/360) = $84.375 7. A = 7500 1 +  = $7961.99
 4 
$3000.00 - 84.375 = $2,915.625 interest = 7961.99 – 7500.00 = $461.99
5400.00 – 2915.625 = $2484.375
 0.065  36
i = (2484.375)(0.125)(45/360) = $38.82 8. A = 2500 1 +  = $3036.68
2484.38 + 38.82 = $2523.20  12 
interest = 3036.68 – 2500.00 = $536.68
6. 84.38 + 38.82 = $123.20
9. (2350)(.85) = $1997.50 (2350)(.15) = 352.50 10. (90.79)(24) = 2178.96

2178.96 – 1997.50 = 181.46
 181.46  12. $6750 $1550 dp 12 mo. 6750 - 1550 = $5200

11.   (100 ) = $9.08 /$100 5590.20 – 5200.00 = 390.20
 1997.50 
In Table 11.2, $9.08 is closest to $9.09 which f • k ( k+1) ( 390.20 )( 6 ) ( 7 )
a) u= = = $105.05
yields an APR of 8.5% . n ( n+1) 12 ( 3)
b) (465.85)(5) = $2329.25
5590.20 – 2329.25 = $3260.95
3260.95 – 105.05 = $3155.90
13. $7500 36 mo. $223.10 / mo. (223.10)(36) = 8031.60 8031.60 – 7500.00 = 531.60
 181.46 
a)   (100 ) = $9.08 In Table 11.2, $9.08 yields an APR of 4,5% .
 1997.50 
(12 )( 223.10 ) ( 2.45 ) 6559.14
b) u = = = $64.02
100 + 2.45 102.45
c) (223.10)(23) = 5131.30 8031.60 – 5131.30 = $2900.30 2900.30 – 64.02 = $2836.28
14. Mar. 23: $878.25 c) Date Balance # of Days Balance-Days

Mar. 26: 878.25 + 95.89 = $974.14 Mar. 23 878.25 3 (878.25)(3) = 2634.75
Mar. 30: 974.14 + 68.76 = $1042.90 Mar. 26 974.14 4 (974.14)(4) = 3896.56
Apr. 03: 1042.90 – 450.00 = $592.90 Mar. 30 1042.90 4 (1042.90)(4) = 4171.60
Apr. 15: 592.90 + 90.52 = $683.42 Apr. 03 592.90 12 (592.90)(12) = 7114.80
Apr. 22: 683.42 + 450.85 = $1134.27 Apr. 15 683.42 7 (683.42)(7) = 4783.94
Apr. 22 1134.27 1 (1134.27)(1) = 1134.27
a) i = (878.25)(.014)(1) = $12.30 31 sum = $23,735.92
b) 1134.27 + 12.30 = $1146.57 d) (765.67)(.014)(1) = $10.72
e) 1134.27 + 10.72 = $1144.99
15. down payment = (0.15)(144500) = $21,675.00 16. gross monthly income = 86500 ÷ 12 = $7208.33
7,208.33 – 605.00 = $6,603.33 adj. mo. income
17. maximum monthly payment = (0.28)(6603.33) = 18. At 10.5% interest for 30 years, Table 11.4 yields
$1,848.93 $9.15.
amount of loan = 144500 – 21675 = $122,825
 122825 
monthly payments =   (9.15) = $1,123.85
 1000 
19. 1123.85 + 304.17 = $1428.02 total mo. payment 20. Yes, the bank feels he can afford $1,848.93 per
month and his payments would be $1,428.02.
21. a) Total cost of the house:

21675 + (1123.85)(12)(30) = $426,261
b) interest = 426,261 – 144,500 = $281,761
Group Projects
1. a) $340,860.00 b) $308,420.00 c) $23,274.33 d) $174.80 e) $121,135.34
f ) Make a down payment of $20,000 and invest the difference in part (d).
CHAPTER TWELVE
PROBABILITY
Exercise Set 12.1

1. An experiment is a controlled operation that yields a set of results.
2. a) The possible results of an experiment are called its outcomes.
b) An event is a subcollection of the outcomes of an experiment.
3. Empirical probability is the relative frequency of occurrence of an event. It is determined by actual observation
of an experiment.
number of times the event occurred
P(E) =
number of times the experiment was performed
4. The equally likely possible outcomes of an experiment.
5. Relative frequency over the long run can accurately be predicted, not individual events or totals.
6. The best way to determine the likelihood of death for a person is to observe others with similar characteristics.
7. Not necessarily, but it does mean that there is a 50:50 chance that 1 flip will land on heads.
8. Not necessarily, but it does mean that each outcome on a die has a chance of 1 in 6 of occurring.
9. Not necessarily, but it does mean that based on expirical data, Mr. Duncan may live until 79.21 years.
10. a) Roll a die 100 times and determine the number of times that a 5 occurs out of 100.
b) Answers will vary (AWV). c) AWV
11. AWV 12. AWV 13. AWV 14. AWV
15. Of 30 birds: 14 finches 10 cardinals 6 blue jays

a) P(f) = 14/30 = 7/15 b) P(c) = 10/30 = 1/3 c) P(bj) = 6/30 = 1/5
16. Of 60 music lovers: 24 like rock 16 like country 8 like classical 12 like other types
a) P(r) = 24/60 = 2/5 b) P(c) = 16/60 = 4/15 c) P(other) = 12/60 = 1/59
17. Of 95 animals: 40 are dogs. 35 are cats 15 are birds 5 are iguanas
a) P(dog) = 40/95 = 8/19 b) P(cat) = 35/95 = 7/19 c) P(iguana) = 5/95 = 1/19
18. 5/50000 = 1/10000 = 0.0001
19. Of 900 people: 19% like bananas 32% like apples 22% like oranges 27% like others
a) Percents = the relative frequencies of the events occurring.
32 22 19
b) P(a) = = 0.32 c) P(o) = = 0.22 d) P(b) = = 0.19
100 100 100
367
368 CHAPTER 12 Probability
40, 244, 000, 000

20. 40,244 M of a total of 131,100 M = 0.31
P(filing electronically) =
131,100, 000, 000
131,100 M – 40,244 M = 90,856 M people that filed non-electronically
90, 856, 000, 000
P(filing non-electroncally) = = 0.69
131,100, 000, 000
freq. of increases 12 1 43
21. a) P(increase) = = = =1 22. a) P(A) = ≈ 0.067
no. of observations 12 1 645
b) Yes, the answer in part (a) is only an estimate 260
based on observation. b) P(C) = ≈ 0.403
645
90 + 260 + 182 + 43
c) P(D or higher)= = 0.891
645
23. Of 80 votes: 22 for Austin 18 for Emily 20 for Kimberly 14 for Joshua 6 for others
a) P(A) = 22/80 = 11/40 b) P(E) = 18/80 = 9/40 c) P(K) = 20/80 = 1/4 d) P(J) = 14/80 = 7/40
e) P(others) = 6/80 = 3/40
24. Of changes in housing prices across 50 states:

a) P( > 60%) = 2/50 = 1/25 b) P(45% to 59.9%) = 4/50 = 2/25 c) P(30% to 44.9%) = 15/50 = 3/10
d) P(15% to 29.9%) = 27/50 e) P(10% to 14.9%) = 2/50 = 1/25
6 3 13
25. a) P(bulls-eye) = = 26. P(side 4) = = 0.13
20 10 100
14 7
b) P(not bulls-eye) = =
20 10 0
27. a) P(affecting circular) = =0
14 7 150
c) P(at least 20 pts.) = =
20 10 50
b) P(affecting elliptical) = = 0.2
2 1 250
d) P(does not score) = =
20 10 100
c) P(affecting irregular) = =1
100
28. Of 4,058,805 babies born, 2,076,960 were male and 1,981,845 were female.
2, 076, 960 1, 981, 845
a) P(m) = = 0.51 b) P(f) = = 0.49
4, 058, 805 4, 058, 805
224 705
29. a) P(white flowers) = = 0.24 b) P(purple flowers) = = 0.76
929 929
787 277
30. a) P(tall plants) = = 0.74 b) P(short plants) = = 0.26
1064 1064
31. Answers will vary (AWV). 32. Answers will vary (AWV).
SECTION 12.2 369
Exercise Set 12.2

1. If each outcome of an experiment has the same chance of occurring as any other outcome, they are said to be
equally likely outcomes.
no. of outcomes favorable to the event
2. P(event) = 3. P(A) + P(not A) = 1
total number of possible outcomes
4 9 4 5 5. P(event will not occur) = 1 − 0.3 = 0.7
4. P(event will not occur) = 1 − = − =
9 9 9 9
6. P(event will occur) = 1 − 0.25 = 0.75 5 12 5 7

7. P(event will occur) = 1 − = − =
12 12 12 12
8. a) 52 b) 13 c) 26 d) 4 e) 26 9. None of the possible outcomes is the event in

f) 12 g) 4 h) 4 question.
10. The event must include all possible outcomes. 11. All probabilities are between 0 and 1.
12. The sum of the probabilities of all outcomes = 1. 13. a) P(correct) = 1/5 b) P(correct) = 1/4
14. a) P(channel 3) = 1/10 one choice 1

b) P(even channel) = 5/10 = 1/2 15. P(you win) = =
48 possible choices 48
c) P(less than 7) = 7/10
one choice 1 4 1
16. P(you win) = = 17. P(7) = =
52 possible choices 52 52 13
4 4 8 2 48 12
18. P(7 or 9) = + = = 19. P(7) = =
52 52 52 13 52 13
1 13 13 26 1
20. P(5 of diamonds) = 21. P(black) = + = =
52 52 52 52 2
13 1 26 26 52 1
22. P(heart) = = 23. P(red or black) = + = = =1
52 4 52 52 52 1
24. P(red and black) = 0 16 4

25. P(>4 and <9) = P(5,6,7,8) = =
52 13
1 2 1 1
26. P(jack of hearts) = 27. a) P(red) = = b) P(green) =
52 4 2 4
1
c) P(yellow) = d) P(blue) = 0
4
1 1 2 1
28. a) P(red) = b) P(green) = 29. a) P(red) = = b) P(green) = 0
4 2 4 2
1 1 1
c) P(yellow) = d) P(blue) = 0 c) P(yellow) = d) P(blue) =
4 3 6
2 1 1 1 1
30. a) P(red) = = b) P(green) = c) P(yellow) = d) P(blue) =
4 2 8 8 4
Of 100 cans: 30 are cola (c) 40 are orange (o) 10 are ginger ale (ga) 20 are root beer (rb)
40 2 70 7 90 9 10 1
31. P(o) = = 32. P(c or o) = = 33. P(c, rb, o) = = 34. P(ga) = =
100 5 100 10 100 10 100 10
1 5 2 1 2 1
35. P(600) = 36. P(> 400) = 37. P(lose/bankrupt) = = 38. P(2500/surprise) = =
12 12 12 6 12 6
Of 50 tennis balls: 23 are Wilson (w) 17 are Penn (p) 10 are other (o)
23 17 33 40 4
39. P(W) = 40. P(P) = 41. P(not P) = 42. P(W or P) = =
50 50 50 50 5
For a traffic light: 25 seconds on red (r) 5 seconds on yellow (y) 55 seconds on green (g)
55 11 5 1 60 12 30 6
43. P(g) = = 44. P(y) = = 45. P(not r) = = 46. P(not g) = =
85 17 85 17 85 17 85 17
Of 11 letters: 1=m 4=i 4=s 2=p

4 7 4 6
47. P(s) = 48. P(not s) = 49. P(vowel) = 50. P(i or p) = 51. P(not v) = 1 52. P(w) = 0
11 11 11 11
1 4 55. 56.
53. P(= 60) = 54. P(> 250) =
11 11 4 1
P(> 50 and < 250) = P(< 40 and > 163) =
11 11
57. P(15) = 58. P(orange) = 59. P(> 22) = 60. P(< 6 and/or < 9) =
1 13 1 5 3
= P(7,8,9) =
26 26 2 26 26
61. P(male) = 62. P(female) = 63. P(GM, Ford, C-D) = 64. P(not GM,Ford,C-D)
345 69 370 74 533 533
= = =
715 143 715 143 715 715
65. P(female – other) = 66. P(male-GM,Ford,C-D) 67. P(Jiffy) = 68. P(Skippy) =

