Memoirs of The Pretenders and Their Adherents

UNIVERSITY OF
TORONTO
f!>:v;
41.
^3 9i
MEMOIRS
THE
II
E T E N D
A.ND THEIR
I-:
ADHERENTS.
R S
AKIU
'li.'!u.lt-;
HELVRT,
MEMOIRS
THE PRETENDERS
AND THEIR ADHERENTS.
JOHN FIEXEAGE JESSE,

AlTIIO
Ut'
"ySHOlIU OK THE COVET OP RNGLAÎD DUBIFTO TUK RUUN Of THK
rvABTi,-
NEW
nc
EDITIOX,
COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME, WITH A GENERAL INDEX,

AND M)0IT10KAL PORTRAITS.
LONDON
HEXRT
G.
K'
BOHN, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEX.

IIDCCCLX.
>
iS(>0
JOHN CHILDS AND SON, PRINTERS.
CONTENTS.
PRINCE
FREDERICK EDWARD STUART.
JAIVIES
Birth of the Prince. How viewed by the two PAOK

.\rgumeiits for and against his bein^ a surrepopposite
titious OITspriii". Conduct of the French Court. Commencement of the Revolution. Distressing Situation of the King
and Queen. Injustice of Depriving
Prince of his natural
Chapteii
I.
Parties.
tlie
Hi-hts
CuAPTER II. Death of James 11. and William III. Hopes

of the Pretender from the Accession of Queen Anne.
Project
of Louis XIV. for his Restoration.
Failure of the Expedition.
The Chevalier's Letter to his Sister. Death of the Queen, and
Accession of George I.
Unpopularity of the Hanoverians. Pro.
jected Rising of the Pretender's Friends
Chapter
to
..13
III.
The Earl of Mar and other Nobles swear Fealty
James the Third. Publicly proclaimed King in Scotland.
Retreat
Inactivity of the Earl of Mar. Battle of Sheriffmuir.
of tiie Chevalier's Forces.
Arrests of his Adherents in England.
Defeat and Surrender of his Army at Preston. Arrival of the
Chevalier from France.
His Journey to Scoon
.
Advance of
27
Duke of Argyll. Dejection of

His Retreat tothe
Montrose, and^light to the Con His Arrival in France,
and Dismi.ssal of Lord Bolingbroke. Proceeds to Rome. His Marriage with the Princess
His
Sobieski.
Project of Charles XII. for his Restoration.
Visit to Madrid.
of Albcroni for the Invasion of EngIts Failure. Project
His Character towards the Close of Life.
Cii.\jTER
IV'.
the Chevalier.
tinent.
land.
His Death, and Funeral Obsequies
39
contents.
vi
The Pkiscess Clemistisa
JiLvkia Sobieski.
ventures to carry the Proposd to her.

Arrested, and confined in
a Convent
Innspruck. Strataj^cm for her Release. Arrival
Chevalier. Medal struck in
at Bologna. Her Reception by
Commemoration of her Escape. Disagreement with her Hiis-
TAGP.
Selected for the

Birth and early Character of the Princess.
AVifc of the Pretender.
Wo&in's Account of his Romantic Adat
tlie
hand, and Separation.

fifth
Kcvsler's Character
Year. Her Death
of her in her Fifty'..
."
."-.J.
James Radcliffe, Earl of DERWESTyvAiER.
His Birth and early Connections. Howrelated tothe Stuarts.

His Arrest, Trial, and Defence. His SenJoins the Insurgents.
tence and Death.
Question as to his Place of Burial determined
lil
William Maxwell, Earl of Nithisdale.
His Committal to the

Lady
Nithisdale's Ac-
His Connection with the Insurgents.

Tower. Escapes in Female Disguise.
count of his Escape
69
Simon Lord Lovat.
His early Attachment to the House of Stuart. Assumes the

His
Title, and chiims the Estates, of the deceased Lord Lovat.
Daughter institutes legal Proceedings against her Relative.

Lord Lovat 's Stratagem to make her his Wife frastrated. His
her Mother. Warrant issued

Marriage
His Flight the
Sets
the Government
the Pretender. Returns
the accredited
Arrested by theScotland
French King
Treachthe
Enters Holy Orders to
Release. Joins the
the Adherents
Returns to Scotland, and
Society of
of the House
Hanover. Obtains undisputed Possession
the Battle of
Reward. Joins the Insurgents
atrocious
Arrest.
Court of
Agent of
\rith
for his
to
defiance.
at
to
as
Stuarts.
for
into
ery.
efl'ect
his
Jesuits.
joins
of his
of
Titles for his
Preston.
His Arrest
and Execution
after
after the Battle of

. .
CuUoden.
.
His Trial
.
77
William Gordon, Viscount Kenmcee.
Account of the FamOy of Gordon, Viscount Kenniure. Lord

Kenmure's disinterested Conduct in espousing the Cause of the
Stuarts.
Taken Prisoner at Preston. His Trial and Execution
91
CONTENTS.
TJiOK
DCKE
OF
The Earl
of
TlTE
OrMOSD
93
Mab
91
George Keith, Earl Marischal
95
Robert Dalziel, Earl of Carnwath
90
George Seton, Earl of Wujtoun
90
William Widdrisgton, Lord Widdrington
97
William Murray, Lord Nairn
9S
Thomas Forster, Esq.
98
PRINCE CHARLES EDWARD.

Chapter
Birth and youthful History of the Prince.

Serves uudcr Noaillcs at Dcttingeu.
Hopes and Expectations
of the Jacobites from iiis Character.
Joins the Expedition under
of
the
Marshal Saxc.
French
Fleet, and DisappointDispersion
ment of tiic Prince's Hopes. His Letter to his Father on liie
eve of his Departure for Scotland
101
I.
Chaptf.r TL Arrival of the young Prince in Scotland. His

Intcr\iew with Macdonald of Hoisdalc.
Its Influence upon him.
Assembly of Chieftains on board the Doutelle. Lauding of
the Prince.
Anecdotes of his Landing bv Bisiiop Forbes.
Holds his Court at Borrodailc. Intcrriew lietwcen the Prince
and Cameron of Lochicl ..
..
..
..
..115
Chapter III. Skirmishes between Captain Scott's Detachment and the Rebels. Surrender of the King's Troops. Lochiel's Treatment of Captain Scott.
The Pretender's Reception.
Character of his Troora.
Site chosen for "liaising the Standard.'' Tiie Pretender's Behaviour to his Prisoners
..
..129
March
IV.
Chapter
DiSirulties of
Lowiands. His
Cope into the Highlands.

John
The Pretender's March
the
of Sir
his Situation.
for
Their Effects on the

ingratiating Manners.
Scottish Chiefs.
Duncan Cameron. Arrival at Perth. Charles
visits the Palace of Scoon
142
CONTENTS.
Cowardly Retreat of Colonel Gardiner's Troops. Conburgh.

sternation of the Authorities. Charles's Letter to the Town
Council. Their Conduct upon the receipt of
Chapter V. March of the Pretender from Perth to DiimMarch continued. Arrival in the neighbourhood of Edin-
blane.
it
156
Chapter VI. Occupation of Edinburgh by the Rebels. EnMrs Murray of Broughton. Arrival of
Charles in the Capital of his Ancestors.
Gives a Ball at Holyrood.
Marches to give Battle to Sir John Cope. Preparations
for Battle
..
..
..
..
..
..166
thusiastic Behaviour of
Chapter "VH- Relative Strength of the opposing Armies.

Order of Battle. Gallant Charge of the Rebels. Heroic Conduct and Death of Colonel Gardiner. Total Defeat of the
English Forces at Preston Pans.
Conduct of Charles after the Battle 178
Chapter VIII. Pusillanimous Conduct of the Clergy. Proclamation of Charles inviting them to return to their Duties.
Charles's Desire to march inDaily Courts at Holyrood. Balls.
to England counteracted by his Chiefs. Their reluctant Consent
to
accompany him
191
Chapter IX. The Pretender's March into England.

Strength of his Army. Arrival at Carlisle. Courageous ConArrival at Manchester.
duct of Sergeant Dickson.
Mrs Skyher Purse to the Chevalier.
His Arrival at Derby.
ring presents
'Phe Duke of Cumberland's Army only Nine Miles distant
from the Rebels
203
. .
Chapter X. Charles desirous of marching upon London.

Reasons of his Commanders for a Retreat towards the North.
His reluctant Consent. Conduct of his Army on its Retreat.
Lord George Murray gives a Check to the DuJce of Cumberland's
advanced Guard. George the Fourth and Mrs Pennycuick.
Surrender of Carlisle to the Duke of Cumberland. The Pretender continues his Retreat.
His Arrival at Glassrow
Chapter XI. The
Pretender's Retreat to Stirling. The
Duke succeeded
the Command by Lieutenant-general Hawley
Character. Surprised by the Reappearance of the Prein
his
tender's
Forces.Battle of Falkirk
234
CONTEITTS.
IX
Chapter XII. Charles continues his Rctrpat northward.

Duke of Cumberland resumes the Command of the Anny of the
North. His Arrival at

Charles's Escape from Lord
Stirling.
Loudon's Snare to take his Person. Retaliates by attacking;
Lord Loudon at Inverness
Chivalrous Adventure of Lord G.
Murray. Incidents showing the Attachment of the Scottish Ladies to the Cause of the Chevalier.
Commences his March for
Culloden
246
Chapter XIII. Charles's Determination to attack the Eng

Lord George
Army. Night March. His Displeasure
Arrival Culloden
Moor.
ordering a Retreat.
Murray
of
the
of
each
other.
Armies
Disposition
Sight
contending
Battle of Culloden. Total Defeat of the Pretender's Troops.
His Flight. Barbarities of the Duke of Cumberland's Soloiers
lish
at
for
at
in
261
PEIXCE CHARLES EDWARD,

AFTER THE BATTLE OP CULLODEN.
Chapter Precautions to prevent the Escape of the Che Reward

Apprehension. His Retreat through
Scotland as a Fugitive. AVrites from Glenbiasdale, taking leave
of
Followers. Charles's Embarkation.
Extremities
Sea. Lands and takes Shelter
a " Grass-keeper's Hut "
I.
valier.
for
his
his
Ilis
at
in
Benbecula. Visited
in
in his Retreat
by Clanranald
277
Charles removes to the
Chapter
II.
Chapter
III.
Island of South Uist.

His various narrow Escapes while resident there. Accepts the
Services
of
Flora
Macdonald.
for his Escape in
Plan
proffered
290
disguise to the Isle of Skye
.
Boat.
Critical Situation of (he

Fugitives in
reach the Isle of Skye. Various
an open
They
Expedients
keeping up the Prince's Disguise.- Entertained by Mr and Mrs
Macdonald. Arrest of Kingsburgh (Macdonald) for
harbouring
the Prince. Charles
proceeds to Raasay. Parts with Flora
Macdonald
Chapter IV. Charles proceeds
to the Isle of
for
303
Skve. His
consideration for those

aceompanving him. Malcolm Maclcod.
Arrival of Charles in the Mackinnons'
country. His narrow
Escape. Proceeds to Borrodaile, the Residence" of Angus Mac-
donald
..
.,
..
.;
..
318
CONTENTS
:c
PAGR
CuAPTEU V. Charles's Eccoption by Angus Macdoiiald.

Joined by Jlacdonald of Glonaladale by Cameron of Glcnpean.
Charles and his Party pass between the Watch-tires of their Enemies.
Halt at Con-iscorridalc. Loss of the Prince's Purse the
"
The Seven Men of Gleiunoriston."
Savins; of his Person.
Their Hospitality to the Prince. Incident that forwards Charles's
Escape
. .
. .
. .
330
Chapter VI. Charles joined by the Fugitives Maedonald of

Lochgarry and Cameron of Chines. Secreted in the Wood of
Auchuacarry. Meeting between Charles and Lochiel. TermiEmbarks on board L'Heureux for
nation of his Wanderings.
Arrival and Reception by the King and Queen.
France.
Ordered to quit Paris. His Refusal, and Arrest. Transported to
Avignon, where he is set at Liberty. Takes up his Residence at
Liege as Baron de Montgomerie. Visits London in 1750.
Supposed to have been an Eye-witness at the Coronation of
George IIL Abjures the Catholic Religion and becomes a Pro-
testant
..311
Death of the Old Pretender. Prince Charles

Claims by France and
obtaining a Recognition of
Another Invasion of England contemplated. Reasons

Spain.
The Prince takes up Abode at Florence
for abandoning
this Period of Life. His
as Count d'Albany. His Habits
Chapter VII.
his
fails in
his
it.
at
..
Marriage
..
..
..
..
357
Louisa Cotjntess of Albany.
Her
Relationship of the Countess to the English Nobility.
Manners and Disposition. Unkind Behaviour of her Husband
towards her. Aliieri's Sonnet to her. Escapes to a Nunnery.
Takes up her Residence ^vith the Cardinal York. WraxaU's
Character of her.
Her Death
372
Henby Stuart, Cardinal York.
Receives the Cardinal's Hat at

Gray's early Character of him.
the Age of 'fwenty-three.-^His Conduct at the breaking out of
His ViUa plundered by the French
the French Revolution.
CorreTroops. George the Third's Kindness to the Cardinal.
spondence between the English Minister and the Cardinal. His
Jewels
to
the
Character and Death. Bequeaths the Crown
377
Prince of Wales
CONTESTS.
Akthur Elphinstone, Lokd Baluebino.
Enters the French Serfli3 early Attachnient to the Stuarts.

Joins the Pretender in 1745.
vice after the Insurrection of 1715.
The Trial-scene, as
flis Arrest and Committal to the Tower.
His Fortitude and Cheerfulness after the

described by Walpole.
. .
385
. .
His Execution
Sentence.
William Botd, Eabl of Eilmarkock.

Attachment of Lord Kilmarnock's Family to the House of
Brunswick. His Motives for joining the Pretender. Taken
His Trial. Correspondence of the FaPrisoner at Cullodcn.
399
Ills Execution
mily.
George Mackenzie, Eabl of Cbouartee.
Joins the Pretender soon after his Landing. Taken Prisoner

before the Battle of Culloden.
Trial.
His Address to the Lords
on behalf of his Family. Lady Cromartie puts a Petition into
the King's IJands.
llemission of part of his Sentence.
Reduced to Ihs greatest Distress. Relieved by the Government.
His Death
..
..
..
..
..
4H
Lord George Mubray.
In Arms against the Government in 1715.

Joins the Pretender in 1745.
His Ciiaractcr as a Military Officer. His Con-
duct at the Battles of Preston, Falkirk, and Culloden.

to the Continent.
His Death
.
.
.
Escapes
417
Flora Macdonald.
Her Parentage. Tracked by Captain Ferguson after parting
iTom the Prince. Arrested on her return (o her Mother's House.
Carried on board the "Furnace" Sloop-of-war. Bishop Forbes's
Account of her Captivity. Entertained
Lady Primrose
Doctor Johnson's
on her Release. Her
Account of
Marriage.
Her I'amily
Entertainment by
emigrate to Ainerica,
where they afterwards join the Loyalists, and are consequently
return to Skve. Her Death
obliged
l)y
his
her.
to
421
CONTENTS.
Xll
Duke
of
Perth
432
Marqois of Tullibahdine
ib.
Alexander Lord
,.
433
Toiibes of Pitsligo
Donald Cameron (Lochiel)
li.
Charles Radclitfe
..
434
Dr Archibald Cameron
..
435
..
437
439
John Murray of Broughton
Conclusion op the Rebellion in 1745-6
Original Correspondence relative to the Suppression

of the Rebellion
44S
LIST OF PLATES.
Prince
James Frederick
Edward Stuart
(called
the
Chevalier de St George), and The Princess Louisa,

in her
youth
Prince James Frederick Edward Stuart
James Butler, Second Duke op Ormond
Prince Charles Edward Stuart
Flora Macdonald
Henry Stuart,
CAPtDiNAL
York
. ,
froutisptfcn
39
40?)
(setat
93
101
296
377
ME3I0IRS
OF THE
PRETEXDERS XSD THEIR ADHERENTS.
JAIIES FREDERICK
EDWARD STUART.
CHAPTER
I.
How viewed by the two opposite
Arguand against
ments
being a surreptitious Offspring. Conduct of
the French Court. Commencement of the Revolution. Distressing
Birth of the Prince.
situation of the
Parties.
his
for
King and Queen.
Injustice of depriving
the Prince of
his natural Riglits.
Jamt.s Fredekick Edwaed Sttjart, the only son of James

the Second by his second wife, Mary of Modcna, was born at
St James's Palace on the 10th of June, IGSS. The event, in
proportion as it was hailed by James, and by the Roman Catholic portion of his subjects, as a peculiar boon from Heaven,
excited tiie terror and suspicion of the majority of the English
nation: it took place, moreover, in the midst of those
oppressive
and unconstitutional acts, which, only a few months afterwards, lost him the sovereignty of three kingdoms. Already
the arbitrary conduct of the misguided monarch. the revival
of the ecclesiastical commission, the suspension of the penal
statutes against the Koman Catholics, the attempt on Magdalen College, and the arrest of the seven bishops, had excited a formidable spirit of opposition on the part of the
English nation indeed, at the time when the Jesuits and
courtiers who surrounded the throne were celebrating the
birth of the infant Prince, their
rejoicings might almost be
heard to intermingle witli the rcvilings heaped by the excited
the
and
with
the prayers and beneCourt,
popidace against
dictions which they ottered up for the seven
bishoi>s, as they
followed and encouraged them in their triumphant passage

to the Tower.
At such a crisis, therefore, when the country wa.s in a general state of ferment from the domineering
spirit of aggres-
THE PUETENDEES AND TUEIH ADHEIIENTS.
[lC88.
sion displayed by the Eoman Catholics on the one hand, and,

on the other, by the devoted resolution on the part of the
rest of the nation to sacrifice their lives and fortunes in dewe can scarcely
fence of their civil and religious liberties,
wonder, however we may regret the fact, that every expedient

should have been adopted by the enemies of James to heap
odium on his name, or that party zeal should have invented
even the most improbable falsehoods for the purpose of injuring his cause.
Among these unworthy expedients was one which, at any
other period of our history, would have been treated vrith the
contempt it deserved, but which, in the existing state of extraordinary excitement, was swallowed with greedy delight.
From the time when the yoimg Queen had been first declared
to be pregnant, a report had been sedidously spread by the
enemies of the Court, that the King, in order to transmit his
dominions and his bigotry to a Roman Catholic heir, had determined to impose a surreptitious offspring on his Protestant
of January, five months besubjects. As e;irly as the month
fore the Queen's delivery, we find Lord Clarendon inserting
"
Jan. 15th. In
the following curious passage in his Diary:
the morning I went to St James's church this is the thanksgiving-day appointed for the Queen's being with child; there
were not above two or three in the church who brought the
form of prayer with them.' It is strange to see how the
Queen's being with child is everywhere ridiculed, as "if scarce
anybody believed it to be true good God, help us
"Neither was the disbelief in the Queen's pregnancy con-
Among other circumstances which g.ive rise to some disagreeable comat the period, was the fact, that the form of thanksgiving was drawn
up, not by the proper person, the Archbishop of Canterbury, but by three
bishops, who were in favour at Court, and who were consequently selected
for the task.
These persons were Thomas Spratt, Bishop of Rochester ;
Thomas White, Bishop of Peterborough ; and Nathaniel Crew, Bishop of
'
ment
Durham.
Two Toms and

In Council
a Nat
sat,
To rig out a thanksgiving,

And made a prayer
For a thing in the air,
That's neither dead nor living, &c.
This ballad, which appears to have been highly popular at the period, affords
additional proof how early suspicions were entertained as to the Queen's
being really with child.
s
l
5
JAilXS JREDEltlCK
1688.]
EDWAHD STUAKT.
ined to the vulgar and misinformed. Men of the first rank

ind intelligence either believed, or affected to believe, that
and even the two great
in imposture was contemplated
listorians of the period, the Bishops of Peterborough and
Salisbury, unequivocally give utterance to their suspicions on
"
;he subject.
It had been for some mouths uncertain," says
"
whether Windsor, Hampton Court, or
Bishop Kennett,
^Vhitehall, was to be the place where the Queen designed to
But on the sudden, her Majesty had this week given
ie in.
)rder3 for the fitting up of an apartment for that purpose in
3t James's House, and sent many repeated commands that it
nust be finished by Saturday night. -Accordingly, her Maesty, on Saturday, .Tuue 9, was carried in a chair to St James's,
ifter she had played at cards at Whitehall till eleven o'clock
it
night and the next morning, between the hours of nine
ind ten, people were not a little surprised to hear that she
pas brought to bed of a Prince nay, the news teas (old with
;
M much
confidence be/ore the delivery as after it} as if it were

^
I secret committed to some
people who could not keep it."
Bishop Burnet, also, among other specious arguments in support of a supposititious birth, observes:
"The Queen,
for
or seven years, had been in such a wretched state of health,

hat her death had been constantly anticipated she had bu-
;is
her children shortly after they had been born, and

ler aftairs were managed with a mysterious secrecy, to which
lone had access but a few Papists."
And the Bishop after'
wards adds,
"What truth soever there may be in these re)orts, this is certain, that the method in which this matter
was conducted from first to last was very unaccountable. If
m imposture had been intended, it could not have been otheried all
vise
managed."
The following may be briefly mentioned as the principal

irguments adduced at the period in support of the accusation
wrought against the roval family, of having imposed a surIt was alleged,
eptitious Prince of Wales on the nation.
'
As I went by St .Tamcs's I beard a bird sing.

