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 :

HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW

ISLAND OF TRINIDAD,

Cljroivologrfal %nhU of (Btoitts from 1782,

DANIEL HART,
A RESIDENT IN TBE ISLAND SINCE 1825.

LONDON
FEINTED BY JUDD AND GLASS, "THE PHCENIX WOEKS,"
ST. ANDREW'S HILL, E.G.

18G5.

tt. 2 n
 H3

THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
PRESENTED BY
PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND
MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID
 — ;

TO

PHILIP NOEL BERNARD, ESQ,

Sir,

I take leave to dedicate to you the following papers,

which, whatever may be their value, are the result of much labour
and in dedicating them to you, I feel that I am only performing
a duty in placing my bantling at your disposal, for the reason

that to you particularly, who are so deeply interested in the

progress of the island and its development, and to whom Trinidad
owes much, and to others who may worthily follow in your foot-
steps, the details therein contained will possess some value. For my
part, I can only claim to have performed the work correctly
perhaps the most important element in a book of this nature. I
hope that it may prove useful ; I am sure that my chief intention
has been to make it so.
I am, Sir,

Yours faithfully,

DAMEL HART.
Poet of Spain, Tmnidad,
1th October, 1864.
 rORT OF Sl'AlN, <)Tii Jli.v, ]hG1.

My Dear Sir :

I am in receipt of your note of yesterday, iiiforiuing me of your

desire to dedicate a A^'ork you have written on this Island to me. I

am flattered by this mark of your esteem, and willing-ly accept the

honor you do me. If I have been at some pains in directini^ tlie

attention of people at home to the resources of this Colony, and if I

have endeavoured by word, as well as by example, to break through

the old routines to vchich we Trinidadians are so wedded, it is a

source of much gratification to me to find that my exertions have

been appreciated by one who has always taken such an interest in

the welfare and progress of Trinidad as you have done.

The present time I think most favorable for bringing forward

any thing on the West Indies, and I have no doubt that your Work
will be well received, both here and in England. "Wishing it every

success, I remain

My dear Sir,

Yours faithfully,

P. X. BKKXAltJ).

Dan'if.i, Hart, Ksq.

r>
 —

H3

HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW

THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD.

Trinidad is an island lying to the eastward of the province of Venezuela,

between JN\ lat. 1<>° :V and 10" 50' W.j long. 61° and QT 4' W. of Green-
wich. Its length is about 54 miles, its breadth from 40 to 44 miles. It
is separated from the province of Venezuela by the Gulf of Paria, into
which falls the northern mouths of the Orinoco. In figure it is oblong.
It was first disc(»vtred by Christopher Columbus in his third voyage, on
the 31st 'July, 1498. and first colonized in 1588 by the Spaniards. In
1676 the French possessed it, but it was soon restored to Spain. " On the
]2th Febraary, 1797, an expedition for the reduction of Trinidad sailed
from Martinique ; on the 14th it put into Cariacou, and sailed on the
following morning with some additional transports. The naval command
of this expedition was intrusted to Eear- Admiral Henry Harvey ; the
troops were commanded by Sir Ralph Abercrombie. The ships and
regiments engaged in the undertaking were as follows :

The Prince of Wales

 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF

LAND FOECES.
2nd or Queen's Eegiment 700
3rd or Buffs
14tliFoot
38th „
53rd „
60th „
Royal Artillery
Hornpesch's Eegiment of German Yagers
Lewenstein's „ „ „
Artificers, &c.
 THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 7

having been a nominal Spanish possession for nearly three centuries, and a
real Spanish colony a part of the time, beheld the British standard
hoisted on her forts. Don J. M. de Chacon left tlio island a few days
after the capitulation. Himself and Admiral Apodaca were on tlieir arrival
in Spain placed under close arrest, and on the 28th May, 1797, were
tried by a court-martial, called in Spain a council of war. The court was
composed of president, the Count Cambre Hermosa, Governor of Cadiz,
Vice-Admiral the IMarquis de Arellanos, Vice- Admiral Don V. Morahs,
Lieutenant-General T. Arias Saavedra, ^lajor-General F. Solano, Major-
General F. Taboada, and Rear- Admiral Pedro Austran. The prosecutors
were Brigadier of the Royal IN'avy, Don J. S. Valdenebro, and Lieutenant-
Colonel Don F. de la Torre. The accused were honourably acquitted.
Abercrombie, after making the best arrangements that the confused state
of the colony allowed, departed two months after, leaving his aid-de-
camp, Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Picton, as Governor, whose first act
was to institute a council, consisting of Don Christoval de Robles, a
Spanish Creole, John Nihell, John Black, and John K'ugent, Fsqrs.
(Irishmen), and St. Helaire" Begorrat, Esq., a French Creole of JMartinique,
who formed a council of advice, not of control. On the 27th March,
1802, the definitive Treaty of Peace between England and France and
her allies, viz., Spain and the Batavian Republic, w^as signed at Amiens.
By the third article all places taken during the war by Great Britain
were to be restored, save Trinidad and Ceylon and in the fourth article
;

his Catholic Majesty cedes and guarantees in full property and

sovereignty the Island of Trinidad to his Britannic Majesty."

The climate of Trinidad is, generally speaking, very healthy the tem-
;

perature ranges in the shade from 71 minimum to 84 maximum. The

thermometer in the months of December and January at four o'clock a.m.
has been known as low as 68. The rainy season generally commences
about the middle of June and ends in December. The yearly average
fall of rain is 77 inches— that is, according to the rain gauge kept in Port
of Spain the fall is heavier in some parts of the island, of which there
;

is no possibility of ascertaining, from an account not being kept by the

residents. The island is totally free from hurricanes. The area of the
island is 1,754J square miles. Port of Spain is the chief town and port
of entry; it is situate about 16 miles east of the entrance to the gulf
by the Grand Bocas, and lies in latitude 10° 39' K, and longitude 61° 34'
W. of Greenwich ; it is by far the best laid- out town of any in the "West
Indies. There are 55 streets, all at right angles, properly macadamized,
and varying from three-quarters to one mile in length, and from 30 to 45
feet in width ; the principal commercial part of the town being St.
Vincent-street Wharf and King-street. Port of Spain is abundantly
supplied with the best water from the reservoirs at Maraval and St. Ann's,
a distance of four miles from Port of Spain ; the daily delivery of water
from these reservoirs is estimated at 2,600,000 gallons. There are three
beautiful squares in Port of Spain — Marine East, Marine West, and
Brunswick-square, all of which w^ere, in like manner as the town, laid out
B 2
 —

8 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF

by Sir Ralph.James AYoodford, Bart. Brunswick-square is about 500

feet square, and planted out with various descriptions of trees imported
from St. Vincent, Caraccas, and India. There is also the Queen' s-park,
which lies north of the town, the area of which is 219 square acres ; on it
is a race-course of a circular form, and one mile and a half in distance ;
there being also a race- stand capable of containing 500 persons, with
rooms for refreshments, the jockeys and stewards. The park is a perfect
level, and its equal difficult to be found anywhere. It is resorted to in
the morning and evenings by pedestrians and equestrians, as it affords a
veiy pleasant walk or ride Outside the park is a circular road of two
miles, which also forms a delightful drive or ride, and is much resorted
to in the evenings. There are also the minor towns of St. John, St.
Joseph, and Arima, east of Port of Spain, and the town of San Fernando,
which is next in imjDortance to Port of Spain, and lies 28 miles south
from Port of Spain. The towns of Port of Spain and San Fernando are
under the jurisdiction of borough councils, the former consisting of 15
elective members, the latter seven members, one of whom being annually
chosen as mayor. The annual assessed amount of rents of houses in Port
of Spain .£81,052 sterling, upon w^hich an annual tax of five per cent.
is
is raised. The total revenue of the Borough Council of Port of Spain is
£6,378 sterling, and that of San Fernando £2,166 sterling, which amounts
are expended in cleaning, repairing, and making streets, maintenance and
keep of poor houses, schools, hospitals, vaccine, salaries of officers,
markets, &c., &c.

The harbour, or '^ Gulf of Paria," is the finest in the "West Indies,
being completely landlocked, free from shoals, reefs, or sunken rocks,
good auchorage, and capable of containing any number of shipping. A
lighthouse is erected on the Queen's Wharf, the light from which can be
seen to the westward at a distance of ten miles.

The population of the island, according to the Census of 1861, amounted

to 84,438 —say —
46,074 males, and 38,364 females of the following
classification :

Trinidad
 —

THE ISLAND OP TRINIDAD.

The occupation of the population is as under :

Military
 —

10 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF

Ward of Couva. Ward of St. Ann.

COUVA !^
„ Chaguanas. ST. ANN'S „ Le Yentille.
WAED „ Carapachaima. WAED „ Cimaronero.
UNION. I „ Savonetta. UNION. „ Arioagua.
V „ Point a Pierre. „ St. Cruz.