97 260 52 50 39 13
= = =
715 715 143 159 159 53
69. P(chunky) = 70. P(smooth) = 71. P(Peter Pan - chunky) 72. P(Jiffy – smooth) =
66 22 93 31 23 28
= = =
159 53 159 53 159 159
2 1 1 4 3 6 13 1 2 1 1 3 2 9 11
73. P(red) = + + = + + = 74. P(green) = + + = + = + =
18 12 6 36 36 36 36 18 12 12 18 12 36 36 36
SECTION 12.3 371
1 1 1 2 2 4 1 13 11 24 2
75. P(yellow) = + + = + = = 76. P(red or green) = + = =
6 12 12 12 12 12 3 36 36 36 3
1 11 23  1 2 1  1 25
77. P(yellow or green) = + = 78. P(red or yellow) =  + +  + =
3 36 36  6 18 12  3 36
79. a) P(CC) = 0 b) P(CC) = 1 2 2 4 1

81. a) P(R/R) = • = =
1 4 4 16 4
80. a) P(SCA) = P(S1S2) =
4 2 2 4 1
b) P(G/G) = • = =
1 4 4 16 4
b) P(SCT) = P(S1S2 or S2S1) =
2 2 2 4 1
c) P(R/G) = • = =
1 1 3 1 4 4 16 4
c) P(NSCA or NSCT) = 1 −  +  = 1 − =
 2 4  4 4
2 83. + 1 2 3 4 5 6
82. a) P(sparrow w/low attract. to PK) =
7 1 2 3 4 5 6 1
b) P(high attract. to CC / low attract to PK) = 0 2 3 4 5 6 1 2
4 3 4 5 6 1 2 3
c) P(high attract. to BSSS / low attract to PK) =
7 4 5 6 1 2 3 4
5 6 1 2 3 4 5
6 1 2 3 4 5 6
5 + 2 + 2 + 5 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 3 + 1 = 29
Exercise Set 12.3

1. The odds against an event are found by dividing the probability that the event does not occur by the probability
that the event does occur. The probabilities used should be expressed in fractional form.
2. The odds in favor of an event are found by dividing the probability that the event does occur by the probability
that the event does not occur. The probabilities used should be expressed in fractional form.
3. Odds against are more commonly used.
b a
4. If the odds against an event are a to b, then P(event occurs) = and P(event does not occur) = .
a+b a+b
5. 9 : 5 or 9 to 5 6. 3 : 7 or 3 to 7
1 1 1 1
7. a) P(event occurs) = = 8. a) P(event fails) = 1 – P(event occurs) = 1 − =
1+1 2 2 2
1 1 P(event fails to occur)
b) P(event fails to occur) = = b) odds against the event = =
1+1 2 P(event occurs)
1
2 =  1   2  = 1 or 1:1
  
1  2  1  1
2
c) odds in favor of the event are 1:1.
8 10. 14 bills: 7 - $1; 2 - $5; 4 - $10; 1 - $20

9. a) P(tie goes well) =
27 2 1
a) P($5) = =
19 14 7
b) P(tie does not go well) =
27 12 6
b) P(not $5) = =
c) odds against tie going well = 14 7
19 c) 1 : 6
P(tie does not go well) 19 27 19
= 27 = = d) 6 : 1
P(tie goes well) 8 27 8 8
27
d) odds in favor of it going well are 8:19 .
11. 5 : 1 12. 3 : 3 or 1 : 1
P(3 or greater) 14. odds against rolling greater than 4 =

13. odds against rolling less than 3 = =
P(less than 3) P(failure to roll greater than 4)
=
4/6 4 6 4 2 P(roll greater than 4)
= ⋅ = = or 2:1
2/6 6 2 2 1
P(failure to pick a 6) P(failure to pick a heart)

15. odds against a 6 = = 16. odds against a heart = =
P(pick a 6) P(pick a heart)
48 / 52 48 52 48 12 39 / 52 39 52 39 3
= • = = or 12:1 = • = = or 3:1
4 / 52 52 4 4 1 13 / 52 52 13 13 1
Therefore, odds in favor of picking a 6 are 1:12. Therefore, odds in favor of picking a heart are 1:3.
17. odds against a picture card = 18. odds against card greater than 5 =
P(failure to pick a picture) 40 / 52 40 10 P(failure to pick a card greater than 5)
= = = =
P(pick a picture) 12 / 52 12 3 P(pick a card greater than 5)
or 10:3 20 / 52 20 52 20 5
Therefore, odds in favor of picking a picture card = ⋅ = = or 5:8
32 / 52 52 32 32 8
are 3:10. Therefore, odds in favor of picking a card greater
than 5 are 8:5.
19. odds against red = 20. odds against red =

P(not red) 1/ 2 1 2 2 1 P(not red) 2 / 3 2 3 6 2
= = • = = or 1:1 = = • = = or 2:1
P(red) 1/ 2 2 1 2 1 P(red) 1/ 3 3 1 3 1
P(not red) 5 / 8 5 8 5 P(not red) 5 / 8 5 8 5

21. odds against red = = = • = 22. odds against red = = = =
P(red) 3/8 8 3 3 P(red) 3/8 8 3 3
or 5:3 or 5:3
SECTION 12.3 373
23. a) odds against selecting female = P(failure to win)

24. a) odds against winning = =
P(failure to select female) 16 / 30 16 8 P(win)
= = =
P(select female) 14 / 30 14 7 999999 / 1000000 999999
or 8 : 7 . = or 999,999 : 1
1/ 1000000 1
b) odds against selecting male =
P(failure to win)
P(failure to select male) 14 / 30 14 7 b) odds against winning = =
= = = P(win)
P(select male) 16 / 30 16 8
999990 / 1000000 99999
or 7 : 8 . = or 99,999:1
10 / 1000000 1
P(not a stripe) P(even)

25. odds against a stripe = = 26. odds in favor of even are =
P(stripe) P(not even)
8 / 15 8 15 8 7 / 15 7 15 7
= ⋅ = or 8:7 = ⋅ = or 7:8
7 / 15 15 7 7 8 / 15 15 8 8
27. odds in favor of not the 8 ball are 28. odds against a ball with yellow are
P(not the 8 ball) 14 / 15 14 15 14 P(no yellow) 13 / 15 13 15 13
= = ⋅ = or 14:1 = = ⋅ = or 13:2
P(the 8 ball) 1/ 15 15 1 1 P(yellow) 2 / 15 15 2 2
29. odds against a ball with 9 or greater are 30. The odds in favor of two digits =
P(less than 9) 8 / 15 8 15 8 6
= = ⋅ = or 8:7 P(two digits)
= 15 = =
6 2
or 2:3
P(9 or greater) 7 /15 15 7 7
P(not two digits) 9 9 3
15
5 1
31. a) P(> $5 M) = 32. a) P(2 dots) =
9 3
b) Odds against payout > $5 M 4:5 b) Odds against rolling 2 dots 4 : 2 or 2 : 1
33. The odds against testing negative = P(red) 2 /11 2

34. The odds against red = = =
P(test positive) 4 / 76 4 1 P(not red) 9 / 11 9
= = = or 1 : 18
P(test negative) 72 / 76 72 18 or 2:9
7 7 2 2
35. a) P(Carrie wins) = = 36. a) P(Claire wins) = =
7 + 5 12 2+7 9
5 5 7 7
b) P(Carrie loses) = = b) P(Carrie loses) = =
7 + 5 12 2+7 9
11 11 2 2
37. Odds against 4 : 11 P(promoted) = = 38. Odds against 5:2 a) P(wins) = =
4 + 11 15 2+5 7
5 5
b) P(loses) = =
2+5 7
15 1 1 4
39. P(G) = = 40. P(not G) = 1 − =
75 5 5 5
P(N) 1/ 5 1 43. Odds against I-27 =

41. Odds in favor of N = = = or 1:4
P(not N) 4 / 5 4 P(not I-27) 74 / 75  74  75  74
= =    = or 74:1
42. Odds against N are 4:1 P(I-27) 1/ 75  75  1  1
44. Odds in favor of I-27 are 1:74
34 2
45. P(A+) = = 0.34 46. P(B-) = = 0.02
100 100
66 33 2 1
47. = or 33 : 17 48. = or 1 : 49
34 17 98 49
43 43 71 71
49. P(O or O-) = = or 43 : 57 50. P(A+ or O+) = = or 29 : 71
100 43 + 57 100 71 + 29
9 3
51. If P(selling out) = 0.9 = , then 52. If P(overtime) = , then P(no overtime) =
10 8
9 1 3 5
P(do not sell your car this week) = 1 − = . 1 – 1− = The odds in favor of being
10 10 8 8
1/ 10 1 3/8 3
The odds against selling out = = or 1:9. asked to work overtime = = or 3:5
9 / 10 9 5/8 5
7 1
53. If P(all parts are present) = , then the odds in 54. a) P(Mr. Frank is audited) =
8 42
favor of all parts being present are 7 : 1 . b) Odds against Mr. Frank being audited are 41 : 1.
20 1 1 2 2 4 2
55. a) P(Douglas is a male) = 56. P(even or > 3) = + − = 1− = =
21 2 2 6 6 6 3
b) Odds against being a female are 20 : 1 . 1/ 3 1
Odds against even or > 3 are = or 1 : 2 .
2/3 2
2 1 9
57. P(# 1 wins) = P(# 2 wins) = 58. a) P(R) =
9 3 19
1 5 b) Odds against red are 10 : 9
P(# 3 wins) = P(# 4 wins) =
16 12 1
c) P(0 or 00) =
1 19
P(# 5 wins) = d) Odds in favor of 0 or 00 are 1:18.
2
59. 119648 + 6742 + 506 + 77 = 126,973 multiple births .03x = 126973 x = 4,232,433 total births
( 4232433 − 126973) 4105460 97
Odds against a multiple birth = = or 97 : 3 .
126973 126973 3
SECTION 12.4 375
Exercise Set 12.4

1. Expected value is used to determine the average gain or loss of an experiment over the long run.
2. An expected value of 0 indicates that the individual would break even over the long run.
3. The fair price is the amount charged for the game to be fair and result in an expected value of 0.
4. a) E = P1A1 + P2A2 b) E = P1A1 + P2A2 + P3A3
5. To obtain fair price, add the cost to play to the expected value.
6. No, fair price is the price to pay to make the expected value 0. The expected value is the expected outcome
of an experiment when the experiment is performed many times
7. $0.50. Since you would lose $1.00 on average for each game you played, the fair price of the game should
be $1.00 less. Then the expected value would be 0, and the game would be fair.
8. Fair price = P1G1 + P2G2 + P3G3
9. a) A $10 bet is the same as five $2 bets, thus Marty’s expected value is 5(– 0.40) = – $2.00
b) On average he can expect to lose $2.00
10. a) Paul's expected value on a $5 bet is 5(0.20) = $1.00.

b) If he makes many $5 bets he can expect to win, on average, $1.00 per bet.
11. E = P1A1 + P2A2 = 0.70(200) + 0.30(120) = 140 + 36 = 176 people

12. E = P1A1 + P2A2 = 0.60(80000) + 0.40(-20000) = 48000 – 8000 = $40000
13. E = P1A1 + P2A2 = 0.50(78) + 0.50(62) = 39 + 31 = 70 points
14. E = P1A1 + P2A2 = 0.40(20) + 0.60(12) = 8 + 7.2 = 15.2 people
15. E = P1A1 + P2A2 = 0.40(1.2 M) + 0.60(1.6 M) = .48 M + .96 M = 1.44 M viewers
16. a) E = P(sunny)(1/2) + P(cloudy)(1/4) E = 0.75(1/2) + 0.25(1/4) = 0.375 + 0.0625 = 0.4375 inches/day

b) (0.4375 inches per day)(31 days) = 13.5625 inches of growth during July is expected
17. a) E = P1A1 + P2A2 = (.60)(10000) + (.10)(0) + (.30)(7200) = 6000 + 0 + -2160 = $3840
18. a) (.7)(5) + (.3)(10) = .35 + 3 = $6.50 b) 100.00 – 6.50 = $93.50
19. a) E = P1A1 + P2A2 + P3A3 = P($1 off)($1) + P($2 off)($2) + P($5 off)($5)
E = (1/10)(1) + (2/10)(2) + (1/10)(5) = 7/10 + 4/10 + 5/10 = 16/10 = $1.60
20. a) (1/4)(5) + (3/4)(-2) = 1.25 – 1.50 = -$.25 for Mike

b) (1/4)(-5) + (3/4)(2) = -1.25 + 1.50 = $.50 for Dave
21. a) (2/6)(8) + (4/6)(-5) = 8/3 – 20/6 = 16/6 – 20/6 = -4/6 = -$.67

b) (2/6)(-8) + (4/6)(5) = -8/3 + 20/6 = =16/6 + 20/6 = $.67
22. a) (2/5)(-8) + (3/5)(5) = -16/5 + 3/1 = -3.20 + 3.00 = -$.20

b) (2/5)(8) + (3/5)(-5) = 16/5 – 3/1 = 3.20 – 3.00 = $.20
23. a) (1/5)(5) + (0)(0) + (4/5)(-1) = 1 – 4/5 = 1/5 24. a) (1/4)(5) + (0)(0) + (3/4)(-2) = 5/4 – 6/4 = -1/4
Yes, positive expectations = 1/5 No, negative expectations = -1/4
b) (1/4)(5) + (0)(0) + (3/4)(-1) = 5/4 – 3/4 = 1/2 b) (1/3)(5) + (0)(0) + (2/3)(-2) = 5/3 – 4/3 = 1/3
Yes, positive expectations = 1/2 Yes, positive expectations = 1/3
 1   499  400 − 998  1   999  800 − 999