That the Queen had for eortain a bov for the King
But one of the soldiers did l.iugh and did say,
It was bom over night, and brought forth the next
day.
This bantling was heard at St James's to squall,
Which made the Queen msike so much h.aste from 'N\Tiitehall.
So/7, sung by tico Genttemen at the Maypole, in the Strand.
;
'
Bishop Keimett's Complete History,
vol.
iii.
p. 512.
THE PRETENDEES
AlfD
THEIE ABHEEENTS.
[I688.
that in consequence of his early irregularities, and from other

private reasons, the King had hecome incapable of having
that the Queen was not only in a very delicate
children
state of health, but had been more than six years without
that her sudden removal from Whitehall
bearing a child
to St James's, on the eve of her delivery, was equally mysterious and unaecoimtable that the event took place on a
Sunday, during divine serrice, when most of the Protestant
that neither the Archladies of the Court were at chapel
bishop of Canterbury, the Princess of Denmark, nor the Dutch
ambassador (the latter the representative of the Princess of
Orange, the nearest Protestant heir to the throne), were in
attendance at the birth
that, previous to her delivery, the
Queen permitted neither the Princess of Denmark, nor any
of
her Court, to satisfy themselves
of the Protestant ladies
of her pregnancy
that, during the labour, the curtains of
the bed were drawn more closely than was usual on such
occasions and lastly, in order to account for the manner in
which the child was imposed on those who were in attendance
at the birth, it was insisted, that an apartment had been purposely selected for the Queen's accommodation, in which there
was a door near the head of the bed which opened on a back
that though the weather was hot, and the room
staircase
heated by the crowd of persons who were present, a warminghad
been
introduced into the bed; and finally, that the
pan
pan contained a new-born child, which immediately afterwards was presented to the bystanders as the otfspring of
the Queen.
Such were the principal features of the celebrated "warm;
ing-pan story," which, however improbable and even ridiculous it may appear to the sober judgment of a succeeding
generation, continued to obtain credence for more than half
a century ; a story which first entailed on the son and grandson of James the Second the famous and invidious title of
'"Pretenders;" and which, in a word, had the effect of imderminLug, far more than any other cLreumstance whatever, the
cause of the ill-fated Stuarts. In regard to the arguments
which have been brought forward to refute this remarkable
fiction, there can be no necessity to dwell on them at length.
It is sufiicient to observe, that at the time of the Queen's
delivery there were present in the royal apartment, besides
the nurses and medical attendants, forty -two persons of rank,
1688.]
JAMES TBESEBICK EDWABD STUABT.
consisting of eighteen members of the Privy Council, four

other noblemen, and twenty ladies, including the Queen Dowwhom, as far as circumstances would allow, were
witnesses of the birth of the Prince of Wales.
By the desire of James, the solemn
depositions of these persons, twentvfour of whom were Protestants, were taken down on oath
before the Privy Council, and may still be seen
among the
archives of the Council Office.'
The evidence of the ladies,
who were of course permitted a nearer approach to the royal
bed, though of a nature too delicate to be recapitulated, is
sufilciently decisive. The officers of state, moreover, and other
male persons who were present (and among these were the
Lord Chancellor, the Lord President of the Council, the Lord
Chamberlain, the Lord Privy Seal, and the Secretary of State),
deposed, that they had seen the royal infant immediately after
the Queen's delivery that they perceived it to be a Prince,
and that it had all the signs of having been just bom. No
individual, indeed, who was introduced in after years to the
exiled representative of the Stuarts,
supposing him to have
been previously acquainted witli the features and
person of
his misguided lather,
ever for a moment questioned that he
was the legitimate otl'spring of King James.*
Notwithstanding the gloomy aspect of affairs, and the geager, all of
So anxious was James to clear away the doubts which

hung over the
birth of his heir, that he condescended to order the
publication of the several declarations made before the Council, with all their indelicate details.
They were printed in the shape of a small pamphlet, which I have now before mc, entitled,
made in Council, on
the 22nd of
'
"Depositions
Monday
the Birth of the Prince of Wales," and is stated

October, 1688,
concerning
to be published " Bv his
Majcstj-'s Special Command."
'
It is a remarkable fact, that as
early as 1682, when the Queen, then
Buchess of York, was declared to be pregnant, the same rumours were
propagated as on the present occasion, tliat an imposture was intended to be
obtruded on the nation.
Fortunately on that occasion the infant proved to
be a female, or doubtless some
improbable fictiou would have been invented
similar to that which obtained credit in 1688. In the
Observator, Xo. 194,
printed August 23rd, 1682, is the following curious passage : " If it had
pleased God to give his Roy.al Ilighness the blessing of a son, as it proved a
dau'ililer, you were prepared to make a Pcrkin of him.
To what end did
you take so much pains else, by your instruments and intelligences, to hammer it iuto the people's heads that the Duchess of York was;io< with child?
And so, in case of a son, to represent him as an impostor ; whereas,
you
have now taken off the ma-sk in
confessing the daughter. I would have the
impression of this cheat sink so far into tl;.; heads and hearts of all honest
men, as never to be effaced or forgotten. For tec must expect, ihat the same
ftam shall, at any time hereafter, be trumpt up again upon the like o^caiion."
TUE PRETENDEES AND TUEIB ADHERENTS.
[lC88.
neral suspicion which prevailed that the King's bigotry had

induced him to impose a spurious otl'spring on his people, the
Court thought proper to celebrate the birth and baptism of
the young Prince with the usual splendour and rejoicings.
The King knighted the royal accoucheur, Sir William Waldegrave, by the Queen's bedside he distributed magnificent
presents among his ministers; and gave large sums of money
to different charities. With his usual imprudence, James had
obtained the consent of the Pope to become one of the sponsors of the child; the ceremony of baptism being performed
according to the rites of the Komish Church. The customary
congratulations were received from foreign powers, who despatched ambassadors on the occasion; and among these came,
from the Court of France, the celebrated Count de Grammont, who, a quarter of a century before, had carried ofl' la
lelle Hamilton from the gay Court of Charles the Second.'
The tidings of the birth of a Prince of Wales was naturally
received with unequivocal satisfaction by the French Court,
who not only trusted to see the throne of Great Britain transmitted to a Roman Catholic Prince, but were elated at seeing
the Princess Mary, and, with her, their arch-enemy, the Prince
of Orange, thrust aside from the prospect of succession. On
the 16th of June, Sir Bevil Skelton, Envoy Extraordinary at
the Court of France, writes from Paris to the Earl of Sun"
On Thursday morning, about six o' the clock, the
derland,
courier which came to the Cardinal Nuncio brought me the
happy news of the birth of a Prince for which greatest of
I immediately therefore went
blessings Heaven be praised
to Versailles, where M. de Barrillon's courier had brought
the news at twelve the night before.
I found so general a
joy in all people there, as I never yet saw upon any occasion.
His most Christian Majesty, at coming from Council to go
to mass, called me to him, and, with a satisfaction in his face
not to be expressed, told me that, next to the King, my master,
no man had a greater joy tlian he for the news of a Prince
being born; 'and,' says he, 'I am the more pleased, that Barillou writes 't is a strong and healthful child.' And the Dakes
de laTremouille and Rochefoucault, with Monsieur de Croissy,
who were at his waking, at which time the news was brought
him by the latter, told me they never saw any man so joyful.
Madame la Dauphine is indisposed, and in bed yet she sent
;
'
Ellis's
Correspondence, vol.
ii.
p. 5.
JAMES FEEDEHICK EDWAED STUABT.
1688.]
though she saw no man, yet she could not

forbear rejoicing with me upon account of the great news.
and exjjressed great joy. And the little Duke of Burgundy,
whilst I was talkini; to Madame la Mar^-chale de la Motte,
of his owQ accord told me, that he would that night, for joy,
order threescore fusees to be fired.
Madame la Mar^chale
intends, in October next, to give me something to send to
the Queen, to be hung about the Prince's neck, which prevents the inconveniences that commonly attend the breeding
of teeth. The same has been used to these three young
'
Princes, with good success."
The birth of an heir to his throne was not destined to be
long a subject of congratulation to the unfortunate James.
Six months had not elapsed from the period of the Queen's
delivery, when the increasing disatfection among his subjects,
the landing of the Prince of Orange, and the near
approach
of the invading army to the metropolis, determined the King
to secure, by any means that might offer themselves, the
escape of the Queen and her young offspring to a foreign and
more hospitable shore. Fortune for once favoured the unThere happened to be lying off Gravesend
hajtpy monarch.
a yacht, that had been appointed to convey to France the
gay
and gallant Count de Lauzun, the especial favourite of Louis
the Fourteenth.
without
his
intenAccordingly,
betraying
tions to the Queen, the King sent a messenger for T.-iuzun,
for
me, and
said,
who, entering enthusiastically into his \-iews, gu;;ianteed,

within a short time, to provide every requisite for
insuring
the object they had in view.
The King, harassed and distressed, then retired to bed,
but had slept only a short time when he was awakened
by
the Count de Lauzun and Monsieur de St Victor, who acmiainted him that every preparation had been made for her
James instantly rose from bed, and reMajesty's flight.
paired to the apartment of the Queen, who no sooner was
made to understand the part which she was so unexpectedly
called upon to take, than she threw herself at the King's
feet, and, in a passion of grief, implored him to allow herto
remain with him. and share his dangers or his flight. But
James turned a deaf ear to her entreaties, and almost coldly
gave directions that the INL-ircbioness of Powis, the Prince's
governess, as wcU as his two nurses, should be instantly
'
Macpherson's Original Papers,
vol.
i,
pp. 263 and 264.
THE PEETEKDEES AKD THEIE ADHEEENTS.
[I688.
awakened. His sensations, perhaps, at this particular moment, occasioned by the wonderful reverse which had taken
place in his fortunes, and the prospect of parting, perhaps
for the last time, with a wife and child whom he so tenderly
were such as were Little to be envied. Nevertheless,
loved,
he preserved his usual coldness of manner till the moment
when the infant was brought into the room, when his
feelings suddenly got the mastership of him, and, aflectionately embracing his child, he enjoined the Count de Lauzun, with a tremulous voice, to watch carefully over his in-
valuable charge.'
It would be difficxilt to imagme a position more distressing
than that in which the young and beautiful Queen found
herself suddenly placed in this extraordinary crisis. At three
o'clock on a December morning, beariug her infant son in
her arms, and accompanied by her trembling attendants, she
stole in a close disguise down the privy stairs at Whitehall
to the water's edge, dreading everj' moment lest a cry from
her beloved charge should attract the attention of the guards.
The weather, too, was peculiarly inclement, even for the
month of December the night was extremely dark there
was a high and piercing wiiid the rain fell incessantly, and
the river which she had to cross was imusually swollen. On
such a night, the Queen of Great Britain crossed the Thames
in an open boat to Lambeth, where a hired coach had been
the arrival of which had by some
appointed to meet her, but
'"
accident been delayed.
During the time," says Dalrymple,
'
that she was kept waiting, she took shelter under the walls
of an old church at Lambeth turning her eyes, streaming
with tears, sometimes on the Prince, unconscious of the
miseries wliich attend upon royalty, and who, upon that
account, raised the greater compassion iu her breast,- and
sometimes to the innumerable lights of the cit}', amidst the
glimmerings of which she in vain explored the palace in
which her husband was left, and started at every sound she
heard from thence." ^
!
On the day of the Queen's flight (the 10th of Decemher), the King
"
Earl of Dartmouth
Things having so very bad an aspect,
would no longer defer securing the Queen and my son, which I hope
I have done
and that by to-morrow by noon they will be out of the reach
of my enemies. I am at ease now I have sent them away."
Macpherson* s
'
"writes to the
Orig. Papers, vol.

-
i.
p.
297.
Daliymple's Memoirs of Great Britain and Ireland,
vol.
i.
p. 238.
1089.1
JAMES rEEDEEICK EDWAED STUAET.
While the unfortimate Queen remained
in this distressing
situation, an incident occurred which very nearly led to her
"
The Queen," says
her enemies.
falling into the hands of
"
Father Orleans, was waiting in the rain, under the church
was heing got ready, when the curiosity

to come out of a neighbouring inn
with a light, gave considerable cause of alarm. He was
making towards the spot where she was standing, when
Riva, one of her attendants, suddenly rushed forward and
both fell into the mire. It was a
iostled him, so that they
wall, for a coach that
of a man,
who happened
diversion, as the stranger believing it to be the result

of accident, they both apologized, and so the matter ended."
From Lambeth the Queen journeyed by land to Gravesend,
where, in the character of an Italian lady returning to her
own country, she embarked with her infant charge on board
happy
The precaution, it
the yacht which was waiting for her.
seems, had been taken of securing the services of three Irish
officers, who remained near the captain during the voyage,
ready to perform any desperate action, in the event of their
The Queen, however, was
interference being required.
allowed to remain unmolested in her cabin, and, after an
from whence
expeditious voyage, arrived safely at Calais,
she was conducted to St Germain's with all the honours
rank.
her
befitting
AVithin a few weeks from this period occurred those memorable events in England w hich terminated in the expulsion
of James the Second, and in his infant son being thrust aside
from the succession. That the unhappy King, by the violation of those fundamental laws which he had sworn to uphold, and by his endeavoiu's to subvert the constitution of
the country, had deservedly forfeited the power which he
had so grossly abused, there are few who will be inclined to
call in question.
But, in deposing the guilty father, we
cannot but be struck by the injustice of that act of arbitrary
power on the part of the legislature, which at the same time
an act which,
took upon itself to punish the innocent son
for more than sixty years, continued to embarrass and
which poured forth the blood
distract the three kingdoms
which flowed in Ireland during the following year and from
which resulted those massacres, proscriptions, and executions,
which followed the suppression of the insurrections of 1715
and 1745.
;
10
THE PRETENDERS AND THEIR ADHERENTS.
[l689.
In order to give a colouring of justice to the proceedings

of the legislature, and perhaps to advance the vievrs of the
Prince of Orange to the throne, the old story of the Prince's
insisted upon. The result
supposititious birth was confidently
was, that a mere party lie had, in the end, a far greater effect
in changing an ancient dj'nasty than even the errors and the
the advance of the Stadtbigotry "of the deposed monarch, or
holder at the head of his victorious troops. The Eevolution
of 16SS should have stood on higher grounds. All sense of
lost in the exidtation of the
justice, however, had been
moment and while the nation hastened to worship the
Prince
of Orange in his triumphto
follow
the
and
sun,
rising
ant progress to the palace of the Stuarts, it was natural that
the claims of an exiled and powerless infant should be completely forgotten by the majority, and advocated only by
the few.
It was not till the English people found themselves encumbered by a race of foreign sovereigns, ignorant aUke of
it was not till tliey distheir language and their customs,
covered themselves to be perpetually involved in continental
wars on account of a petty German electorate, nor tiU the
horrors of repeated civil insm-rections discovered to them the
inconvenience of a dispiited succession, that they began to
reflect on the misfortunes which had been inflicted upon
them by the over-zeal of their predecessors, and on the injustice of making the child responsible for the misconduct
of the father.
What offence, indeed, had the young Prince been guilty
of, that he should have been deprived in so summary a
manner of his legitimate rights or what pobcy was there in
transferring the succession to his sisters, in whose veins the
blood of the iU-feted Stuarts ran as plentifully as in liis own?
Exiled from his country, and deprived of his splendid birthright, even before he was acquainted with the meaning of the
term, as yet his infimtine mind could have received no dangerous impressions ft-om the precepts or example of his mis;
guided parent. Amiable and tractable, indeed, as he afterwards proved, there can be little doubt, that had he been
educated under the eye of a careful regency, he would at
least have
German
proved as i-espectable a sovereign as either of the

who subsequently filled his place. It may
Electors
be argued, and certainly with
sufficient reason, that
had an
JAMES FEEDEHICK EDWARD STTJAET.
1701.]
11
been made to the deposed monareh of educating his

son in England, the same higotry (which, in the words of
a dignitary of his own Church, had caused him " to lose
three kingdoms for an old mass"') would equally have induced him to surrender, on the part of his heir, all claim to
offer
the throne.
Nevertheless, the proposition ought unquesor, at least, some precautions

tionably to have been made
might have been taken for preventing the removal to a
land
of
the
heir to the throne, who was thus certain
foreign
to be impregnated with the mo.?t pernicious doctrines.
It is remarkable, that William the Third should
apparently
have been the first to feel alarm at the dangerous precedent
which had been created in his favour, and to anticipate those
convulsions and disasters which subsequently resulted from
the succession becoming a disputed one. It is a fact, indeed,
of which our ancestors appear to liave been itrnorant, that,
after the death of his Queen, William
actually took upon
himself the responsibility of signifying his assent to the
exiled Court at St Germain's, that if the young Prince were
sent to England to be educated in the Protestant faith, he
would give his personal consent to his succeeding him on
the throne. 2 James, however, as might have been
anticipated,
turned a deaf car to the unpalatable proposition.
Of the early history of the young Prince, no particulars
of any interest have been handed down to us. lie continued
to reside with his parents at St Germain's, till the death of
his father on the IGth of September, 1701, at which
period
he had attained to his thirteenth year. According to the
Stuart Papers, the dying monarch, in his last moments, " sent
for the Prince, his son, who, at his first entrance,
seeing the
King with a pale and dying countenance, the bed all covered
with blood, burst out, as well as all about him, into the most
violent expressions of grief. As soon as he came to the bedside, the King, with a sort of contentedness in his look,
stretched forth his arms to embrace him and then,
speaking
with a force and vehemence that better suited with his zeal
;
"The King's intemperate zeal was ricUouled

And how must he have been mortified, if, ujjon
'
who
even by
Court of Rome.
appearance at Versay to the person
kingdoms for an old
tlie
his first
after his abdication, he had heard Cardinal
'
stood next to him,
See the man who lost three
sailles,
"
mass
Dr King's Anecdotes of his own Time, p. 127, note.
'
See King James's Memoirs of Himself
Ualrymple's Memoirs,
87.
p.
Macpherson's Orig. Papers, vol. i. pp. 5.52," 553.
'
vol.
iii.
THE PEETENBEES AND THEIE ADHEEENTS.
12
[l701.
conjured him to adhere

let what might be the consefirmly to the Catholic faith,
to be
in
the
service of God
faithful
be
and
of
it,
quence
obedient and respectful to the Queen, the best of mothers
and to be ever grateful to the Iving of France, to whom he
than
tlie
weak condition he was
in,
had so many obligations. Those who were present, apprehendwith which he spoke might
ing that the concern and fervoiuJo him prejudice, desired the Prince might withdraw which
'Do not take away my
the Kiug being troubled at, said,
which when
son till I have given him my blessing, at least
his apartment, and the
to
retui-ned
the
Prince
he had done,
little Princess was brought to his bedside, to whom he spoke
to the same effect, while she, with the abundance of her
innocent tears, showed how sensibly she was touched ivith
the languishing condition the King, her father, was in."
Shortly afterwards, the French King, Louis the Fourteenth,
was admitted to the presence of the dying monarch, when an
affecting interview took place between the two sovereigns.
When Louis entered the apartment, James, who was engaged
in inward prayer, was lying on his back, with his eyes shut,
while his servants were performing religious services on their
knees around him. When the French King approached the
bed, James, who was now unable to articulate, pressed bis
hand tenderly, and dropped over it a tear or two of grateful
affection.
Louis, on his part, is said to have been deeply
touched by so affecting a sight of humbled greatness, and
even to have burst into tears. He did his utmost, however,
to cheer and console the dying Prince, and having given him.
his solemn promise to protect, and hereafter acluiowledge his
As he
heir, he retned weeping from the melancholy scene.
passed to his coach, he called for the officer of the guard, to
whom he gave orders to proclaim the young Prince immedi:
'
ately after his father should have expired.

Accordingly, as
soon as James was known to be no more, his son was proclaimed King of Great Britain, by the title of James the
Third, amidst the flourish of trumpets, the pomp of pursuivants and heralds, and all the ceremonies usual on such occasions.
In due tune,
the Pope, the

'
his rights
King of
were also acknowledged by
Spain, and the
Duke
of Savoy.'
Charles Lyttelton writes to his father, Sir Charles Lyttelton:" Paris,

27th of September, 1701. The next day the young King went to Versailles
to return the King of France's visit, who treated him with the same cere-
1701.]
JAMES FREDEEICK EDWAKD STUAET.
CHAPTEE
Death of James
II.
and Williara
III.
II.
Ilopes of the
Pretender from the
Acoession of Queen Anne.

Project of Louis XIV.
Failure of the Expedition.

Chevalier's Letter
for his Kcstoration.
'Ihe
to his
Sister.
Unpopularity of
Projected rising of the Pretender's Friends.
Death of the Queen, and aecession of George

Hanoverians.
13
the
I.
After
the death of his father, the young Prince (or, as he

styled, the Chevalier de St
George) fixed his court in the ancient Chateau of St Gerwhere
he
assumed
the empty title of King, and
main-en-laye,'
surrounded himself -with the usual but hollow pageantry of a
court.
He is described, at this period, as tall in stature of
a handsome and even noble expression of countenance courteous in his manners, and of a kind, tractable, and amiable
had his fortunes and his
disposition. With these qualities,
education been different from what they were, we have a
right to presume that he would have figured in as respectable
a light, and have proved as popular a monarch, as the maBut, on the other hand, his najority of his predecessors.
tural abilities could scarcely be said to have
kept pace with
his exterior accomplishments
and moreover, wlien we take
into consideration the tinfortunate
precepts which had been
instilled into him by his father, and the
bigotry which had
conducted his education, we must certainly pronounce him
to have been disqualified to struggle
successfully for the recovery of a crown, or to act vrith any great credit the difficult
was henceforward commonly
part which he was called
upon
to play.
mony and
respect that he was used to treat his father, but with a great deal
more tenderness, as considering he is very young. "Wlien he met him a-top
of the stairs, he took him in his arms, aiid embraced him with as much
kindness and tenderness as if he had been his own sou. He conducted him
into a room where there were two arm-chairs for the two
Kings the King
of France
always gave him the right hand. W\wn the visit was ended, the
King of France conducted him back to the top of the stairs. They have
given him the same guards that the late King had." Ellis's Orig. Letters,
:
vol. iv. p. 219,

'
2ud
series.
century and a lialf before, the Chateau of St. Germain had afforded
to the Chevalier's
great-great-grandmother, the unfortunate
Mary Queen of Scots, previous to her marriage to Francis the Second of
France. The room in the Chateau in which James the Second died is still
an asylum
shown.
TUE PEETENDEES AND THEIE ADHEEENTS.
14
[l702.
On
the 8th of March, 1702, only sis months after the

death of King James, died his son-in-law and oppressor, William the Third. In the course of the year which had preceded these events, the English Legislature had passed the
celebrated Act of Settlement, by the provisions of which the
male line of the Stuarts were excluded from the succession,
and the crown entailed on the Protestant heirs of Sophia,
Electress Dowager of Hanover, daughter of the Queen of
Bohemia, and grand-daughter of James the Tirst. This act
was followed, after the death of James the Second, by another,
which formally abjured and deuomiced the Chevalier de St
George, and to which William gave the royal assent only a
few hours before he breathed his last.
If these important e\ents had the effect of damping for a
time the sanguine hopes of the Stuarts, those hopes were
shortly afterwards revived by the accession of the Chevalier's
half-sister. Queen Anne, who (as in all human probabihty
she would die without issue) it was confidently hoped would
be induced, from feelings of natural affection, to alter the
succession in favour of her brother. But whatever may have
been the intentions of that Princess at the close of her life,
certain that, in the early period of her reign, she gave

not the slightest hope of being prevailed upon to take such
a step. Four years had already elapsed since the hopes of
the Jacobites had been raised by the accession of Queen
Anne, and as their accomplishment stUl appeared to be as far
off as ever, Louis the Fourteenth at
length yielded to the
earnest solicitations of the exiled coiu't, and entered into a
serious project for restoring the Stuarts by force of arms.
The project was the less displeasing to him, inasmuch as by
sending an armament to England he would compel Queen
Anne to withch-aw some of her troops from the Netherlands
in order to defend her own shores, and would thus arrest the
it is
victorious progi-ess of the

Low Countries.
Duke of Marlborough's arms in the
an
1706, Lieutenant-Colonel Hooke
Accordingly,
Englishman of good family, .vho had been a faithful follower
of James the Second in exile was despatched
the
French
by
in
King with proper
credeutials to Scotland, with instructions

to ascertain the disposition of the
people of that country towards the Chevalier, and the means which they possessed of
successfully resisting the arms of Queen Anne. As many as
1706.]
JAMES FIIEDEEICK EDWAED STUABT.
15
eighteen years had passed away since the expulsion of Jatiies,

and with them had departed much of that bitter and indignant feeling which he had justly provoked by his bigotry and
Among a people so essentially aristocratic in their

prejudices and feelings as the English, there could not fail to
be many who took a deep and chivalrous interest in the misfortunes of an ancient dynasty, who for so many centuries
had given sovereigns either to England or Scotland, and who
were now about to be put aside for a race of German sovereigns, whose names were unassociated with their annals, and
to whom there attached neither that charm nor veneration
which antiquity alone can impress. Many there were who
forgot the misconduct of James the Second in their compassion for his unoft'ending son many who conscientiously believed that the Church was in danger under a AVhig rule
and many who, though they had concurred in the act which
had deposed King James, were 3 et averse to permit so extraordinary an innovation on the constitution of the country, as
to sweep away entirely the legitimate line, in order to make
room for a foreign intruder. Such, at this period, were the
trequent, if not the general opinions of the landed gentry and
of the High Church party in England and to these we must
<idd the powerful body of the Roman Catholics, as well as the
the remains of the old Cavaliers,
who
original Jacobites,
had continued true to their principles through every change.
Neither was it alone from these and similar well-wishers
that the exiled Prince looked for that aid and succour by
means of which he hoped to regain possession of the throne
of his ancestors. There were also many persons of high rank
and influence, who, imagining that their services had been
ill-requited, and looking forward to a counter-revolution as
the means of personal aggrandisement, had secretly tendered
their services and allegiance to the Court of St Germain's.
Among these discontented individuals were many of the leading statesmen of the day and when we find such men as the
Dukes of Shrewsbury and JVIarlborough, Lord Dauby, Admiral EusseU, and the Lord Treasurer Godolphin, holding a
treasonable correspondence with the exiled Court, can we
wonder that the ChevaUer and his friends should have been
tolerably confident of triumph and success ?
Such were the pleasing prospects on which the Jacobites
rested their hopes of success in England ; while in Scotland
his errors.
THE PEETEITDEKS AND THEIE ABHEEENTS.
IG
[l706
the reviving attacliinent of the people to the representative

of their ancient kings had taken a far wider and a deeper
root. In the Higlilands, the great majority of the chieftains
were quite as eager to throw away the scabbard in the cause
of the Stuarts, as they had formerly been in the days of
Montrose or Dundee while in the Lowlands, the disgust felt
by the recent passing of the Act of Union had led to the
secession of thousands from their allegiance to the Grovemment. So obnoxious, indeed, was this celebrated measure to
the Scottish people so detrimental was it considered to their
interests, and so dishonourable to them as a nation, that all
distinctions of religion and party were laid aside, and not
only the Presbyterians, but even the morose and bigoted
;
Cameronians forgot tlie persecution to which they had been

subjected under the rule of the Stuarts, and forgiving the
Chevalier even the crime of being a Papist, expressed their
"
readiness to receive him back as their King.
Grod," they
"
said,
may convert him, or he may have Protestant children,
but the Union can never be good."
At this period, Jacobitism was openly professed in the principal towns of Scotland, and his birthday celebrated mth the same rejoicings as
if he had been the
reigning monarch.^
'
'
Lockhart Papers,
vol.
i.
p. 224.
The abhorrence of the Scotch people to the Act of Union is displayed

many of the Jacobite songs, which were enthusiastically sung at the
The following has considerable merit
period.
-
in
1.
It
was
And
It
was
in old times, when trees composed

rhymes,
flowers did with elegy flow
in a field, that various did
rose
yield,
and a
thistle did
grow.
In a sunshiny day, the rose chanced to
say,
" Friend
Thistle, I '11 with you be plain
And if you would be but united with me,
You would ne'er be a Thistle again."
;
2.
Says the Thistle, "My spears shield mortals from fears,

"VNTiilst thou dost
unguarded remain
And I do suppose, though I were a Hose,
I 'd wish to turn Thistle
again."
"
my fiiend," says the Rose, " you falsely suppose
Bear witness, ye flowers of the
plain
;
Tou would take so much pleasure in beauty's

Tou would ne'er be a Thistle again."
vast treasure,
JAMES FREDERICE EDWARD STUART.
1707.]
17
3.
The Thistle at length, preferring the Rose

To all the gay flowei-s of the plain,
Throws off all her points, herself she anoints,
And now
are united the twain.
Eut one cold stormy day, while
Nor longer could sorrow
helpless she lay,

refrain,
She fetch'd a deep groan, with many Ohon

"
Oh, were I a Thistle again
i.
" For then I did stand on

yon heath-cover'd
Admired by each nymph and each swain
And
land,
;
free as the air, I flourished there,
The terror and pride of the plain.