DIEGO
Ward of Caranage.
TACA-
Ward of St. Joseph.
„ Diego Martin. „ Maraccas.
MAETIN EIGUA
„ Mocurapo. „ Tacarigua.
WAED Maraval.
WAED
„ „ Caura
UNION. UNION.
„ Chaguaramas. ,, Lower Caroni.

WAEDENS OF THE POEEGOING MENTIONED WARDS AND THEIR

SALARIES.
Arima Ward Union J. H. La Croix £450
Toco „ A. Redhead £100
Cedros „ H. Hughes ... £350
Mayaro „ H. L. Jobity... £150
Couva „ L. Rostant ... £450
Diego Martin „ G. P. Bowen... £450
North Nap arima „ P. A. Ganteaume £450
South Naparima „ J. Percy £450
St. Ann's „ J. Leotaud ... £450
Tacarigua „ J. T. Bowen... £450

By a return of the Colonial Secretary for the year 1861 the total
receipts and expenditures of the several ward union were :

WAED UNIONS.
 . :

THE ISLAND OP TRINIDAD. 11

The total receipts or annual revenue of the several ward unions during
the year 18(31 amounted
to £26,891 sterling, wliicli is expended in
making and repairing roads and bridges, contiibution to police, schools,
hospitals, printing, wardens' salary and commission, and for other local
purposes.

The principal articles of produce exported are sugar, cocoa, coffee, rum,
molasses, and cotton. Indigo is also exported, but not raised in the
island ; it is brought from Venezuela for exportation ; although in 1783
there were plantations and manufacturers of the article established in the
island. The number of sugar estates do not exceed from 152 to 155,
and those of cocoa and coffee 700. Tlie total extent of land under culti-
vation is as follows : —
In canes, 36,739 acres ; cocoa and coffee, 14,238
acres; provisions, 9,914 acres; and pasture, 7,356 acres. Total, 67,247
acres.

Keturn showing the Taxation op the Colony for the Year 1862,
the average rate of Taxation per head, and the proportion which
Taxation bears to Sugar and other Produce reduced to its equivalent
in Sugar, per hogshead, for the same year.

£
Total General Eevenue for 1862
Wharfage under Ordinance No. 22 of 1858
and 22 of 1861 ... ... ... 7,20117 4^ 206,574 5 9i

Less the following sums which form no part of

Taxation apphed to General Eevenue Viz. —
For Amount of deposits by return Coolies,
wrongly placed to Immigration
„ Charter Party Penalty re the " Wacousta"
„ Payment on account of balance due by
late Immigration Agent at Calcutta...
„ Land Sales
„ Land Eevenue...
„ Sale of Government Property
„ Fees per Colonial Hospital
„ „ San Pernando Hospital
„ „ Leper Asylum
„ Eoyal
Coffins sold, hire of prisoners, &c.,
Gaol
„ Fees per Queen's Collegiate School
„ „ Boys' Model School
„ „ Girls' do.
„ Gunpowder Dues
„ Sale of " Laws of Trinidad'*
„ Do. of " Colonial Office List"
„ Contributions from Wards towards
General Police
„ Books furnished to Ward Schools
„ Eepayment of advances made in England
„ Sale of Gunpowder seized ..

„ Do. of wood recovered from wreck

£
 .

THE ISLAND OP TRINIDAD* 13

Peoduce fob the Yeae 1862, equivalent to 60,300 Hogsheads Sugae.

Proportion which Taxation bears to Sugar and other produce £ 8. d.

Do.
reduced to its equivalent in Sugar, per hogshead, for 1862
Do. exclusive of Local Taxes
. . 3 11 U
2 18 10^
Do. Do. exclusive of Taxes raised for Immigration
purposes
Do. Do. exclusive of Local Taxes and Taxes raised for
Immigration purposes ...
Proportion of Immigration Taxes to produce, per hogshead

R. EUSSELL, Auditor-General.
 *; s.

196 17
600
 THE ISLAND OP TRINIDAD. 15

Do. do., exclusive of Taxes raised for Immigration purposes 2 14 10

Do. do., exclusive of Local Taxes and taxes raised for Immi-
gration purposes ... ... ... ,,. 230
Proportion of Immigration Taxes to produce per hogshead ... 067
R. RUSSELL, Auditor General.

Trinidad possesses a collegiate school and a college for boysj tlio

former, the Queen's Collegiate School, founded by the Government in
1859, with an annual grant towards it of £2,740 'sterling ; the latter was
established in 1836 by the Right Reverend Dr. Daniel McDonnell, Roman
Catholic Bishop ; it receives no support from Government. There is also
a seminary, under the title of the " Convent," for the education of young
ladies ; it was founded by the Sisters of the Order of St. Joseph, and is
an establishment ably conducted by several nuns. The Government have
two model schools for children of both sexes, and thirty primary ward
schools the expense for teachers of the former is <£4.50 per annum ; the
;

expense of the ward schools is defrayed from the funds of the wards.
The Borough Councils of Port of Spain and San Fernando have also their
schools for girls and boys. The Government schools are under the
inspection of a paid inspector, A. W. Anderson, Esq., who receives a
salary of £500 per annum. The total average daily attendance of children
at the ward schools in 1863 was 1,069, and the amount expended by the
several wards during that year, in respect to education, amounted to
£3,163 15s. Id. sterling.

There is an Inland Post-office amalgamated with the General Post-

office. There are nine established mail routes, besides four foot routes ;
the total transportation of mails on these routes being 65,058 miles, at a
cost of £3,454 sterling, or 13s. |d. per mile. There are twenty-one post-
offices throughout the island ; the total delivery of letters averaging
annually 111,682 packet letters ; inland, 77,673 letters. The number of
newspapers received from the United Kingdom is 60,000, and transmitted
thereto 12,000. A letter can be sent to any part of the island for Id.
the half-ounce. There are also letter carriers for the town of Port of
Spain. There are two local steamboats under contract, for the con-
veyance of mails, police, and prisoners, the cost of which is £4,500 per
annum. There are several institutions kept up at the public expense :

two hospitals, £7,885 ; lunatic asylum, £1,720; leper asylum, £1,910;

wash-house and bath-house, £200 ; royal gaol, £5,875. There is also a
botanical garden, established in 1820 by Sir R. J. Woodford, and under
the direction at that time of a Mr. Lockhart it has been from year to
;

year increased with the rarest plants and flowers of various descriptions,
which are annually imported the grounds are laid out with much good
;

taste the Government expend thereon £700 per annum, namely, £300
;

salary of botanist and gardener, and £400 for implements, &c. The soil
of the island is rich, and produces in addition to the cane, cocoa, coffee,
and cotton, various kinds of provisions, such as yams, plantains, sweet
potatoes, cush cush, tanias, rice, corn, and manioc, but not in sufficient
 — .

16 HISTOEICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF

quantities for the consumption of the island ; hence it is that the market

is largely supplied with plantains from Venezuela, and yams and potatoes
from Grenada and some of the other neighbouring islands. Vegetables
of almost every description are also raised, particularly by the ('hinese,
whose knowledge in gardening is great, whilst they are most attentive
and steady in such work, more especially where the land is their own.
The country is abundantly wooded and well watered, except the Napa-
rimas, where the want of water is much felt, there being no river in
that part of the island. The inhabitants of San Fernando con-
sequently suffer great privations during the dry season ; the few springs
that exist there are on the lands of private parties, who make a handsome
revenue from the sale of water ; during the present year (1864) as much
as 90 cents (3s. 9d. sterling) was paid for a puncheon of water. The
timbers of the island are numerous, and consist of cedar, cip, mora, carapo,
balata, yoke, roble, tapana, galba, purple heart, locust, poui, fiddle-\vood,
capivi, leopard-wood, and a number of other descriptions ; very extensive
samples of which were a short time since collected by S. Devenish, Esq.,
and forwarded to Admiral Milne. There are also many other kinds of
wood of softer species that are used for staves, shingles and boards. The
fruits of the island consist of bananas, bell-apple, golden-apple, pine-
apple, sugar-apple, musk-melon, water-melon, granadilla, grapes, oranges,
mangoes, malacca apple, guava, mamee, sapodilla cashew, custard-apple,
India plum, sour sop, shaddock, star-apple, pomegranate, quinces, &c.
Thereis a pitch lake ninety-nine acres in extent, situate in the ward of
La Brea, which is about thirty-eight miles south from Port of Spain ; it is
of considerable value, and affords a slight revenue to the island ; the
greatest proportion of the lake appertains to the Earl of Dundonald by
lease from the Government. Coal is also to be found in the ward of
Manzanilla on the east coast of the island its quality was tested on board
;

of her Majesty's steamer Buzzard, and was found to be very good.