25. a)   ( 400 ) +   ( −2 ) = = 26. a)   ( 800 ) +   ( −1) = =
 500   500  500  1000   1000  1000
−598 −299 800 999 −199
= = −1.196 ≈ −$1.20 − = = −.199 ≈ −$0.20
500 250 1000 1000 1000
b) Fair price = -1.20 + 2.00 = $.80 b) Fair price = -0.20 + 1.00 = $.80
 1   2   1997 
27. a)   (1000 ) +   ( 500 ) +   ( −3) = .50 + .50 + −2.9955 = −$2.00
 2000   2000   2000 
b) Fair price = -2.00 + 3.00 = $1.00
28. E = P1A1 + P2A2 + P3A3 + P4A4

 1   1   2   9996 
E=   ($9,995) +   ($4,995) +   ($995) +   (–$5)
 10000   10000   10000   10000 
9995 4995 1990 49980 33000
= + + + = = –$3.30
10000 10000 10000 10000 10000
1 1 1 1 1 1
29. (1) + (10 ) = + 5 = 5.5 = $5.50 30. ( 5 ) + (1) + (10 ) = 2.50 + .25 + 2.50 = $5.25
2 2 2 2 4 4
1 1 1 1 1 1
31. (10 ) + ( −5 ) + ( −20 ) = 5 − 1.25 − 5 = −$1.25 32. ( −10 ) + ( 2 ) + ( 20 ) = −5 + .50 + 5 = $0.50
2 4 4 2 4 4
1 1 1 1 1
33. a) (1) + ( 5 ) = .50 + 2.50 = $3.00 34. a) (10 ) + (1) + ( 5 ) = 5 + .25 + 1.25 = $6.50
2 2 2 4 4
b) Fair price = 3.00 – 2.00 = $1.00 b) Fair price = 6.50 – 2.00 = $4.50
1 1 1 1 3 3
35. a) (1) + ( 5 ) + (10 ) = .50 + 1.25 + 2.50 = $4.25 36. a) ( 5 ) + (10 ) + (1) = 1.25 + 3.75 + .38 = $5.38
2 4 4 4 8 8
b) Fair price = 4.25 – 2.00 = $2.25 b) Fair price = 5.38 – 2.00 = $3.38
37. E = P1A1 + P2A2 + P3A3 + P4A4 + P5A5 = 38. Ecompany = P(insured lives)(amount gained) +
0.17(1) + 0.10(2) + 0.02(3) + 0.08(4) + 0.63(0) = P(insured dies)(amount lost)
0.75 base Eco = (0.994)(100) + (0.006)(9,900) = 99.4 – 59.4
= $40, which is the amount the company gains
on this type of policy.
39. a) E = P1A1 + P2A2 + P3A3 40. a) E = P1A1 + P2A2 + P3A3

3 5 2 3 5 2
= (4) + (3) + (1) = 1.2 + 1.5 + 0.2 = (5) + (2) + (−3) = 1.5 + 1.0 – 0.6
10 10 10 10 10 10
= 2.9 points = 1.9 points
b) Fair price = 2.9 points b) Fair price = 1.9 points
c) 3(E) = 3(2.9) = 8.7 points c) 3(E) = 3(1.9) = 5.7 points
SECTION 12.4 377
41. (0.34)(850) + (0.66)(140) = 289 + 92.4 = 42. (.62)(2.3 M) + (.38)(1.7 M) = 1.426 M + .646 M =
381.4 employees $2.072 M
43. (.11)(10) + (.65)(15) + (.24)(20) = 1.1 + 9.75 + 4.8= 44. (.40)(1000) + (.50)(500) + (.10)(0) =
15.65 minutes 400 + 250 = $650.00
45. E = P(1)(1) + P(2)(2) + P(3)(3) + P(4)(4) + P(5)(5) 46. E = P1A1 + P2A2 + P3A3
+ P(6)(6) = 0.70(40,000) + 0.10(0) + 0.20( – 30,000)
1 1 1 1 1 1 = 28,000 + 0 – 6,000 = $22,000
= (1) + ( 2 ) + ( 3) + ( 4 ) + ( 5) + ( 6 )
6 6 6 6 6 6
21 47. E = P1A1 + P2A2 + P3A3
= = 3.5 points
6 200 100 65
= (110) + (160) + (210)
365 365 365
= 60.27 + 43.84 + 37.40 = 141.51 calls/day
48. Profit if Jorge sells the house = 0.06(100,000) 49. a) P(1) = + 161 = 168 + 161 = 169 , P(10) =
1
2
1
4 = 164 ,
= $6,000
P($20) = 81 = 16
2 , P($100) = 1
16
Profit if another Realtor sells the house =
b) E = P1A1 + P2A2 + P3A3 + P4A4
0.03(100,000) = $3,00
E = P1A1 + P2A2 + P3A3 9 4 2 1
= ( $1) + ( $10 ) + ( $20 ) + ( $100 )
= 0.2(5000) + 0.5(2000) + 0.3(1000) 16 16 16 16
= $1,000 + $1,000 – $300 = $1,700 gain 9 40 40 100 189
= + + + = = $11.81
Yes, in the long run if Jorge lists many of these 16 16 16 16 16
$100,000 homes, he can expect to make, on c) fair price = expected value – cost to play =
average, $1,700 per listing. $11.81 – 0 = $11.81
50. a) P($1) = + 41 = 122 + 123 = 125 = 10

1
6 24 ,
50. b) E = P1A1 + P2A2 + P3A3 + P4A4
P($10) = 6 = 24 , P($20) = 6 + 8 = 24
1 4 1 1 4 + 3 = 7 , 10 4 7 3
24 24 = (1) + (10 ) + ( 20 ) + (100 )
P($100) = 81 = 243 24 24 24 24
10 40 140 300 490
c) fair price = expected value – cost to play = = + + + = = $20.42
$20.42 – 0 = $20.42 24 24 24 24 24
51. E = P(insured lives)(cost) + P(insured dies)(cost – 52. No, you don’t know how many others are
$40,000) selecting the same numbers that you are selecting.
= 0.97(cost) + 0.03(cost – 40,000)
= 0.97(cost) + 0.03(cost) – 1200 53. E = P(win)(amount won) + P(lose)(amount lost)
= 1.00(cost) – 1200  1   37  35 37 2
Thus, in order for the company to make a profit, =   (35) +   (–1) = − =−
 38   38  38 38 38
the cost must exceed $1,200
= −$0.053
 18   20  18 20 2
54. E = P(win)(amount won) + P(lose)(amount lost) =   (1) +   (–1) = − =− = −$0.053
 38   38  38 38 38
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
55. a) E = (100 ) + ( 200 ) + ( 300 ) + ( 400 ) + ( 500 ) + ( 600 ) + ( 700 ) + (800 ) + ( 900 )
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
(1000 ) = 
1 5500 
 = $458.33
12  12 
1 1 3700
b) E = ( 5500 ) + ( −1800 ) = = $308.33
12 12 12
Exercise Set 12.5

1. If a first experiment can be performed in M distinct way and a second experiment can be performed in
N distinct ways, then the two experiments in that specific order can be performed in M ⋅ N distinct ways.
2. a) A list of all the possible outcomes of an experiment.
b) Each individual outcome in a sample space is a sample point.
3. (2)(7) = 14 ways. Using the counting principle.
5. The first selection is made. Then the second selection is made before the first selection is returned to the
group of items being selected.
6. (5)(2) = 10 ways
7. a) (50)(50) = 2500 b) (50)(49) = 2450 8. a) (365)(365) = 133,225 b) (365)(364) = 132,860
9. a) (6)(6)(6) = 216 b) (6)(5)(4) = 120 10. a) (10)(10) = 100 b) (10)(9) = 90
11. a) (2)(2) = 4 points 12. a) (2)(2) = 4 points

b) b)
c) P(two girls) = 1/4

d) P(at least one girl) = 3/4
c) P(no heads) = 1/4 e) P(girl 1st and boy 2nd ) = 1/4
d) P(exactly one head) = 2/4 = 1/2
e) P(two heads) = 1/4
13. a) (3)(3) = 9 points 14. a) (3)(2) = 6 points

b) b)
c) P(two Jacks) = 1/9 c) P(two Jacks) = 0/6 = 0

d) P(Jack and then Queen) = 1/9 d) P(Jack and then Queen) = 1/6
e) P(at least one King) = 5/9 e) P(at least one King) = 4/6 = 2/3
SECTION 12.5 379
15. a) (4)(3) = 12 points 16. a) (2)(2)(2) = 8 points

b) b)
c) P(no heads) = 1/8

c) P(exactly one red) = 6/12 = ½ d) P(1 head) = 3/8
d) P(at least one is not red) = 12/12 = 1 e) P(3 heads) = 1/8
e) P(no green) = 6/12 = 1/2
17. a) (2)(2)(2) = 8 points 19. a) (6)(6) = 36 points

b b)
c) P(no boys) = 1/8

d) P(at least one girl) = 7/8
e) P(either exactly 2 boys or 2 girls) = 6/8 = ¾
f) P(boy 1st and boy 2nd and girl 3rd ) = 1/8
18. a) (4)(3) = 12 points

b)
c) P(double) = 6/36 = 1/6

d) P(sum of 7) = 6/36 = 1/6
c) P(Persian cat) = 6/12 = 1/2 e) P(sum of 2) = 1/36
d) P(Persian cat and calico cat) = 2/12 = 1/6 f) No; the P(sum of 2) < P(sum of 7)
e) P(not Persiann) = 6/12 = 1/2
20. a) (3)(3)(3) = 27 points 21. a) (3)(2)(1) = 6 points

b) b)
c) P(Sears – 1st) = 2/6 = 1/3

d) P(Home Depot – 1st / Outback - last) = 1/6
e) P(Sears,Outback,Home Depot) = 1/6
c) P(No vote on all three motions) = 1/27

d) P(Yes vote on exactly two motions) = 6/27 = 2/9
e) P(at least one yes vote) = 19/27
22. a) (3)(3)(2) = 18 23. a) (4)(3) = 12 points

b) b)
c) P(M.K. or E.C.) = 6/12 = ½

c) P(Honey B’s) = 6/18 = 1/3 d) P(MGM or Univ.) = 6/12 = ½
d) P(Rice Krispies and Ginger Ale) = 2/18 = 1/9 e) P(M.K. and (S.W. or B.G.)) = 2/12 = 1/6
e) P(not black cherry) = 12/18 = 2/3
SECTION 12.5 381
24. a) (4)(2)(2) = 16 points 25. a) (3)(3)(3) = 27

b) b)
c) P(Apple) = 1/4
d) P(H-P) = 1/2
e) P(Apple and H-P) = 2/16 = 1/8
c) P(GE,GE,GE) = 1/27
d) P(not GE) = 8/27
e) P(at least 1 GE) = 19/27
26. a) (2)(3)(4) = 24 points 27. a) (2)(4)(3) = 24 sample points

b) b)
c) P(M, black, blue) = 1/24

c) P(geo.) = 1/4
d) P(F, blonde) = 3/24 = 1/8
d) P(geo. or chem.) = 2/4 = ½
e) P(not calc.) = 16/24 = 2/3
28. a) (2)(2)(2)(2) = 16 sample points 29. a) P(white) = 1/3

b) b) P(red) = 2/3
c) No; P(white) < P(red)
d)
e) {ww, wr1 ,wr2 , r1w, r1r1, r1r2,, r2w, r2r1, r2r2}

c) P(round peas) = 8/16 = ½ f) P(2r) = 4/9
d) P(s, w, y, p) = 1/16 g) P(w, then r) = 2/9
h) P(w and r, any order) = 4/9
i) P(at least 1 r) = 8/9
30. a) m or n 30. e) No; same reason as in d)

b) 3 or 4 f) Yes; (1/2)(1/2) = 1/4
c) {m3, m4, n3, n4}
d) No; not unless we know that the outcomes 31. 1 red, 1 blue, and 1 brown
are equally likely.
Exercise Set 12.6