But now I 'm the mock of Flora's fair
flock,
Nor dare I presume to complain

Then remember that I do ruefully cry,
;
were
a Thistle again !"
Under
these circumstances, it may be readily conceived

that the report made by Colonel Hooke, on his return to
France, of the number and zeal of the Chevalier's friends in
Scotland, was such as to induce the Prench King to lend
liis powerful aid to carry the threatened invasion into effect.
Accordingly, early in 1707, a squadron was assembled at
Dunkirk, under the command of the Comte de Forbin, on
board of which were embarked between five and six thousand
men, commanded by the Comte de Gassd, afterwards better
known by the title of INIarechal de Matignon. Su])ported by
these auxiliary troops, it was determined that the Chevalier
de St George, now in his twentieth year, sliould proceed in
person to his ancient kingdom. He was furnished by the
French King with magnificent services of gold and silver,
with splendid liveries for his servants, with rich clothes for
his life-guards, and all the glittering appurtenances of a court.
At parting, Louis presented him with a sword, the hilt of
which was studded with diamonds at the same time making
use of the same words which he had addressed to the Che"
valier's father previous to the battle of La Hogue,
Adieu
the best wish I can make you is, that I may never see your
;
face again."
The result of the expedition,
which sailed in the month of

well known. After repeated delays in quitthe
French
ting Dunkirk,
squadron at length put to sea, and
having proceeded several miles up the Frith of Forth, were
Jlareh, 1707,
is
THE PBETENDEES AND THEIE ABHEEENTS.
18
[l707.
engaged in nialving the signals wkich had been agreed upon

to acquaint their friends of their approach, when tlic sound
of cannon, in the direction of the mouth of the Frith, gave
notice that tlie English fleet, which had followed them from
Dunkirk, were advancing to attack them. As the French
squadron was far inferior to that of the Englis-i, the Comte
de Forbin had no choice but to relinquish the enterprise and
to
to sea.
Accordingly', taking advantage of a land
put
breeze, he bore away with all the sail his ships could carry,
followed in close chase by the English Admiral, Sir George
Byng. Night shortly afterwards set in, when De Forbin

altered his course, and was soon out of reach of the English
"
fleet
one of his ships only, the Salisbury," a slow-sailing
vessel, being boarded and taken.
The failure of the expedition, and the consequent disappointment of his fondest hopes, seem to have been deeply
felt by the young Chevalier. Unwilling to return to France
;
without having struck a single blow, it was no sooner intimated to him by De Forbin that the fleet had received orders
to put to sea, than he resolutely demanded that he might be
ut with his attendants on board a smaller vessel expressing
Iis determination to land on the coast of Fifeshire, where the
ancient castle of Wemyss (belonging to a devoted partisan
of his family, the Earl of Fife) would aflbrd him, he said, a
place of refuge and the means of assembling his devoted adherents.
To this proposal De Forbin could by no means be
induced to listen. " Sir," he said, " by the orders of my royal
I
am
directed to take the same precautions for the
master,
;
safety of your august person, as for his Majesty's ovra.

my chief care. Ton are at present in safety,
must be
will never consent to
This
and I
your being exposed in a ruinous chateau,

an open country, where a few h.uurs might put you in the
hands of your enemies. I am intrusted with your person,
and am answerable for yoiu" safety with my head."
The
Chevalier then expressed a wish that the squadron might
proceed northward, and that he might be landed at Inverness.
This second request De Forbin seemed at first inclined to
comply with but the -n-inds shortly afterwards veering round,
and blo-(riug directly in their teeth, he declared the project
to be an impossible one, and gave orders for his
ships to make
the best of their way to Dunkirk.
these
untoward
the
a more
Chevalier
missed
By
means,
in
1709.]
JAMES FEEDEBICK EDWAHD SXrART.
19
favourable opportunity of regaining the tbrone of hiS ancestors than was ever likely to occur again.
AVe have already
seen that the reaction which had taken place in England in
favour of the exiled famOy, and the disaflection caused by the
Union in Scotland, were circumstances greatly in favour of
the success of his enterprise. Jloreover, the war in Flanders
had drained the country of troops. In England there were
not above 3000 men under arms, and in Scotland scarcely
more than 2000 while tlie castle of Edinburgh, in its present
undefended state, must have surrendered at the first summons, as well as its stores, ammunition, and artillery, and the
public money which was kept there for the purjjoses of the
Government. Tliroughout the kingdom, but particularly in
London, a consternation prevailed which would scarcely be
credited.
It was imagined that the Chevalier would never
have ventured on a landing, unless he had received promises
of support from individuals of the first rank and influence
the nation in general believed that they were on the eve of
a second and jierhaps a bloody revolution and, among other
endenees of the panic which prevailed at the time, it may be
mentioned that such was tlie demand made on the Bank of
England, that it was only by the most extraordinary ettbrts
that the public credit was maintained.
Disappointed in his hopes of being permitted to draw his
maiden sword in defence of his rights, the young Chevalier
joined the French forces in Flanders, where he subsequently
served with credit at the battles of Oudenarde and MalplaOn the latter occasion he charged twelve times with
quet.
the household troops of tlie King of France, and in the last
onset was wounded by a sword in the arm.
Hitherto, Louis the Fourteenth had conscientiously adhered to the promise he had made to King James on his
death-bed, of atfording protection to his orphan son but the
time had now aiTived when, in consequence of the repeated
defeats which his armies had experienced in the Low Countries, he found himself no longer in a condition to assist the
son of his old friend. Doubtless, it was one of the bitterest
moments in the life of that ambitious and once all-powerful
monarch, when, agreeably with the conditions which had
been forced upon him by the treaty of Utrecht, he found
himself compelled to intimate to the Chevalier that he could
no longer afford him an asylum iu his dominions. The latter
;
THE PEETE>-DEES AND THEIR ADHEEENTS.
20
[l713.
and fixed
accordingly broke up bis court at St G-ermain's,
his quarters for a time in tbe dominions of tbe Duke of
Lorraine.
Deprived of all present prospect of regaining tbe throne

of bis forefathers by force of arms, tbe Chevalier determined
to make a last appeal to tbe better feelings of his half-sister,
Queen Anne. Sick in mind and body, harassed by the constant dissensions which divided her ministers and personal
friends, the xmbappy Queen bad seen the grave close over
the remains of her numerous progeny and, in addition to
;
the dislike which she was knov\-n to have conceived for tbe
Electoral family, it was confidently believed that she had been
overtaken by feelings of remorse for her filial disobedience
and, commiserating tbe condition of the Chevalier de St
George, the last male descendant of her ancient line, it was
thought that she would gladly seize any safe opportunity of
making amends to the son for the wrongs which their father
had experienced at her hands.
Satisfied, apparently, of his sister's favourable intentions
towards him, we find the Chevalier addressing to her an affecting and admirably written letter,' in which be implores
her to bear in mind the ties of blood wliich united them, and
"
Tbe nato assist him to the succession after her death.
"
tural aftection," he writes, which I bear you, and that which
the King, our father, had for you, till bis last breath, the
consideration of oin- mutual interest, honour, and safety, and
the duty I owe to God aiid my country, are the true motives
that persuade me to write to you^ and to do all that is pos;
sible for me to come to a perfect union with you.

And _you
maj- be assured. Madam, that though I can never abandon,
but with my life, my o-rni just right, which you know is unalterably settled by tbe most fundamental laws of tbe land,
yet I am most desirous rather to owe to you than to any
living the recovery of it. It is for you that a work so just and
The voice of God and natiu'e calls you
glorious is reserved.
to it the promises you made to the King, our father, enjoin
it
tbe preservation of our family the preventing of unnatural wars require it
and the public good and welfare of our
country recommend it to you, to rescue it from present and
"
"The Pretender," says Macpherson, was a better, more easy, and perhaps more elegant writer than any one of his servants."
Orig. Papers,
'
vol.
ii.
p. 225.
JAMES FEEDEEICK EDWAED STUAET.
17H.]
21
future evils which must, to the latest

posterity, invohe the
nation in blood and confusion till the succession be aâin
settled in the right line.
I am satisfied,
that if
;
will
be guided by your
own
Madam,
inclinations,
you
you
will readilr
\vith so just and fair a

proposal as to "prefer
brother, the last male of our name, to the Duke of
comply
your own
Hanover,
the remotest relation we have whose

friendship vou have no
reason to rely on, or be fond of; who will leave the Government to foreigners of another language, of another interest
and who, by the general naturalization,
may bring over crowds
of his countrymen to
supply the defect of his right, and enslave the nation."
Tlie reasons which induce a belief that the
was se;
'
Queen
cretly disposed to nominate the Chevalier as her successor,

the author has elsewhere detailed at some
If such'
length.however, were her intentions, her nnlooked for and almost
sudden demise prevented her

carrying them into execution;
and moreover, such were the
prudent and skilful precautions'
of the DiLke of
Shrewsbury and the friends of the Hanoverian
succession, that on the death of the Queen, George the First
succeeded to the throne in the same
quiet and undisputed
manner as if it had descended to him
by
right.
Of the numerous persons including men of hereditary
the highest rank
and authority who had been previouslv
engaged in intrii-ues
in favour of the
Chevalier, Bishop Atterburv was the only
individual of exalted station who had the boldness to advocate his cause, and to
propose a rising in his favour. Among
others whom he urged to take this
dangerous step, was the
Lord Chancellor, Simon Lord Harcourt.
According to the
statement of the Chancellor himself, as related in "Birch's

Papers, Atterbury paid him a visit shortly after the Queen's
death, and gave it as his solemn advice and
opinion, that the
Chevalier should be
James
immediately proclaimed as
King
the Third.
Atterbury further added, that thev had" only to
him a guard, and he would
put on his la\vn sleeves "and
head the procession. " Never," he aftenvards exclaimed to
a friend, " was a better cause lost for want of
spirit."
Although the tacit approbation shown by the people of
England to the accession of George the First had greatly
damped the hopes of the Jacobites,
soon discovered
give
they
'
'
Macpherson's Orig. Papers, vol.

Houses of Nassau and
HanoTer,
pp. 223, 22i.

276.
pp. 270
ii.
22
TUE PBETENDEKS AXD THEIE ADIIEEENTS.
[l714.
fresh inceutives to intrigue and exertion iu the increasing

advisers.
unpopularity of the new King and his ministerial
dislike' with which the AVhigs were regarded at this
period by the landed gentry and by the High Ohiu-ch party,
a dislike which was greatly increased by the undue and
extraordinary favours shown them by the King, the virulent
animosity with which they persecuted the ministers of the
late Queen, and the revival of the cry that the Church was
The
under their rule, had gradually fomented a spirit

of discontent and disaffection, which continued daily to gain
Already Scotland was
strength throughout the kingdom.
ripe for revolt, and in England the alarming riots which were
constantly taking place showed how disgusted the people
were with their new rulers. In London, those who celebrated
the King's birthday were insulted by the populace, while on
the anniversary of the Chevalier's birth, the mob paraded
the streets, breaking the windows of those who refused to
illuminate, and burning William the Third in effigy at Smith"
field, in the midst of shouts of
High Church and the Duke
"^
of Ormond for ever
In Whitechapel chm-eh, the populace
violently assaulted the Eev. Joseph Acres for preaching a
sermon in favour of the House of Hanover. In several of
the largest towns of England, the popular cries were "Down
iu danger
tlie Eoundheads!"
"No Hanover!" "No foreign
Government!" At an election at Leicester, the mob spoke
"
openly and contemptuously of the King as the gentleman
who keeps the two Turks ;" - and very nearly mm-dered the
with
'
One Boumois, a schoolmaster, who was committed to Newgate for
shouting through the streets that Kiug George had no right to the throne,
was afterwards whipped through the City with such severity, that he died
a few days afterwards iu the greatest torture.
These were two Turks, named Mahomet and Mustapha, who had
been taken prisoners at the time when George the First, then Electoral
Prince, was serving in the Imperial army.
It is to one of them that Pope
alludes in his "Essay on "Women:"
" From
peer or bishop, 'tis no easy thing
To draw the man who loves his God or king
Alas I copy, or my draught would fail,
From honest Mahomet or plain Parson Hale."
are also referred to, though with little honour, in " Geordie
Wlielp's
Testament," a Jfacobite lampoon of the period
They
Wi' my twa Turks I winna sinder.

Fur that wad my last tiu'ney hinder
1714.]
JAMES FEEDEBICK EDWAED STCAET.
23
Higt Sheriff for refusing to return the Jacobite candidate.

At Oxford, the gownsmen, uniting with the towns-people,
made a furious attack on a party of noblemen and gentlemen
who were met to celebrate the King's birthday for a time
windows were broken, the
the town was in their hands,
houses of the AVhigs were pUlaged, a Presbyterian meetinghouse was pulled down, and a bonfire made of the pulpit and
time shouting, "No Hanover!"
pews; the mob all the
"
No lioundheads !" " No Constitutionists !" The sprig of
oak was again publicly displayed on the 2!)th of Jlay, and
the white rose worn on the Chevalier's birthday. At PhilipsNorton, ]Marlborough, Warrington, Leeds, and other places,
the Chevalier's birthday was ushered in -with ringing of
bells, and his health publicly drunk as King James the
At ilauchester, the mob triumphed for two whole
Third.
days, destroying a Presbyterian meeting-house, and pulling
down several houses belonging to the Whigs. In Lancashire
while at Newit was found necessary to raise the militia
castle-under-Line, Wolverhampton, Birmingham, Dudley,

Stourbridge, and other places in Staffordshire, Warwickshire,
and Shropshire, the populace, encouraged by many of the
magistrates and country gentlemen attached to the cause of
the Stuarts, perpetrated the most daring acts of violence and
outrage.
Neither was it in the general disaffection aloi'i>, which

prevailed at the period, that the Chevalier rested liis hopes
of succeeding in the new attempt which he was determined
to make for the recovery of the throne. The Tories, oppressed
by the AVhigs, whom they both hated and despised, and deprived of all prospect of obtaining any share in the administration, and in the patronage of the Crown, had begun
earnestly to wish for a revolution, and responded heartily to
the overtures which were made to them by the Jacobites.
For baith can speer the nearest
gate.
And lead me in, though it be late

Where Oliver and Willie Buck
Sit o'er the lugs in smeeky muck
Wi' hips sae het, and beins sae bare,

They '11 e'en be biytho when Geordie
's
there.
Ou the accession of the King to the throne of England, the two Turks
received the appointments of Pages of the Back Stairs and, as appears by
a letter from Count Broglio to the King of France, obtained considerable
influence over their roval master.
;
THE PKETENDEES AXD THEIR ADHEEESTS.
2i
[l7i5.
The impolitic severity of the "VMiigs had driven to despair

and desperation more than one ot the most influential and
The Earl of Mar, disgusted
gifted noblemen in the realm.
by the contemptuous reception of his ofi'ers of allegiance by
new monarch, hm-ried indignantly to Scotland to use his

to revolt; Bolingpowerfid influence to incite his couutrj-men
"with the
the gifted and brilliant Bolingbroke
broke
smart of a bill of attainder," to use his own words, "tingling
in every vein," had flown to Coramercy and accepted the
Seals imder the Chevalier while the Duke of Ormond, one
of the most powerful, and certainly the most popular nobleman in England, impeached of high treason, and with little
expectation of having a fair trial, had also withdrawn himself
from the kingdom, and entered the serrice of the Chevalier.
In addition to these inducements to make a fresh effort to
and arguments were
regaiii the Crown, earnest entreaties
iised by the friends of the Chevalier in Great Britain to induce him to place himself at their head. Colouring their
statements according to their ovra eager feelings and sanguine
hopes, they implored him not to lose a moment in coming
over. The flame of enthusiasm, they said, had been raised in
his fiivour, which, if once damped, might never be rekindled;
they assured him that defeat was impossible they insisted
that the Tories would join him on his first landing, and that
his presence alone was wanting to insure a successful revo-
the
lution.
Nevertheless, promising as was the aspect of the Chevaaftairs at this juncture, it was evident to more dispassionate observers, that unless the rising in England and
Scotland were simultaneous, and, moreover, imless they received powerful assistance from France, success was, to say
the least, very lar from being reduced to a certainty. Accordingly, the ChevaHer again applied himself to the French
lier's
King, who secretly supplied him with money, and even paid
the expenses of fitting out the vessel which was to transport
the Chevalier to the shores of Britain. It is possible that a
willingness to fulfil the promise which he had made to King
James in his last moments, and an ambitious desire to give a
sovereign to England, might have induced Louis the Fourteenth to extend stiU more valuable assistance to the son of
his old friend.
Unfortunately, however, at the very crisis
when his aid and countenance were most reqtiired by the
JAMES FEEDEEICK EDTVAED STUAET.
1715.]
25
Chevalier, that haughty and magnificent monarch breatlied

"
If the late King," writes Lord
Bolingbroke, '"had
months longer, I verily believe there had been war
his last.
lived six
again between England and France. This was the only point
of time when these affairs had, to my
apprehension, the least
reasonable appearance even of possibility all that
preceded
was wild and uncertain; all that followed was mad and
:
desperate."
'
When I arrived at Paris," adds Bolingbroke, "the King

was already gone to Marly, where the indisposition which he
had begun to feel at Versailles increased upon him. He was
the best friend the Chevalier had and when I
engaged in
this business, my principal
dependence was upon his personal
character; this failed me in a great degree
he was not
in a condition to exert the same
The
\-igour as formerly.
ministers, who saw so great an event as his death to be
probably at hand. a certain minority, an uncertain regency,
perhaps confusion at best, a new face of government, and a
new system of affairs, would not for their own sakes, as
;
well as for the sake of the public, venture to

engage far in
any new measures. All I had to negotiate by myself first,
and in conjunction with the Duke of Ormoiid soon afterwards
languished with the King.
hopes sunk as he
declined, and died when he expired." '
My
Although Lord Bolingbroke's famous letter to Sir William

AVyndham was written after his quarrel with the Chevalier,
and when his feelings towards his old master had become
those of bitterness and indignation,
yet the account which
he gives in that letter of the state of the Prince's affairs, and
of the persons who formed his court, must
always be regarded
"
as a valuable and
The very first conversinteresting one.
ation I had with the Chevalier," he
says, "answered in no
degree my expectations. He talked to me like a man who

expected every moment to set out for England or Scotland,
but did not very well know for which. * * * I found a
multitude of people at work, and
every one doing what
seemed good in his own eyes, no subordination, no order,
no concert. Persons concerned in the
management of these
afiairs upon former occasions have assured me this is
always
the case it might be so in some
degree, but I believe never
so much as now. The Jacobites had
Avrought one another up
'
Letter to Sir William
Wvndham.
26
to look
THE PEETENDEE3 AND THEIR ADUEEENTS.

upon the success of the present designs
[l71o.
as infallible:
every meeting-house which the populace demolished, every

drunken riot which happened, served to confirm them iu
and there was hardly one
sanguine expectations
amongst them who woidd lose the air of contributing by his
intrigues to the restoration, which he took for granted would
be brought about without him in a very few weeks. Care
and hope sat on every busy Irish face. Those who could
write and read, had letters to show and those who had not,
these
arrived to this pitch of erudition,

they had their secrets to
whisper.
Fanny Oglethorpe, whom you must have seen in
it
and
corner
in
Olive Trant ' was the
her
England, kept
great wheel of our machine."
Disappointed iu their hopes of being carried iu triumph to
the shores of England by a French fleet, and of being supported by French armies and foreign gold, the only question
which was now discussed in tiie court of the Chevalier was,
as to the practicability of bringing about a revolution by
their own energies and resources, and those of their friends.
By those who took a gloomier view of the aspect of the
Chevalier's att'airs, it was insisted that the favourable moment
for action had been allowed to slip by
that, by the indiscretion of some of their own friends, their plans and
intentions had been whispered about at half the tea-tables
;
and
cofl'ee-houses in Paris, and had consequently been rethat, instead of surported to the English Government
prising their enemies, which was the true policy, they had
sounded the alarm iu then* ears
that, whereas only a short
time since England had no fleet at sea, and only eight
thousand troops in the whole island, but that now she was
and lastly, it was
prepared and defended on all points
urged that Scotland could eflect nothing, unless the English
Tories and Jacobites rose at the same moment and that,
without foreign succours, it was unlikely that the latter
would take so hazardous a step.
But if such were the arguments adduced by the few sensible men among the Chevalier's advisers, there were others
which were far more likely to have their influence at his
little court,
composed, generally speaking, as it was, of men
;
1
Mistress of tlie Regent Duke of Orleans.
brother of the Due de Boaillon.
'
Letter to Sir William Wyndham.
She afterwards married a
JAMES rilEDEBICK EDWAHD
1715.]
27
STUAIiT.
of confined understandings, whom a distance from tlie scene

of action rendered but incompetent judges and who, wearied
with poverty and exile, were biassed far more by tlieir own
ardent wishes than by conviction, when they promised themselves success.
By these persons it was argued, that so
favourable a conjuncture would probably never occur again
that the Chevalier's honour and his interests
equally
called upon him to make the attempt
that his gallant
in
Groat
Britain
had
too
far to
partisans
already proceeded
retreat with safety ; and, lastly, they laid the greatest stress
on the constant advices received from their friends at home,
who, seemingly becoming more confident and energetic as
their aft'airs wore a darker aspect, persisted in
urging the
Chevalier to take his immediate departure for England, in
which case they unequivocally promised to place the crown
on his head.
;
CHAPTEE
The Earl
Mar and
III.
other Nobles swear Fealty to James the Third.