Immigration is fully encouraged by the Government from India and
China, the amount voted for the same for the present year (1864) being
£28,210, to which must be added the expense of the fixed establishment,
amounting to £1,880, making a total of £30,090. By the Census of 1861,
there were 13,488 Coolies and 461 Chinese ; since then there have been
imported, say, in 1862, 1,967 Coolies and 452 Chinese, and in 1863, 1,798
Coolies, giving a total of 17,253 Coolies and 913 Chinese. Of these
numbers, by a late return of the Agent- General of Immigrants, say to
31st December, 1863, there were
Indian immigrants on estates who have not completed a residence
of five years ... ... ... ... ... 10,072
Do. do. on estates under contract who have completed an
industrial residence of five years ... ... ... 1,308
Po. do. who hold certificates of industrial residence not
under indenture ... ... ... ... 4,058

15,438
Number of Chinese who have not completed a residence of five
years in the colony under indenture . ... ... 257
 THE ISLAND OP TRINIDAD. 17

These immigrants (Coolies and Chinese) are by the same return shown as
located on 154 different estates ; the largest number on any one estate is
206 (the Orange Grove Estate in the county of St. George). The revenue
collected on account of the annual outlay was in 1863 £16,137
sterling.

RETURN OF IMMIGRANTS FROM 1845 TO 1864.

18 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF

merely gives the number imported from the 21st December, 1838, to the
17th July, 1840;—

Grenada
 — ;

THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 19

The fees payable by the officers for their respective commissions were as
under :

Dols. Dols.
Brigadier-General 72 Ensign ,
14)
Colonel and Lieutenant-Colonel 60 Paymaster, Quartermaster, Adju-
Major 42 tant, and Surgeon ... each 32
Captain 32 Adjutant- General, Quartermaster-
Lieutenant 22 General, and Surgeon-General,
Physician-General 60 Judge Advocate-General ,c.each 48

The fines for non-attendance on parade were : —

A field-officer, 8 dollars
captain, 6 subaltern officer, 5 dollars ;
dollars
; non-commissioned
officers, 3 dollars ; privates, 2 dollars ; and for absence on two successive
days of parade to pay a fine double in amount of the above ; and in case
the fine was not immediately paid, the party was committed under warrant
of the Provost-Marshal to the Eoyal Gaol to undergo seven days' imprison-
ment.
The Government buildings consist of a Government House, Court
House, Treasury, Bonding Warehouse, Police Barracks, Eoyal Gaol, Leper
As3dum, Lunatic Asylum, Colonial Hospital, San Fernando Hospital, Bath-
House, Wash-House, and Prince's Building. Government House is
divided into a spacious hall, where the Legislative Council meet, and
offices for the Governor, Colonial Secretary, Private Secretary, Clerks,
Auditor-General, Attorney-General, Keeper of Maps and Surveys, Official
Assignee, Secretary of Central Road Board, depository for stationery, and
printing-office. The Court House is divided into two court-rooms, one
for the Supreme Courts, the other a Msi Prius and Complaint Court,
besides offices for the three Judges, Registrar of the Courts, Eegistrar-
General, Clerk of the Complaint Court, Solicitor- General, Marshal,
and depository for proceedings. The Treasury is divided into offices for
Eeceiver-General, his assistant and clerks, Commissioner of Assessed Taxes,
Supervisors and Agent- General of Immigrants. The building is of old
standing, being formerly the residence of the late Patrick O'Brien, after
whose death it was purchased by Robert Neilson, and sold by him to the
Colonial Government for its present purposes, for the sum of £6,000
sterling. The Government buildings were commenced by Governor Sir
H. MacLeod, who laid the foundation-stone on the 15th February, 1844.
They were opened with much ceremony by Lord Harris on the 2nd
November, 1848. Although in an unfinished state, they do little credit to
either the architect, engineer, or builders, as they have more the appearance
of a penitentiary or a factory. The Colonial Hospital is a building which
at one view displays the taste, skill, and ability of the engineer, L. W.
Samuel, a native of the island ; its length is 390 feet by 64 feet in width,
with open galleries of 10 feet wide on both sides of the first floor. It is
capable of containing 200 patients. It cost £30,000 sterling. It was
commenced by Governor Sir C. Elliot in 1855, and opened by Governor
Keate on 1st September, 1858. The San Fernando Hospital was also
erected by Governor Elliot, and under the direction of L. W. Samuel ;
its length is 224 feet, and its width 56 feet, with open galleries on either
 —

20 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OP

side 12 feet wide. It is capable of containing 100 patients. It was

opened on 1st August, 1859. The Lunatic Asylum was also commenced
by Governor Elliot, and, as far as locality and circumstances will admit of,
is a suitable building. It is situated in the suburbs of the town, in the
locality known as "Belmont.'' It was opened on 27th September, 1858,
when forty lunatics were admitted. It is now capable of containing
eighty persons. The Leper Asylum is situated at Cocorite, distant 2|
miles from Port of Spain. It was formerly the Ordnance Stores, and was
purchased from the Home Government by Governor Sir H. MacLeod for
its present purpose. It was opened on 12th May, 1845. The first
medical superintendent was J. L. O'Connor, M.D., K.A. The Prince's
Building was commenced during the tenure of office of Lieutenant-Gover-
nor J. Walker, and at the time his Koyal Highness Prince Alfred was
expected to visit the island in 1861. It is built in the shape of a cross,
with very spacious ball-room, supper-room, lounging- room, bar-room, and
retiring-rooms. It is, however, built without any direct plan of archi-
tecture. It is used for public entertainments. It cost £12,000
sterling, although the inner jDart yet remains unfinished. There
is a Public Library, established in 1851, towards which there is a
Government grant of £300 sterling, besides the revenue derived from the
subscribers. There are 6,000 volumes of books of the best selection.
It is governed by a committee elected annually from among the sub-
scribers. The places of worship in Port of Spain are Trinity Church
and All Saints Chapel. The interior of the former is built somewhat in
the style of Westminster Abbey. It was erected by Governor Woodford,
who laid the foundation-stone 30th May, 1816 ; and on Trinity Sunday,
15th May, 1823, it was consecrated. All Saints Chapel was erected by
Governor MacLeod, the foundation-stone of which was laid by Lady
MacLeod on 4th November, 1844. There is also the Eoman Catholic
Cathedral and four chapels. The Cathedral is very handsome and well
built, the architecture reflecting great credit on the architect, the late
P. Eeinegle, who was also the architect of Trinity Church. The founda-
tion-stone of the Cathedral was laid by Governor Woodford on 26th
March, 1816 ; it was consecrated by the Right Keverend Bishop Daniel
McDonnell on 15th April, 1832. There are also a Wesleyan, a Presby-
terian, a Baptist, and a Portuguese Chapel, all of which are well and
neatly built.
The Military Barracks at St. James are buildings which do credit to
Trinidad, are spacious, and with every requisite accommodation. They
were commenced 21st January, 1824, and completed 11th June, 1827.
They cost £80,000 sterling. They are distant 1^ mile west from Port of
Spain.
The crime of the island is much less than that of other countries, in
proportion to the population, and the natives of the island form but a small
proportion of the total commitments. By the profitable employment of
the prisoners, the prison department is made seK-supporting, as shown
by the following return, classification, and table :
 THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 21

Return op Prisoners Committed to Prison, with particulars of Crimes,

Country, Profession, Age, Religion, (Jourts Committed from, Number
of Times Committed, Expenditure, &c., for the year ending 31st
December, 1863.
Felons and
Committed from. Misde- Debtors. Age. Religion.
meanants.

10 to 15 18 C. of E
M. M. 15— 20 121
County of St. George ... 684 20 — 25 359
— Victoria 157 25— 30 446
— Caroni 215 30— 35 205
— St. Patrick ... 49 35— 40 Ill
— David
St. 2 40— 45 79
Supreme Ciiminal Court 71 45— 50 31
Complaint Court 50— 55 21
Petty Civil Court 55 - 60 15
Supreme Civil Court 60— 65 4
65— 70 2
1178 129
Total. 1410
22 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF

•1TI0I
THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 23
 —

24 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OP

The east mountain of the continent of Venezuela, and bounding with the
Grand Bocas, is 3,250 feet high.
—
The principal rivers are Caroni, twenty-eight miles Guaracara, ten ;

miles Couva, nine miles ; Cipero, six miles ; Yara, four miles ; Madame,
;

four miles ; Rio Grande, six miles ; Matura, nine miles ; Oropouche,
seventeen miles.

DISTANCES FROM PORT OF SPAIN.

Miles. MUes.
To Chagiianas by high road 19 Port of Spain to L'Ance Pouchette 3|
„ Carapachaima „ 27i „ „ Carenage ... 7
„ Couva „ 32 „ „ Chaguaramas ... 13
„ Claxton Bay „ 361 „ Hart's Cut ... 10^
„ Guaracara Bridge „ San Fernando to Pitch Lake ... 15^
„ San Fernando „ 42 i „ „ 'River Bravo ... 2
„ St. John „ ... 3f M „ Guapo Village ... 4g-

„ St. Joseph „ 51 „ „ Point Fortune ... 71

Taraugua Q-3. Erin -road
„ „ i'lO „ „ ... 9f
„ Arouca „ 111 „ „ Capdiville River .. 10
Port of Spain to Arima 16 „ „ Javis Depot ... 13i
„ „ Guanapo 18 „ „ Granville River ... 17
„ „ Matura 20 „ „ Point Cedros ... IS?
„ „ Valencia 21 Port of Spain to Chaguanas by water 1

„ „ Mayaro 42 „ „ Couva ... ... 18

„ „ St. Cruz Police Station 9 „ „ San Fernando ... 28
„ „ Diego Martin 3i „ „ La Brea ... 38
„ „ Cocorite Wharf ... 2i ,, ,, Cedros ... 53

The steamers Janet, Tennent, and William Burnly being con-

tracted for by the Government, one of them runs daily to Chaguanas,
rdicite Hall, Couva, Claxton's Bay, and San Fernando ; and every Saturday
and each alternate Thursday to La Brea and Cedros, returning the same
day, except Monday, on which day she leaves Port of Spain at 2 p.m.,
and returns the next morning at 10 a.m. The fares and hours of leaving
are as follows:

From Port of Spain.