1. a) “or” means at least one event A or B must occur. b) “and” means both events, A and B, must occur.
2. a) P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B)
3. a) Two events are mutually exclusive if it is impossible for both events to occur simultaneously.
b) P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
4. a) P(A and B) = P(A) P(B, given that A has occurred)
5. We assume that event A has already occurred.
6. Two events are independent if the occurrence of either event in no way affects the probability of occurrence of
the other event. Ex. toss two coins; find P (tails and tails)
7. Two events are dependent if the occurrence of either event affects the probability of occurrence of the other
event. Ex. Select two cards from a deck (without replacement); find P (King and King).
8. a) No, it is possible for both to like classical music.
b) No, if the mother likes classical music the daughter will be more likely to like classical music.
9. a) No, both mother and father may be teachers.
b) No, studies have shown that if the husband or wife is a teacher there is an increased probability that their
spouse is also a teacher.
10. a) No, it is possible for an individual to be both happy and healthy at the same time.
b) No, if you are healthy, you are more likely to be happy.
11. If the events are mutually exclusive, the events 12. Student activity problem.
cannot happen simultaneously and thus
P(A and B) = 0.
SECTION 12.6 383
13. P(A and B) = 0.3 14. P(A or B) = 0.9

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B) P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B)
= 0.6 + 0.4 – (0.6)(0.4) = 1.0 – 0.3 = 0.7 0.9 = 0.5 + 0.6 – P(A and B)
P(A and B) = 0.2
15. P(B) = P(A or B) + P(A and B) – P(A) 16. P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B)
= 0.8 + 0.1 – 0.4 = 0.5 0.6 = P(A) + 0.3 – 0.1
0.6 = P(A) + 0.2 P(A) = 0.4
17. P(2 or 5) = 1/6 + 1/6 = 2/6 = 1/3 18. P(odd or greater than 2) = 5/6
19. P(greater than 4 or less than 2) = P(5, 6. or 1) = 20. All numbers on the die are either > 3 or < 5.
2/6 + 1/6 = 3/6 = 1/2 P( > 3 or < 5) = 6/6 = 1
21. Since these events are mutually exclusive, 22. Since it is possible to obtain a card that is both a
P(ace or king) = P(ace) + P(king) = jack and a diamond when only one card is
4 4 8 2 selected, these events are not mutually exclusive.
= + = = P(jack or diamond) = P(jack) + P(diamond) –
52 52 52 13
4 13 1 16 4
P(jack and diamond) = + − = =
52 52 52 52 13
23. Since it is possible to obtain a card that is a picture 24. Since it is impossible to obtain a card that is both
card and a red card, these events are not mutually a heart and a black card, these events are mutually
exclusive. exclusive.
P(picture or red) = P(pict.) + P(red) – P(pict. & red) P(club or red) = P(club) + P(red) =
12 26 6 32 8 13 26 39 3
= + − = = = + = =
52 52 52 52 13 52 52 52 4
25. Since it is possible to obtain a card less than 9 that 26. Since it is possible to obtain a card greater than 8
is a club, these events are not mutually exclusive. that is black, these events are not mutually
24 13 6 31 exclusive.
P( < 7 or club) = + − =
52 52 52 52 16 26 8 34 17
P( > 9 or black) = + − = =
52 52 52 52 26
5 5 1 1 1 4 4 1 1 1
27. a) P(frog and frog)= ⋅ = ⋅ = 28. a) P(3 and 3) = ⋅ = ⋅ =
20 20 4 4 16 20 20 5 5 25
5 4 1 4 1 4 3 1 3 3
b) P(frog and frog)= ⋅ = ⋅ = b) P(3 and 3) = ⋅ = ⋅ =
20 19 4 19 19 20 19 5 19 95
5 5 1 1 1 4 4 1 1 1
29. a) P(lion and bird) = ⋅ = ⋅ = 30. a) P(2 and 4) = ⋅ = ⋅ =
20 20 4 4 16 20 20 5 5 25
5 5 1 5 5 4 4 1 4 4
b) P(lion and bird) = ⋅ = ⋅ = b) P(2 and 4) = ⋅ = ⋅ =
20 19 4 19 76 20 19 5 19 95
3 5 3 1 3 8 8 2 2 4
31. a) P(red bird and monkey) = ⋅ = ⋅ = 32. a) P(even and even) = ⋅ = ⋅ =
20 20 20 4 80 20 20 5 5 25
3 5 15 3 8 7 2 7 14
b) P(red bird and monkey) = ⋅ = = b) P(even and even) = ⋅ = ⋅ =
20 19 380 76 20 19 5 19 95
12 12 3 3 9 5 3 1 3 3
33. a) P(odd and odd) = ⋅ = ⋅ = 34. a) P(lion and red bird) = ⋅ = ⋅ =
20 20 5 5 25 20 20 4 20 80
12 11 3 11 33 5 3 1 3 3
b) P(odd and odd) = ⋅ = ⋅ = b) P(lion and red bird) = ⋅ = ⋅ =
20 19 5 19 95 20 19 4 19 76
5 8 2 11 2 4 6 3
35. P(monkey or even) = + − = 36. P(yellow bird or > 4) = + = =
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 10
5 4 1 8 2 3 8 1 10 1
37. P(lion or a 2) = + − = = 38. P(red bird or even) = + − = =
20 20 20 20 5 20 20 20 20 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
39. P(2 reds) = • = 40. P(red and then yellow) = • =
2 2 4 2 2 4
1 1 1 1 1 1
41. P(red and green) = • = 42. P(2 reds) = • =
4 2 8 4 4 16
3 3 9 5 5 25
43. P(2 yellows) = P(red and red) = • = 44. P(both not yellow) = • =
8 8 64 8 8 64
1 1 1 1 1 1
45. P(2 reds) = • = 46. P(red and yellow) = • =
2 4 8 2 4 8
1 3 3 1 3 3
47. P(both not yellow) = • = 48. P(yellow and not yellow) = • =
2 4 8 2 4 8
49. P(3 girls) = P(1st girl) y P(2nd girl) y P(3rd girl) 50. P(3 boys) = P(1st boy) y P(2nd boy) y P(3rd boy)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= • • = = • • =
2 2 2 8 2 2 2 8
51. P(G,G,B) = P(1st girl) y P(2nd girl) y P(3rd boy) 52. P(G,B,G) = P(1st girl) y P(2nd boy) y P(3rd girl)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= • • = = • • =
2 2 2 8 2 2 2 8
SECTION 12.6 385
53. a) P(5 boys) = P(b) y P(b) y P(b) y P(b) y P(b) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

54. a) P( 7 girls) = • • • • • • =
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 128
= • • • • =
2 2 2 2 2 32 1
b) P(next child is a girl) =
1 2
b) P(next child is a boy) =
2
4 1 4 5 5 25
55. a) P(Titleist/Pinnacle) = • = 56. a) P( Top Flite/ Top Flite) = • =
7 7 49 7 7 49
4 1 4 2 5 4 20 10
b) P(Titleist/Pinnacle) = • = = b) P( Top Flite/ Top Flite)= • = =
7 6 42 21 7 6 42 21
2 5 5 2 2 2 24 1 1 1
57. a) P(at least 1 Top Flite) = • + • + • = 58. a) P(Pinnacle/Pinnacle) = • =
7 7 7 7 7 7 49 7 7 49
2 5 5 2 2 1 11 1 0
b) P(at least 1 Top Flite)= • + • + • = b) P(Pinnacle/Pinnacle) = • =0
7 6 7 6 7 6 21 7 6
26 25 10 5 22 21 77
59. P(neither had trad. ins.) = • = = 60. P(both have managed care) = • =
40 39 24 12 40 39 260
61. P(trad. ins./ trad. ins.) or P(trad. ins./trad. ins.) 14 22 77

62. P(trad. ins./managed care) = • =
40 39 390
 14 26   14 13  28 7 35 7
= • + •  = + = =
 40 39   40 39  60 60 60 12
19 18 17 969 6 19 18 171
63. P(all recommended) = • • = 64. P(no/yes/yes) = • • =
30 29 28 4060 30 29 28 2030
6 5 5 5 19 6 5 19
65. P(no/no/not sure) = • • = 66. P(yes/no/no) = • • =
30 29 28 812 30 29 28 812
67. The probability that any individual reacts favorably 70. One does not react favorably if the reaction is
is 70/100 or 0.7. unfavorable or if it is unaffected.
P(Mrs. Rivera reacts favorably) = 0.7 P(not favorable) = 0.1 + 0.2 = 0.3. Therefore,
P(none reacts favorably) = (0.3)3 = 0.027
68. Since it is assumed the sample is representative of
the entire population, it must be assumed this 71. Since each question has four possible answers of
experiment is done with replacement. If done which only one is correct, the probability of
w/o replacement, the number in the population guessing correctly on any given question is 1/4.
must be known. In addition, since the population P(correct answer on any one question) = ¼
is so large, reducing the numerator and/or
denominator by 1 has no appreciable effect on the 72. If you have guessed correctly on only the first
answer. question, then you have missed the last four. The
P(Mr. Rivera and Mrs. Rivera react favorably and probability of missing any given question is 3/4.
Carlos is unaffected) = P(Mr. Rivera reacts
P(only the 1st correct) = P(1st corr)yP(2nd incorr)
favorable) y P(Mrs. Rivera reacts favorable) y
P(Carlos is unaffected) = 0.7y0.7y0.2 = 0.098 yP(3rd incorr)yP(4th incorr)yP(5th incorr)
= (1/4)(3/4)(3/4)(3/4)(3/4) = 81/1024
69. P(all 3 react favorably) = 0.7y0.7y0.7 = 0.343
73. P(only the 3rd and 4th questions correct) = 74. P(all 5 questions correct) =
 3 3 1  1  3 27  1  1  1  1  1  1
      =       =
     
4 4 4 4 4 1024  4   4   4   4   4  1024
75. P(none of the 5 questions correct) = 76. P(at least one is correct) = 1 – P(none are correct)
 3   3   3   3   3  243 243 781
      = = 1− =
 4   4   4   4   4  1024 1024 1024
77. P(bell on 1st reel) = 3/22 78. P(orange on all 3 reels) =

P(Or on 1st)P(Or on 2nd)P(Or on 3rd) =
 5  4  5  100 25
    = =
   
22 22 22 10648 2662
 20  20  21 
79. P(no bar/no bar/no bar) =     =
1050  1  1  1  1
80. P(7/7/7) =       =
 22  22  22  1331    
22 22 22 10648
1 2  2 1 82. P(red on outer and blue on inner) =

81. P(yellow/yellow) =     = =
 8   12  96 48 4 2 1 1 1
• = • =
12 8 3 4 12
83. P(not red on outer and not red on inner) = 84. P(at least one is red) = 1 – P(neither is red) =
8 5 5 5 7
⋅ = 1− =
12 8 12 12 12
85. P(no hit/no hit) = (0.6)(0.6) = 0.36 86. P(hit/no hit) = (0.4)(0.1) = 0.04
87. P(both hit) = (0.4)(0.9) = 0.36 88. P(1st miss/2nd hit) = (0.6)(0.4) = 0.24
89. a) No; The probability of the 1st depends on the 90. a) P(Mrs. Jones # is selected) = (1/10)(1/10(1/10)
outcome of the first. = .001
b) P(one afflicted) = .001
c) P(both afflicted) = (.001)(.04) = .00004 91. P(audit this year) = .032
d) P(not afflicted/afflicted) = (.999)(.001) = .000999 92. P(audited next 2 years) = (.032)(.032) = .001024
e) P(not affl/not affl) = (.999)(.999) = .99801 93. P(audit/no audit) = (.032)(.968) = .030976
94. P(no audit/no audit) = (.968)(.968) = .937024
95. P(2 - same color) = P(2 r) + P(2 b) + P(2 y) 96. P(at least 1 yen) =
 5  4   3  2   2  1  3  7   7  3  3  2
=   +   +   =   +   +  
 10   9   10   9   10   9   10   9   10   9   10   9 
 20   6   2  28 14  21   21   6  48 8
=  + +  = = =  + +  = =
 90   90   90  90 45  90   90   90  90 15
SECTION 12.7 387
 39   38  1482 98. The other card could be the ace or the queen and
97. P(no diamonds) =     = = .56 it is equally likely that it is either one.
 52   51  2652
The game favors the dealer since the probability of Thus, the probability the card is the queen is 1/2.
no diamonds is greater than 1/2.
99. yyy 100. P(3/3) = (3/6)(3/6) = 9/36 = 1/4

yy
y yyy P(2/2) = (2/6)(2/6) = 4/36 = 1/9 101. P(even or < 3) = 2/6 + 3/6 – 2/6 = 3/6 = 1/2
yy
yyy 102. P(odd or > 1) = 4/6 + 5/6 -3/6 = 6/6 = 1
Exercise Set 12.7