Puhlicly proclaimed King in Scotland.
Inactivity of the Earl of JIar.
Battle of SheriB'muir.
Retreat of the Chevalier's Forces.
Arrests of
his Adherents in England.
Defeat and Surrender of his Army at Preston.
Arrival of the Chevalier from France.
His Journey to Scoon.
of
While
the Chevalier and his council were still engaged

in deliberating on the important question of peace and
war, the tidings suddenly reached them that the irrevocable step had already been taken, and that the Earl of
Mar was actually in arms in the Highlands at the head of
the Jacobite clans.
Repulsed in the overtures of service and allegiance which
he had made to George the First, belie\'ing that his enemies
were resolved on his ruin, and thirsting for revenge. Mar
had flown in disguise to the Highlands, where, on the pretext of a grand hunting-party, he invited the
principal
Jacobite noblemen in Scotland to meet him at his castle of
Braemar. in Aberdeenshire. " The lords," says Sir Walter
"
attended at the head of their vassals, all, even LowScott,
land guests, attired in the Highland garb, and the sport was
carried on upon a scale of rude magnificence.
circuit ot
THE PEETESBEBS AND IHEIE ADHEEESTS.
28
[l71o.
miles was formed around the -wild desolate forests and

wildernesses, which are inhabited by the red-deer, and is
called the tinchel.
Upon a signal given, the hunters who
compose the tinchel begin to move inwards, closing the circle
and driving the terrified deer before tliem, with whatever
else the forest contains of wild animals, who cannot elude
the surrounding sportsmen.
Being in this manner concentrated and crowded together, they are driven down a defile,
where the principal hunters lie in wait for them, and show
their dexterity by marking out and shooting those bucks
which are in season. As it required many men to form the
tinchel, the attendance of vassals on these occasions was
Indeed, it was one of the feudal serstrictly insisted upon.
vices required by the law
attendance on the superior at
that is,
hunting being as regularly required as at hosting,
his
in
war
banner
or
joining
watching and uarding,- garrihis castle in times of danger."'
soning, namely,
Among the noblemen and chieftains who swore fealty at
Braemar to the exiled heir of the Stuarts, were the Marquis
of Huntly, eldest son of the Duke of Gordon the
Marquis
of Tullibardine, eldest son of the Duke of Atholl the Earls
of Nithsdale, Mai-ischal, Traquair, Errol, Southesk, Carnwath,
many
and Linlithgow the Viscounts of Kilsythe, Kenthe Lords Eollo, Dufifus,

muir, Kingston, and Stonnount
Drummond, Strathallan, Ogilvy, and Nau-ne and, among
the chiefs of clans, the powerful Glengarry, and Campbell
of Glendarule. Animated by an eloquent and elaborate
speech addressed to them by the Earl of Mar, they all took
the oath of allegiance to James the Third, and swore to be
Seaforth,
i'aitliful to each other.

At the conclusion of their sport,
they dispersed to their several estates for the pui'pose of
assembling and arming their vassals.'
Tales of a Grandfather, vol.
iii.
The hunting-match of Braemar

of the Jacobite songs of the
period
p. 32.
is
celebrated in one of the most spirited
The auld
The auld
Stuarts back again,

Stuarts back again.
Let howlet Whigs do what they can,
The auld Stuarts back again.
Wha
And
cares for
a' theii'
creeshy duds.
Kilmarnock sowen suds

their hides, and f\-le their
And bring the Stuarts back again.
We
a'
'11
.'
wauk
fuds,
JAMES FEEDEBICK EDTVAED STUAET.
1715.]
29
The celebrated "hunting-match of Braemar" took

i)lace
about the 26th of August, and on the Gt)i of
September the
uoblemen and chiefs of clans again assembled with their retainers at Aboyne.
The same day the eeremony of raisinothe standard was performed by the Earl of JIar, and the
Chevalier T\as solemnly proclaimed, in the midst of the
assembled clans, as King of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
The standard, which was said to have been worked by the
Countess of ilar, was of blue silk
having on one sid'e the
arms of Scotland wrought in gold, and on the other side the
Scottish thistle, with the ancient motto, " Nemo me
impune
lacessit."
It had also two
pendants of white ribbon, on one
of which were the words, " For our
and opwronged
King
"
For our Lives and
pressed Country," and on the other,
Liberties."
The standard had scarcely been erected, when
the ornamental ball at the
of
it'
fell
oft', an incident
top
which is said to have depressed for the moment the
spirits
of the superstitious Highlanders, who considered it as foreboding misfortune to the cause in which thev had em;
barked.'
There
And
Lord
a'
"s
Ayr and
the cronios
Irvine, wi' the rest,

i' the
west,
scawed and scabbit nest.

How they 'II set up their crack again
But wad they come, or dare they come,
Afore the bagpipe and the drum,
!
sic
We
'11 either
gar them a' sing dumb,
Or "auld Stuarts back again."
Give ear unto my

loyal sang,
A' ye that ken the right frae wrang.
And a' that look and think it lang'
For auld .Stuarts back again.
Were ye ici
Out-oure the
me
to
hills
And said
To
Then what
We
'11
And
are
gar the
Can they
'
chase the rae^
and far away.
the lords were there that

day.
bring the Stuarts back again.
a'
their westland crews
tailors
back again
forestand the tartan trews.

auld Stuarts back again ?
But when our standard was set up,

So fierce the wind did blaw, Willie,
The golden knop down from the
top
Unto the ground did fa', AVillie
.^
"
30
THE PEETENDEES AND THEIE ADHEEENTS.
[l71o.
AVithin a few days after the raising of the standard, the

Chevalier was solemnly proclaimed at many of the principal
at Aberdeen, by the Earl Marischal
towns in Scotland;
at Inverness, by the Laird of Borlum, better known as
the ]\Iarquis of TiiUiBrigadier Mac Intosh at Dmikeld, by
at Castle
at Brechin, by tlie Earl of Panmuir
bardine
Gordon, by the Marquis of Huntly at Montrose, by the
of
Duntroon.
and
at
Graham
Earl of Southesk
Dundee, by
The flame of rebellion flew from fastness to fastness the
white cockade was adopted by clan ai'ter clan and within
an incredibly short space of time. Lord Mar i'oimd himself
at the head of an army of nearly ten thousand men.
To enter into the various details of the insurrection of
1715, further than as they throw light on the fortunes and
personal history of the Chevalier, would be foreign to the
It is sufficient to observe,
character of the present work.
that an enterprise so spii-itedly commenced was allowed to
of
the
in
consequence
inefficiency of those who
languish
At the very outset of the insiurection, a welldirected it.
concerted plan for seizing Edinburgh Castle which, had it
succeeded, would probably have given to the insurgents the
failed in conat least temporary mastership of Scotland
sequence of the reckless imprudence of those selected to
carry it into execution. The Earl of Mar, moreover, though
he had displayed extraordinary spirit and address in raising
the Highlaud Clans, was entirely deficient in military experience, and, indeed, was possessed of few of the qualities
required to conduct an enterprise of so hazardous and peculiar a nature. Damping the spirit of the impetuous Highlanders by his ill-judged delays, and giving time for dissensions and jealousies to take root among their chieftains, he
allowed the crisis for action to slip by him, and instead of
sweeping do%vn on the Duke of Argyll and the royal forces,
and driving them headlong over the Tweed, he allowed the
Then
secontl-sighted
We 'U
Sandy
do nae gude at
a',
said.
Willie
^Tiile pipers play'd frae right to

Fy, furich Whigs awa, Willie.
left,
Fp and waiir them a', Willie,

Up and waur them a'. Willie
Up and sell your sour milk.
And
dance, and ding
them
a',
Willie.
Jacobite Soiig.
JAMES FEEBITKICK EDWARD STUAHT.
1715.]
31
Duke time to be. joined by repeated reioforcements. In the

mean time, he himself remained for weeks inactive at Perth,
waiting for an event which was never destined to occur.

the general rising of the Jacobite party in England. " With
far less force," says Sir Walter Scott, " than Mar had at
his disposal, Montrose gained eight victories and oveiTan
Scotland
with fewer numbers of Highlanders, Dundee
gained the battle of Killiecrankie and with almost half the
troops assembled at Perth, Charles Edward, in 1745, marched as far as Derby, and gained two victories over regular
But in 1715, by one of those misfortunes which
troops.
dogged the House of Stuart since the days of Kobert the
Second, they wanted a man of military talent just at the
time when they possessed an unusual quantity of mibtarj'
;
means."
It was not till the 10th of jN'oveniber, more than two months
after the raising of the standard, that JIar marched his impatient army from Perth. Three days aftenvards was fought
the celebrated battle of Sheritfmuir or Dumblaine, in wliich
both generals claimed the -tictory:' as Mar, however, retired
from the neighbourhood of the scene of action, while Argyll,
on the contrary, retained his position, thus securing the
passage of the Forth, and arresting the progress of the insurgents into the Lowlands, the latter liad certainly the
greater reason to boast of success. The result, indeed, of the
battle was in every respect unfavourable to the
insurgents.
The Highlanders, as was their invariable custom after an engagement, retired in great numbers to visit their friends, and
to deposit -n-ith them any booty of which
they miglit have
'
There 's some say that we wan,

Some say that they wan,
Some say that nane wan at a', man
Rut ae thinn^ I 'm sure,

That at Shcrifl'muir
A battle there was, which I saw, man
And we ran, and they ran.
And they ran and we ran,
And we ran, and thev ran awa, man.
So there sucli a race was.
As
And
ne'er in that place was,

as little chase
Frae
was
at a',
man
ither they ran,
Without touk o' drum,

They did not make use o' a paw, man.
THE PHETEyDEES AND TIIEIE ADHERENTS.
32
[l715.
possessed themselves while more than one of the chieftains,

including Lords Huntly and Seaforth, despairing of a
rising among the English Jacobites, and disheartened by the
dilatory conduct and evident incompetence of the Earl of
took their departure with their numerous retainers,
jNIar,
on the pretest of being summoned to the protection of their
o\vn country. Thus the insm-gent array, which on the morning of the battle had numbered ten thousand men, was reduced the following day to less than half that number. For
Mar to have attempted to force a passage into the Lowlands
a measure which he had
at the head of five thousand men,
foimd himself unable to accomplish with an army double in
number, would have amoimted to little less than an act of
madness. He withdrew accordingly to his old quarters at
Perth, where he continued to piu-sue the same inactive policy
which had already proved so fatal to the interests of his
master.
In the mean time, the Chevalier's affairs in England wore
even a worse aspect than in Scotland. The Government, anticipating the designs of the English Jacobites, adopted prompt
measures for frustrating them. The titular Duke of Powis
was sent to the Tower Lords Lansdo^vn and Dupplin were
taken into custody a warrant was issued for apprehending
the Earl of Jersey Lieutenant-Colonel Paul, an officer of
the Guards, was imprisoned in the Gatehouse for enlisting
men for the service of the Chevalier; and, with the consent of
the Lower House, warrants were issued for seizing the persons of Sir William AYyndham, Sir John Packington, and
other members of Parliament. In Cornwall, Sir Eiehard Vyvian, the most influential Jacobite in the county, was sent to
London in custody of a messenger; and in the Xorth of England, IMr Howard, of Corby, and jNIr Curwen of Workington,
two of the most powerful partisans of the Stuarts, were arrested and confined in Carlisle Castle.
In addition to these precautions, the Habeas Corpus Act
was suspended by the Parliament liberal supplies were voted
for the serWce of the CroT\-n
six thousand auxiliary troops
were sent for from Holland; and a reward of 100,000 was
offered for seizing the Chevalier, either dead or alive.
large body of troops was sent to overawe the I'niversit}^ of
Oxford, which was then the hot-bed of Jacobitism and, about
the same time, the Government was so fortunate as to dis-
JAMES rEEDEBICK EDWAED STUAET.
1715.]
33
cover a plan wtich had been concerted for surprising the city
of Bristol the arms and artillery of the conspirators of
which they had formed a depot at Bath were seized by the
officers of the Crown, and all the principal
persons supposed
to be engaged in the enterprise were taken into custody. In
the West of England, the Grovernment had been no less successful in defeating the plans of the Jacobites. At the outset
of the insurrection, the Duke of Ormond, with about forty
officers and men, had sailed from the coast of
Normandy for
Devonshire, where he confidently expected to find the landed
and
their
tenants
in
arms
to
On his
gentry
support him.
landing, however, he had the misfortune to find that he had
been betrayed by his own agent, Maclean not a single individual came to welcome him many of his friends, he found,
had been arrested, and the remainder were dispersed consequently he had no choice but to abandon the enterprise,
and to effect, if possible, a safe retreat to France.
It was only in the North of England that the
EngKsh
Jacobites presented in any degree a formidable appearance.
Proscribed by the Government, the young Earl of Derwentwater and Mr Forster, the member for Northumberland, had
taken the field with a body of only sLxty horse, "a handful of
Northumberland fo.\-hunters," as they are styled by Sir Walter

Scott
ami having been joined by Lord Widdriugton, and
by other gentlemen near the borders, proclaimed the Chevalier
at Warkworth, Morpeth, and Aluwick.
From hence they
proceeded northward to Eothbury, where they were met by
the Earls of Caruwartli, Wintoun, and Nithsdale, and Viscount Kenmure, who had recently proclaimed the Chevalier
at Moffat, and who were now
advancing southward in order
to imite theii- forces (amounting to about two hundred horsemen) with those of Mr Forster and Lord Derwentwater.
Thus reinforced, the insurgents withdrew to Kelso, where
;
they awaited the arrival of Brigadier Mac Intosh. This officer

had recently performed a gallant and hazardous service in
forcing his way across the Forth in the midst of the royal
cruizers, and now formed a junction with the English Jacobites at the head of fourteen hundred
Highlanders.
After a lengthened discussion among the leaders of the
p.arty, it was at length decided that they should push forward
into Eugland by the western border,
by which means they
hoped to unite themselves with the powerful body of Jacob-
THE PKETENDEES AND THEIR ADUEEENTS.
34
ites
in a
[i7!5.
was confidently expected would rise

the approach of their friends. But there existed
England, who
it
body at
an important obstacle to the adoption of this measure, in the
the Highlanders to
superstitious aversion entertained by
to be made
marching out of their owu country if they were
a sacrifice, they said, they were determined that at least it
should be on their own soil. At length, however, though
with great difficulty, a large body of them were prevailed
:
to advance; while tlie remainder, turning a deaf ear to

the entreaties of their general, returned to their friends in
the Highlands. The insurgents entered England on the 1st
of November, and passed the night at the small town of
Brampton, where they proclaimed the Chevalier with the usual
ceremonies. Here also Mr Forster opened his commission as
their general, which had been sent him by the Earl of Mar.
The force under Mr Forster at this period consisted only
of nine hundred Highlanders, and about six hundred Northumbrian and Dumfriesshire horsemen. The fate of this gallant but ill-1'ated body of men is well known. They advanced
without interruption to Penrith, where the posse comitattis of
Cumberland headed by Lord Lonsdale and the Bishop of
Carlisle, and amounting to ten or twelve thousand men
were drawn out to arrest their further progress. These peaceful men, however, had conceived such terrible notions of the
character of the insurgents, that they dispersed themselves
Mr Forster, acin the utmost confusion at their approach.
cordingly, pushed forward through Appleby and Kendal to
in
all
which
he
Kirby Lonsdale,
places
proclaimed the CheIt was not till he envalier, aud levied the public money.
tered Lancashire that he received any important additions
to his ranks.
At Lancaster he released several of the partisans of the Stuarts who were confined in the county gaol,
and from thence advanced to Preston, where a regiment of
dragoons, commanded by Colonel Stanhope, and another of
Here he was joined by
militia, withdrew at his approach.
several Koman Catholic gentlemen, who brought v\-ith them
their servants and tenantry, to the number of twelve hundred
upon
men.
In the mean time. General Wills had collected the royal
forces which were quartered at IManchester and Wigan, and
advanced to Preston to give the insurgents battle. For some
reason, which it is impossible to reconcile not only with mi-
1715.]
JAMES FEEDEEICK EDWAED STUAET.
35
but with common sense, Forster had negthe bridge over

lected to defend a most important post,
the Eibble, by which road alone the enemy could have reached
into
the
centre
of
the town, conand
his
men
him,
drawing
tented himself with causing barricades to be formed in the
principal streets. Expressing much astonishment at findingthe
bridge of the Kibble undefended. General Wills pushed forward, and attacked the insurgents at two different points of
litary experience
The
described as a highly
least equal gallantry, and night shortly afterwards setting in, the royalists
were compelled to withdraw, after having suffered considerable loss.
The slight success, however, obtained by the insurgents proved but of little service to them.
Early the
following morning General Carpenter, who had followed them
by forced marches from the south of Scotland, made his appearance with a reinforcement of three regiments of dragoons
immediately the town was invested on all sides and it became
evident to the besieged, that further opposition was out of
the question.
The Highlanders, indeed, expressed their determination to sally out sword in hand, and cut their way
the
through
King's troops: but with some difficulty they were
prevailed upon to listen to the arguments of their leaders
and, accordingly, the whole of the insurgent force laid down
their temporary defences.
spirited one
attack
is
but they were received with at
their arms,
and surrendered themseh es
at discretion.
Among the persons of note who fell into the hands of the
Government, in consequence of the surrender at Preston,
were Lords Der\ventwater,Widdrington, Nithsdale,Wintoun,
Carnwath, Kenmure, and Nairn, besides several members of
the first families in the north of England. The noblemen and
principal leaders of the insurrection were sent prisoners to
London, and after having been led through the streets,
pinioned as malefactors, were committed either to the Tower
or to Newgate. The common men were imprisoned chiefly in
the gaols of Liverpool or ilanehester. Major Nairn, Captain
Lockhart, Captain Shafto, and Ensign Erskine were tried by
court-martial, and executed as deserters and Lord Charles
Murray was also sentenced to death for the same offence,
but reprieved. It is remarkable, that the surrender at Preston
took place on the same day on which was fought the doubtful
battle of Sheriffmuir.
It was in this gloomy crisis of his affairs,
when there
;
36
THE PEETESDEES AND THEIR ADnEEENTS.
[l715.
another rising in Engscarcely remained the faintest hope of

land, and when Mar was remaining inactive at Perth, overawed by the superior army of ^Vrgj^ll, that the last of the
Stuarts landed, a proscribed adventurer, in the ancient kingdom of his forefathers. Having made several vain attempts
to obtain a passage from St Malo, and havijig liu-ked for several days in the dress of a mariner along tlie coast of Britwhere he
tany, he at length made good his way to Dunkirk,
embarked on board a small privateer, ostensibly laden with

brandy, but well armed and manned. After a voyage of seven
22ud of December, 1715,
days, he landed at Peterhead on the
attended by the Marquis of Tyuemouth, son of the Duke of
Benvick, Lieutenant Cameron, and four other persons the
whole party being disguised as naval officers.
The Chevalier passed the first night at Peterhead. Tlie
next day he came to Xewburgh, a seat of the Earl Marischal;
and on the follovring one, passing through Aberdeen, proceeded to Fetteresso, the principal seat of that nobleman. In
the mean time. Lord 3Iar, having received intimation of the
Chevalier's arrival, hastened with the Earl Marischal, and a
train of about thirty gentlemen, to pay their respects to him
at Eetteresso. James was in his bedchamber at the moment
of their amval but he immediately dressed himself, and on
entering the apartment they kissed his hand, and paid him
The Chevalier
the homage usually awarded to royalty.
;
subsequently proceeded to name a privy coiuicil, by whose

adace he issued six proclamations, in the name of King
James the Eighth of Scotland and Third of England, in
which he appointed a day of general thanksgiving for his
safe arrival
commanded prayers to be offered up for him in
the several chiu-ches called upon all loyal men to join his
standard and named the 23rd of the following month for
;
performing the ceremony of his coronation. He assumed to

himself all the authority and attributes of a so^'ereign prince;
conferring titles of nobility, knighthood, and ecclesiastical
honours. Among others, he advanced Lord Mar to a dukedom, and knighted Bannerman. the Provost of Aberdeen. The
episcopal clergy of Aberdeen presented him with an address;
and shortly afterwards he received another address from the
magistrates, town council, and citizens of that ancient burgh.
It is necessary, however, to observe, that the magistratefi
and council were of the appointment of the Earl of Mar.
JAMES FREDERICK EDWAED STUAET.
1710.]
The
37
had the effect, for

a time, of raising the hopes and rekindling the enthusiasm of
"
At the first news
his zealous but unreflecting partisans.
"
of his landing," says one of his followers,
it is impossible to
and
our
men.
Now
the
of
we hoped the
vigour
express
joy
arrival of the Chevalier in Scotland
day was come when v,e should live more like soldiers, and
should be led on to face our enemies, and not be mouldering
away into nothing, attending the idle determination of a disconcerted council."
But the feelings of the Chevalier himself seem to have been very different from those of elation,
From the moment of his first interview
or even of hope.
with the Earl of Mar, when he learned from the lips of that
nobleman, that at the advance of the Duke of Argyll he must
abandon Perth, and either disperse his forces or content himself with carrying on a fruitless and desultory warfare in the
Highlands, trom that moment he seems to have relinquished
the idea that his career would be one of triumph, or his recompense a crown. Though he endeavoured to assume a eonfideut air in his intercourse with others, yet in the first speech
which he addressed to his council, his words are evidently
"
dictated rather by despondency than by hope.
He had
come among them," he said, " merely that those who were
'
backward in discharging their own duty might find no pre"

text for their conduct in his own absence."
For myself,"
he added, " it is no new thing for me to be unfortunate since
;
whole
from my cradle, has been a constant series of

misfortune and I am prepared, if it so pleases God, to suffer
the extent of the threats which my eneuiies throw out against
me."
In consequence of a severe attack of the ague, the Chevalier was detained at Fetteresso till the 2nd of Januarv.
On
that day he proceeded to Brechin, where he remained till the
when
he
advanced
to
where
he
the
4th,
Glammis,
passed
^
and on the following morning made a kind of regal
night
my
life,
;
'
"True Account of
the Proceedings at Perth,"
by a Eehcl.
London,
1716.
'
tle:
but
On the 5th of January, we find Lord Mar writing from Glammis Cas"The King, without any compliment to him, and to do him nothing
justice, setting aside his being a prince, is really the finest gentlemen I
ever knew. He has a very good presence, and resembles Charles the Second
a great deal.
His presence, however, is not the best of him ; he has fine
and despatches aU his business himself with the greatest exactness,
?arts,
never saw anybody write so finely. He is afl'able to a great degree, with-
3S
THE PEETENDEHS AKD THEIR ADHEEENTS.
[l716.
entry into Dundee, attended by a retinue of three hundred

mounted gentlemen the Earl of Mar riding on liis right
hand, and the Earl Marisehal on his left. At the request of
those about him, he remained about an hoiu- in the marketplace, during \Yhicli time the popidaee thronged round him,
and kissed his hand. This night he passed at the neighbouring residence of Stuart of Garntully. The next day, the 6th,
he dined at Castle Lion, a seat of the Earl of Strathmore
and at night took up his quarters at Sir David Threipland's.
On the 8th, the Chevalier arrived at Seoon, and his feelings may be more readily imagined than described, when he
was conducted through the apartments of that ancient palace,
which was associated with so many of the most interesting
events in the annals of his native country, and which for centuries had been the residence of his forefathers, and the scene
of then' triumphs, their misfortunes, or their joys. The next
day he made his public entry into Perth. He had previously
"
expressed his strong curiosity to see those little kings with
their armies," as he styled the Highland chieftains and their
mountain followers. To have indulged him, however, mth
the pageant of a review would have had the disheartening
effect of exposing the extreme weakness of the insurgent
army, and consequently he was obliged to content himself
with inspecting a few of the troops quartered in the town,
which were drawn out for the purpose. He expressed himself much pleased at their romantic costume and gallant appearance, but when privately informed of the scantiness of
their numbers, he was unable to conceal his disappointment
and concern.
out losing the majesty he ought to have, and has the sweetest temper in
the world.
In a word, he is every way fitted to raalie us a happy people,
were his subjects worthy of him." The letter, from which this extract is
taken, was printed by order of Lord Mar, and circulated over Scotland, with
a
new
of giving the people a favourable impression of the Chevalier.
aiJi>.ffit]ES
irm^s:
;j
in
JAMES FEEDEEICK EDWAED STUAKT.
1716.]
CHAPTER
39
IV.
Advance of the Duke of Argyll. Dejection of the Chevalier. His Eetreat

to Montrose, and Flight to the Continent.
His AiTival in France, and
Dismissal of Lord Bolingbroke.
Proceeds to Rome.
His JIarriage
Project of Charles XII.

with the Princess
Restoration.
His
Madrid. Project of Alberoni
the Invasion of England,
Failure. His Character
His Death,
towards the
of
for his
Sobieski.
Visit to
for
Its
Clo.se
Life.
and Funeral Obsequies.
The
Chevalier remained at Scoon
till
the 28th of January,
when the unwelcome news reached the insurgent camp that