 —

THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 25

The coDtractors are Messrs. Pantiii, "Watts and Co. ; tlio commander of
the steamer is Captain Masters. Breakfast, dinner, and refreshments
are provided on board at a reasonable rate.

Eeturn of the total number of Lepers admitted, died, and remaining

in the Leper Asylum for the year ending 31st December, 18 G3 :
 i

o
a

O
CD

to
d
P^

CD
5=1

.2

c
1-5

O
H
^
 THE ISLAND OP TRINIDAD. 27

Produce of Trinidad exported from 1821 to 18G3.

Sugar.
 ,

28 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF

A Table showing the Location of the Indian Immigrants and the

Increase and Decrease in each Locality by the Census Returns of
1851 and 18G1.
Census Census Total
Locality. Increase. Decrease
of 1851. of 1861. Increase.

Port of Spain 233 250 17

St. Ann's Ward 23 6
Laventille U 7
Cimaronero 210 210
Aricagua 123 471 348
Santa Cniz 112 87 25
Mucurapo 46 120 74
Maraval 40 109 69
Diego Martin 30 158 128
Carenage 1 4 3
Chaguaramas 1 3 2
St. Joseph 384 440 92
Tacarigua 286 1188 902
Maracas 1 10
Caura 4 12
Lower Caroni 78 321 243
Mayaro 26 18
Nariva
Toco 16 16
Blansich.euse 1 1
Arima 33 280 247
Guanapo 31 6 25
Toirure 1 4 3
Upper Caroni 1 1
Manzanilla 1 1
Couva 404 569 165
Chaguanas 243 801 558
Carapichaima 102 161 59
Savonetta 194 958 764
Point-a-Pierre 156 505 349
San Fernando 56 195 139
South.Naparima Eastern Ward 291 1454 1163
South Naparima Western 591 365 774
Oropouche 316 246
North Naparima 1089 892
Savana Grande Southern 128 599 471
Savana Grande Northern 156 973 817
La Brea 82 82
Guapo 45 45
Cedros 148 660 512
Moruga 3 3

4169 13488 9408 89 9319

A Table showing the Component Parts of the Population of Trinidad

by the Census Returns of 1851 and 1861, and the Comparative
Increase and Decrease.

Where Bom.
 THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 29

Return op
Eeturn of Ships and Coolies (entitled to back passages) despatched from
Trinidad, as per Twenty-Second Keport of Immigration Commis-
sioners, 1862.
' '
32 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF

Eevenue and Expenditure of the Colony from 1850 to 1863.

Eevenue. Expenditure.
£ £
1850 88,084 77,362
1851 95,733 106,316
1852 107,310 110,944
1853 142,782 118 827
1854 101,408 101,016
1855 72,323 80,657*
1856 93,213 80,304
1857 131,285 102,247
1858 145,391 174,022
1859 167,385 187,016
1860 184,861 187,220
1861 171,729 188,841
1862 199,372 196,058
1863 184,377 188,981

Value of Imports and Exports from 1850 to 1863.

Imports. Exports.
£ £
1850 476,910 319,394
1851 548,471 390,009
1852 493,274 458,851
1853 504,380 446,076
1854 559,067 380,873
1855 554,534 387,999
1856 666,474 574,767
1857 800,820 1,073,878
1858 825,969 785,863
1859 734,902 820,606
1860 829,304 714,603
1861 856,726 645,561
1862 733,598 739,507
1863 710,972 796,497

Notes on the Annual Return of Indentured Immigrants in

Trinidad for the Year 1863.

The half-yearly Eeports required under the 1 3th Clause of Ordinance

No. 16, 1862, together with the Annual Abstract under the 14th Clause,
have been already submitted to the Legislative Council. These together
furnish full statistical iuformation regarding the actual state of Immigra-
tion, and require few special remarks by way of explanation or supplement.
2. The tables are necessarily confined to Coolies resident on estates,
whether indentured or unindentured. The number of the latter who have
served their time and now reside elsewhere, either in Port of Spain, San

* Does not include expenditure of imnugration.

 THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 33

Fernando, or the rural hamlets, has become too great, and, generally
speaking, too unsettled in their habits to be noticed further in these
reports than as forming a portion of the 4 520 Indian immigrants not
under indenture, and who hold certificates of having terminated their
industrial residence. The women and children belonging to this class are
naturally more numerous than among those indentured to, or resident on
estates, but their exact proportion can scarcely be estimated till the next
general Census. They have exhibited a new feature during the last year
or eighteen months, and imitated the Chinese in cultivating gardens in
the vicinity of town and elsewhere, sometimes on an extensive scale while
the numerous huts erected in these gardens show that to a certain extent
they are becoming identified with the Creole population. They possess,
besides, large numbers of horned stock, well selected and well cared for.
3. Planters, however, complain, and not without reason, that these
huts, particularly in the vicinity of town, afford a ready refuge to numerous
absentees from estates' labour, whom the masters can scarcely apprehend,
owing to a skilfully arranged outpost system, which, by preconcerted
signals, warns the runaways of any approaching search.
4. There some foundation for this assertion, but it does not account
is

for the increased numbers who deserted work in 1863 as compared with
1862, viz., 453 against 373, or 20 per cent, additional, while the increase
in the whole body of indentured labour on estates was only 900 or 10
per cent. Other causes may be shortly enumerated.
5. Such as the increased demand for field hands on the neighbouring
shores of the Spanish Main, where the natives have deserted the cocoa
estates and other usual culture, to escape service in the miserable struo-ales
that desolate Venezuela. This causes a heavy drain on both contract and
free labour, which must continue in the absence of any extraditional treaty
with that province, to enable the planters of this colony to trace and
bring back their fugitive apprentices.
6. Illegal absence is encouraged by the fact that sturdy vagrants are
no longer punished by the magistrate on apprehension, but restored to
their employers by the captors on payment of certain fees, to be afterwards
deducted from the vagrant's wages. Should the employer decide on
punishing the offender, he must apply for a warrant to bring him before
the magistrate ; this, of course, entails more or less delay, and as there is
no authority for locking up the culprit in the meantime, he again escapes,
leaving the master minus both his trouble and the fee paid for capture.
In point of fact, during the busy season of crop, the master rarely pro-
ceeds before the magistrate, as this mode of punishment involves much
loss of time in attendance at the Station-house of overseers or superinten-
dents whose absence from estates' duty would jeopardize interests of major
importance ; the offence is consequently overlooked, and the culprit having
escaped the fine or imprisonment to which he was liable, is apt to look
on the fault as trivial, and repeat it on small temptation.
7 Illegal absence occasioned by proprietors enticing from service the
indentured servants of others is now exceptional, owing to the equalized
supply of labour, and confined to distant and sequestered settlements
Si HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OP

where social regulations and police influence have scarcely penetrated.

There exists, however, a rather ingenious mode by which an immigrant
under indenture manages to transfer his services and yet escapes detection ;
this is by obtaining possession of a bona fide certificate of industrial
residence which has been granted to another —if that of a dead man so
much the better. This may be done in various ways, by stealing, pur-
chasing, or borrowing. The two first are simple transactions, the last
more complex, something in the banking line. Secret companies exist,
who advance to any steady labourer in their neighbourhood the means to
buy his remaining period of industrial residence ; on receiving his certi-
ficate, he is bound to purchase all his necessaries from tlie parties who
have advanced him the money, and he further deposits with them bis
certificate till his debt be liquidated, that is to say, he becomes again
what he was in India, the bondsman of another. The banker, on his
part, immediately invests the certificate by hiring it out to an immigrant
who has not finished his time, and if this last be newly arrived, and, con-
sequently, not easily recognized, he may, perhaps for years, escape detec-
tion by a judicious change of residence.
8. Although, as above stated, absentees have considerably increased
during the last year, yet the numbers tabulated exhibit rather an extreme
view of the gravity of the case, for a certain proportion of the immigrants
thus registered have been away for years from the estates to which they
were originally indentured, and have been returned as absent more in
compliance with established form than as representing an integral portion
of estates' available labour.
9. While absenteeism has increased since the preceding year, it is
somewhat gratifying to find that the mortality among the Indians residing
on estates, whether free or indentured, has considerably diminished. This
class of the population numbers 14,140, and the deaths registered among
them, exclusive of 30 who died in hosjDital after landing, but before distri-
bution, were 339 this includes 87 who died in the public hospitals of San
;