1. The probability of E2 given that E1 has occurred. n ( E1 and E 2 )
2. P ( E 2 | E1 ) =
n ( E1 )
n(E1 I E 2 ) 4 1 5
3. P(E2  E1) = = = 4. P(E2  E1) =
n(E1 ) 12 3 22
5. P(5orange) = 1 6. P(3yellow) = 0
7. P(evennot orange) = 3/5 8. P(> 2  < 5) = 1/4
9. P(redorange) = 0 10. P(> 3  yellow) = 1/2
11. P(circleodd) = 3/4 12. P(circle> 5) = 2/3
13. P(redeven) = 2/3 14. P(circleeven) = 0
15. P(circle or square < 4) = 2/3 16. P(circleeven) = 0
17. P(5 red) = 1/3 18. P(evenred) = 1/3
19. P(purpleodd) = 2/6 = 1/3 20. P(> 4 red) = 1
21. P(> 4 purple) = 3/5 22. P(evenred or purple) = 4/8 = 1/2
23. P(gold> 5) = 1/7 24. P(gold> 10) = 0
25. P(1 and 1) = (1/4)(1/4) = 1/16 26. P(1 and 1) = 1/4
27. P(5at least a 5) = 1/7 28. P(> 5 2nd bill = 10) = 2/4 = ½
29. P(sum = 6) = 5/36 30. P(61) = 1/6
31. P(63) = 1/6 32. P(even2nd die = 2) = 3/6 = ½

33. P(> 7 2nd die = 5) = 4/6 = 2/3 34. P(7 or 111st die = 5) = 2/6 = 1/3
35. P(Pepsi) = 107/217 36. P(woman) = 112/217
37. P(Cokewoman) = 50/112 = 25/56 38. P(Pepsimale) = 45/105 = 9/21 = 3/7
39. P(manprefers Coke) = 60/110 = 12/22 = 6/11 40. P(womanprefers Pepsi) = 62/107
41. P(girl) = 160/360 = 4/9 42. P(child selected lion) = 165/360 = 33/72
43. P(elephantboy) = 110/200 = 11/20 44. P(liongirl) = 75/160 = 15/32
45. P(boyelephant) = 110/195 = 22/39 46. P(girllion) = 75/165 = 13/33 = 5/11
47. P(only tapes) = 133/300 48. P(> 30) = 180/300 = 3/5
49. P(DVD< 30) = 60/120 = 1/2 50. P(both VTs and DVDs> 30) = 22/180 = 11/90
51. P(> 30both VTs and DVDs) = 21/43 52. P(> 30VTs only) = 94/133
53. P(Air Force) = 8833/27630 = 0.3197 54. P(acquitted) = 1574/27630 = 0.0570
55. P(acquittedArmy) = 434/5458 = 0.0795 56. P(convictedNavy-MC = 12866/13339 = 0.9645
57. P(Armyconvicted) = 5024/26056 = 0.1928 58. P(Air Forceacquitted) = 667/1574 = 0.4238
300 10 100 20
59. P(good) = = 60. P(good50 watts) = =
330 11 105 21
15 3 120 12
61. P(defective  20 watts) = = 62. P(good  100 watts) = =
95 19 130 13
220 44 25 1
63. P(good  50 or 100 watts) = = 64. P(defective  not 50 watts) = =
235 47 225 9
110 11 50 2
65. P(ABC or NBC) = = 66. P(ABC  woman) = =
270 27 125 5
50 10 105 21
67. P(ABC or NBC  man) = = 68. P(not CBS woman) = =
145 29 125 25
11 30 6
69. P(ABC,NBC,or CBS  man) = 70. P(NBC or CBS  Woman) = =
29 125 25
71. P(large company stock) = 93/200 72. P(value stock) = 73/200

SECTION 12.8 389
73. P(blend  medium co. stock) = 15/52 74. P(large co. stock  blend stock) = 23/50
75. a) n(A) = 140 b) n(B) = 120 n(E1 and E 2 )

c) P(A) = 140/200 = 7/10 P(E1 and E 2 ) n
76. P(E2E1) = =
d) P(B) = 120/200 = 6/10 = 3/5 P(E1 ) n(E1 )
n(B and A) 80 2 n
e) P(AB) = = =
n(B) 120 3 n(E1 and E 2 ) n n(E1 and E 2 )
= • =
n(A and B) 80 4 n n ( E1 ) n ( E1 )
f) P(BA) = = =
n(B) 140 7 n(E1 and E 2 )
∴ P(E2E1) =
 7   3  21 n ( E1 )
g) P(A)yP(B) =     =
 10   5  50
2 21 n ( B and A ) 0.12
P(AB) P(A)yP(B) ≠ 77. a) P(A | B) = = = 0.3
3 50 n ( B) 0.4
A and B are not independent events.
n ( A and B ) 0.12
b) P(B | A) = = = 0.4
n (A) 0.3
c) Yes, P(A) = P(A | B) and P(B) = P(B | A).
78. P(green circle  +) = 1/3 79. P(+  orange circle) = 2/3
80. P(yellow circle  -) = 1/3 81. P(green +  +) = 1/3
82. P(green or orange circle  green +) = 1 83. P(orange circle w/green +  +) = 1/3
Exercise Set 12.8

3. n! = n(n – 1)(n – 2) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1 4. Multiply the counting numbers from n down to 1.
5. The number of permutations of n items taken r at n!

a time. 6.
n1 !n 2 !⋅⋅⋅ n r !
n! 8. Yes, because 0! = 1! = 1
7. n Pr =
( − r)!
n
9. 6! = 720 10. 8! = 40320
6! 5!
11. 6
P2 = = 6 • 5 = 30 12. 5 2
P = = 5 • 4 = 20
4! 3!
13. 0! = 1 6!
14. 6
P4 = = 6 • 5 • 4 • 3 = 360
2!
8! 5!
15. 8 0
P = =1 16. 5 0
P = =1
8! 5!
9! 4!
17. 9
P4 = = 9 • 8 • 7 • 6 = 3024 18. 4
P4 = = 4! = 24
5! 0!
8! 10!
19. 8 5
P= = 8 • 7 • 6 • 5 • 4 = 6720 20. 10 6
P = = 10 • 9 • 8 • 7 • 6 • 5 = 151200
3! 4!
21. (10)(10)(10)(10) = 10000 22. (8)(7) = 56
23. a) (26)(25)(24)(10)(9)(8) = 11,232,000 24. a) (36)(36)(36)(36) = 1,679,616

b) (26)(26)(26)(10)(10)(10) = 17,576,000 b) (62)(62)(62)(62) = 14,776,336
25. a) 55 = 3125 26. 109 = 1, 000, 000, 000

1
b) = 0.00032
3125 27. (34)(36)(36)(36)(36) = 57,106,944
28. 7y6y5 = 210 29. 8y10y9 = 720 systems
30. a) 5! = 120 b) 5! = 120 31. a) 6! = 720 b) 5! = 120

c) 4! = 24 d) 3! = 6 c) 4! = 24 d) 5!y5 = 600
8! 8! 8·7·6·5! 8! 8! 8·7·6·5!
32. 8P3 = = = = 336 33. 8P3 = = = = 336
(8 − 3)! 5! 5! (8 − 3)! 5! 5!
34. 1010 = 10,000,000,000 possible ISBN numbers 35. a) There are 12 individuals and they can be
arranged in 12! = 479,001,600 ways
b) 10! = 3,628,800 different ways
c) 5! ⋅ 5! = 14,400 different ways
36. a) 8! = 40320 37. (26)(25)(10)(9)(8)(7) = 650y5040 = 3,276,000

b) 3y6!y2 = 720y6 = 4320
c) 5y4y6! = 14400 38. (26)(26)(10)(10)(10)(10) = 6,760,000
39. (26)(10)(9)(8)(7) = 131,040 40. (4)(25)(10)(9)(8)(7) = 504,000
41. (10)(10)(10)(26)(26) = 676,000 42. (10)(9)(8)(26)(25) = 468,000
43. (5)(4)(8)(26)(25) = 104,000 44. (9)(9)(8)(26)(25) = 421,200
45. a) (8)(10)(10)(10)(10)(10)(10) = 8,000,000 12! (12 )·(11)·(10 )·( 9!)

b) (8)(10)(10)(8,000,000) = 6,400,000,000 46. 12 3
P = = = 1,320
9! 9!
c) (8)(10)(10)(8) (1010 ) )= (64) (1012 )
= 64,000,000,000,000 15! (15 )(14 )(13)·(12 )·(11)(10 )( 9!)
47. 15 6
P = =
9! 9!
= 3,603,800
SECTION 12.8 391
48. Since the order of the answers is important, this is a 7! 7!

49. 7
P7 = = = 7! = 5, 040
10! 10! 0! 1
permutation problem. P = =
10 10
(10 − 10)! 0!
= (10)(9)(8)(7)(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1) = 3,628,800 50. (3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) = 36 = 729 ways
51. (5)(4)(7)(2) = 280 systems 52. (5)(2)(6) = 60
9! 10! 3628800
53. 9P9 = = 9! = 362,880 54. = = 907,200
0! 2!2! 4
12! 479001600 11!

55. = = 1,663,200 56. = 34, 650
4!3!2! (24)(6)(2) 4!4!2!
7! (7)(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1) 7! (7)(6)(5)(4)(3!)
57. = = 630 58. = = 420
2!2!2! (2)(1)(2)(1)(2)(1) 3!2! (3!)(2)(1)
(There are 3 2’s, 2 3’s)
59. The order of the flags is important. Thus, it is a 60. The order of the flags is important. Thus, it is a
permutation problem. permutation problem.
8! 8! 40320 P = 310 = 59, 049
P = = = = 6,720 8 5
8 5
(8 − 5)! 3! 6
61. a) Since the pitcher must bat last, there is only one possibility for the last position. ________1
There are 8 possible batters left for the 1st position. Once the 1st batter has been selected, there are
7 batters left for the 2nd position, 6 for the third, etc. (8) (7) (6) (5) (4) (3) (2) (1) (1) = 40,320
b) 9! = (9)(8)(7)(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1) = 362,880
62. a) Since each arrangement is distinct, this is a 62. b) Consider the possible arrangements as indicated
permutation. Many problems of this type can be by the dashes. _ _ _ _ _ There is only one
done with both the counting principal and the possibility for the middle position. _ _ 1 _ _
permutation formula. After the middle one is placed there are 4
counting principal = (5)(4)(3)(2)(1) = 120 possibilities for the 1st position, 3 for the 2nd,
5! 5! 2 for the 4th, and only 1 for the final position.
permutation formula = 5P5 = = = 120 (4) (3) (1) (2) (1) = 24
(5 − 5)! 0!
63. a) 55 = 3125 different ways 7!

b) 400,000 ÷ 3,125 = 128 cars 64. 7P3 + 1 = + 1 = 7 · 6 · 5 + 1 = 210 + 1 = 211
4!
128 1 7! 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2!
c) = = 0.00032 65. 7P5 = = = 2, 520 different
400000 3125 2! 2!
letter permutations
7! 67. No, Ex. P ≠ 3P(3-2)

66. = 420 , Time = 420 × 5 sec. = 2,100 sec. 3 2
3!2! 3! 3!
≠ because 6 ≠ 3
or 35 min. 1! 2!
68. A { { { { { { B 69. 25 stops 24+23+22+21+20+19+18 = 172

1-7 2-6 3-5 4-4 5-3 6-2 7-1 172-25 = 147
7+6+5+4+3+2+1 = 28 17+16+15+14+13+12+11+10 = 108
(28)(2) = 56 tickets 9+8+7+6+5+4+3+2+1 = 45
147+108+45 = 300 (300)(2) = 600 tickets
Exercise Set 12.9

1. The selection of a certain number of items without 2. The number of combinations possible when r items
regard to their order. are selected from n items.
n! Pr
3. n Cr = 4. n Cr = n
( n − r ) !⋅ r! r!
5. If the order of the items is important then it is a 6. There will be more permutations.
permutation problem. If order is not important then it
is a combination problem.
5! (5)(4)(3)(2)(1) 7! (7)(6)
7. 5C3 = = = 10 8. 7C2 = = = 21
(5 − 3)!3! (2)(1)(3)(2)(1) 5!2! (2)
6! ( 6 )( 5) 8! (8)( 7 )
9. a) 6C4 = = = 15 10. a) 8C2 = = = 28
4!2! ( 2 )(1) 6!2! ( 2 )(1)
6! 6! 8! 8!
b) 6P4 = = = ( 6 ) ( 5 ) ( 4 )( 3) = 360 b) 8P2 = = = ( 8) ( 7 ) = 56
(6 − 4)! 2! (8 − 2)! 6!
8! 12! (12 )(11)(10 )( 9 )( 8!)