Duke of Argyll was on full march to give them battle.
For Mar to have awaited the approach of his formidable ad-
the
and undisciplined force under his

command, would very nearly have amounted to an act of
madness.
The gallant Highlanders, however, thought far
versary, with the small
Their desire to be led to battle seems to have

difterently.
increased with the fearfulness of the odds which were against
them the chiefs are said to have embraced, drank to each
other, and congratulated themselves that the long-wished-for
day had at length arrived while the men called upon the
pipers of their clans to strike up the inspiriting tunes to
which they were accustomed to march to battle, and d^played
by their words and actions how ardently they lonyed to be
led against the foe.
;
Tlie Chevalier, though certainly not deficient in

personal
courage, was far from imbibing the enthusiasm of his Highland followers, while, in the breasts of anv other men less
loyal and less devoted, the impression left by bis habits and
personal demeanour must inevitalilv have damped the ardour
"
felt for his cause.
His person," says one of his followers.
"
was tall and thin, seeming to incline to be lean rather than
to fill as he grows in years.
His countenance was pale, yet
he seems to be sanguine in his constitution, and has someof
a
in
his
thing
vivacity
eye that perhaps would have been
more
he had not been under dejected circumstances

must be acknowledged, were sufficient to alter the
complexion even of his soul as well as his body. His speech
was grave, and not very clearlv expressing his thoughts, nor
overmuch to the purpose but his words were few, and his
^nsible if
which,
it
THE PBETENDERS
iO
A:ND TIIEIE
ADHERENTS.
[iTlC.
behaviour and temper seemed always composed. "WTiat he

was in his diversions, vre know not hei'e was no room fof
such things. It was no time for mirth. Neither can I say
I ever saw him smile. I must not conceal, that when we saw
the man whom they called our King, we found ourselves not
at all animated by his presence, and if he w-as disappointed
saw nothing in
in us. Ave were tenfold more so in him.
him that looked like spirit. He never appeared with cheerfulness and vigour to animate us. Our men began to despise
him some asked if he could speak. His countenance looked
extremely heavy. He cared not to come abroad amongst vis
soldiers, or to see us handle our arms or do our exercise.
Some said, the circumstances he found us in dejected him
and had he sent
I am sure the figure he made dejected us
us but 5000 men of good troops, and never himself come
than
we
had
done
other
we have now."
us,
things
amongst
When the news of the Duke of Argyll's approach was first
communicated to the Chevalier, he is said to have shed tears
observing that, instead of bringing him a crown, they had led
him to his grave. AVlien this incident was afterwards related
"
"
to Prince Eugene,
Weeping," he said, significantly, is
not the way to conquer kingdoms."
After a protracted and angry debate among the leaders of
the insurgent army, it was at length determined to retreat to
the Higlilaiids, a measure which gave them the option either
of protracting the war, or, in the event of the worst happen:
We
'
many and more favourable opportunities for

dispersion and escape. This resolution was taken in council,
on the 29th of January and on the following day, the an-
ing, presented
niversary of the execution of the Chevalier's grandfather,

Charles the First, the Highlanders, sullen, dejected, and
indignant, took a melancholy leave of their friends in Perth,
and crossing over the frozen waters of tlie Tay, defiled along
the Carse of Gowi-ie to Dundee, and from thence continued
their march to Montrose.
On his arrival at this sea-port town, the Chevalier was earnestly entreated by his secret advisers to seize the opportunity of there being a French vessel in the harbour, and to"
seek safety in flight. At first he indignantly refused to listen
to the proposition and when at length he gave a rekictant
consent, Lord Mar assures us, in his narrative, that it was ia
'
" True Account of
tlie
Proceedings
al
Perth," by a Eebel.
JAilES
1716.]
FHEDEEICK EDWiiED
41
STrAIlT.
consequence of its being clearly explained to him, that the

only chance for his followers was to retreat anions; the mountains and that his remaining among tliem served only to increase their danger, in consequence of the eagerness of their
;
adversaries to seize his person.
Accordingly, every arrangement having been made for bis

on the 4th of February the clans received orders to
the
at eight o'clock the same night for Aberdeen
sentries were placed as usual before the door of the Clicvalier's lodgings
and, in order still further to lull suspicion,
liis baggage was actually sent forward with the main body of
the army, as an earnest of his intention to accompany it. But
before the hour arrived which had been named for the march,
the Chevalier, attended only by one servant, slipped out of
his lodgings
and having first called at the apartments of
Lord Jlar, who was to accompany him in his flight, took a
by-path to the water's edge, where a boat waited to carry
him on board the small vessel which had been prepared for
his reception. His companions, besides Lord Mar, were the
Earl of ilellbrd. Lord Drummond, Lieutenant-General Bidkley, and thirteen other persons of distinction, most of whom
belonged to the Chevalier's household. The whole party
having been safely embarked, in order to avoid the English
and after coasting
cruizers, they stretched over to Norway
along the shores of Germany and Holland, arrived, after a
voyage of five days, at Gravelines, between Duiikirlc and
flight,
march
Calais.
"With the flight of the Chevalier de St George, terminated

the insurrection of 1715.
It was an amiable trait in his
character, that his last act before his embarkation was to
address a letter to the Duke of Argyll, in which he enclosed
the remnant of the money which he had brought from France,
desiring that it might be distributed among the poor inhabitants of some villages, which the necessities of war had compelled liim to set fire to on the retreat from Perth.' He also
left behind him a commission,
appointing General Gordon
Commander-in-Chief of the insurgent army, with fuU powers
'
The
truth of this fact has usually been caUed in question by the Whig
it has
recently been substantiated beyond a doiibt, by the
publication of the Chevalier's interesting letter to the Dute of Argyll. See
Chambers's " History of the Rebellions in Scotland, under the Viscount
Dundee and the Earl of Mar," p. 312.
historians, but
THE TEETEyDEES AND THEIE ADHEHENT8.
42
[l716.
to make the best terms he could with the Government. On

this officer devolved the painful task of conducting the gallant but now disheartened Highlanders to Aberdeen. Here
General Gordon produced a letter from the Chevalier, in
which the latter intimated to his devoted followers, that "the
disappointments he had met with, especially from abroad, had

obliged him to leave their country that he thanked them
for their services, and desired them to advise with General
Gordon, and consult their own security, either by keeping in
a body or separating, and encouraged them to expect to hear
"
further from him in a very short time."
general burst
"
of grief and indignation," says Sir Walter Scott,
attended
;
of the insurgents threw down

they had been deserted
and betrayed, and were now left without either king or general the clans broke up into difl'erent bodies, and marched
to the mountains, where they dispersed, each to his own he-
these communications.
their
arms
Many
in despair, exclaiming that
Advancing up Strathspey and Strathdon,

reditary glen."
they dispersed themselves in the wild districts of Badenocli
and Lochaber while the majority of the Lowland gentlemen,
making a sally from the hills, and crossing the county of
Murray, reached Burg and other sea-port villages, from
whence they obtained passages in open boats to the Orkneys,
and afterwards to France. The iate of such of the insurgents
as fell into the hands of the Government we shall elsewhere
have occasion to record.
Immediately on his landing in France, the Chevalier repaired to liis mother, Mary of Modena, at St Germain's. Almost his first impulse was to commit one of those miaccountable acts of imprudence which we must attribute either to
some peculiar disorganization of the mental laculties, or to
the fiitality which hung over his unfortunate race. This remark, it is scarcely necessary to observe, refers to the sudden
dismissal of Lord Bolingbroke fi-om his counsels
a step so
impolitic and so uncalled for, that even his partisan and halfbrother, the Duke of Ber\vick, has left on record his astonishment at, and disapprobation of, the measure. " One must
have lost one's reason," says the Duke, " if one did not see
the enormous blunder made by King James in dismissing the
for,
only Englishman he had, able to manage his aftairs
whatever may be said by some persons of more passion than
judgment, it is admitted by all England, that there have been
;
JAilES
1716.]
FEEDEEICK EDWAED STFART.
43
few greater ministers than Bolinsbroke. I was in

part a
"
how Bolingbroke acted for Kinowitness," adds the Duke,
James whilst he managed his atiairs, and I owe him the
justice
to say, that he left
nothing undone of what he could do he
moved heaven and earth to obtain supplies, but was always
put off by the Court of France and though he saw through
their pretexts and complained of them,
yet there was no other
power to which he could apply."
Bolingbroke himself notwithstanding there is always a
touch of sarcasm, and indeed of caricature, in
any picture
which he draws of the affairs of the Chevalier, and" notwiththe
soreness
which
that
standing
eitraordinarj- man must
necessarily have felt at being so cavalierly dismissed from a
court which he affected to despise has nevertheless left us
an account of his removal from the Chevalier's counsels, the
general truthfulness of which there is no reason to question.
"The Chevalier," says Bolingbroke, "was not above sis weeks
in his expedition. On his return to St Germain's, the French
Grovernment wished him to repair to his old
asylum with the
Duke of Lorraine before he had time to refuse it. But nothing was meant by this but to get him out of France immediately. I found him in no disposition to make such haste,
for he had a mind to
stay in the neighbourhood of Paris, and
wished to have a private meeting ^v-ith the Eegent. This was
refused and the Chevalier at length declared that he would
instantly set out for Lorraine. His trunks were packed, his
chaise was ordered to be
ready at five that afternoon, and I
sent word to Paris that he was
At our iuter\-iew, he
gone.
affected much
towards
me and an Italian never
cordiality
embraced the man he was going to stab with a greater show
of affection and confidence. Instead of
taking post for Lorraine, he went to the little house in the Bois de Boulogne,
where his female ministers resided and there he continued
;
lurking for several days, pleasing himself with the air of

mystery and business, whilst the only real business which he
should have had at that time lay neglected.
On Thursday
following, the Duke of Ormond brought me a scrap of paper
in the Chevalier's
and
dated
on
the
handwriting,
Tuesday, to
make me believe it was written on the road, and sent back to
his Grace.
The kingly, heroic style of the paper was, that
he had no further occasion for my services,
accompanied by
an order to deliver up all the
papers in my office to Ormond,
THE peetendehs and theie adhekents.
44
all
[i71g.
whicli might have been eoutained in a moderate -sized
letter-ease."
The dismissal of Boliugbroke from the counsels of the

Chevalier, which occurred, singularly enough, within twelve
months after his exjjulsiou from the cabinet of George the
First, has been attributed to various causes, on which there
no necessity to dwell at length. Certainly, without some
good and substantial reason, the Chevalier, notwithstanding
his hereditary blindness and obstinacy, would never have
consented to deprive himself of the services of that gifted and
Boliugbroke has accused the Chevalier
extraordinar}^ man.
of having blabbed his state secrets among the fair and frail
'
coterie in the little house" in the Bois de Boidogne. There
is reason, however, to presume that the Chevalier might have
turned the tables on Boliugbroke
and, in fact, that it was
to the same incautiousness of speech on the part of tliat minister (originating in an innate perception of the ridiculous
which prompted him, in the society of the witty and the gay, to
draw ludicrous contrasts between his once splendid fortunes
and his present humble pretensions and those of his ruined
master), that Boliugbroke owed his removal from the service of the Chevalier. For presuming such to have been the
is
fact, we have at all events the authority of the Earl of Stair,

the English Ambassador at Paris, whose sound sense and
intimate knowledge of what was passing around him renders
him no indiflerent authority on such an occasion. On the 2nd
of JMarch, 1716, he writes to the elder Horace Aalpole
"
The true Jacobite project has been at last discovered, and
:
but BoUngbroke, who

they imagined nobody would tell
they have, as they now say, clearly discovered has all along
betrayed them and so poor Harry is turned out from being
Secretary of State, and the seals are given to Mar and they
use poor Harry most unmercifully, and call him knave and
traitor, and (lod knows what. / believe all poor Uarri/'s fault
it
could not play his part -with a grave enoiiyh face ;

he could not help laughing, now and then, at such Kings and
Queens. He had a mistress here at Paris, and got drunk now
and then, aud he spent the money upon his mistress that he
should have bought powder with, and neglected buying and
sending the powder and the arms, and never went near the
Queen and, in one word, told Lord Stair all their designs,
and was had out of England for that purpose. I would not
teas, that lie
JAiIE3
1718.]
FEEDEEICE EDWAHD STUAET.
45
For
the rest, they begiu now to apprehend that their King is
treaand
that
the
winds
and
Bolingbroke's
westerly
unlucky,
son have defeated the finest project that ever was laid."
liave
you laugh, 'Mr Walpole,
for all this
is
very serious.
'
After lingering for a short time in the neighbourhood of

the French capital, the Chevalier reluctantly -nithdrew to
Avignon, from whence, after a brief residence, he proceeded
to Rome, where he was received with the greatest kindness
and consideration by the Pope. Allowing himself to be enslaved by his mistresses, whom he admitted to a knowledge
of his most secret aftairs, his habits, since his return from his
Highland expedition, had unquestionably changed for the
worse, while his general conduct was such as to excite the
deep concern of his personal followers, and the alarm of all
who were the well-wishers of his race. Uniting much of the
licentiousness of his uncle, Charles the Second, with the
bigotry of liis unfortunate father, he surrendered himself up
to the allurements of female beauty like the one, while he
ingrafted on his licentiousness that rigid and scrupulous adherence to religious forms and ceremonies, which was the
characteristic of the other.
This unfortimate revolution in
the habits of the Chevalier is doubtless in a gi-eat degree to
be attributed to the peculiar circumstances of his Ufe, and to
the repeated disappointments to which he had been exposed.

Easy, indolent, and good-natured, he allowed himself to be
readily led astray by the friend or mistress of the moment
nor can we much wonder, however deeply we may lament

the fact, that one so constituted both by nature and circumstances should have been too frequently tempted to smother
reflection in the enticements of meretricious beauty, and in
the adventitious excitement aftbrded by the grape.
By the true friends and well-wishers of the mifortunate
Prince, it was confidently hoped that, by a marriage with a
yoimg and amiable Princess, he might be weaned from his
present baneful habits and unworthy connections. After
much persuasion, he was induced to listen to their entreaties,
and accordingly, in 1718, a treaty was concluded for his marriage with the Princess Clementina ZSIaria, daughter of Prince
James Sobieski, eldest son of John, King of Poland, to whom
he was married at Arignon by proxy on the 28th of INIay,
1719 the Chevalier being at this time absent on a visit to
;
'
Walpole Papers. Coxe's
'VTalpole, vol.
ii.
p. 307.
THE PRETESDEES
46
A>'D
THEIE ADHEEEUTS.
[l718.
Madrid. The story of this young aud interesting Princess

It is suffiwill form the subject of a subsequent memoir.
cient at present to observe, that notwithstanding her youth
and personal beauty, and her man_v amiable qualities, the
hopes wliich his friends had entertained that marriage would
create a favourable reformation were destined to be signally
The young Princess soon became disgusted
disappointed.
with his renewed licentiousness aud repeated infidelities
and after having borne him two sons, the celebrated Charles
Edward, and Henry, afterwards Cardinal York, a separation took place between them, and the Princess retired to a
convent with the same cheerfulness with which she had originally consented to become the bride of the man who was
so
unworthy of
From
her.
the period of the faUure of his Highland expedition
in 1715, the personal history of the Chevalier, as far as

regards his prospects of obtaining possession of the throne of
merely a tale of baffled hopes and continued

disappointments. Two years after the suppression of the inCharles
the Twelfth of Sweden inflamed with a
surrection,
deep feeling of revenge and indignation against George the
First for having possessed himself of the Duchies of Bremen
and Verden entered heartOy into a project for restoring
the House of Stuart to the throne of Great Britain, to which
no less celebrated a monarch than Peter the Great of Eussia
is said to have been
ready to lend his aid, and to which the
Spanish Minister, Cardinal Alberoni, promised his warmest
It was intended that a descent of ten thousand
support.
Swedish troops shoidd have been effected in Scotland, of
which Charles himself was to have taken the command. " It
might be amusing," says Sir Walter Scott, "to consider the
probable consequences which might have arisen from the
iron-headed Swede placing himself at the head of an army of
his ancestors, is
Highland enthusiasts, with courage as romantic as his own."

But in the midst of these high hopes, death cut short the projects both of the Chevalier and of the iron king,
" His
was destined to a barren strand,

A petty fortre.ss and an unknown hand
He left a name at wliieh the world grew
fall
To
pale,
point a moral, or adorn a tale."
Charles feU before the frontier fortress of FrederickshaU, in
JAMES fEEDEBICZ EDWAED STUAKT.
1718.]
47
1718, and George the First was again left in the quiet possession of the throne of the Stuarts.
Notwithstanding, however, that the Chevalier was thus
deprived of the assistance of the northern powers of Europe,
the ambitious and all-powerful Alberoni still entertained the
project of restoring the House of Stuart to their ancient and
legitimate rights.
Accordingly, he invited the Chevalier to
Madrid, but so vigilant were the agents of George the First,
and so powerful was the English fleet in the Mediterranean,
that it was only by a well-laid stratagem that the Chevalier
was enabled to put his purpose into execution. Aware that
his every step was watched, he pretended to set out to the
northward, taking with him as his companions the Earls of
Mar and Perth, and his customary suite. At a convenient
opportunity, however, he separated himself from his companions, who, as he had anticipated, were subsequently arrested at Voghera, on the supposition that he was still
amongst them. The Chevalier, in the mean time, exchanged
dresses \vith his courier, and contrived to embark at the infrom whence, after touching at
significant port of Nethano
CagUari, he landed at Eosas in the month of March, 1719.
The Spanish court received him with all the honours and
:
rejoicings which are usually paid to a sovereign prince. He

was acknowledged King of (ireat Britain he was appointed
;
a residence in the palace of Bueu Eetiro his public entry

into the Spanish capital was conducted with aU due magnificence
and he received visits of state as a crowned head
from Philip the Fifth and his Queen.
In the mean time, the Spanish government had prepared
an armament at Cadiz, consisting of five men-of-war and
about twenty transports, on board of which were embarked
;
between five and six thousand soldiers, and arms sufficient for
The Duke of Ormond was named
thirty thousand more.
Captain- General of the expedition, and most of the gallant
gentlemen who had remained exiles since the insurrection of
1715 took part in the enterprise. The Highland chieftains
were panting to embrace their brethren in Jacobitism and
arms old hopes and old feelings were revived with tenfold
ardour, and among other beautiful strains whicli have im;
mortalized the romantic story of the Stuarts, they sang, as

if
they haded it as a prophecy, the fine and inspiriting ballad
THE PKETENDEES AND THEIB ADHEHENTS.
48
[l718.
wliich had been composed when the Chevalier was compelled

to turn his back on his gallant followers in 1715.
"
My
bouny moor-hen, my bonny moor-hen,

and doun in the glen
Up in the grey hill,

When ye gang butt
Av
the house, or
(hiiik a health to
My bonnv
moor-hen
my bonny
's
when ye gang
ben,
moor-hen.
gane over the main.
it will be summer or she come again

But when she comes back again, some folk will ken
be
wi' thee, my bonny moor-hen
Joy
My bonny moor-hen has feathers anew,
She 's a' tine colours, but none o' them blue
She 's red, and she 's white, and she 's green, and she
My bonny moor-hen, come hither away.
Come up by Glenduich, and doun by Glendee
And round by Kinclaven, and hither to me
For llonald and Donald are out on the fen.
And
's
'
grey
To break the wing of my bonny moor-hen.'

In tlie Sjjanish expedition of 1718, the same fate which
had attended so many previous enterprises on their behalf
impended over the unfortunate House of Stuart.
Oil' Finis-
terre the Spanish fleet encountered a terrific tempest, which

The elements proved too mighty
lasted forty-eight hours.
even for the genius of Alberoni and, unrigged and un;
masted, the majority of the armament which had been

sent to destroy a jjowerful monarchy were compelled to
return to their native ports.
Only two frigates, having
on board the Marquis of Tullibardiue, the Earl Marischal, and the Earl of Seaforth, with three hundred men,
some arms, ammunition, and money, reached tlie appointed
rendezvous in the Island of Lewis. The result of the exLord Seaforth raised a
pedition may be briefly related.
few hundred of his own clan, the Mackenzies but a resolution had been universally taken not to move in Scotland
;
England was fairly engaged and accordingly, including

the Spanish auxiliaries, the force under Lord Seaforth never
on any occasion amounted to more than two thousand men.
Passing over from Lewis to Kiutail, Lord Seaforth assembled
his forces in that district
but before he could muster any
formidable reinforcement, General Wightmanjnarched against
him with a body of regular troops from Inverness, streiigthtill
'
These colours eridently allude to those in the t.artan in the royal clan
The blue was the party colour of the '\^Tiigs.
of Stuart.
JAMES FREDEEICK EDWAKD
1718.]
49
STUAP.T.
ened by the Monroes, Bosses, and other loyal clans in the

On approaching the insurgent force, they ibund
vicinity.
them masters of the pass of Strachells, near the great valley
of Glenshiel. An indecisive and desultory action took place,
as far, at least, as regards the number of kQled
in which
and wounded the insui-gents had unquestionably the advantage.
Avoiding an encounter with their asi?ailant3 on
the open ground, they continued to fire on them from the
rocks till night set in, when it was found that they had lost
onl_v one man, while the government troops had twenty
The success,
killed, and one hundred and twenty wounded.
however, obtained by the insurgents was so trifling, and the
advantage to be obtained by their continuing in arms aj)peared to be so extremely problematical, that, before morning, it was decided that they should disperse and return to
their several homes.
Such was the result of the mountain
skirmish, which has been dignified with the name of the
battle of Glenshiel.
The next day, the three hundred
Spaniards surrendered themselves at discretion, and were
'
"
carried prisoners to Edinburgh.

The great straits of the
"
officers," we are told,
appeared even in their looks, though
their Spanish pride would not allow them to complain."' At
Edinburgh, however, they met with the greatest kindness,

the Jacobites vying with each other in showing civility to
the officers, and supplying them with money. The Marquis
of Tullibardine and the Earl Marischal, as well as the Earl
of Seaforth, who had been badly wounded at Glenshiel, contrived to effect their escape to the
Western
Isles,
wliere
they remained concealed till the ardom* of pursuit had

slackened, when they embarked in disguise for the coast
of Spain.
Notwithstanding the failure of so manv enterprises in his
behalf, the Chevalier and his partisans continued for a considerable period to entertain the most visionary schemes for
"
his restoration.
Yfith wl'.atever court," says Sir Walter
"
Great Britain happened to have a quan-el, thither
Scott,
came the unfortunate heir of the House of Stuart, to show
his miseries and to boast his pretensions." But repeated disappointment will chill even the most sanguine hopes his
natural indolence, moreover, increased as he advanced in
life
and it was not till many years had elapsed (not, indeed,
;
'
Lockhart Papers,
vol.
ii.
p. 23.
THE PEETEXDEES AND TUEIE ADHERENTS.
50
[l752.
tOl the adventurous character, tlie high spirit, and gallant

bearing of his eldest son, Charles Edward, again re\aved the
fondest hopes of the Jacobites), that the Chevalier could

once more be induced to take an interest iu any project that
might be proposed to him for his restoration.

Gray, the poet, iu a letter from Florence, dated the 16th
of July, 1740, has left us a brief but interesting account of
"
The Pretender," he writes,
the Chevalier and his sons.
" whom
you desii-e an account of, I have had frequent opthe Corso, and other
portunities of seeing at church, at
places but more particularly, and that for a whole night, at
a great ball given by Coimt Patrizzii to the Prince and
Princess Craon, at which he and his two sons were present.
;
They are good, fine boys, especially the younger, who has
the more spirit of the two and both danced incessantly all
For him, he is a thin, iU-made man, extremely
night long.
;
and awkward, of a most unpromising countenance, a

good deal resembling King James the Second, and has exti-emely the air and look of an idiot, particularly when he
laughs or prays the first he does not do often, the latter
tall
He lives privately enough with bis little court

continually.
about him, consisting of Lord Dunbar, who manages everything, and two or three of the Preston lords, who would be
'
very glad to make their peace at home."
The Chevalier took no part in the expedition of 1745,
with the exception of furnishing a large sum of money which
he had saved from his private fortune. Accustomed to a
series of disappointments from his youth, he seems to have
shared but iu a slight degree the sanguine expectations of
those who surrounded him, and to have taken a far deeper
interest in the personal safety of his son than iu the result
"
of the enterprise.
By the aid of God," said the young
Chevalier to his father, on the eve of his departiu:e for Scot"
I
trust
I
shall
soon be able to lay three crowns at
land,
The reply of James w-as an aftecting one " Be
yoiu- feet."
"
careful," he said,
my dear boy, for I would not lose you for
all the crowns iu the world."
:
During the last years of bis life, the Chevalier resided

almost entirely at Eome. Horace Walpole, describing him
in 1752, observes:
"The ChevaUer de 8t George is tall,
meagre, and melancholy iu his aspect enthusiasm and dis-
'
Works,
vol.
ii.
pp. 89, 90.
JAMES FREDEEICK EDWARD STUART.
1756.]
51
appointment have stamped a solemnity on his person, which

He seems the phantom
rather creates pity than respect.
which good-natiire, divested of reflection, conjures \ip, when
we think of the misfortimes, without the demerits, of Charles
the First. Without the particidar features of any Stuart,
the Chevalier has the strong; lines and fatality of air peculiar
"
to them all. At Rome," adds AValpole,
where to be a good
Roman Catholic it is by no means necessary to be very
they have little esteem for him but it was his illtreatment of the Princess Sobieski, his wife, that originally
She who, to zeal for Popery,
disgusted the Papal Court.
had united all its policy, who was lively, insinuating, agreereligious,
and enterprising,
was
fervently supported by that

Court, when she coidd no longer endure the mortifications
that were offered to her by Hay and his wife, the titular
Countess of Inverness, to whom the Chevalier had entirely
able,
The Pretender
resigned himself.
was obliged to
retired to Bologna, but
sacrifice his favourites before
establish himself at
Chevalier's Court
Eome.
is,
he could
re-
The most apparent merit
of the
the great regidarity of his finances and
the economy of his exchequer.