Fernando and Port of Spain after admission from the estates on which they
were indentured, as well as 5 who died in gaoL This establishes a rate
of mortality equal to 24 per cent., which is under that of LancasLire.
Including 30 who died in hosjoital on embarkation the rate would rise to
2.6, still under that of Lancashire. These last, however, should more
fairly be classed with deaths on board ship, to which I shall refer
presently.
10. Tor reasons mentioned above, the death-rate among Coolies who
have terminated their contracts and do not reside on estates cannot be
estimated with anything like precision. Assuming, as is probable, that
their families bear the same numerical proportion to the families of those
residing on estates, their aggregate number would be 3,789 ; on these the
mortality, if calculated from the deaths of this class, which took i)lace in
the public hospitals, whither they usually resorted when ill, was 22 or 0-5
per cent. This is probably too low, as some may have died elsewhere
than in hospital ; but the singular freedom from casualties of the seasoned
Indian in Trinidad, and under favourable circumstances, is evident from
 ——

THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 35

the iiict that the Indian Training School or Orphan Asyhim, which
numbers Gl inmates, is thus reported on by the Rev. Henry Richards
''
I am happy to say that we had no deaths at the Orphan Home during
the year 18G3."
11. The mortality among immigrants at sea for the same season, during
the passage from Calcutta to Trinidad, was 32-5 adults on 1,328*5 em-
barked = 2:4 per cent. This is so far remarkable as being the lowest
death-rate on record here, and will probably bear favourable comparison
with other similar undertakings. In special reports on each ship as she
arrived, the probable causes of this success were pointed out, and I shall
now only allude to it by remarking, that it was attained more by care at
the depot, and the precautions taken by the agent on embarkation, and
followed out afterwards on board, than due to any real physical supe-
riority of the Indians shipped ; because, taken as a whole, they have rather
deteriorated than otherwise of late years ; their intrinsic value diminish-
ing with the increasing competition for their services.
12. Breach of Contract. —
453 have been committed to gaol in
1863, as against 721 in 1862. At the first blush this diminution in the
face of an increased population would argue a vast improvement in the
industrial character of the Coolie. But it is unfortunately attributable
to less gratifying sources —
partly to the desire on the part of the employer
to escape the trouble of appealing to the magistrate, as explained in
paragraph 6 of these notes, and partly to the fact, that without any-
trouble the employer can always secure the repayment of any days
lost by the apprentice by simply registering them in the weekly
returns, and procuring their endorsement at the expiry of the indenture.
Commitments to gaol for offences other than breach of contract have
increased in about ihe same proportion that the latter diminished, viz.,
233 to 126 in the preceding year; the increment has been principally
in assault and larceny, obscene language and exposure of the person.
The gradual increase in numbers of the Indian population naturally begets
a sort of bastard courage or recklessness sufficient to account for the
gradual rise in the proportion of commitals under these heads.
13. Proportion of Sexes. —
Of the total 14,140 Indians residing on
estates, 12,090 are adults, and of these 3,029, or somewhat over one-third,
are women; the remaining 2,050 are children under 10 years of age;
among them the sexes aie pretty fairly balanced, 1,085 being boys, and
965 girls.
14. The influx and efflux of labour from the neighbouring colonies
continue pretty much the same as in previous years. The numbers are
Landed 2,269
vSailed ., 172

thus leaving 2,097 as a permanent addition to the population. The ques-

tion may be asked, how it happens, that with this incessant stream
pouring into the colony, there should be a still greater demand for Indian
labour than during three previous years. The answer will vary according
to circiunstances. Some maintain that the application for 2,000 Coolies
36 HISTOEICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF

for the ensuing year is preposterously large ; they are gentlemen whose
estates are already planted up, and, consequently, sufficiently handed, or
situated in well-peopled districts, where their own intelligence and means
can always command what extra labour they require, without contributing
to any further supply to estates in general by an export tax levied on
their own produce. These, again, are looked on as deficient in forethought,
and sacrificing the future to the present by those who are actively engaged
in extending cultivation and doubling their crops, which cannot be done,
they say, without a large addition of indentured labour which alone is
continuous. They maintain further that the influx of labour from other
places is insufficient to keep pace with the demand, and is principally
absorbed in replacing the seasoned hands who flock to the small cocoa
and provision holdings, or squat on the Crown lands. The true cause of
the demand for Indian labour probably is, that although expensive, it is
easy of application, and can be depended on ; and this demand will keep
pace with the price of sugar so long as a primitive system of agriculture
continues where the steam-plough is unknown, thorough drainage
neglected, and 30,000 acres of canes weeded by manual instead of imple-
mental labour, while the stock that should be so occupied are in the
meantime eating their heads off in stall or pen.
15. Chinese. — Of the immigrants introduced by the "Wanata" in
July of the preceding year it is impossible to speak with any satisfaction.
As shown by the tables, they have died and absconded in great numbers,
and the remainder, with few exceptions, are unable to earn anything like
comfortable wages. As, however, the colony must no doubt look to China
in future for much of its contract labour, it will be well to view this
emigration by the light of such experience as we already possess. In 1853
a considerable number of Chinese, about 1,100, were introduced here.
They were imported in three ships, of which the first named, the
Australia, arrived on the 4th of March, having left Amoy about the close
of 1852 ; she disembarked upwards of 400 men, nearly all in good order.
Although at first troublesome from misunderstandings on the score of
work or wages, which were neither easily avoided nor arranged on account
of a total absence of interpreters, yet these people generally turned out
well, because they were mostly able-bodied peasants, and landed here
early enough in the year to become seasoned during the dry weather to
the climate and customs of the country. The second ship, the Clarendon,
arrived from Canton on the 23rd of April with an equally select
—
body of men rather late in the season perhaps, but still early enough
for the lot to become somewhat settled before the rains commenced.
This is a '* sine qua non" to all safe immigration hither ; for even the
native labourers from the other islands undergo a more or less sharp
seasoning if they migrate to Trinidad late in the year. During dry weather
the sea breeze invigorates, the manufacture of sugar is cheerful, and
though last, not least, the wages are comparatively high a strong man's
;

strength is then a very marketable commodity, and may be fully exer-

cised without risk, while at the same time an abundant supply of nutri-
tious and palatable sweets leaves little to be desired in the shape of food.
 tut: island of trfnidad. 3i

But wet season commences, about the end of INTay, Avith an average
after the
rainfall of 80 inches between that and January, perhaps with some
three weeks of temperate weather intervening in September or October,
the cheerful bustle of crop changes to the unvarying monotony of weeding
undrained clays, which habit alone can render endurable. 'J'he wages too
are lower, and while the seasoned immigrant works on without much
risk in the rain, earning perhaps his shilling in less than five hours, tlie
new comer falls sick at once, or earns a pittance inadequate to meet the
wants of a system lowered by cold and damp. The seasoned immigrant
returns from the field to a home which experience has furnished with the
requisite appliances, while the new comer sits down in cold discomfort,
without, in all probability, the precaution of shifting his damp clothing ;
hence dysentery and gangrenous ulceration of the extremities, aggravated
to a certain extent by the want of cleanliness and foul-feeding which
characterize the great mass of Eastern immigrants. The last ship of
1853 was the Lady Flora Hastings, from the Province of Fokeen.
Her immigrants were inferior to those by the two other ships, and many
were confirmed opium-smokers. They were landed during the first week
in July, proved a source of continual annoyance to the estates that re-
ceived them, and, before six months passed, suffered so severely from
dysentery and sores, as to form a subject of inquiry by the Local Govern-
ment.
16. After a lapse of nine years Chinese immigration was renewed, and
the "Wanata arrived in July, 1862, from Hong Kong with 4:52 souls, of
whom 115 were women. The season of the year was against them, and
their previous occupations, as reported at the thrie, untitted the greater
number for the exposure and laborious life of agriculturists. Their women
have realized a still more unfavourable impression. Of 109 originally dis-
tributed on estates, only five are now returned as present. They were
shipped as the wives of immigrants, whom they have now either left, or
by whom they have been altogether repudiated. Very few of them have
ever attempted to gain their own livelihood, and their reputed husbands
were incapable of self-support, much less of affording any assistance
from their scanty earnings, averaging less than 5d. per day. These
women were imported at an enormous expense, and have turned out
worse than useless. It is therefore desirable that any further accession
of Chinese to this country should consist not only of men who can support
themselves, but of their bona, fide wives, able and willing to help the
husband for there is no exj)erience on record here to show that the
;