11. a) 8C0 = =1 12. a) C8 = = = 495
8!0! 12
8!4! (8!)( 4 )( 3) ( 2 )(1)
8! 8!
b) 8P0 = = =1 12! 12!
(8 − 0)! 8! b) 12P8 = =
(12 − 8)! 4!
= (12 )(11)(10 )( 9 )(8 )( 7 )( 6 )( 5 ) = 19,958, 400
10! (10)(9)(8)(7!) 5! 5!
13. a) 10
C3 = = = 120 14. a) 5C5 = = =1
7!3! (7!)(3)(2)(1) 0!5! 5!
10! (10)(9)(8)(7!) 5! 5!
b) 10P3 = = = 720 b) 5P5 = = = 120
(10 − 3)! 7! (5 − 5)! 1
SECTION 12.9 393
5! 6!
C3
2!3!  5!   2!  1 1 C2
4!2!  6!   4!  1 1
  = =   = =
5 6
15. = = 16. = = 
P
5 3
5!  2!3!   5!  3! 6 P
6 2
6!  4!2!   6!  2! 2
2! 4!
8! 6!
C  8!   6!2!  6 C 0!6! 1
= 3!5! =  = = =1
6 6
= =2
8 5
17.  18.
P
8 5
8!  3!5!   8!  3 C
8 0
8! 1
6!2! 8!0!
9! 7!
P (9)(8)(7)(6)(5) 144 P 1
19. = 4! =
9 5
= = 72 20. = 7! = = 1
7 0
C
10 4
10! (10)(9)(8)(7) 2 C
7 0
7! 1
6!4! (4)(3)(2)(1) 7!0!
9! (9)(8)(7)(6!) 504 20! (20)(19)(18)(17!)

21. 9C6 = = = = 84 ways 22. 20
C3 = = = 1140
3!6! (3)(2)(1)(6!) 6 17!3! (17!)(3)(2)(1)
5! 8! (8)(7)(6)
23. 5C4 = =5 24. 8C3 = = = 56
1!4! 5!3! (3)(2)(1)
10! (10)(9)(8)(7) 10! (10)(9)(8)

25. 10
C4 = = = 210 26. C3 =
10
= = 120
6!4! (4)(3)(2)(1) 7!3! (3)(2)(1)
9! (9)(8)(7)(6) 24! (24)(23)(22)(21)

27. 9C5 = = = 126 28. C20 =
24
= = 10, 626
4!5! (4)(3)(2)(1) 4!20! (4)(3)(2)(1)
12! (12)(11)(10)(9) 6! (6)(5)

29. 12
C8 = = = 495 30. 6C4 = = = 15
4!8! (4)(3)(2)(1) 2!4! (2)(1)
10! (10)(9) 32. 9C3 y 6C2=

31. C8 = = = 45
 9!   6!   (9)(8)(7)   ( 6 )( 5 ) 
10
2!8! (2)(1)
  =   = 1260
 6!3!   4!2!   (3)(2)(1)   ( 2 ) (1) 
8! (8)(7) 5! (5)(4)
33. 8C2 = = = 28 tickets 34. Part I: 5C3 = = = 10
6!2! (2)(1) 2!3! (2)(1)
6! (6)(5)
Part II: 6C4 = = = 15
2!4! (2)(1)
10 ⋅ 15 = 150 possible combinations
35. 12
C3 y 8C2= 36. 10
C6 y 9C6=
 12!   8!   (12)(11)(10)   ( 8) ( 7 )   10!   9!   (10)(9)(8)(7)   (9) ( 8 )( 7 ) 

  =   = 6160   =  
 9!3!   6!2!   (3)(2)(1)   ( 2 )(1)   4!6!   3!6!   (4)(3)(2)(1)   (3) ( 2 )(1) 
= 17, 640
8! (8)(7)(6) 10! (10)(9)(8)(7)(6)

37. Mathematics: 8C5 = = = 56 38. Regular soda: 10C5 = = = 252
3!5! (3)(2)(1) 5!5! (5)(4)(3)(2)(1)
5! (5)(4) 7! (7)(6)(5)
Computer Sci. 5C3 = = = 10 Diet soda: 7C3 = = = 35
2!3! (2)(1) 4!3! (3)(2)(1)
(56)(10) = 560 different choices (252)(35) = 8,820 ways to select the soda
6! (6)(5) 6! (6)(5)(4)
39. Teachers: 6C2 = = = 15 40. Difficult questions: 6C3 = = = 20
4!2! (2)(1) 3!3! (3)(2)(1)
50! (50)(49)(48) Average questions: 10C4 =
Students: 50C3 = = = 19600
47!3! (3)(2)(1) 10! (10)(9)(8)(7)
= = 210
(1)(19,600) = 294,000 ways to select the comm. 6!4! (4)(3)(2)(1)
12! (12)(11)(10)
Easy questions: 12C3 = = = 220
9!3! (3)(2)(1)
Total number of 10-question tests = (20)(210)(220)
= 924,000
41. 8C3 y 5C2= 42. 6C3 y 8C3=
 8!   5!   (8)(7)(6)   ( 5 )( 4 )   6!   8!   (6)(5)(4)   ( 8 )( 7 ) (6) 

  =   = 560   =   = 1120
 5!3!   3!2!   (3)(2)(1)   ( 2 )(1)   3!3!   5!3!   (3)(2)(1)   (3) ( 2 )(1) 
43. 6C3 y 5C2y4C2 = 44. 7C3 y 8C5y4C2 =

 6!   5!   4!   7!   8!   4! 
   =    =
 3!3!   3!2!   2!2!   4!3!   3!5!   2!2! 
 (6)(5)(4)   ( 5) ( 4 )   ( 4 )( 3)   (7)(6)(5)   ( 8) ( 7 )( 6 )   ( 4 )( 3) 
      = 1200       = 11, 760
 (3)(2)(1)   ( 2 )(1)   ( 2 )(1)   (3)(2)(1)   ( 3) ( 2 ) (1)   ( 2 ) (1) 
10! (10 )( 9 ) 46. a) 4C2 =6

45. a) 10C8 = = = 45
2!8! ( 2 )(1) b) 5 2 = 10
C
c) nC2
10! (10 )( 9!) 10!
b) 10C9 = = = 10 10C10 = =1
1!9! (1)( 9!) 10!
10C8 + 10C9 + 10C10 = 45 + 10 + 1 = 56
SECTION 12.10 395
47. a) 1 46!
1 1 48. a) 46
C6 = = 9, 366, 819
40!6!
1 2 1
47!
1 3 3 1 b) 47
C6 = = 10, 737, 573
41!6!
1 4 6 4 1
48!
c) 48
C6 = = 12, 271, 512
b) 1 5 10 10 5 1 42!6!
49!
d) 49
C6 = = 13, 983, 816
43!6!
49. a) 4! = 24 b) 4! = 24 e) No
n! n! 45. a) The order of the numbers is important. For

50. n C( n − r ) = =
( n- ( n-r ) ) !( n-r ) ! ( n-n+r ) !( n-r ) ! example: if the combination is 12 - 4 - 23, the
lock will not open if 4 - 12 - 23 is used. Since
n! n! repetition is permitted, it is not a true
= = = n Cr
r! ( n-r ) ! ( ) !r!
n-r permutation problem.
b) (40)(40)(40) = 64,000
c) (40)(39)(38) = 59,280
Exercise Set 12.10

no. of 4 red ball comb. C4 no. of girls C12
1. P(4 red balls) = = 6
2. P(all girls) = = 19
no. of 4 ball comb. 10
C4 no. of students 34
C12
no. of 3 vowel comb. C3 3 aces of 3 cards C3

3. P(3 vowels) = = 5
4. P(3 aces) = = 3
no. of 3 letter comb. 26
C3 no. of 3 letter comb. 52
C3
5. P(all 7 are Palaminos) = 6. P(4 dancers have college degrees) =

no. of 5 Palamino comb. C5 no. of 4 college degrees 28 C4
= 10
=
no. of 5 horse comb. 18
C5 no. of college degs. C
80 4
7. P(none of the 9 are oak) = 8. P(none of the 9 are T-I) =

no. of 9 non-oak comb. C9 no. of non-October b-days C3
= 14
= 12
no. of 9 tree comb. 30
C9 no. of 3 person groups 16
C3
5! (5)(4) 3!
9. 5C3 = = = 10 10. 3C2 = =3
2!3! (2)(1) 1!2!
9! (9)(8)(7) 6! (6)(5)
9C3 = = = 84 6C2 = = = 15
6!3! (3)(2)(1) 4!2! (2)(1)
10 5 3 1
P(3 reds) = = P(2 evens) = =
84 42 15 5
8! (8)(7)(6) 4! (4)(3)
11. 8C5 = = = 56 12. 4C2 = = =6
3!5! (3)(2)(1) 2!2! (2)(1)
14! (14)(13)(12)(11)(10) 8! (8)(7)
14C5 = = = 2002 8C2 = = = 28
5!9! (5)(4)(3)(2)(1) 6!2! (2)(1)
56 4 6 3
P(5 men’s names) = = P(two $5 bills) = =
2002 143 28 14
5! (5)(4) 6! (6)(5)
13. 5C3 = = = 10 14. 6C4 = = = 15
2!3! (2)(1) 2!4! (2)(1)
10! (10)(9)(8) 10! (10)(9)(8)(7)
10C3 = = = 120 10C4 = = = 210
7!3! (3)(2)(1) 6!4! (4)(3)(2)(1)
10 1 15 3 1
P(3 greater than 4) = = P(all 4 ride Huffy) = = =
120 12 210 42 14
6! (6)(5)(4) 8! (8)(7)(6)(5)
15. 6C3 = = = 20 16. 8C4 = = = 70
3!3! (3)(2)(1) 4!4! (4)(3)(2)(1)
11! (11)(10)(9) 15! (15)(14)(13)(12)
11C3 = = = 165 15C4 = = = 1365
8!3! (3)(2)(1) 11!4! (4)(3)(2)(1)
20 4 70 2
P(all from manufacturing) = = P(4 students) = =
165 33 1365 39
46! 52! (52)(51)(50)(49)(48)

17. 46
C6 = = 9, 366, 819 6
C6 = 1 18. 52C5 = =
40!6! 47!5! (5)(4)(3)(2)(1)
1 = 2,598,960
P(win grand prize) =
9, 366, 819 26! (26)(25)(24)(23)(22)
26C5 = = = 65, 700
21!5! (5)(4)(3)(2)(1)
65700 253
P(5 red) = = = 0.253
2598960 9996
3! 5! (5)(4) 2! 5! (5)(4)
19. 3C2 = =3 5C2 = = = 10 20. 2C2 = =1 5C2 = = = 10
1!2! 3!2! (2)(1) 0!2! 3!2! (2)(1)
3 1
P(no cars) = P(both cars) =
10 10
3 7 2! 3! 5!
21. P(at least 1 car) = 1 – P(no cars) = 1 – 1 − = 22. 2C1 = =2 3C1 = =3 5C2 = = 10
10 10 1!⋅1! 2!⋅1! 3!2!
2⋅3 6 3
P(exactly on car) = = =
10 10 5
SECTION 12.10 397
6! (6)(5)(4) 15! (15)(14)(13)

23. 6C3 = = = 20 24. 15C3 = = = 455
3!3! (3)(2)(1) 12!⋅ 3! (3)(2)(1)
25! (25)(24(23) 455 91
25C3 = = = 2300 P(no pitchers) = =
3!22! (3)(2)(1) 2300 460
20 1
P(3 infielders) = =
2300 115
10! 6! 10! 9! (9)(8)