His income before the
Eebellion was 25.000 a-year, arising chiefly from pensions
from the Pope and from Spain from contributions from
England, and some irregular donations from other courts
yet his payments were not only most exact, but he had
saved a large sum of money, which was squandered on the
imfortunate attempt in Scotland. Besides the loss of a crown
to which he thought he had a just title,
besides a series of
disappointments from his birth, besides that mortifying
rotation of friends, to which liis situation has constantly
exposed him, he has, in the latter part of his life, seen his
own little Court and his parental affections torn to pieces
and tortured b_y the seeds of faction, so\vn by that masterhand of sedition, the famous Bolingbroke who insinuated
into their counsels a project for the Clievalier's resigning
;
his pretensions to his eldest son, as more

likely to conciliate
the affections of the English to his family."
The
which we have of the Chevalier of any

is from the
pen of Keysler, in 1756, which presents
but a melancholy picture of him in his latter days. " The
"
made by the Pretender is in every way
figure," he says,
mean and unbecoming. The Pope has issued an order that
last notice
interest
THE PEETENDEES
52
A>'D
THEIE ADHEEENTS.
[l766.
subjects should style liim King of England but the

"
The local
Italians make a jest of this, for they term him
King," or "King Tiere ;" while the real possessor is styled
"
The King there" that is, in England. Ho has an annual
income of 12,000 scudi, or crowns, from the Pope, and thougli
he may receive as much more from his adherents in England,
it is far from enabling him to keep up the state of a sovereign
all liis
He
prince.
and if
dals
;
very fond of seeing his image struck on mekingdoms were to be obtained by tears, which
is
he shed plentifully at the miscarriage of his attempts in

Scotland, he would have found the niedalUsts work enough.
He generally appears abroad wth three coaches, and his
household consists of about forty persons. He lately assumed
some authority at the opera by calling Encore ! when a
song that pleased him was performed but it was not till
He never beafter a long pause that his order was obeyed.
fore affected the least power.
At his coming into an assembly, no English Protestant ries up, and even the Eoman
Catholics pay him the compliment in a very superficial
.nanner.
His pusillanimity, and the licentiousness of his
amours, liave lessened him in everybody's esteem. Mr. S.,
who affects to be an antiquary, narrowly watches him and
'
'
his adherents, being retained for that purpose by the British

few years since. Cardinal Alberoni, to save the
IMinistry.
Pretender's charges, proposed that the palace Alia Laughara

should be assigned for his residence. This house lies in the
suburbs, and in a private place, and has a large garden with
a passage to the city avails, so that the Pretender's friends
might have visited him with more secrecy, and he himself be
absent without its being known in Eome. This change was
objected to, on the part of England, by Mr. S., and did not
take place but a new wing was built to the Pretender's old
mansion, he having represented it as too small for him."
For several years before his death, the Chevalier de St
G-eorge lived in great retirement, and, indeed, during the
;
years of his life, his infirmities confined him altogether

It is remarkable, that his existence
should have been extended over the reigns of six sovereigns,
who successively filled the throne of Grreat Britain, ^-five
of whom he had been taught to regard as the usurpers of his
rights. His death took place at Rome, on the 12th of January,
17(56, in the seventy-ninth year of his age.
five last
to his bed-chamber.
17<!r..
JAMES rHEDERICK TDIVAKD
STTTAET.
53
The funeral obsequies of the Chevalier were performed with

After lying in state for five days, his body
regal honours.
was carried to the Church of the Apostles, dressed in royal
robes, -n-itli the crown of England upon his head, and the
sceptre in his hand, and upon his breast tlie arms of Great
The procession was
Britain, wrought in jewels and gold.
attended by the members of the Pope's household, as well as
the
members
of
almost
order
and
by
every
fraternity, religious
as well as secular, in Eome; a thousand wax-tapers were borne
by as many attendants, and tv.vnty Cardinals supported the
pall. On reaching the chiu-ch, the body was placed on a magnibed of state, the drapery of which consisted of purple
with stripes of gold lace. Above him was a throne suspended from the ceiling, on the top of which were the figures
of four angels holding a crown and sceptre, and at each comer
the figure of Death looking do^-n.
Over the bed was the
"
Jacobus, Magx^ Biiitaxxi.e Eex, Anno
inscription,
MDCCLXVI.," with a number of medallions representing the
several orders of chivalry in Great Britain, and the three
crowns of England, Scotland, and Ireland to which were
added the royal insignia, the purple robe lined with ermine,
the velvet tunic ornamented with gold, the globe, the crown,
the sceptre, and the crosses of St George and St Andrew.
Cardinal Alberoni olBciated in his pontificalia at the requiem,
which was sung by the choir from the Apostolic palace; while
the church was illuminated by a number of chandeliers, besides wax-tapers held by skeletons.
The body remained in
ficent
silk,
this state for three days, when it was removed to, and interred with similar solemnity and magnificence in, the great
church of St Peter's.
54
THE PRINCESS CLEMENTINA MARIA SOBIESKI.
Selected for the Wife of the

Birth and early Character of the Princess.
Pretender. ^Wogan's Account of his Romantic Adventures to carry the
in a Convent at Innspruck.
confined
and
her.
to
Arrested,
Proposal
Stratagem for her Release. Arrival at Bologna. Her Reception by the
lledal struck in Commemoration of her Escape.
Chevalier.
Disagreement with her Husband, and
Keysler's Character of her in
Separation.
her Fifty-fifth
Tear.Her Death.
Clementina, daughter of Prince James Sobieski of Poland,

and grand-daughter to King John Sobieski, iivho performed so
valuable a service to Europe by defeating the Turks before
the walls of Vienna, was born on the 17th of July, 1702; and
consequently, when, in 1718, the Chevalier de St George became a suitor for her hand, she was only in her seventeenth
She was beautiful in her person and by nature was
year.
amiable, enterprising, and high-spirited. "With the romance
which was natural to her years and her ses, she seems to
have early conceived a deep interest in the story of the illfated Stuarts, and, as pity is said to be akin to love, it was
probably to this circumstance that we are to trace her evident
predisposition to become the bride of the last heir of that
unfortunate house. " The young Princess," says Wogan, who
conducted the secret treaty for her marriage, " when a child,
affected to he called by her play-fellows Queen of England
and the ladies of the Court, seeing her extremely delighted
with the title, still continued to call her so."
On the part of James, there seems at first to have been but
little of romance in the overtures which he was induced to
make for the hand of this young and interesting Princess. It
was not long after his return irom his futile expedition to
Scotland in 1715, that his friends, anxious to wean him from
that pernicious career of libertinism in which he had latterly
;
'
" Narrative of the

Seizure, Escape, and Marriage of the Princess Clementina Sobieski, as it was particularly set down by Mr Charles
Woân
(formerly one of the Preston prisoners), who was a chief manager in that
whole atfair." London, 1722.
'
PHIKCESS CLE3irENTr>-A MARIA SOBIESKI.
1718.]
55
indulged, prevailed upon him to reflect on the advantages

which vrould accrue to his health and his cause from his enand. among other less eligible
tering the married state
alliances, named to him the Princess Clementina of Poland
Her fortune was accounted to be one of the largest in Europe,
and as she was represented to him in glowing colours, as
beautiful in her person, and amiable in her disposition, the
Chevalier, from yielding at first a cold consent to the solicitations of his friends, seems at length to have been impressed
with an ardent desire to obtam her hand.
At this period, there was no spot in Europe wliere the
Jacobites were likely to carry on their intrigues, that the
English Government did not employ their agents and their
It was their great object that the
gold to counteract them.
male hereditary line of the Stuarts should become instinct in
the person of the Chevalier, and consequently they exercised
their utmost influence and unceasing vigilance in preventing
the accomplishment of an object which, on the other hand,
the Jacobites had so warmly at heart. Under these circumstances, the Chevalier and his friends were compelled to have
recourse to secret mana>uvres to efiect their object
and
eventually Charles Wogan, an Irish geutleuian of tact and
at Preston, was selected to conduct
ability,' who liad fought
the delicate mission.
has
lis an interesting accoT.it of his
hiuiself
left
Wogan
romantic adventure. In order to avoid suspicion, he adopted
a circuitous route, paying leisurely visits at the small Grerman
courts which he passed by in his way to Silesia, where the
Piincess was then residing with her father. To the Princess
herself Wogan first communicated the delicate secret with
which he was intrusted. Alluding to her early and romantic
fancy of being styled Queen of England by her young play;
"
Hitherto," he said, you have enjoyed only an
but I am now come to off'er you a real one."
The Princess, young and romantic, entered enthusiastically
into the project; while her parents, dazzled with the prospect
of their daughter ultimately ascending the throne of (^reat
Britain, readily gave their consent to a union which was so
consonant with their ambitious views. Accordingly, all the
fellows,
"
imaginary
title,
'
Voiân was taken prisoner at Preston and committecl to Newgate, from
whence he contrived to effect his escape. He subsequently entered the service of the King of Spain, and became a valued correspondent of Swift.
56
THE PRETENDERS AKD TIIEIE ADHERENTS.
[l719.
preliminaries liaving been settled, it was decided that the

Princess shoidd be conducted at ouce to her future husband
at Bologna, and that every possible precautiou shoidd be taken
to insure secrecy, in order to deceive the vigilance of the
agents of the English Government.

Unfortunatel_v, however, the Princess and her attendants
were so long in niaking the necessary preparations for the
journey and subsequent nuptials, that the project was allowed
to transpire, and speedily came to the knowledge of the English minister at Vienna. As it was of the first importance to
the Emperor, at this period, to keep on good terms wth the
English nation, in consequence of the support which their fleet
afforded him in advancing his pretensions to Sicily, he readily
listened to the representations and remonstrances which were
made to him accordingly, as the Princess and lier mother
wei'e passing through Innspruck, in the Tyrol, they were
suddenly arrested, and confined in a convent in that town.
'
The memory," says Lord Mahon, " of John Sobieski, the
lieroic deliverer of Vienna, might have claimed more gratitude
from the son of the Prince whom he had saved."
The Chevalier was at Bologna when he heard the news of
the arrest of his intended bridi\ Satisfied that no efforts or
remonstrances on his o\vn part could obtain tlie liberation of
the Princess, he readily listened to a proposal made to him
by Wogan. of procuring the release of the Princess by stratagem. AVogau, in the first instance, obtained a passport
from the Austrian ambassador, in the name of Count Cernes
and family, wljom he represented to be on their return to
Loretto from the Low Countries. He tlien returned to Innspruck under a false name, and with little difficulty contrived
to enlist in his service a brother Irishman, one Major Misset,
who belonged to a regiment quartered in the neighbourhood.
The whole plot was ably planned and successfully executed.
Mrs Misset, though far advanced in pregnancy, and of a timid
disposition, was prevailed upon to become the companion of
the young Princess during the long and difficult journey
which was awaiting lier Major Misset and his wife were to
personate the supposed Coimt and Coimtess Cernes; Wogan
was to pass for the brotlier of the Count, and the Princess
Clementina for his sister. On the night appointed for the
executiou of the project, relays of six horses each were stationed in readiness at the four first stages from Irmspruek,
;
1719.]
and lastly,
PEINCESS CLEirEXTIXA MAKIA SOBIESKI.
67
which was of primary importance, one Chateau-
deau, gentleman-iisber to the Princess Sobieski, on some pretext obtained the permission of the porter of the convent to
bring a female within its walls, and to conduct her out at
whatever hour he pleased. AVith this female who was a servant of ]^^^s Misset, a smart and intelligent girl it was proposed that the Princess should exchange clothes, and, under
cover of night, and viath Chateaudeau for her escort, there
was no reason to apprehend that the latter would be questioned in her egress from the cloister.
As soon as the project was ripe for execution, the means
were proposed for procuring her freedom were fully

explained to the young Princess, who appears to have embarked in the intrigue with all those feelings of jovful excitement so natural to her age. On the a]ipointed night, she
disguised herself in the hood and cloak of the young female
who was to play her part. She then took an affectionate
leave of lier mother, and, after shedding some natural tears,
was led by Chateaudeau to the gate of the convent, where he
took leave of her with a voice su{Ecientl_7 sonorous to apprize
AVogan,who was lurking in the neighbourhood, that his charge
wliieli
was
at hand.
Thus, on a cold and dark night, which, if it served to secure her safe retreat, was rendered sufficiently miserable by
a violent storm of snow and hail, the young and delicate
Princess resignedherself into the hands of strangers, with none
of whom, with the exception of Wogan, had she ever had the
The story of her long and arduous
slightest acquaintance.
journey from Innspruck to Bologna is dwelt upon at some
It presents, howlength in the scarce tracts of tlie period.
ever, a mere dry detail of fatigue, fright, and priâtion, which

the Princess appears to have borne with a patience and courage bej-ond her years. At length, after liaviug been exposed
to wretched weather and worse roads, and with the prospect
of being pursued and overtaken constantly present to their
imaginations, the fugitives had the satisfaction of finding
themselves safe in the Venetian territories from whence,
after a further journey of great fatigue, not
unaccompanied
with danger, they arrived on the 2nd of May, 1719, at BoJames was at this period absent, on a secret expelogna.
dition to Madrid. The marriage, accordingly, was performed
by proxy in his absence, but was completed with all due so;
58
THE PEETENDEES AND TUEIE ADHEEEXTS.
[l719.
lenmitv immediately on his return. So eager is said to have

been the young Princess to behold her future husband, that
it was only after much persuasion that she was prevented
from joining him at Madrid.
In commemoration of the escape of his bride, the Chevalier
caused a medal to be struck, on which, on one side, was the
with the words, Clementina, Queen
portrait of the Princess,
of Great Britain, France, and Ireland and on the other, a
female figure in a triiunphal car, di-awn by horses at fidl
''
Fo>-tunam. cnusaniqiie sequor;"
speed, with the "inscription,
and beneath,
Deceptis custodibus, 1719." During the first
the
Chevalier
seems to have been charmed
their
of
luiion,
stage
with the personal beantj' and good sense of his young wife
and among other proofs of the admiration with which he regarded her, he speaks of her, in a letter to General Dillon at
Paris, as combining the loveliness of seventeen nith the sound
He soon, however, resense and discrimination of thirty.
;
lapsed into his old habits, and mutual disagreements and

recriminations were the natural consequence the Princess
complained of her husband's infidelity, and the Chevalier retorted, by accusing her of attempting to establish an imdue
influence over his counsels, and creating dissensions in his
"
The account was generally ere-domestic establishment.
"
that the Queen was
dited," says Lockhart of Carnwath,
jealous of an amour 'twixt the King and Lady Inverness
with
her
husband
was
the
who,
(who
King's favourite and
premier minister), treated the Queen so insolently, that she
could not bear it, and was obliged to retire." '
Enterprising and fond of power, the Queen, it appears,
sought to establish a party for herself in the little Court of
her husband, by which means she trusted to succeed to that
influence over his thoughts and actions which was at present
exercised by her dreaded and detested rivals. Lord and
Lady
Inverness.
Failing in this object, instead of realizing those
dreams of happiness and power which she had pictured to
herself in her own country, she had the mortification of
finding herself, on her first arrival at Bologna, an object of
dislike and suspicion to a circle of
intriguing courtiers, and
latterly a mere c^'jiher in the small Court of which her high
her
and
manners,
spirit,
insinuating
many agreeable qualities
certainly entitled her to be the mistress.
;
'
Lockhart Papers,
vol.
ii.
p. 220.
PEIXCESS CLEMENTINA MARIA SOEIESKI.
172').]
59
In consequence of the misery which was thus entailed upon

eud of the year 1725, witlulrew
herself from her husband's roof, and took up her tcnijjorary
abode in a convent. To her sister she writes immediately
"
Mr Hay' and his lady are the cause tliat I am
afterwards,
retired into a convent. I received your letter in their behalf,
her, tlie Princess, about the
and returned you an answer, only to do you a pleasure, and

to oblifê the King but it all has been to no purpose, for,
instead of making them my friends, all the civilities I have
shown them have only served to render them tlie more inso;
lent. Their unworthy treatment of me has, in short, reduced

me to such an extremity, and I am iu such a cruel situation,
that I had rather suffer death than live in the Iving's palace
with ])ersons that have no religion, honour, nor conscience,
and who, not content with having been the authors of so fatal
a separation between the King and me, are continually teasing him every day to part with his best friends and his most
faithful subjects. This at length detennined me to retire into
a convent, there to spend the rest of my days in lamenting
misfortimes, alter having been fretted, for si.x years toby the most mortifying indignities and affronts that
can be imagined. I desire you to make my compliments to
the Bishop of j\mbrun, and to tell him from me, that as I
take him to be my friend, I doubt not but he will do me
He is very sensible that they were
justice on this occasion.
strong and pressing reasons that determined me to take so
strong a resolution, and he has been a witness of the retired
life I always led
and you. my dear sister, ought to have the
same charity for me. But whatever happens, I assure you
that I should rather choose to be silent imder censure, than
to offer the least thing which may prejudice either the person
or affairs of the King, for whom I always had, notwithstanding my unhappy situation, and for whom I shall retain, as
my
gether,
a sincere and respectful afl'ection." ^

resisted every effort which was made
" I shall
for effecting a reconcdiatiou with his Princess.
al"
ways," he writes, be ready to forgive the Queen, whenever
she will live with me as a wife ought to do yet I would not
purchase even my restoration at the price of being her slave."
long as I
live,
For some time, James
Under ordinary
played but
'
circumstances, he would probably have dis-
little
The remou-
concern at their separation.
Lord Inverness.
'
Lockliart Papers, vol.
ii.
p. 26.5.
THE PEETEXDERS
GO
AJTD
TnEIE ADnEEE>"TS.
[l765.
strauces, however, vrhicli lie received from his friends in

Great Britain, who foresaw the in-ejudicial consequences
which imist accrue to liis cause by the publication of his do-
mestic differences, and lastly, the eftbrts of the Pope, who

threatened hitn with the discontinuance of the pension which
he enjoyed from the Papal See, had at length the effect of
inducin;; him to listen to reason, and with some dithculty a
cold and formal reconciliation was effected between the Princess
and himself.
From
this period there is little of
importance or interest
zeal for Popery
of the unfortunate Clementina.
which
she shared in comthe
seems to have been
only quality
mon with her husband. Disappointed in her reasonable exa constant
pectations of enjoying domestic happiness, and
prey to ill-health, and to the bitterest feelings of jealousy and
in the
life
disappointment, this once fascinating, beautiful, and highwoman resigned herself to a life of seclusion, varied
only by a devout practice of the forms and ceremonies of the
Romish Church. Keysler observes of her when she was in
"
The Princess is too pale and thru to be
her fifty-fifth year
thought handsome her frequent misfortunes have brought
her very low, so that she Seldom stirs abroad, unless to visit
a convent. She allows her servants no gold or silver lace on
their liveries this proceeds from what is called her piety
but it is partly owing to her ill-health, and partly to the jeaill
qualities of her husband."
lou.sy, inconstancy, and other
The death of the Princess Clementina took place on the 18th
of January, 1765, in the sixty-fourth year of her age.'
spirited
'
An account of tlie ceremony of her interment, with a memoir of her life
it, was published at Rome the year following; her death, entitled,
"Parentalia Mariae Clementinee, Magn. Britan. Franc, et Ilibcrn. Eegin.,
Folio.
jussu Clementis XII., Pont. Max."
prefixed to
61
RADCLIFFE, EARL OF DERWENTWATER.
J.LAIES
His Butli and early Connections. How related to the Stuarts. Joins the
His Arrest, Trial, and Defence. His Sentence and Death.
Insurgents.
Question as to his Place of Burial determined.
and unfortunate young nobleman, wbo deserved

than to fall by the hands of the common exewas
born on the 2Sth of June, 1691, and succeeded
cutioner,
Tills amiable
a better late
At the
his father, Francis the second Earl, in April, 1705.
period when he embarked in the insurrection of 1715, Lord
Derwenty.ater was only in his twenty-fifth year.
band of a
The hus-
beand the father of a young family

loved for his amiable qualities, and respected for his higli
sense of honoiuexercising with grace and hospitality the
powerful influence which his family possessed in the North
of England
courted by his equals, and idolized by the
there were few of the unfortunate partisans of the
poor
Stuarts who were greater sufterers by their allegiance to that
ill-fated House than the young Earl of Derwentwater. Certainly, in the page of modern histor_v, we shall find but few
fair bride,
indiWduals
who have made
greater sacrifices to their prin-
and but few who have been more beloved in their

ciples
"
Lord Derwentlifetime, or more lamented in their death.
"
was
water," says his associate, the Eev. Eobert Patten,
;
formed by nature to be universally beloved for his benevolence was so unboimded, that he seemed only to live for
;
He
resided
own
people, spent his estate

among them, and continually did them kindnesses. His
hospitality' was princely, and none iu that couutr}- came up
to it.
He was very charitable to the poor, whether known
to him or not, and whether Papists or Protestants. His fate
was a misfortune to many who had no kindness for the cause
in which he died."
Smollett also has awarded a passing encomium to the memory of Lord Derwentwater, which deserves
"
to be his epitaph.
He was an amiable youth," he says
"
his fate
brave, open, generous, hospitable, and humane
drew tears from the spectators, and was a great misfortune
others.
among
his
THE PRETENDEES AND THEIE ADHEEETJTS.
02
[l71o.
to the country iu wliieli he lived he gave bread to multitudes

of people whom he employed on his estate the poor, the
widow, and the orphan rejoiced in his bounty."
;
In embarking in the insurrection of 1715, Lord Derwentwater had the twofold inducement of being a Eoman Catholic,
and of being closely connected by blood with the Stuarts
;
Mary Tudor, the late countess, being the natural

daughter of Charles the Second, by Mary Davis, one of the
most cliarming actresses and beautiful women of her day.
The unfortunate lord was consequently first cousin to the
Chevalier. The motives which induced him to join the fatal
enterprise seem to have been those of generous impulse rather
than of premetlitation. In his speech before the House of
Lords, when called up for judgment, he says, "I beg leave to
observe, that I was wholly unjjrovided with men, horses,
arms, and other necessaries, which in my situation I could
not have wanted had I been privy to any formed design as
his mother,
ofi'euce was sudden, so my submission was early."