Chinese labourer can do more during his first year of residence than sup-
port himself. However small the proportion of Avomen to accompany
the Chinese arrivals of next year, it should be restricted to legal wives
whom they cannoc desert, otherwise it were better to send the great ma-
jority of immigrants as single men, and trust to their finding wives here,
like their predecessors, among the natives of the colony, who can appre-
ciate their industry and other good qualities. In the last Census the
males of Trinidad outnumber the females, but when the Indian element,
which does not intcrmarr}^ with, the others, is eliminated, the females
D
38 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF

preponderate as in nearly all the other British "West India Colonies. As

regards the Chinese women who may be introduced here in future, it
becomes a question of great importance to their own safety, whether they
should not be indentured on arrival like any other female immigrants.
The measure would be applicable to all persons able to work when the
husband declined the responsibility of supporting, and would at least
secure to these unfortunates the same Government surveillance which is
now extended to the males.
17. Perhaps Chinese immigrants would be more careful with whom
they elected to embark as wives, were they aware that they cannot pur-
chase any balance of contract residence here, without also liquidating
whatever was due on the previous account for their reputed wives (see
clause 21 of Ordinance l^o. 16, 1862). The agent in China, when he
informs them of this and the general laws of the colony as affecting
immigrants, might at the same time draw their attention to the fact, that
in Trinidad many of their countrymen who originally landed as contract
labourers have now, by patient industry, attained a fair position in life,
acquired houses, land, and commercial influence. The agent may point
to those who have returned to China after ten years' residence here with
comjmrative wealth and these men, five of whom left Trinidad this month
;

for Hong Kong, may tell their compatriots there that, having overcome
the earlier difficulties inseparable from expatriation, they not only managed
to live with comfort, but to carry back with them from 3.000 dols. to
4,000 dols. each, and that the same good fortune awaits those who un-
flinchingly pursue the same career.
18. Advances, — This also is a question of too great importance to be
passed over in silence, when the results of experience are being canvassed.
Its proper treatment ranks next to the proper season for embarking
emigrants. Few of the Chinese of 1853 ever repaid the money advanced
to them in China, although great numbers of the men by the two earlier
slii[.)S eventually turned out first-rate labourers when they were well
mannged. The attempt to deduct it even in the smallest proportions
caused sucli endless strife and vagrancy, that the greater number of pro-
prietors preferred paying it themselves, and in many cases it was never
ultimately recovered. All experience here is certainly against its being
made repayable from the labourers' wages. In the instance of the people
by the Wanata, who have been now nearly two years in the colon}",
out of 3:^6 contract servants, who thus owed an aggregate of £900, only
two have repaid 10 dols. each, and they happen to be household servants ;

none of the rest appear to have saved a single dollar, and one who hanged
himself, a tailor by trade, was reported to have done so to escape the
rt^payment of moneys which he found his earnings could never satisfy.
Should immigration continue from China, and it be found impracticable
to embark immigrants without the inducement of advances, let them be in
the form of bounty, and allow their scanty wages to be paid free of deduc-
tion. Tiie mere fact of debt hanging over them caused many to abscond
or become despondent, and aggravated the disadvantages under which
they laboured when encountering on arrival a language and customs alike
 THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 39

strange. The bounty, well applied, would induce a better class of men to
emigrate, and if inexpedient to make it altogether a free gift, it might
be repaid by the immigrant at the close of his contract, as one of the
conditions of receiving his certificate of industrial residence, and if he
were then either unable or unwilling to repay the money, his contract
might be extended for another year, on which the employer should pay
the indenture fee into the Treasury, to reimburse the colony for the
bounty advanced. The risk of loss would not be great, and the arrange-
ment is not one whose principle would be objected to either by the employer
or the contract servant.
19. The expected arrival of a continuous stream of Chinese immi-
grants induces me to suggest in conclusion the advisability of laying some
restrictions on the sale of opium as now conducted here. When the
drug is high-priced as in China, it can only be used in moderation by
the working classes, when its stimulus is as harmless and agreeable as
those of tea, tobacco, &c. ; but when cheap, as it happens to be here,
circumstances alter, it is used more freely, and gradually becomes a poison,
from which the victim rarely escapes. The deaths of most of the Chinese
here are indirectly attributable to the dysenteric affections which generally
attend the abuse of opium.
20. Up to 1863 any Indian immigrant, on giving one month's notice
to his employer and to the Agent-General, could change his employer
and get himself re-indentured to another at the end of this third year, a
privilege of which he could avail himself again for the fifth year. This
power of changing about has, however, been cancelled by the Imperial
Government, and the contract for five years is to be held as binding on
all Indian immigrants arrived since 1863. The wisdom of this legisla-
tion is apparent from the fact that only 17 out of 9,127 contract servants
have, during the year 1863, applied for leave to change their original
settlement. The inference is, that they were satisfied with the employers
to whom their services were assigned by Government.
21. In noting the extraordinary immunity from death which charac-
terizes the seasoned Indian, it should have been further stated that
similar good fortune occasionally attends the European. In a January
Port of Spain Gazette for 1863 it is recorded, and it is to be presumed
on authority unlikely to be questioned, that during the preceding two
and a-half years the mortality in Her Majesty's 14th Regiment, numbering
240, was limited to two men, one woman, and three children at the
Barracks of Si. James's in this colony, a site usually esteemed insalubrious.
Henry Mitchell,
Agent-General of Immigrants.

D 2
40 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF

GOVERNORS OF THE COLONY DURING THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT

AND SINCE THE ISLAND HAS APPERTAINED TO GREAT BRITAIN.
Spanish Government.
11 Ocf., 1735, Lt.-Col. E. S. de Linan y 1762, J. A. Gil, Knight.
Vera. 1765, J. de Bruno.
4tli Dec, 1745, Don F. de La Monteras. 1766, J. de Flores.,
19th June, 1746, „ J. J. Salcedo. 1773, J. de Dies A^aldez.
1752, „ F. Manclares. SOtli Nov., 1776, M. Falquez.
1757, „ P. de La Moneda. 21st Aug., 1779, M. de Salavaria.
1760, „ J. San Juan. 1st Sept., 1783, J. M, de Chacon.

Bbitish Governoks and Administrators of the Government.

1797, Sir R. Abercrombie. 13th April, 1840, Col. Sir H. Macleod,
1798, J. Harvey, \ Governor.
Col. Fullerton, f Commis- 21st Nov., 1840, Major Barlow, 14th Regi-
Lt.-Col. Thos. I sioners. ment (acting).
Picton. ;
14th Dec, 1840, Major Tyler, Deputy
1st June, 1801, Col. Sir F. Picton. Quartermaster-General (acting)
20th June, 1803, Col. Fullerton. 25lh Sept., 1841, Lt.-Col. Sir C. Chichester,
20th July, 1803, Brigadier- General Sir T. 81st Regiment (acting).
Hislop. 9th May, 1842, Col. Sir H. Macleod.
9th January, 1810, Lt.-Col. Tolly, 1st West 29th June, 1842, Major F. Fuller (acting).
India Regiment (acting). 8th Aug., 1842, Lt.-Col. Sir C. Chichester,
25th April, 1811, Col. Munroe. (acting).
14th June, 1813, Sir R. J. Woodford, Bart. 3rd May, 1843, Col. Sir. H. Macleod.
21st April, 1821, Lt.-Col. A. W. Young, 1st 8th Feb., 1845, Lt.-Col. E. C. Archer,
West India Regiment (acting). Deputy Quartermaster-General (acting).
18th Feb., 1823, Sir R. J. Woodford. 2nd July, 1845, Col. Sir H. Macleod.
1st April, 1828, Major Capadose, 1st West 21st April, 1846, Lt.-Col. Brown, 34th
India Regiment (acting). Regiment (acting).
18th April,^1828, Sir C. F. Smith, Royal 29th April, 1846, Lord Harris.
Engineers (acting). 12th June, 1851, Lt.-Col. Ward, Royal
29th July, 1828, Col. Farquharson (acting). Engineers (acting).
10th March, 1829, Major-General Sir Lewis nth Feb., 1853, Major Halliday, 36th Regi-
Grant. ment (acting).
20th Nov., 1829, Lt.-Col. Doherty, 1st West 25th Feb., 1853, Lord Harris.
India Regiment (acting), 26th Jan., 1854, Major L. Bourchier, 69th
loth February, 1830, Major-General Sir L. Regiment (acting).
Grant. 10th March, 1854, Sir Charles Elliott, K.C.B.,
15ih May, 1830, Lt.-Col. Doherty, 1st West Governor.
India Regiment (acting). 27th Oct., 1856, Lt.-Col. Brooks, 67th Regi-
3rd June, 1830, Lt.-Col. Sir C. F. Smith ment (acting).
(acting). 26th Jan., 1857, Robert William Keate,
5th Dec, 1831, Major-General Sir L. Governor.
Grant. 7th April, 1860, J. Walker, C.B., Lt.-
9th June, 1833, Sir G. F. Hill, Bart., Lt.- Governor.
Governor. 25th March, 1861, Major Holworthy, 14t]i
8th March, 1839, Lt.-Col. Mein, 74th Regi- Regiment (acting).
ment (acting). May, 1861, R.W. Keate.
24th March, 1839, Col. Sir E. M. McGregor, 25th July, 1864, Major Thompson, 6th
Governor- General. Regiment, Ad. Government.
28th March, 1839, Lt.-Col. Mein, 74th Regi- Gth Sept., 1864, Hon. J. H. T. Manners
ment (acting). Sutton, Governor.