25. 10C2 = = 45 6C1 = =6 26. 10C1 = = 10 9C2 = = = 36
8!2! 5!1! 9!1! 7!2! (2)(1)
(45)(6) 27 (10)(36) 18
P(2 pitchers and 1 infielder) = = P(1 pitc. and 2 non-pitch/non-inf) = =
2300 230 2300 115
39!
For problems 27 – 30, use the fact that 39C12 = = 3, 910, 797, 436
27!12!
22! 17!
27. 22C12 = = 646, 646 29. 17C6 = = 12, 376
10!12! 11!6!
646646 22!
P(all women) = = 0.0001653 22C6 = = 74, 613
3910797436 16!6!
22!
= 319, 770
(12376 )( 74613)
28. 22C8 = P(6 men/6 women) = = 0.236
14!8! 3910797436
17!
17C4 = = 2, 380
13!4! 30. P(at least one man) = 1 – P(no men)
( 319770 ) ( 2380 ) = 1 – P(all women)
P(8 women/4 men) = = 0.1946 = 1 – 0.0001653 = 0.9998
3910797436
15! (15)(14)(13)(12)(11)
For problems 31 – 34, use the fact that 15C5 = = = 3003
10!5! (5)(4)(3)(2)(1)
4! 6! (6)(5) 5! 4!
31. 4C3 = =4 6C2 = = = 15 32. 5C4 = =5 4C1 = =4
3!1! 4!2! (2)(1) 4!1! 3!1!
(4)(15) 60 20 (5)(4) 20
P(3 in FL/2 in VA) = = = P(4 in KY/1 in FL) = =
3003 3003 1001 3003 3003
5! (5)(4) 4! 9! (9)(8)(7)(6)
33. 5C2 = = = 10 4C1 = =4 34. 9C5 = = = 126
2!3! (2)(1) 3!1! 5!4! (4)(3)(2)(1)
6! (6)(5) 126
6C2 = = = 15 P(no VA) =
2!4! (2)(1) 3003
(10)(4)(15) 200 P(> 1 VA) = 1- P(no VA) =
P(1 in FL/2 in KY/2 in VA) = = 126 3003 26 2877 137
3003 1001 1− = − = =
3003 3003 3003 3003 143
11! (11)(10)(9)(8)(7)
For problems 35 – 37, use the fact that 11C5 = = = 462
6!5! (5)(4)(3)(2)(1)
6! 5! 1
35. 6C5 = =6 36. 5C5 = =1 P(no women first) =
1!5! 0!5! 462
6 1 P(at least 1 woman 1st) =
P(5 women first) = =
462 77 1 462 1 461
1− = − =
462 462 462 462
37. Any one of the 6 women can sit in any one of the 38. P(3 women and then 2 men)
five seats - 30 possibilities.  6 C3   5 C2   20   10  10
30 5     =    =
P(exactly 1 woman) = =  11 C3   8 C2   165   28  231
462 77
24! 4! 4! (4)(3)
39. 24
C6 = = 134, 596; 3
C3 = 1 40. 4C3 = =4 4C2 = = =6
18!6! 1!3! 2!2! (2)(1)
21! and from problem 9, 52C5 = 2,598,960
21
C3 = = 1, 330
18!3! 4·6 1
P(3 kings, 2 five’s) = =
C3 ⋅21 C3 (1)(1330 ) 2598960 108290
P(3 brothers) = 3
= = 0.00988
24
C6 134596
7! (7)(6)
41. 7C5 = = = 21 and from problem 9, 52C5 = 2,598,960
2!5! (2)(1)
21 1 4 1
a) P(royal spade flush) = = b) P(any royal flush) = =
2598960 123, 760 123760 30, 940
42.  ( 4 C2 )( 4 C2 )( 44 C1 )  1584 33
 ( 8 C3 ) ( 12 C4 )( 5 C2 )  43. a)  = =
 C  2598960 54,145
 =  52 5 
 C 
 25 9  33
P(2 aces/2 8’s/other card ace or 8) =
(8)(7)(6)(12)(11)(10)(9)(5)(4) 277200 54,145
=
(3)(2)(4)(3)(2)(2) 2042975 b) P(aces of spades and clubs/8’s of spades and
P(3 waiters/4 waitresses/2 cooks) = 0.1357 clubs/9 of diamonds) =
 1  1  1  1  1  1
      =
 52   51   50   49   48  2, 598, 960
 3   2   1   3   2  1 1  1  1  1  5  4  3  2 1
44.             =         
 6   5   4   3   2   1  20  15   14   13   12   11   10   9   8 
45. a)
1 1 2 1 120 1
2 ways: + = = = =
20 20 20 10 259459200 2,162,160
(8)(7)(6) 1
b) P(any 3 of 8 for officers) = =
2162160 6435
SECTION 12.11 399
46. Given any four different numbers, there are 47. Since there are more hairs than people, 2 or more
(4)(3)(2)(1) = 24 different ways they can be people must have the same number of hairs.
arranged. One of these is in ascending order.
Thus, the probability of the numbers being in
ascending order is 1/24.
Exercise Set 12.11

1. A probability distribution shows the probability associated with each specific outcome of an experiment. In a
probability distribution every possible outcome must be listed and the sum of all the probabilities must be 1.
2. Each trial has two possible outcomes, success and failure. There are n repeated independent trials.
3. P ( x ) = C p xqn − x
n x
4. p is the probability of success, q = 1 – p is the probability of failure.
4! 3!
5. P ( 2 ) = 4C2 ( 0.3)2 ( 0.7 )4-2 = (.09 )(.49 ) = 0.2646 6. P ( 2 ) = 3C2 ( 0.6 )2 ( 0.4 )3− 2 = (.36 )(.4 ) = 0.4320
2!2! 2!1!
5! 3!
7. P ( 2 ) = 5C 2 ( 0.4 )2 ( 0.6 )5− 2 = (.16 )(.216 ) = 0.3456 8. P ( 3) = 3C3 ( 0.9 )3 ( 0.1)3−3 = (.729 )(1) = 0.729
2!3! 3!
6 −0
P ( 0 ) = 6C0 ( 0.5 ) ( 0.5 ) 10. P ( 3) = 5C3 ( 0.4 )3 ( 0.6 )5−3 =
5!
0
(.064 )(.36 ) = 0.2304
9. 3!2!
6!
= (1)(.0156252 ) = 0.015625
0!6!
11. p = 0.14, q = 1 – p = 1 – 0.14 = 0.86 12. a) P ( x ) = nC x ( 0.0237 ) x ( 0.9763)n − x

n−x
a) P ( x ) = nC x ( 0.15 ) ( 0.85 )
x
b) P ( 5 ) = 20C5 ( 0.0237 )5 ( 0.9763)20 −5
b) n = 12, x = 2, p = 0.14, q = 0.86
P ( 2) = 12C 2 ( 0.14 )2 ( 0.86 )12− 2
P (1) = 6C 4 ( 0.3)4 ( 0.7 )6− 4 P ( 5 ) = 8C5 ( 0.6 ) ( 0.4 )

5 8− 5
13. 6! 14. 8!
= (.0081)(.49 ) = 0.05954 = (.07776 )(.064 ) = 0.27869
4!2! 5!3!
3− 2
P ( 2 ) = 3C2 ( 0.96 ) ( 0.04 )
2
P ( 4) = 6C 4 ( 0.8)4 ( 0.2 )6− 4
15. 3! 16. 6!
= (.9216 )(.04 ) = 0.1106 = (.4096 )(.04 ) = 0.24576
2!1! 4!2!
P ( 4) = 6C 4 ( 0.92 )4 ( 0.08)6− 4 P ( 2 ) = 4C2 ( 0.01) ( 0.99 )

2 4− 2
6! 18. 4!
17. = (.7164 )(.0064 ) = 0.06877 = (.0001)(.9801) = 0.000588
4!2! 2!2!
5− 4 4 −0
P ( 4 ) = 5C4 ( .8 ) (.2 ) P ( 0 ) = 4C0 (.25 ) ( .75 )
4 0
19. 5! 20. a) 4!
= (.4096 )(.2 ) = 0.4096 = (1)(.3164 ) = 0.3164
1!4! 4!
b) P(at least 1) = 1 – P(0) = 1 – 0.3164 = 0.6836
( )( )
5−0 3 2
P ( 0 ) = 5C0 ( 0.6 ) ( 0.4 )
0
P ( 3) = 5C3 40 40
21. a) 80 80
5! 22. a)
= (1)(.01024 ) = 0.01024 5!
5! = (.125 )(.25) = 0.3125
3!2!
b) P(at least 1) = 1 – P(0) = 0.98976
( ) ( 8060 )
3 2
P ( 3) = 5C3 80
20
b)
5!
= (.015625)(.5625) = 0.08789
3!2!
( 12 ) ( 5240 )
3 3
P ( 3) = 5C3 ( 0.7 ) ( 0.3)
3 2
P ( 3) = 6C3 52
23. a) 24. a) 5!
6!
(.01229 )(.45517 ) = 0.11188 = (.343)(.09 ) = 0.3087
3!2!
3!3!
b) P(at least 3) = P(3) + P(4) + P(5)
( 13 ) ( 5239 )
2 4
P ( 2) = 6C 2 52 = 0.3087 + 0.3602 + 0.1681
b) = 0.8370
6!
= (.0625)(.3164 ) = 0.29663
2!4!
25. The probability that the sun would be shining would equal 0 because 72 hours later would occur at midnight.
Review Exercises
1. Relative frequency over the long run can accurately be predicted, not individual events or totals.
2. Roll the die many times then compute the relative frequency of each outcome and compare with the expected
probability of 1/6.
8 1 4. Answers will vary.

3. P(mountain bike) = =
40 5
80 2 5 1
5. P(watches ABC) = = 6. P(even) = =
200 5 10 2
5 4 2 7 7 5 2 10
7. P(odd or > 5) = + − = 8. P(> 2 or < 5) = + − = =1
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
2 1 50 5
9. P(even and > 4) = = 10. P(Grand Canyon) = =
10 5 240 24
40 1 12. P(Rocky Mtn. or Smoky Mtn.) =

11. P(Yosemite) = =
240 6 35 45 80 1
+ = =
240 240 240 3
190 19 14. a) 9:1 b) 1:9

13. P(not Grand Canyon) = = 15. 5:3
240 24
3 17. 7:3
16. P(wins Triple Crown) =
85
18. a) E = P(win $200)y$198 + P(win $100)y$98 19. a) ECameron = P(pic. card)($9) + P( pic. card)(–$3)
+ P(lose)y(–$2)
 12   40 
= (.003)(198) + (.002)(98) – (.995)(2) =   (9) –   (3) = ≈ −$0.23
 52   52 
= .594 + .196 – 1.990 = - 1.200 Æ -$1.20
b) The expectation of a person who purchases three b) ELindsey = P(pic. card)(–$9) + P( pic. card)($3)
tickets would be 3(–1.20) = –$3.60. −27 30 3
= + = ≈ $0.23
c) Expected value = Fair price – Cost 13 13 13
–1.20 = Fair price – 2.00 $.80 = Fair price  3
c) Cameron can expect to lose (100)   ≈ $23.08
 13 
20. E = P(sunny)(1000) + P(cloudy)(500) + P(rain)(100) = 0.4(1000) + 0.5(500) + 0.1(100) = 400 + 250+10
= 660 people
21. a) 22. a)
b) Sample space:
{H1,H2,H3,H4,T1,T2,T3,T4}
b) Sample space: c) P(heads and odd) = (1/2)(2/4) = 2/8 = ¼
{TJ,TG,TC,JT,JG,JC,GT,GJ,GC,CT,CJ,CG} d) P(heads or odd) = (1/2)(2/4) + (1/2)(2/4)
c) P(Gina is Pres. and Jake V.P.) = 1/12 = 4/8 + 2/8 = 6/8 = 3/4
23. P(even and even) = (4/8)(4/8) = 16/64 = 1/4 24. P(outer is greater than 5 and inner is greater than 5)
3 3 9
= P(outer is > 5) ⋅ P(inner is > 5) = ⋅ =
8 8 64
25. P(outer odd and inner < 6) 26. P(outer is even or less than 6)
4 5 1 5 5 = P(even) + P(< 6) – P(even and < 6)
= P(outer odd) P(inner < 6) = ⋅ = ⋅ =
8 8 2 8 16 4 5 2 7
= + − =
8 8 8 8
1 6 2 1 4 28. P(outer gold and inner not gold)