The amount of LordDerwentwater'soft'ence.andthegi-ounds
on whicli the government were led to entertain suspicions of
my
his loyalty, it is now impossible to ascertain. It is only certain that, on the eve of the insurrection, the Secretary of State
sijrned a warrant for his arrest, and a messenger was sent
down to Durham to seize his person. On being apprised of
Lord Derwentwater immediately repaii-ed to the

nearest magistrate, and insisted on being made acquainted
with the nature of the charges which had been brought against
him but the functionary was either too ignorant of the facts
of the case, or perhaps too wary, to give him the required
information.
On quitting the presence of the magistrate,
the first step taken by Lord Derwentwater was certainly not
that of a man who had nothing to fear from the hands of his
enemies or of the law. He immediately concealed himself in
a cottage occupied by one of his tenants, where he continued
tm he had obtained satisfactory information that Forster, the
his danger,
member
for Northumberland, had determined on taking up

arms iu behalf of the Chevalier, when he proceeded to arm
and mount his own tenantry, at the head of whom he marched
to Greenrig, which had been named as the place of rendezvous for those who had embarked their fortunes in the cause
of the Stuarts.
It
is
perhaps remarkable that
little
more than a month
1716.]
DAKL OF DEEWENTWATEH.
63
should have elapsed, comprising a campaign in Scotland, and

another in England, from the day on which the popular and
gifted Derwentwater first appeared in arms at the head of a
gallant band, and that on which he found himself a proscribed
criminal within the walls of a prison. On the 6th of October,
he joined the insurgent force at Greeurig on the 13th of
November, he fell into the hands of the Government at the
memorable surrender of the Jacobite forces at Preston, and
on the 9th of Deceniber, he found himself a prisoner in the
Tower. Having been pre\'iously submitted to a brief examination before the Privy Council on the 10th of January,
1716, he was formally impeached of high treason, by the
Commons of Great Britain, and was brought with the usual
formalities to the bar of the House of Lords.
An interval
of nine days was allowed to him, as well as to the unfortunate
;
noblemen who were
his companions in adversitv, to put in

their several answers. Accordingly, on the 19th of the month,
they were brought from the Tower to the bar of the Court
in Westminster Hall, and amidst a scene almost unexampled

for grandeur and aftecting solemnity, severally pleaded guilty
to the articles of their impeachment. On the 9th of February, Lord Derwentwater, with his ill-fated friends, the Earls
of Xithisdale and Carnwath, and Lords Widdrington, Kenmure, and Nairn, were again brought to the bar in Westminster Hall to receive sentence the only alteration in the
ceremony being the slight but significant one, that the edge
instead of the back of the axe was turned towards them.
;
AVhen asked by the Lord High Steward if they had anything

to advance why judgment should not be pronounced upon
them, they severally dwelt on their own rashness and inconsiderateness in committing the oftence for which they were
doomed to suifer at the same time, invoking his INIajesty's
pardon and mercy, which they insisted had been promised
them when they surrendered at Preston finally they invoked
the intercession of the assembled Houses of Lords and Commons, declaring that if the royal clemency should be graciously extended to them, their gratitude to his Majesty would
be unceasing, and that they would continue his most dutiful
and devoted subjects to the end of their lives. " The terrors
;
of your Lordships' just sentence," said Lord Derwentwater,

"which at once deprives me of my life and estate, and completes the misfortunes of my wife and innocent children, are
TUE PHETESDEES AXD
G4:
THEIll ADHEIIESTS.
[iTlO.
my mind, that I am scarce able to allege what

may extenuate my ofteuee, if anything can do it. I Lave
confessed myself guilty but, my lords, that guilt was rashly
SO heavj'
upou
wthout auy premeditation."

The Lord Steward, in the reply -nhieh he made to the
speeches of the insurgent lords, answered at some length the
incurred,
arg-umeuts which they had advanced in extenuation of their

"And now, my lords," he solemnly concluded, "noguilt.
thing remains but that I pronounce upon you (and sorry am
I that it tails to my lot to do it) that terrible sentence, the
same that is usually given against the meanest offender in like
circumstances. The most ignominious and paini'id part of it
is usually remitted, through the clemency of the Crown, to
persons of j'our quality but the law, in this case being blind
to all distinctions of persons, requires I should pronounce the
sentence adjudged by this coiu-t, which is, that you, James
Earl of Derwentwater, William Lord "Widdrington, William
Earl of Nithisdale, Eobert Earl of Carnwath, William Viscount Kennuu-e, William Lord Nairn, and every one of you,
retiu-n to the prison of the Tower from which you came
thence you must be drawn to the place of execution when
there you must be hanged by the neck, not till you be dead
for you must be cut down alive, then your bowels taken out
and burned before your faces. Tour heads must be severed
from your bodies, and your bodies divided into four quarters,
to be at the King's disposal. And God Almighty be merciful
;
to your souls."
Frequent and powerful intercession was made bj' the

noblemen to obtain their pardon.
The young Countess of Derwentwater a prey to the deepfriends of the convicted
and distracted by the idea of their speedy separation, and the terrible contemplation of his violent and bloody
death put into practice every expedient which could be devised by an agonised and devoted wife to save the life of her
ill-fated lord.
Her youth, and the romantic peculiarity of
her misfortunes, excited a general commiseration on her
behalf.
A few days after the condemnation of her husband,
accompanied by her sister, as well as by the Duchesses of
Cleveland and Bolton, and several other ladies of high rank,
she was introduced, by the Dnkes of Bichmond and St
Albans, into the King's bed-chamber, where she passionately
but vainly prayed for mercy for her unfortunate husband.
est affliction,
EARL OF DERWENTWATEE.
1716.]
65
She subsequently repaired to the lobby of the House of

Lords, accompanied by the weeping ladies of the other condemned lords, and implored the intercession of the House
while at the same time formal jêtitions were laid before both
Houses of Parliament. The Commons refused to listen to
their suit, but in the House of Lords, commiseration for the
distressed prevailed over the stern dictates of policy.
In
spite of the violent opposition of Lord Townshend, who insisted that the petitions ought not to be read, it was agreed,
on the 22nd of February, that an address should be carried
to the throne, praying that his Majesty would reprieve such
;
of the condemned lords as might appear to him deserving of

clemency.
To this petition the KJing replied, that " On this, and all
other occasions, he would do what he thought most consistent
Avith the dignity of his crown, and the safety of his people."
The address, however, had, to a certain degi-ee, the desired
effect
for three of the condemned lords were reprieved till
the 7th of March, with a view to their subsequent pardon
but unfortunately it was not thought expedient to include
Lord Derwentwater among the number. Even his near relative, the Duke of Richmond,' who had consented to deliver
his petition for mercy to the House of Lords, observed on
presenting it, that though he had been induced to become an
agent on the occasion, he should feel it his duty to declare
himself opposed to a compliance ^vith the ])rayer of the me;
morialist.
On the day following that on which the address for clemency

was presented by the House of Lords, orders were issued in
Council for the reprieve of Lords Widdrington, Carnwath,
and IVairn and at the same time warrants were signed for
the immediate execution of the Earls of Derwentwater and
Nithisdale, aud Lord Kenmure.
Lord Derwentwater the young, the hospitable, the genersuffered on the 2J:th of February, 1716.
ous, and humane
On the afternoon which preceded the day of his execution,
he sent for one Eoome, an imdertaker, in order that the latter might receive the necessary directions for his interment.
Among other orders which he gave on the mournful occasion,
;
it is
'
said that he desired an inscription to be engraved on his

of Richmond was the son, and the Earl of Derwentwater tha
The Duke
grandson, of Charles the Second.
CG
THE PEETENDEKS ASB THEIR ADHEEESTS.
that
coffin-plate, intimating
[l716.
he had died in the cause of his
lawful and legitimate sovereign the undertaker, however, is

stated to have rei'used to obey an order which would have
:
his
own
and accordingly Lord Dewent-
loyalty,
compromised
water gave no further directions in regard to his interment.
After decapitation, his body was carried back in a cloth by
his own domestics to the Tower.
About ten o'clock on the morning of his execution, Lord
Derwentwater was brought in a coach from the Tower to the
After remaining there for
Triinsport Office on Tower Hill.
a short time, he was led through an avenue of soldiers to
the seaffiild, which was erected directly opposite, and was
fatal steps,
entirely covered with black. As he ascended the
he w-as observed to turn pale, but his voice remained firm,
and he preserved his natural and easy composure. Ai'ter
passing about a quarter of an hour in prayer, he advanced
to the rails of the scaftbld, and, with the permission of the

Sheriff, read aloud to the multitude a paper which he had
drawn up.
In this document lie eulogized the Chevalier de

St George, and expressed his deep concern at having pleaded
his
at
trial, whereby he had admitted the authoritj' by
guilty
which he was sentenced. The countr_y, he said, woidd always
be exposed to distractions and disturbances, till they should
have restored King James the Third, whom alone he acknowledged as his lawful sovereim, and for whom he died a willing sacrifice. He concluded, however, by saying, that had
his life been spared, he shoidd have felt himself bound in
honour to live in peaceful obedience to the reigning monarch.
Having finished reading, he delivered the paper to the
He then closely exSheriff, and a copy of it to a friend.
amined the block, and finding on it a rough place, he desired
the executioner to chip it oft' with his axe, lest it might hurt
his neck.
Tliis being done, he took oft' his coat and waistcoat, teUing the executioner that he would find something
in the pockets which would reward him for his trouble.
Then, having first of all lain down and fitted his neck to the
block, he repeated a short prayer, the executioner kneeling
by him, and asking his forgiveness. He told the latter, that
the sign which he should give him to do his office would be
by repeating three times the words, ''Lord Jesus, receive
my soul," and stretching out his arms. He then once more
fitted his head to the block, and having given the appointed
EAEL OF DEEWENTWATEE.
1716.]
67
signal, the executioner performed his office at a single blow,

and immediately holding \ip the head to the spectators ex"
God save King
Behold the head of a traitor
claimed,
George !" One of the servants of the unfortunate nobleman
covered up his head in a clean handkerchief, while the rest,
having wrapped up the body in a black cloth, conveyed it to
the Tower. Lord Derwentwater Hved and died a Roman
Catholic.
By his wife, Mary, daughter of Sir John Webb, Bart.,

Lord Derwentwater was the father of two sons, who died
young, and of one daughter, Mary, who married Robert
James, eighth Lord Petre, and from whom the present Lord
Petre is lineally descended. At the death of Lord Derwentwater, his brother, Charles Radcliife, who subsequently
suffered for his share in the insurrection of 1 745, assumed
the forfeited title. He married Charlotte IMaria, Countess
of Newburgh in her own right, and from their union descended the late and last Earl of Newburgh, who died in 1814.
The magnificent estates of the Radcliffes in Northumberland
and Cumberland were settled upon Greenwich Hospital, and

continue among the few ibrfeitures which have not been
restored, by the
"
rebel lords."
House
of
Hanover
to the descendants of the
often been raised as to the burial-place of

question
the unfortunate Earl of Derwentwater. The fact, liowever,
seems to be now proved beyond a doubt, that his remains
were interred, in the first instance, in the Church of St Giles's
in the Fields
from whence, agreeably with a wsh expressed
lias
by him
in his last
his friends
and
moments, they were privately removed by
rei'nterred in the family vault of his ancestors
The mournful
at Dilston Hall, in the North of England.
procession is said to have moved only by night, resting
of the
the
exercise
to
in
dedicated
during the day
chapels
Roman Catholic religion, where the funeral services of that
Church were daily performed over the body.
"A little porch," writes Mr Surtees of Mainsforth, "before the farm-house of Whitesmocks, is still pointed out as
the exact spot where the Earl's corpse rested, thus avoiding
the city of Durham. The most extraordinary part remains.
In 180
the coffin which contained the Earl's remains was,
from curiosity or accident, broken open and the body, easily
recognised by the suture round the neck, by the appearance
f2
.
THE PEETEJS'DEKS AXD THEIR ADHEKE>'TS.
G8
[1710.
of youth, and by the regiilantj' 'of the features, was discovered in a state of complete preservation. The teeth were
all perfect, and several of them were drawn by a blacksmith,
and sold for half-a-croA-s-n a-piece, till the trustees, or their
The aurora
agents, ordered the vault to be closed again.
horeaJis, which appeared remarkably bright on the night of
the unfortunate Earl's execution, is still known iu the north
by the name of Lord Derwentu-afers li(jihfs}
The fate of the young and unfortunate Earl of Derwentwater gave birth to the follo-u-ing verses, which are among
the most plaintive and touching of the Jacobite melodies.
LOED DEEWEXTWATEK
Farewell to pleasant Dikton Hall,
My father's
ancient seat
stranger now must call thee his,
AVtich gars my heart to greet.
Farewell each friendly wcU-known
dear
Ton
dawn.
my
last adieu.
h;is
down
put us
and I have lost our lives,

Our King has lost his crown.
Farewell, farewell,
my
lady dear,
thou counsell'dst
me
more may see the babe

That smiles upon thy knee.
I never
'
my fate
to die
And when
If thou
111, ill
It is
more.
London town
Oh, carry me to Northumberland,

In my father's grave to lie
Then chant my solemn requiem
In Hexham's holy towers
And let six maids of fair Tynedale
Scatter my grave with flowers.
the head that wears the
crown
George CoUing-
wood.
Since fate
me no
And
Dear Shaftesbury and Errington,

fare thee well,
me
Albeit that here in
Receive
bids
trouble 's nearly o'er

sun that rises from the sea
Shall rise on
along the banks of Tyne

rove in autumn grey
ington.
Forster ever true
now
My
their lives in fear.
I '11 hear, at early
bell
cease.
The lav'rocks wake the day.

Then fare thee well, brave Wither-
And
No more
'11
grey
leave their
lands.
Or hold
my bonny
weU,
That carried me aye so free

wish I had been asleep in my bed.
The last time I mounted thee.
This warning
My heart has held so

My tenants now must
IflGHT.
fare thee
steed
face.
No more
GOOD
And
Hogg's Jacobite
Relics,
ShaU be laid low like mine.

Some honest hearts mav then lament
For EadcMe's fallen line.
Farewell to pleasant Dilstou Hall,
My
father's ancient seat ;

stranger now must call thee his,
Which gars mv heart to greet.
Second
Series, p. 270.
69
AVILLIAM MAXWELL, EARL OF MTHISDALE.
His Connection with the Insurgents.

His Committal to the Tower.
Escapes in Female Disguise. Lady KitUisdale's Account of his Escape.
"William, fifth Earl of Xitliisdale, was one of the last individuals either of influence or high rank who joined the
standard of the Chevalier de St George in 1715. He fell
into the hands of the Government at the surrender of the
insurgent force at Preston, and having heen sent a prisoner
On the
to London was forthwith committed to the Tower.
10th of January, 1716, he was impeached by the Commons
of Great Britain, and on the 23rd he was brought from the
Tower to Westminster Hall to undergo his trial for high
treason. He pleaded guilty of the offence with which he was
charged, and on the 9th of February was again conducted to
Westminster Hall to receive judgment. "When asked by the
Lord High Steward why sentence of death shoidd not be
passed upon him, he insisted that he had never been a systematic plotter against liis Majesty's person or government,
that he had been privy to no previous plot or design to
restore the Stuarts.^that he was one of the last who joined
the insurgent standard, and then without premeditation, and
accompanied only by four of his servants. Further, he insisted, that on his surrendering himself at Preston, he had
been led to believe that his life would be spared and he
concluded by saying, that if the royal clemency were extended
towards him, he would remain the faithful and devoted servant of his Majest}' during the rest of his days.
Great but unavailing intercession

originating principally in the afl'ectionate and unwearying devotion of his
was
a
of
the
young Countess, daughter
IMarquis of Powys
made in all quarters to save the life of Lord Nithisdale.
Every effort, however, proving fruitless, and the warrant for
his execution having
been actually signed, Lady Nithisdale,
own
aclife, determined, if possible, to

complish by stratagem the escape of her unfortunate lord.
at the hazard of her
THE PEETEJJDEES AND THEIE ADHEEENTS.
70
[l716.
The warrant for his executiou was signed on the 22nd of

was ordered to be carFebruary, and the terrible sentence
ried into ert'ect on the 24th. In the interim, Lord Nithisdale,
with the assistance of his devoted
\rife, conti-ived,
as is well
to escape from the Tower in female disguise.

Lady
Nithisdale, in a letter to her sister. Lady Traquair, has her-
known,
us an account of the particulars of her husband's

the following narrative, which, for unaffected
and as affording
simplicity of style, for graphic description,
a beautiful illustration of female heroism, can scarcely be
self left
flight,
in
read without exciting deep interest, and, indeed, is deserving

of being bound in the same volume with Lady Fanshawe's
exquisite personal memoirs.
"Dear
"
Sistee,
now such an old story, that I have

almost forgotten it but, since you desire me to give you a
to recall it to
account
of
circumstantial
it, I will endeavour
my memory, and be as exact in the narration as I possibly
My
lord's escape is
;
can.
"
lord was very anxious that a petition might be presented, hoping that it would at least be serviceable to me.
I was, in my own mind, convinced that it would answer no
him
])urpose but as I wished to please my lord, I desired
and I inidertook to make it come to
to have it drawn \ip
My
the King's hand, notwithstanding all the precautions he had

taken to avoid it. So the first day I heard that the King
was to go to the drawing-room, I dressed myself in black, as if
I had been in mourning, and sent for INIrs JMorgan (the same
who accompanied me to the Tower), because, as I did not
know his Majesty personally, I might have mistaken some
other person for him.
She stayed by me, and told me when
he was coming. I had also another lady with me and we
three remained in a room between the King's apartments
and the di-awing-room so that he was obliged to go through
and as there were three wdndows in it, we sat in the
it
middle one, that I might have time enough to meet him before he eoidd pass. I threw myself at his feet, and told him
in French, that I was the imibrtunate Countess of Nithisdale, tliat he might not pretend to be ignorant of my person.
But, perceiving that he wanted to go olF without receiving
my jjetition, I caught hold of the skirt of his coat, that he
;
HAKL OP NITHISDALE.
I'lC]
71
might stop and hear me. He endeavoured to escape out of

my hands but I kejit such strong hold, that he dragged me
upon my knees from the middle of the room to the very door
of the drawing-room. At last one of the blue-ribands, who
attended his Majesty, took me roimd the waist, while another
wrested the coat out of my hands. The petition, which 1 had
endeavoured to thrust into his pocket, fell down in the
scuffle, and I almost fainted away through grief and dis;
appointment.
"
Upon this I formed the resolution to attempt his escape,
but opened my intentions to nobody but to my dear Evans.
In order to concert measures, I strongly solicited to be permitted to see my lord, which they refused to grant me unless I would remain confined with him in the Tower.
This
I would not submit to, and alleged for excuse, that
my health
would not permit me to undergo the confinement. The real
reason of
refusal was, not to put
it out of
my power to
However, by bribing the guards,
my lord, till the day upon which the
prisoners were condemned after tliat, we were allowed for
the last week to see and take our leave of him.
"
By the help of Evans, I had ])repared everything necessary to disguise my lord, but had the utmost dilliculty to
prevail upon him to make use of them. However, 1 at length
succeeded by the help of Almighty God.
"
On the 22nd of February, which fell on a Thur.sdav, our
the
petition was to be presented to the House of Lords
purport of which was, to entreat the lords to intercede with
his -Majesty to pardon the ])risoners.
AVe were, however,
disappointed the day before the petition was to be ])re8ented;
for the Duke of St Albans, who had promised
my lady
Derwentn'ater to present it, when it came to the point failed
in his word. However, as she was the only English Countess
concerned, it was incumbent on her to have it ])resented.
We had but one day left before the execution, and the Duke
my
accomplish my design.
T often contrived to see
promised to present the petition but for fear he should

I engaged the Duke of Montrose, to secure its being
done by one or the other. I then went, in company of most
of the ladies of quality who were then in town, to solicit tho
interest of the lords as they were going to the House.
They
all behaved to me with great
civility, but particularly my
still
fail,
Lord Pembroke, who, though he desired me not
to speak to
THE PHJiTEKBEKS AND THEIE ADHERENTS.
72
[l716.
him, yet promised to employ his interest in our behalf. The

subject of the debate was whether the King had the power
to pardon those who had been condemned by Parliament
;
chiefly owing to Lord Pembroke's speech

passed in the aifirmative. However, one of the lords stood
and said, tliat the House would only intercede for those
and
it
was
that
it
up
who should appro\ e themselves worthy
of the prisoners
of
their intercession, but not for all of them indiscriminately.

This salvo quite blasted all my hopes for I was assured it
aimed at the exclusion of those who shoidd refuse to subscribe to the petition, which was a thing I knew my lord
;
would never submit to nor, in fact, coidd I wish to preserve

his life on such terms.
"
As the motion had passed generally, I thought I could
draw some advantage iu favour of my design. Accordingly
1 immediately left the House of Lords, aud hast<?ned to the
Tower, where, aft'eeting an air of joy aud satisfaction, I told
all the guards I passed by, that I came to bring joyful
;
I desired them to lay aside their

tidings to tlie prisoners.
fears, for the petition had passed the House in their favour.
I then gave them some money to drink to the lords aud his
Majesty, though it was but trifling for I thought that, if
;
were too liberal on the occasion, they might suspect my

designs, and that givmg them something would gain their
good humour and services for the next day, which was the
I
eve of the execution.

'
The next morning I coidd not go to the Tower, having
so many things in my hands to put in readiness but, iu
the evening, when all was ready, I sent for Mrs Mills,
with whom I lodged, and acquainted her with my design of
attemptmg my lord's escape, as there was no prospect of his
being pardoned and this was the last night before the execution.^ I told her that I had everji;hLng in readiness, and
that I trusted she would not refuse to accompany me, that
my lord might pass for her. I pressed her to come immediately, as we had no time to lose. At the same time I sent
for a Mrs Morgan, then usually known
by the name of Hilton, to whose acquaintance my dear Evans had introduced
me, which I look upon as a very singular happiness. I immediately communicated my resolution to her. She was of
a very tall and slender make so I begged her to put under
her own riding-hood one that I had prepared for Mrs jMlUs,
;
EAEL OF MITHISDALB.
1716.]
73
80 she was to lend hers to
my lord, that, in coming out, he

might be taken for her. Mrs Mills was then with child so
that she was not only of the same height, but nearly of the
same size as my lord. When v:e were in the coach, I never
ceased talking, that they might have no leisure to reflect.
Their surprise and astonishment, when I first opened my
design to them, had made them consent, without ever think;
ing of the consequences.

"
On our arrival at the Tower, the first I introduced was
!Mrs Morgan for I was only allowed to take in one at a
time.
She broiight in the clothes that were to serve Mrs
ISIiUs, when she left her own behind her. When Mrs Morgan
had taken oft' what she had brought for my purpose, I conducted her back to the staircase and in going, I begged her
to send me in my maid to dress me that I was afraid of
being too late to present my last petition that night, if she
did not come immediately. I despatched her safe, and went
partly down-stairs to meet Mrs Mills, who had the precaution to hold her handkerchief to her face, as was very
natural for a woman to do when she was going to bid her
last farewell to a friend, on the eve of his execution.
I had,
indeed, desired her to do it, that my lord might go out in
the same manner. Her eyebrows were rather inclined to
be sandy, and my lord's were dark and very thick however,
I had prepared some paint of the colour of hers, to disguise
his hair as hers
and I painted his face with white, and his
cheeks with rouge, to hide his long beard, which he had not
time to shave. AH this provision I had before left in the
Tower. The poor guards, whom my slight liberality the day
before had endeared me to, let me go quietly with my company, and were not so strictly on the watch as they usually
had been and the more, as they were persuaded, from what
I had told them the day before, that the prisoners woidd
obtain their pardon.
I made Mrs Mills take off her own
hood, and put on that which I had brought for her. I then
took her by the hand, and led her out of my lord's chamber ;
and in passing through the next room, in which there were
several people, with all the concern imaginable, I said, "
dear Mrs Catherine, go in all haste and send me my waitingmaid she certainly cannot reflect how late it is she forgets
that I am to present a petition to-night and if I let slip
this opportunity, I am undone, for to-morrow wdl be too late.
;
My
THE PEETENDEES AND THEIE ADUEEENTS.
74
[l716.
mucli as possible for I shall be ou tliorus

till she comes." Everj' oue in the room, who were chiefly the
guard's wives and daughters, seemed to compassionate me
exceedingl}- and the sentinel officiously opened the door.
When I had seen her out, I returned back to my lord, and
I had taken care that Mrs Mills did
finished di'essing him.
not go out crying, as she came in, that my lord might better
pass for the lady who came in crying and afflicted and the
more so because he had the same dress which she wore.
When I had almost finished dressing my lord in all my petti-
Hasten
lier as
coats, excepting oue, I perceived it was growing dark,

afraid that the light of the candles might betray us
was
and
;
so
oil'.
I went out leading him by the hand,
and he held his handkerchief to his eyes. I spoke to him in
the most afflicted and piteous tone of >oice, bewailing bitterly
the negligence of Evans, who had ruined me by her delay.
Then said I, " My dear Mrs Betty, for the love of God, run
Ton know my lodgings,
quickly, and bring her with you.
and if ever you made despatch in your life, do it at present
I resolved to set
almost distracted wth this disappointment." The guards

opened the doors, and I went down-stairs vnth him, still
conjuring him to make all possible despatch. As soon as he
had cleared the door. I made him walk before me, for fear
the sentinel should take notice of his walk but I still continued to press him to make all the despatch he possibly
At the bottom of the stairs I met my dear Evans,
could.
into whose hands I confided him. I had before engaged Mr
Mills to be in readiness before the Tower to conduct him to
some place of safety, in case we succeeded. He looked upon
the afl'air as so very improbable to succeed, that his astonishment, when he saw us, threw him into such consternation,
that he was almost out of himself which Evans perceiving,
with the greatest presence of mind, without telling him anything, lest he should mistrust them, conducted my lord to
some of her own friends on whom she could rely, and so
secured him, without which, we should have been undone.
When she had conducted him and left him with them, she
retm-ned to find Mr Mills, who by this time had recovered
himself from his astonishment.
They went home together,
and having foimd a place of security, they conducted him
I
am
to
it.
"
In the mean while,
as I
had pretended to have sent the
EAEL OF NITUISDALE.
1716.]
75
a message, I was obliged to return up-stairs

my lord's room in the same feigned anxiety
of being too late so that everybody seemed sincerely to
sympathize with my distress. When I was in the room, I
talked to him as if he had been really present, and answered
my own questions in my lord's voice as nearly as I could
I walked up and down as if we were conversing
imitate it.
together, tiU I thought they had enough time to clear themI then thought proper to make oft'
selves of the guards.
I opened the door, and stood lialf in it, that those in
also,
the outward chamber might hear what I said but held it so
I bid my lord a formal
close that they could not look in.
farewell for that night and added, that something more
than usual must have happened to make Evans negligent on
young lady on
and go back to
important occasion, who had always been so pimetual in

the smallest trifles, that I saw no other remedy than to go
in person that if the Tower were still open when I finished
my business, I would return that night but that he might
be assured that I would be with him as early in the morning as I could gain admittance into the Tower and I flattered myself that I should bring favourable news.
Then,
before I shut the door, I pulled through the string of the
latch, so that it could only be ojjened on the inside. 1 then
shut it with some degree of force, that I might be sure of its
being weU shut. I said to the servant as 1 passed by, who
was ignorant of the whole transaction, that he need not
carry in candles to his master till my lord sent for him, as
he desired to finish some prayers first. I then went downstairs and called a coach, as there were several on the stand
I drove home to my lodgings, where poor Mrs Mackenzie
had been waiting to carry the petition, in case my attempt
this
had
"
see
failed.
Her Grace of Montrose said she would go to Court, to

how the news of my lord's escape was received. When
the news was brought to the King, he flew into an excess of

for it could not have
])assion, and said he was betrayed
;
been done without some confederacy. He instantly despatched two persons to the Tower, to see that the other
prisoners were well secured.'
'
It has been related of
George the First, that when informed of Lord
Nithisdale's escape, he remarked
drily but good-naturedly, that it was "the
best thing that a man in bis situation could have done." The genuineness,
76
THE PEETNDEES AND THEIE ADHEEENTS.