CONSTITUTION.
The Government administered by a Governor, and an Executive
is
Council of three Members. There is also a Legislative Council of Mem-
bers, including the Governor, who is President, six official and eight
unofficial members, all of whom are nominated by the Crown.
There is no rej^resentative Assembly.
 . . . ( .

THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 41

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL.
The Governor, President.
TLie Senior Officer Commanding her | The Colonial Secretary.
Majesty's Forces. |
The Attornej-GreneraL

LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL.
The Governor.
Frederic Warner.
W. G. Knox, Chief Justice. Henry Johnson.
J. S. Bashe, Colonial Secretary. Robert Wilson.
C. Vf. Warner, C.B., Attorney-General. C. G. Pantin.
Sir C. H. J. Cuyler. Bart, Eeceiver-General. G. P. Mackenzie.
G. Garcia, Solicitor-General. L. A. A. Verteuil.
H. Mitchell, Agent-General Immigrants. Henry Watts.
Andre Bernard.

Clerk of Council, E. L. Guppy.

CIVIL ESTABLISHMENT.
Hon. J. T. Landing Waiter at
Governor and Com- A. K. Wight £200
Manners San Fernando ...
•

mander-in-Chief ...
Sutton ... £3,,500 Agent-General Im-
H. Man- Hn.H.Mitchell 800
C. migrants
Private Secretary ...
300
ners Sutton Sub-Agent „ Hy. Anderson 300
Colonial Secretary . . Hn.J.S.Bushe 800 Clerks C. Mitchell... 200
Confidential Clerk ... R. L. Guppy 300 „ „ ... L.Pierre ... 150
Assistant Clerk John Cadiz 200 „ „ ... A. Harragin 100
Sir C. H. J. Agent of Immigrants ) ^^ -.^^^
Receiver- General ...
Cuyler, Bart. 800 at Calcutta" ... j
T. Warner ... 1,600
Assistant Eeceiver- Auditor- General ... R. Russell ... 600
E. J. Eagles 500
General ... Clerk, Auditor- ) t xr- ri'-n •

300
Sub - Receiver (San Knox 400
GeAeral's Office... r-^-^^"^^
J. F.
Fernando) „ „ T. Tench ... 100
Cierk in Receiver- Commissioner of )-rr
J. Basanta. . 330 Tr-t-t.
j^-^'^J^i" \.

•• 600
General's Ofhce ... Assessed Taxes...
J. T. Tench 330 Clerk to „ ,. Charles Bushe 300
H. Guppy. 275 Messenger to „ ... — Brodie . . 50
Farnum 250 Keeper of Maps and
Horsford 250 ^ur vey 1
;, and L. Sorzano.
O. Harley... 150 Escribano Court
'^^• 375
„ ... (

Landing Waiter ... C. Chipchase 300 of Intendent

nt ... ;
„ „ ... John O'Brien 250 Registrar - General H. A. Fitt 500
„ „ ... J. Cazabon... 220 Clerk „ ... W. Cazabon 220
„ „ ... F. Weedun... 220 Harbour Master, ci
)
E- -o
-n
H. Stewart
i.
630
„ „ ...F. Basant?(Monos) 75 Port of Spain J j
Locker F. Danglade 150 Assistant „ T. La Croix... 100
„ H. Hicks ... 110 Hcirbour Master,
J. O'Brien, jun. 82 San Fernando
F. J. Knox 100
„ . .

Supervisor H. Chipchase 330 Superintendent t nr

-D.,uK„ TXT. ...,.„ J- Meas: her. 400
„ A. Bourne ... 330 Public Works
H.Cadiz ... 330 Overseer „ J. Black ... 200
G. Roget ... 330 Clerk ,, A. Scamarony 180
„ H. Hughes... 100 Postmaster- General Wm. Eversley 350
Assistant Supervisor, A. Fabien ... 250 Clerk „ J. Richards ... 200
O.Wyke ... 250 R. Minor 100
Clerk and Locker at
200
Botanist ... H. Prestoe ... 200
J. E. Harris
San Fernando . . Gardener J. Home 100
 — . —— . ; , .

42 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OP

JUDICIAL ESTABLISHMENT.
Chief Justice and ( Hon. C. W.
j Attorney-General ...
£800
Judge of Vice- EnG.W.Knos£l,500 \ Warner, C.B.
J
Admiralty Court ]
Solicitor-General ... Hon. G.Garcia 200
First Puisne Judge H. T. Bowen 1,000 Marshal
( Ed. M'orray,
Second „ H.Fitz Gerald 1,000 \ fees and ... 350
Registrar of theCourts ,T. Warner... 600 Commissioner Petty
Jno.Cockerton 200
Acting „ Philip Gomez Civil Court [

Clerk in Eegistrar- \ Clerk „ C. H. Lorielhe 150

General's Office... j
W. Budge ... 240
Assistant do. A. Fournier... 50
E. L. Gibbs... 100 Official Assignee ... John Stone. . Fees.
J. H. Rat ... 90 Crown Solicitor James Driggs 300
Clerk to the Judges John Fuller. 2U0

STIPENDIARY MAGISTRATES AND CLERKS.

Western district, Eastern District,
Johnstone... £600
County St. George CountySt.Patrick,
Clerk H. Cockerton 250 and Commissioner Chas. Hobson £500
Assistant do. H. Stone ... 62 Petty Civil Court,
Eastern District,' San Fernando . .

J. S. Hobson 600
K. Clarke 250
County St. George Clerk ...

Clerk H. Bath 200 Western District,

T. S.
...

Warner 100 County St.Patrick

T. W. Fuller 400
and £400 Clerk G. M. Best 150
County Victoria ...
from Home H. L. Jobity 200
Government. County Mayaro ... and £150
Clerk H. P. Hobson 200 as Warden.
Assistant do. C. Huggins... 100 A. Redhead 400
County of Caroni ... H. J. Pantin 500 Toco & Blansicheuse and £100
Clerk L. P. Pierre 200 as Warden.

ECCLESIASTICAL ESTABLISHMENT.
Island Curates
The Bishop of St. Michael Rev. A. Eckel £400
Diocesan ., I
Matthew 150
( Barbadoes.. „ „ St.
( Rev. George The Archdeacon
Archdeacon „ „ St. John ... J

\ Cummins. . £500 (acting) ... 150

Rectors of Parishes St. Thomas Rev. R. Graham 150
Holy Trinity Rev.S. L.B.Richards 600
. . . Christ Church ... „ J. Semper 150
St. Paul „ C. A. Newsam 350 St. Jude
George Dunn,
St. Mary... „ H.Richards 350 j Catechist. 150
.

St. Stephen „ C. Gillet... 350 Assistant Curates

St. Andrew „ R.Critchlow
, 350 Holy Trinity ... W. D. Arrindel 100
St. Luke ... „ P.LeMaistre 350 St. Paul S. J. Branch lUO
St. Philip & St. Peter „ H.N.Huggins 350 All Saints, Royal
Gaol,& Hospital
W. G. Wall.. 150

ROMAN CATHOLIC ESTABLISHMENT.

/ Rt. Rev. Dr. Twenty Curates, at
Archbishop.. ••( J. Gonin... £1,000 £150 each; one
£3,230
Curate, Port of Spain 300 assistant at £130
Four Assistants do., at £130, and one at £100.
520 Sacristan Mayor, £130 650

Inspector A. W.Anderson £500

Superintendt. Model )
j^ Trouchin. 250
Second Master ... H. W. 500
Caird School for Boys... j
Third „ ... 300
T. F. Stewart „ Girls.. Mrs. Alcock 260
French „ ... F.VonSchalknvck 200
 .

THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. i3

Thos. Anderson, Resident Inspector, )

£200
Healtli Officer
(
L. Rochard...
) M.D. ... £150 Leper Asylum ... j
Public Vaccinator Resident Superin- \

and Medical At- '

Thos. Murray, ... tendent Lunatic

J
W. Pashley... 150
tendant at Gaol & M.D. ... ^^^ Asylum ... ... )

Lunatic A-;yluin..
Sanitary Inspector D. Hart ... nil.

C-msultinj^ Surgeon, Inspector of Police

H. G. Bushe
|
450
Colonial Hospital, B. J. Dasent 250 and Prisons ... j

andPolice Surgeon Superintendt.Prisons D. Hart ... 350

House Surgeon, Sub-Inspector Police M. Thomas... 200
R. Mercer, M.D. 700 200
Colonial Hospital
Dispenser „ M. Rochford 150 Clerk of Royal Gaol W. H. Searle 150
Clerk S. Fitz Gerald 175 Assistant „ S. W. Gould 75
House Surgeon, Overseer of Royal )
McCarthey 120
C.
Colonial Hospital, Gaol j
.K.Findlay,M.D. 809 Clerk of Police J. Harragin£109 10s.
San Fernando, and ...