27. P(inner even and not gold) = + − = + =1
2 8 8 2 8  2 6   1  3 3
=    =    =
 8   8   4   4  16
5 4 3 60 1 8 7 6 336 14
29. P(all 3 are Hersheys) = ⋅ ⋅ = = 30. P(none are Nestle) = ⋅ ⋅ = =
12 11 10 1320 22 12 11 10 1320 55
31. P(at least one is Nestle) = 1 – P(none are Nestle) 32. P(Hershey and Hershey and Reese)
14 55 14 41 5 4 3 60 1
= 1− = − = = ⋅ ⋅ = =
55 55 55 55 12 11 10 1320 22
33. P(yellow) = 1/4 34. Odds against yellow 3:1 Odds for yellow 1:3
35. $5 for red; $10 for yellow; $20 for green 36. P(red, then green) = P(red)P(green)
P(green) = ½; P(yellow) = ¼; P(red) = ¼ = (1/4)(1/2) = 1/8
EV = (1/4)(5) + (1/4)(10) + (1/2)(20) = $13.75
37. P(not green) = 1/4 + 1/4 + 1/8 = 5/8 38. Odds in favor of green 3:5
Odds against green 5:3
39. E = P(green)($10) + P(red)($5) + P(yellow)(–$20) 40. P(at least one red) = 1 – P(none are red)
= (3/8)(10) + (1/2)(5) – (1/8)(20) = 1 – (1/2)(1/2)(1/2) = 1-1/8 = 7/8
= (15/4) + (10/4) – (10/4) = 15/4 Æ $3.75
41. P(< 6 defects  American built) = 89/106 = 0.84 42. P(< 6 defects  foreign built) = 55/74 = 0.74
43. P(> 6 defects  foreign built) = 19/74 = 0.26 44. P(> 6 defects  American built) = 17/106 = 0.16
230 23 30 3
45. P(right handed) = = 46. P(left brained  left handed) = =
400 40 170 17
60 3 120 12
47. P(right handed  no predominance) = = 48. P(right brained  left handed) = =
80 4 170 17
49. a) 4! = (4)(3)(2)(1) = 24 50. # of possible arrangements = (5C2)(3C2)(1C1)

b) E = (1/4)(10K) + (1/4)(5K) + (1/4)(2K)  5!   3!   1!  (5)(4)(3)
+ (1/4)(1K) = (1/4)(18K) = $4,500.00 =    = = 30
 3!2!   1!2!   1!  (2)(1)
 10!  (10)(9)(8)(7!) 9! (9)(8)(7)(6)

51. 10C3 = ( P3 )  = = 120 52. 9P3 = = = (9)(8)(7) = 504
 7!3!  (7!)(3)(2)(1)
10
6!3! (3)(2)(1)
6! (6)(5)(4) 15! (15)(14)(13)(12)(11)

53. 6C3 = = = 20 54. a) 15C10 = = = 3003
3!3! (3)(2)(1) 5!10! (5)(4)(3)(2)(1)
b) number of arrangements = 10! = 3,628,800
1 56. (8C2)(10C4) =
55. a) P(match 5 numbers) =
52 C5  8!   10!  (8)(7)(10)(9)(8)(7)
  = = 5880 combos.
1 45!5! 1  6!2!   6!4!  (2)(1)(4)(3)(2)(1)
= = =
50! 50! 2,118, 760
45!5! 57. (8C3)(5C2)=
b) P(Big game win) = P(match 5 #s and Big #)  8!   5!  (8)(7)(6)(5)(4)
= P(match 5 #s) P(match Big #)   = = 560
 5!3!   2!3!  (3)(2)(1)(2)(1)
 1  1  1
=   =
 2118760   36  76, 275, 360
4!  5  4  3 1
C 59. P(all three are red) =       =
58. P(two aces) = 4 2 = 2!2!  10   9   8  12
52 C 2 52!
50!2!
 5  4  2  1
60. P(1st 2 are red/3rd is blue) =       =
 4!   50!2!  1  10   9   8  18
=   =
 2!2!  52!  221
61. P(1st red, 2nd white, 3rd blue) 62. P(at least one red) = 1 – P(none are red)
 5  3 2 1  5  4  3 1 11
=     = = 1 – 1−       = 1− =
 10   9   8  24  10   9   8  12 12
63. P(3 N&WRs) = 64. P(2 NWs & 1 Time) =

5!  6!   3! 
5 C3
= 3!2! =
5!3!11!
=
(5)(4)(3)
=
5 ( 6 C2 ) ( 3 C 1 )
  
 2!4!   1!2! 
14! =
C 3!2!14! (14)(13)(12) 182 14!
14 3 14 C3
3!11! 3!11!
(6)(5)(3)(3)(2)(1) 45
= =
(2)(1)(14)(13)(12) 364
8! 2 11
66. 1 − =
8 C3 3!5! 8!3!11! 13 13
= =
C 14! 3!5!14!
65. 14 3
3!11!
67. a) P(x) = n C x ( 0.6 ) ( 0.4 )n-x
x
(8)(7)(6) 336 2
= = =
(14)(13)(12) 2184 13 b) P ( 75 ) = 100C75 ( 0.6 )75 ( 0.4 )25
68. n = 5, x = 3, p = 1/5, q = 4/5 69. a) n = 4, p = 0.6, q = 0.4

3
1  4
2
1 4
3 2
P (0) = 4C0 ( 0.6 )0 ( 0.4 )4
P ( 3) = 5 C3     = 10 ⋅     = 0.0512
5  5 5  5 = (1)(1) ( 0.4 )4 = 0.0256
b) P(at least 1) = 1 – P(0) = 1 – 0.0256 = 0.9744
Chapter Test
22 11 2
1. P(fishing for bass) = = 2. (> 7) = ≈ 0.22
30 15 9
5 7
3. P(odd) = ≈ 0.55 4. P(> 4) = ≈ 0.78
9 9
3 1 4 3 12 1
5. P(odd and > 4) = = ≈ 0.33 6. P(both > 5) = ⋅ = =
9 3 9 8 72 6
4 3 1⋅1 1 5 4 5 1 5
7. P(both even) = ⋅ = = 8. P(1st odd, 2nd even) = ⋅ = ⋅ =
9 8 3⋅ 2 6 9 8 9 2 18
6 5 1⋅ 5 5 10. P(red or picture)

9. P(neither > 6) = ⋅ = = = P(red) + P(picture) – P(red and picture)
9 8 3 ⋅ 4 12
26 12 6 32 8
= + − = =
11. 1 die (6)(3) = 18 52 52 52 52 13
12. 6 3 1 8 4
14. P(blue or 1) = + − = =
18 18 18 18 9
12 9 6 15 5
15. P(not red or odd) = + − = =
18 18 18 18 6
16. Number of codes = (9)(26)(26)(10)(10) = 608,400
17. a) 5:4 b) 5:4
18. odds against Aimee winning are 5:2 or

1 5 5/7 P(not winning)
13. P(blue and 1) = = =
18 2 2/7 P(winning)
Therefore, P(Aimee wins) = 2/7
19. E = P(club) ($8) + P(heart) ($4) 214 107

+ P(spade or diamond) (–$6) 20. a) P(car) = =
456 228
1 1 2
=   (8) +   (4) +   (−6) b) P(Golden Gate) =
230 115
=
 
4  
4 4 456 228
8 4 12 136 68
= + − = $0.00 c) P(SUV  Golden Gate) = =
4 4 4 230 115
120 60 6! 6!
20. d) P(GW Bridge  car) = = 21. 6 P3 = = = 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 = 120
214 107 ( 6 − 3) ! 3!
GROUP PROJECTS 405
8 7 2 7 14 14 81
22. P(neither is good) = ⋅ = ⋅ = 23. P(> 1 good) = 1 – P(neither -good) = 1 − =
20 19 5 19 95 95 95
7! (7)(6)(5) 25. (0.1)(0.1)(0.1) = 0.001

24. 7C3 = = = 35 (0.1)(0.1)(0.1)(0.9)(0.9) = 0.00081
4!3! (3)(2)(1)
5! (5)(4)
5C2 = = = 10 5! (5)(4)
3!2! (2)(1) 5 C3 = = = 10
3!2! (2)(1)
12! (12)(11)(10)(9)(8)
10C5 = = = 792
7!5! (5)(4)(3)(2)(1) (10)(.00081) = 0.0081
(35)(10) 350 175
P(3 red and 2 green) = = =
792 792 396
Group Projects
1. 0 because no measurement is exact.
2. a) 0.30199 b) 0.10737 c) 0.89263 d) 0.00000 e) 0.30199

f) They should be the same.
1
3. a) 105 = 100,000 b) 55 = 3125 c) d) 3125 e) 3125
3125
1
f) g) same likelihood h) More 5 digit codes are available.
3125

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INSTRUCTOR’S

Reproduced by Pearson Addison-Wesley from electronic files supplied by the authors.

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

CHAPTER 4 SYSTEMS OF NUMERATION

CHAPTER 5 NUMBER THEORY AND THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEM

CHAPTER 7 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

CHAPTER 8 THE METRIC SYSTEM

CHAPTER 10 MATHEMATICAL SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 14 GRAPH THEORY

CHAPTER 15 VOTING AND APPORTIONMENT

APPENDIX GRAPH THEORY 517

Exercise Set 1.1

11. 1 5 (1 + 4 ) 10 ( 4 + 6 ) 10 ( 6 + 4 ) 5 ( 4 + 1) 1 12. 100, 000 = 105

39. a) You should obtain the original number.

41. a) You should obtain the number 5.

42. a) You should obtain the number 0.

43. 999 × 999 = 998, 001 is one example.

Exercise Set 1.2

1. 431 + 327.2 + 73.5 + 20.4 + 315.9 ≈ 430 + 330 + 70 + 20 + 320 = 1170

13. 52 × $0.37 ≈ 50 × $0.40 = $20 14. 32 hours × $7.95 per hour

15. 1521 + 1897 + 2324 + 2817 16. 6 × 15.87 ≈ 6 × 16 = 96 lb

17. $2.29 + $12.16 + $4.97 + $6.69 + $49.76 + $0.47 3.12 3

21. 9 × 5.12 ≈ 9 × 5 = 45 lb 22. 8% of $14,876

23, 663 24, 000 $10.87 $11

31. ≈ 375 miles 32. ≈ 70 miles

35. a) 4 million 36. a) 19%

37. a) 83% 38. a) 2 ( 410 ) + 4 ( 545)

Exercise Set 1.3

3 ft 48.4 ft 1 bag x bags

5. 11.5% of $4222 = 0.115 ( $4222 ) = $485.53 6. Cost for mileage:

20, 000 miles 8. a) ≈ 1980 − 1900 or 80 hours

South Carolina: 1000 ( $1.22 ) = $1220 c) ≈

86.5 91.5 96.5 16. a) 10 ⋅10 ⋅10 ⋅10 = 10, 000

460 18. 38, 687.0 mi − 38, 451.4 mi = 235.6 mi

19. a) 11% of 273,300, 000 20. a) 40 × $8.50 × 52 = $17,680

b) 10% of 970,000 = 0.10 ( 970, 000 ) = 97, 000 $1275

21. By mail: ( $52.80 + $5.60 + $8.56 ) × 4 22. (1 yd )

= $66.96 × 4 = $267.84 2400 × 9 = 21, 600 ft 2

27. 7 ( 2 ) + 5 (1) + 4 ( 29 ) + 3 ( 201) + 2 (1408 ) + 1(10,352 ) 20, 000 20, 000

43. Left side: 1( −6 ) = −6 Right side: 1( 2 ) = 2

45. Birds Lizards Number of Heads Number of Feet

46. 10 ; 2002 , 2112 , 2222 , 2332 , 2442 , 2552 , 47. a) (4 × 4) + (3 × 3) + (2 × 2) + (1 × 1)

52. 53. 6 + 10 + 8 + 4 = 28;3 + 7 + 5 + 1 = 16;

54. 21,12,33 55. 63,36,99

Other answers are possible, but 1 and

Other answers are possible.

27. 4 ( $2.69 ) = $10.76 for four six-packs 120

31. 10% of $530 = 0.10 × $530 = $53 1.5 mg x mg

39. 40. 59 min 59 sec Since it doubles every second,

n(n + 1) 500(501) 250,500

48. 16 blue: 4 green → 8 blue, 2 yellow → 5 blue, 2 white → 3 blue

3. a) The result is the original number plus 1.

6. 7 square units 130 lb

8. $122.13 − $9.63 = $112.50 $15

12. $12.75 × 40 = $510 13.

15. 2 × 6 × 8 × 9 ×13 = 11, 232 ; 11 does not divide 11,232.

17. a) 3 × $3.99 = $11.97

2. a) – d) Answers will vary.

3. Order Name Apparel

46. A ∪ B′ = {L, ∆,@,,$} ∪ {,$, R, , α }′ = {L, ∆,@,,$} ∪ {L, ∆,@, ∞, Σ, Z} = {L,∆,@,,$,∞,Σ,Z}

47. A′ ∩ B = {L, ∆,@,,$}′ ∩ {,$, R, , α } = {R, , α , ∞, Σ, Z} ∩ {*,$, R, , α } = {R, , α }

48. ( A ∪ B )′ From #44, A ∪ B = {L, ∆,@,,$, R, , α } . ( A ∪ B )′ = {L, ∆,@,,$, R, , α }′ = {∞, Σ, Z}