Police Surgeon ... Government Printer H.J. Mills... 800

Dispenser do. B. Gittens... 100 First Governmeut )
245
G. Steeres ...
Clerk, Colonial Hos- Messenger ...
)
D. Watson... 100 H. Hay den... 176
pital. San Fernando Second „
Medical Attendant, L. Saturnin,
Leper Asylum ... M.D. ... 250

SPANISH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

Showing the proportioii they bear to each other and those of England
 —

44 HISTORICAL AXD STATISTICAL VILW OF

List of Public Officers, with office at present held, and the year when
they tirst entered the Public Service :

jS'anie.
 :

THE ISLAND OF TRIXID.VD. 45

List of Public Officers {continued) —

Xiiiue.
 46 HISTORICAL AXD STATISTICAL VIEW OF

Expenditure op each Department and Establishment for

the year 1864<.
£ s. d.
The Grovernor
The Private Secretary

Colonial Secretary's Department

Receiver-General's Department
A^ent- General Immigrants' Department ...

Auditor-General's Department
Commissioner of Assessed Taxes Department
Keeper Maps and Surveys Department ...
Registrar- General's Department
Harbour Master's Department
Superintendent Public Works Department
Post-office Department
Botanic Garden Department ...
Agent in London Department...
Chief Justice's Department
Registrar of the Courts Department
Attorney- General's Department
Department
Solicitor- General's
The Marshal's Department
Commissioner Petty Civil Court Department
Crown Solicitor's Department...
Stipendiary Justices and Clerks' Department
Church of England Establishment
Roman Catholic Chvirch Establishment ...
Education Establishment
Medical Establishment
Colonial Hospital Department
San Fernando Hospital Department
Leper Asylum Department
Lunatic Asylum Department ...

Police Department— Salaries ...

„ Clothing, &C.

Gaol Department — Salaries ...

„ Provisions, &c.

Rent ...

Transport
Conveyance of Mails
Postage

"Works and B uildings

Roads, Streets, and Bridges ...

Miscellaneous Services
Interest
Immigration, exclusive of Establishment ...
Drawbacks and Refund of Duties
Refund of Income Tax
Irois Foust
Wash-house and Bath-house ...

Sewerage of Port of Spain

Port of Spain Waterworks
Guaranteed Loan of £125,000 (sinking fund)
Bonds (repayment to Bank of England) ...
Interest on Tramroad Debentures
Tramroad Debentures
Interest on Sewerage Debentures
Sewerage Debentures, redemption of
South Naparima Western-road Union Debentures ...

South Naparima Western Ward Debentures

 THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 47

Public Buildings Debentures, Ordinance No. 1, 1802

Pensions, Retired Allowances, and Gratuities
Eevenue Service ...
Administration of Justice

REVENUE FOR 1862.

Customs
Tonnage
AVharf'age
"Warehouse dues ...

Seizure Penalties, &c.

Kum Duty
Export Duty
Fees on Indentures of 1,270 Coolies at £2
Ee-Indentures on 5,508 Coolies

Sales of Crown Land

Quit and Ground Kents
Eetaii of Spirits, Beer, &c., Port of Spain, and San Fernando

Taxes on Profits, Offices, Property, and Trades

Postage
Fines, Forfeitures, and Fees of Courts
Keeper of Maps and Surveys, Registrar- General, and Colonial
Secretai'y
Sale of Government Property
From Colonial Hospital, Port of Spain ...
„ „ San Fernando ...

„ Leper Asylum
„ Keeper Royal Gaol
„ Queen's Collogiate School
„ Model and Female ,,
Gunpowder dues ...
Contribution from Wards for Police
Miscellaneous Receipts

Interests
Legacy Duty
Irois Forest
Wash-house and Bath-house ...

Port of Spain Water Works —Water Rates

„ „ Service Pipes
„ „ Water supplied Shipping

Contribution from Wards for Royal Roads

Instalment from Borough Council
Tacarigua Road Union, Instalment
St. Ann's Road Union, for St. Juan's Bridge
Cipero Tram-road- -Rent Charge
Chaguanas „ „
Guaracara „ „
—
South Napariraa West Road Union
„ Western Ward

Sewarage Rates ...

„ Service Pipes

Ward Road Advances — St, Cruz

„ „ South Naparima, East Ward
48 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF

PEUSONS RECEIVING PEIs^SIONS.

£
George Scotland, late Cbief Justice ...
Thomas F. Johust(jii, „ Colonial Seci'etary
F. N. West ... „ Escribano of the Courts ...
E. Hodgkinson ... „ Marshal
K. Mathison ... „ Citing Officer Common Court
Juan Eosi ... „ Militia Trumpeter
G. T. Malvaney ..." Dispenser, Colonial Ho-spital
— Caird ...
,,

„ Immigration Agent, Calcutta

 THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 49

Medical Pjiactitioneks.
Thomas Anderson, M.D.
60 HISTORICAL AND STATISTJCAL VIEW OF

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF PAST EVENTS.

1782. The Otahute cane, the bread fruit tree, and the bamboo introduced into
the island by St. H. Begorrat, from Martinique.
1787. M. de Lapeyrouse established the first sugar estate in the island.
1795. Freemasons' Lodge, Les Freres Unis, founded by Benoit Dert, who was
the first W.M.
1796. Sugar estates established at Tragarite and LaBrea.
1797. Charter granted from Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania,
and recorded as No.
by Brother De Lannay.
77,
I August, 1799. First Newspaper published in the island by M. Gallagher, entitled The
Trinidad Weekly Courant.
10 August, 1800. H.M. ship Dromedary wrecked on the Parasol Rock, north point of
Huevas.
1802. The Union Lodge, No. 60, under the registry of the Grand Lodge of
Ireland, was opened by Brother Leonard, W.M.
1803. Freemasons' Lodge erected on Moimt Moriah, and dedicated in 1804 by
Brother Valentine de Basanta, W.M.
12 Oct., 1806. 192 men and one Chinese woman arrived here in the Fortitude, Captain
Hughes, from Macao.
,, ,, Right Honourable Milner Gibson bom in Trinidad.
24 March, 1808. Port of Spain destroyed by fire. £50,000 sterling voted by Parliament
for the sufi'erers.
1808. The Colonial Ofiice appointed the first English judge (Smith).
26 Jan., 1809. The ship Samuel, Captain Sughrue, struck on the Diamond Rock, in the
S. W. point of Chacachacare.
1810. The Rev. T. Talboys formed the first Wesleyan Society in the island.
13 Jime, 1811. Mr. Marryat introduced two motions in the House of Commons one to —
give the island British laws the other, to grant Trinidad a British
;

constitution. Both were lost without a division.

26 Mai'ch, 1812. Severe earthquake at Caraccas.
14 June, 1813. Sir R. J. Woodford arrived as Governor.
21 June, 1813. Minutes of the Cabildo ordered to be kept in English.
1 Jan., 1814. The English language first introduced into the tribunals of the island.
15 Jan., 1814. Judge J. T. Bigge appointed Chief Justice.
18 March, 1815. Foundation-stone of the church at St. Joseph's laid by Sir R. J.
Woodford.
26 March, 1816. Foundation-stone of the Roman Catholic Cathedi-al in Port of Spain laid
by Sir R. J. Woodford.
30 May, 1816. Foundation-stone of Trinity Church laid by Sir R. J. Woodford.
1817. Trinidad visited with yellow fever, which was fatal.
1817. Eastern Market finished.
26 March, 1818. Church at St. Joseph's consecrated.
26 April, 1818. £1,993 16s. sterling subscribed in the island and remitted to the Waterloo
Association in London.
1 May, 1818. The town of San Fernando destroyed by fire.
21 Juno, 1818. Judge Bigge left the island.
1 June, 1818. Hon. Ashton AVarner appointed Chief Justice.
20 Dec, 1818. The steamer Woodford first plied in the Gulf.
1819. Vaccine introduced in the island, and Doctor Gumbs appointed
vaccinator.
 THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 51

1820.

23 March,
22 AprU,
10 Feb.,
 THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 63

27 Dec, 185^

9 Feb.,
3 Feb.,
12 Juno,
24 June,
54 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF

1861. The Prince's Building erected at a cost of £12,000.

22 Nov., Archbishop Eug-lish arrived from England.
Income-tax came into operation at the rate of TJd.^ in the pound.
Charles Robert Keate born at St. Ann's.
Archbishop English died at Grenada, and was buried in Trinidad, 10
October, 1862.
1862. Arima Licensed Prison opened.
St. Cru^ Licensed Prison opened.
The Irois Convict depot broken up. / '

Mrs. Moore, Quaker lady, delivered a lecture in the "W^'esleyan Chapel.

*

Admiral Sir J. Hope arrived in the Duncan.

The first of the Liverpool line of steamers, the Plantagenet, arrived.
Viscount Massareene arrived.
Major Thompson, 6th Regiment, Adm. Government.
Hon. J. H. T. Manners Sutton, Governor, aiTived.
 —

THE ISLAND OF. TRINIDAD.

Return of the Total Quantity of Articles, and the Value of

Other Goods, imported during the year 18G3 :

Articles.
56 maXORICAL AND STxS.TlSTICAL VIEW OF

Articles.
 THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD. 57

Articles.
58 THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD.

2
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