"WTien I left the Duchess, I went
to a house
[1744.
which Evans
for me, and where she promised to acquaint

lord was.
She got thitlier some few minutes
after me, and told me that when she had seen him secure,
she went iu search of
Mills, who, by this time, had re-
had found out
me where my
Mr
covered himself from his astonishment; that he had returned

to her house, where she had found him and that he had removed my lord from the first place where she had desired
him to wait, to the house of a poor woman, directly opposite
to the guard-house. She had but one very small room up one
threw ourselves
pair of stairs, and a very small bed in it.
;
We
upon the
we might not be heard walking up and

us a bottle of wine and some bread, and Mrs
bed, that
down. She
left
We
Mills brought us some more in her pocket the nest da}-.

subsisted upon this provision from Thiu'sday till Saturday
night, when Mrs Mills came and conducted my lord to the
Venetian Ambassador's.
did not communicate the aiiair
to his Excellency, but one of his servants concealed him iu
his own room till Wednesday, on which day the Ambassador's
coach and six was to go down to meet his brother.
lord
put on a livery and went down in the retinue, without the
least suspicion, to Dover, where Mr Mitchell (which was the
name of the Ambassador's servant) hired a small vessel, and
immediately set sail for Calais. The passage was so remarkably short, that the captain threw out a reflection, that the
wind could not have served better if his passengers had been
flying for their Lives, little thinking it to be really the case. Mr
Mitchell might have easily returned without being suspected
of being concerned in my lord's escape; but my lord seemed
inclined to have him continue with him, which he did, and
has at present a good place under our yoimg master." '
We
My
Shortly after his arrival iu France, Lord Nithisdale was

joined by his heroic wife.
Being both of them Eoman Catholics, they took up their abode in Eome, where they continued to reside till the death of the Eai-1 on the 20th of
IMarch, 1744. His family honours had been extingiiished by
his attainder; but fortunately, in
consequence of precautions
which he had taken some years before embarking in the Insurrection of 1715, his estates were allowed to descend to his
however, of the anecdote
is
rendered somewhat questionable by Lady
.Nithisdale's statement.
'
Transactions of the Society of Scottish Antiquaries, vol.
i.
pp. 523, 538.
SIMO^ LORD LOTAT.
1668-92.]
77
son, John Lord Maxwell.' Lady Nithisdale survived her husband five years, dying also at Eome, in 1749.
SIMON LORD LOVAT.
to the House of Stuart.

Assumes the Title, and
claims the Estates, of the deceased Lord Lovat.
His daughter institutes
Lord Lovat's Stratagem to make
legal Proceedings against her Relative.
her his Wife frastrated.
His atrocious Marriage with her Mother.
Warrant issued for his Arrest. Sets the Government at defiance. His
Returns to Scotland as the accreFlight to the Court of the Pretender.
dited Agent of the Stuarts.
Arrested by the French King for Treachery.
Enters into Holy Orders to efleet his Release. Joins the Society of
Jesuits.
Returns to Scotland, and joins the Adherents of the House of
Hanover. Obtains undisputed Possession of his Titles for his Reward.
Joins the Insurgents after the Battle of Preston.
His Arrest after the
Battle of CuUoden. His Trial and Execution.
His early Attachment
Tins extraordinary man, who crowned a youth of violence

and dissipation with an old age of avarice, treachery, and
mean cunning, was the eldest sott of Thomas Fraser of Beaufort, by SybiUa Macleod, daughter of the chief of that powerful clan.
He was born in 1C68.
Inheriting from his forefathers an ardent attachment to
the House of Stuart, we have his own statement that at the
early age of thirteen years he suffered imprisonment for his
exertions in their cause and three years afterwards we find
him engaged in the insurrection fomented by General Buehan,
with the object of restoring the exiled family. ]S"ot long afterwards, he obtained a commission in Lord Ttdlibardiue's regiment, and in 1(592, on the death of his kinsman, Hugh Lord
Lovat, assumed the title and claimed the estates of the deceased lord, of whom he was the nearest male heir.
;
The late Lord Lovat had left an only daughter, Amelia,

whose claims to the possessions and title of her father received the powerful support of her uncle, the JIarquis of
"
His lordship had disposed his estate to his son. Lord Maxwell, 28th
of Xovember, 1712, reserving his own life-rent. It was finally determined
by tlie House of Lords, 21st of January, 1723, that only his lite-rent of his
'
<'state
was
forfeited."
Wood's Peerage,
vol.
ii.
p. 32l'.
THE PBETEXDEES ASD THEIE ADHERENTS.
78
[l693.
Atliol, and accordingly, with the aid of his influence and

advice, she entered into a legal contest with her young kinsman for the succession. The delays, however, and technicalities of the law accorded but ill \^-ith the violent and head-
and accordingly
strong character of the Highland chieftain,
he resolved on obtaining a much speedier accomplishment of
his purpose by a forcible union with his fair opponent, by
which means he hoped to amalgamate her claims to the chiefwith his own. The young
tainship and to the family estate
lady, it seems, was on the eve of marriage with the son of
Lord Saltoun. and the negotiations were drawn so nearly to
a close, that the young bridegroom was actually on his way
with his father to the country of the Frasers in order to
complete the alliance. They had nearly reached their destination, when they were suddenly seized upon by Lord Lovat
at the head of a" large body of liis clan; and being hnn-ied to
the foot of a gibbet, were compelled, by the fear of instant
death, to renounce for ever their claims to the hand of the
heiress of Lovat.' In the mean time, the young lady had the
good fortune to effect her escape. The lawless Highlander,
however, imagining that by a marriage with the Dowager
Lady Lovat, "instead of her daughter, he should secure, by

means of lier large jointure, a legal interest in the estate,
determined on another atrocious and abominable act. His
proposed victim was a sister of the Marquis of Athol, then
Heedless of eonthe most powerful nobleman in Scotland.
sequences, he seized her, with a few of the most daring of his
the
first instance,
in
in
her
own
house
and
retainers,
having,
;
Eoman
Catholic priest to read the man-iage ceactually cut open her stays with
his dirk, and, with the assistance of his followers, tore off her
her
bed.
It may be mentioned, as a
to
clothes, and forced
fit
sequel to this act of lawless brutality, that the marriage
compelled a
remony between them, he
'
as
Lord Lovat has himself left us an account of those
may
transactions, which,
naturally be expected fi'om an ex-parte statement, is very different
from that given hy his contemporaries. The account in question will be

found iu the "Memoirs of the Life of Lord Lovat" (p. 43 63), which,
thoiigh evidently of little value as a trustworthy narration, nevertheless

draws a most curious picture of the lawless state of the Highlands at that
period, and places the headstrong character and violent passions of Lord
Lovat, as drawn by himself, iu no less vivid a light than they are drawn by
his contemporaries.
SIMON lOHD LOTAT.
1704.]
was consummated
79
in the presence of his retainers, while the
bagpipes played in the next apartment to smother her screams.

For this daring act of outrage, as also on account of the
intrigues in which he had long been engaged in the cause of
the Stuarts, Lord Lovat was cited to appear on a certain day
before the High Court of Justiciary in Edinburgh, and a
warrant was issued for his arrest. Confiding, however, in his
own resources, in the fidelity of his Highland retainers,

and in the peculiar means of defence presented by the wild
and rugged district over which he ruled, he determined on
setting the Government at defiance. Letters of fire and sword
were now issued against him and his clan, and a large detachment of the King's forces, backed by a numerous body
of the Marquis of Athol's powerful clan, were marched into
the Fraser territory. For a time they were gallantly and
successfully resisted by Lord Lovat and his adherents, and
several warm skirmishes took place between the
opposing
parties. At length, however, his enemies proving too

ful for him. Lord Lovat was compelled to
tlie
lly
He now
powerkingdom.
repaired to the court of the exiled family at St Germain's, where he ingratiated himself so much with the widow
of James the Second, as well as with the French monarch,
Louis the Fourteenth, that it was decided on sending him
back to the Highlands as an accredited agent to induce the
chieftains to revolt,
the French court supplying him with a
considerable sum of money, to assist in defraying the
expenses
of the projected insurrection, and also granting him a commission conferring on him the rank of Major- General.
Daring and dissimulation constituted the two principal ingredients in the character of his extraordinary man. Though
still plotting against the Government of AVil'liam the Third,
he so far found means to justify himself as to obtain a
pardon for his former acts of treason, although his conviction
for the violence to Lady Lovat still remained in force. Notwithstanding that this latter oftence was punishable witli
death, he had the hardihood, on his return from the Highlands, not only to visit Edinburgh, but in passing through
London on his return to France, he actually obtained an interview with the Duke of
Queensberry, tlie royal commissioner and representative of Queen Anne inScotland,to whom
he betrayed all the secrets of the exiled court. Nevertheless,
be had the audacity to return to his employers in France
TEE PEETEXDESS
80
A>'D
THEIE ADHERETfTS.
[l715.
double treachery b?ing unespectedlv discovered, the

l<Veiich Kinn; committed him, on the 4th of Auojast, 1701, to
the Castle of Angoiileme, and subsequeutly to the Bastile.
During the three years that Lord Lovat remained a prisoner of state, he seems to have principally exercised his rest-
but
Iiis
less
mind and crafty genius in hatching fresh treasons and

new adventures. At an early period of his ne-
anticipating
of St G-ermain's, with the

gotiations with the exiled court
view of ingratiating himself with Louis the Fourteenth and
Marv of jVIodena, he had declared liimself a convert to the
Eoaiish faith. This step he improved, while a prisoner in
the Bastile, by taking holy orders, and having principally by

this means obtained his release, this singular being actually
enrolled himself among a society of Jesuits, whom he had not
only address enough to deceive by an assumption of superior
holiness, but for a time actually did duty as cure at St Omer.
The hope, however, of obtaining his pardon from the English
Grovernment, the ambition of securing to himself the chieftainship of the Fraser clan, and of the Lovat estate, as well as
so much more
the prospect of employment and adventure,
had never been obliterated from the
<;ongenial to his tastes,
restless mind of the desperate outlaw, and were re\'ived in
fall force by the first tidings which he received of the Earl of
Mar having raised his standard in 1715. Accordingly he im-
mediately repaired to Scotland, where, says Sir Walter Scott,

"
his appearance was like one of those portentous sea-monsters whose gambols announce the storm."
The part which
he took on tliis occasion was such as might have been anticipated from the consummate and unblushing profligacy which
act of his life.

He immediately enlisted himself beneatli the standard of the House
Tiie object of his early ambition or love, the
of Hanover.
heiress of Lovat, had united herself to Mackenzie of Fraserdale, who, acting as chief of his wife's clan, had summoned
the Frasers to arms, and had arrayed tliem in the ranks of
the Chevalier de St G-eorge.
The Frasers, almost to a man,
were devoted to the cause of the Stuarts, but such was the
implicit obedience which they considered due to the tnale rel)resentative of their ancient chieftains, that Lord Lovat's
commands were no sooner communicated to them, than they
withdrew themselves from the camp of the Ear] of Mar, and
returned to their own country. As the desertion of this
had hitherto distinguished every
171S-174S.]
p,erf,a
He
c,a took
was rewarded
"I"
^^^z^\i:rT:^,t!2T,:iS::î
sen ices
tor
m5
considerable
têê
r\l oTSirand
'^^Cm
"
""'
''
trestabUsh hinêlf peaceably
m the
out of tbe. insurrection

?S pIri'dS the breaking
among
to reside
continued
ijoi^ Lov^t
of i/40, Lord
ot
:^
the TTiMilflnds
pnncipally
Some
alter
years, bowever,
^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^
law-courts of
mgblandB.^^^^^
son oi ixo,
hxso^.peoplem
the aflair ot ivlo, t&e
mmimm
female relative of Lady
access o her
rffTctitletatrnl:: oTa
who by tact and stratagem obtamed
tion
from her brutal

She obtained a separation
^^^S-SClrawn
Downie, and
of
lh4 at Castlethe
Leva,
pr^va^y,
a curious pictui.
of the
-^^wh ch
patriarchal po-er
Lovat Lrcised
from his forefathers. "His bospitahty,
says
lora, a
of the
mê
f^^S
he mhented
&u
THE PHETEKDEES AND THEIE ADHERENTS.
82
[l745.
"
was exuberant, yet was regulated by means whieli savoured

much of a paltry economy. His table was filled with Frasers,
all of whom he called his cousins, but took care that the fare
with which they were regaled was adapted, not to the supposed equality, but to the actual importance of his guests.
Thus the claret did not pass below a particular mark on the
table
those who sat beneath that limit had some cheaper
of circulation
and the
liquor, which had also its bounds
clansmen at the esti-emity of the board were served with sin;
was drunk at the table of their chief, and

gle
Lovat had a Lowland estate,
that made amends for all.
where he fleeced his tenants without mercy, for the sake of
maintaining his Highland military retainers. He was a master of the Highland character, and knew how to avail himself
He knew every one whom it was conof its peculiarities.
venient for him to caress had been acquainted with his father
remembered the feats of his ancestors, and was profuse in his complimentary expressions of praise and fondness.
If a man of substance oft'ended Lovat, or, which was the
same thing, if he possessed a troublesome claim against him,
and was determined to enforce it, one woidd have thought
that all the plagues of Egypt had been denounced against the
obnoxious individual. His house was burnt, his flocks driven
and if the perpetrators of such outoff, his cattle houghed
rages were secured, the jaU of Inverness was never strong
enough to detain them till punishment. They always broke
prison. "With persons of low rank, less ceremony was used
and it was not uncommon for witnesses to appear against
them for some imaginary crime, for which Lord Lovat's vicale.
Still it
tims suffered the punishment of transportation." '

Enjoying the favour of the Government, and having accomplished every legitimate object which he ought to have had
in view, it might have been supposed that this extraordinary
man so lately a proscribed and penniless adventurer would
have sat down satisfied with his good fortune, instead of
again embarking in the whirlpool of rebellion, or in the
crooked policy of dissimulation and intrigue. On the contrary, w find him a second time an apostate to his cause, and
plotting heart and soid. against the Government which had
showered on him the many benefits which he so little deserved.
His character was rendered still more despicable by the life
'
" Tales of a
Graudfather," vol.
iii.
pp. 148, 1-49.
1745.]
8IM0K LOED LOTAT.
83
of low and disgusting sensuality which he notoriously led,

and which presents a picture so degradingly profligate as almost to be unequalled in the annals of vice.
At the time when Prince Charles landed in the Highlands
of Scotland, Lord Lovat was verging towards his eightieth
There can be no doubt that his secret prepossessions
year.
were in favour of the cause of the Stuarts, for not only did
he imagine himself to have been neglected by the reigning
familv, but it was the cause for which, in his earliest childhood, he had been taught to believe that no sacrifice could be
too great, and for which his forefathers had so often shed
It was natural, too, that the veteran
their dearest blood.
chieftain, who had himself been so distinguished in his youth
for a love of daring and adventure, should have sympathized
witli the fortunes of a young and gallant Prince, who, having
landed in the wild Hebrides with only seven followers, had
made his way to the capital of Scotland, and collecting a devoted army in his triumphant progress, was now holding his
gay court in the ancient palace of his forefathers.
it
But where self-interest or aggrandisement were concerned,

was not in the nature of Lord Lovat to be in the slightest
degree biassed either by the calls of duty or the iinpidse of

romance. His great object was to side with, and gain credit
from, the victorious party, and consequently, wavering between his hopes and fears, his duplicity led him, at one and
the same time, to correspond with the agents of Prince
Charles and of the Government, and to express himself the
devoted servant of both. In addition to other curious evidence which has already appeared in print, in regard to the
vacillating and ambiguous policy of Lord Lovat at this period,
I am enabled to lay before the reader the following unpublished letter addressed by him to the Lord Advocate
Craigie, in which he not only professes the warmest feebngs
of devotion towards the House of Hanover, but has the confidence to demand a supply of arms and accoutrements, with
which he promises to array his powerful clan, and to send
them forth against " the mad and unaccoimtable gentleman "
v.-ho had dared to raise his standard and set the CTOvernraent
It is scarcely necessary to remark, that had the
English Government complied with his demand, those very
arms would have been turned against themselves.
at defiance.
o 2
TUE PEETENDERS AND TUEIE ADHEEENTS.
84
[l746.
lOED LOTAT TO THE LOED ADVOCATE CEAIGIE.

"Beaufort, August
"Mx
"
2'tth,
1745.
LoED,
I received the honour of your most obliging and kind

letter, for which I give your lordship a thousand thanks.
Your lordship judges right, when you believe that no hardcan alter or diminish my
ship or ill-usage that I meet with
zeal and attachment for his Majesty's person and Government. I am as ready this day (as far as I am able) to serve
the King as I was in the year 1715, when I had the good
fortune to serve the King in suppressing that great rebellion,
more than any one of my rank in the island of Britain.
"
But my clan and I have been so neglected these many
years past, that I have not twelve stand of arms in my
country though, I thank God, I could bring twelve hundi-ed
good men to the field for the King's service, if I had arms
and other accoutrements for them. Therefore, my good lord,
I earnestly entreat, that as you wish that I would do good
;
service to the
Government on
this critical occasion,
you may
order immediately a thousand stand of arms to be delivered

to me and my clan at Inverness, and then your lordship shall
see that I will exert myself for the King's service. Although
I am infirm myself these three or four months past, yet I
have very pretty gentlemen of my family, that will lead my
clan wherever I bid them for the King's service and if we
do not get those arms immediately, we vn]! certainly be undone, for those madmen that are in arms with the Pretended
Prince of Wales threaten every day to burn and destroy my
country, if we do not rise in arms and join them so that my
people cry out horridly, that they have no arms to defend themselves, nor no protection nor support from the Government.
"
I earnestly entreat that your lordship may consider se;
it wiU be an essential and singular loss to

the Government, if my clan and kuidi-ed be destroyed, who
the
centre
of the Highlands of Scotland, and the
possess
countries most proper by theii' situation to serve the King
riously on this, for
and Government.
"
As
to
my
son,
my
lord, that
you are so good
as to
men-
he is very young, and just done with his colleges at St

Andrew's, under the care of a relation of yours, Mr Thomas
Craigie, professor of Hebrew, who truly I think one of the
'on,
85
SIMON LOED LOTAT.

j,745.]
and most
gentlemen
tbat ever I
complete
prettiest
converse^
think myself most happy that my
with in any country, and I
me that he never
been under his tutory. He assures
more than my eldest son.
saw a ?outh that pleased him
has the
he is a /ery good scholar, and
ToX
He
b-t^-
ihomas
Mr
any he has seen and it is by
tell you when you see
adriee, which he wiU
to Utrecht and other
I send my son immediately,
But I bave many
to complete his education.
abroad,
pkc'es
to command than lie is at his
a one of his family now fitter
that they .aU betender age and I do assure your lordship
the
as they ought to be by
haye weU if they are supported
wdl procure that
Goyerament, and I hope your lordship
^p^hat
for learnin- of
era "e'sjositiye
&hat
has setup
hUrAat mad and unaccountable gentleman
This
a standard at a place called Glenfinnan Monday last^
hear of
from Moidart to Lochabar, and I
place is the inlet
but the Camerons and
that haye joined them as yet,
a remote corner, that
Mac Donalds,-and they are in such
are doing, except
can know their number, or what they
'"?a
Ce
nobody
those "that are with them.
i,.rl
from your lordhumbly beg to have the honour to hear

esteem and
to this; and I am, with all the
return
in
ship
JôyAT.
dear lord, &c.
my
imaginable,
respect
"
at Preston deAt len-th the victory obtained by Charles

Lovat indeed so overjoj-Bd
cided the wavering mind of Lord
was he at recei^'ing the unexpected tidmgs, that, forgetting
he descended
for a moment his usual consummate cunmng
his hat on the
into his court-yard at Castle Do^Tiie, flung
"
to the Wbite Eose, and con insion
CTOund, and drank success
But with the
its adherents.
to the White Horse and all
House of Stuarts the crafty
return of his allegiance to the
the hazard which he ran
old traitor forgot not for a moment
the Government and, accordby arraying his clan against
he sent forth
ingly steering a middle and dastardly course,
or
Master of Lovat, at the head of seven
his son. the
;
'
young
remained
his foUowers, while he himself

eight hundred of
the
to the Goyernment against
quietly at home, inveighing
affirms had armed
disobedience of his son, who, he impudently
distress.
and to his infinite
his clan against his express orders
:
he writes on the 20th of Octobc.
To the Lord President
86
[l745
'
I do solemnly declare to yoiu- lordship, that nothing ever

vexed my soul so much as the resolution of my son to go and
join the Prince." And again he -nrites on the 30th:
I, my lord, the first man that has had an undutiful sou ? Or
am I the first man that has made a good estate, and saw it
destroyed in his own time by the foolish actings of an unnatural son, who prefers his own extravagant fancies to the
I have seen insolid advice of an afiectionate old father ?
stances of this in my own time but I never heard till now
that tlie foolishness of a son would take away the liberty and
life of a fether, that was an honest man, and well inclined to
the rest of mankind. But I find the longer a man lives, the
more wonders and extraordinary things he sees."
Such is the language of Lord Lovat, when speaking of his
gallant son, whose life and fortunes he so wantonly exposed
to save his own. It is weU known, however, that it was only
in consequence of the threats and urgent entreaties of his
unnatural father, that the young Master Lovat, then a student
in the University of St Andrew's, in his nineteenth year, was
induced to join the standard of the Chevalier. Four years
after the suppression of the insurrection, he received a full
and free pardon, and subsequently entered the British army,
in which he attained a high rank.
This amiable and highminded officer died in battle in the American War of Inde-
"Am
pendence.
In consequence of the ddatory policy of Lord Lovat, it was
not tiU the Chevalier entered England that he was joined by
the Erasers. During the triumphant niarcli of the insurgents
to Derby, the wily chieftain continued to flatter himself that
his darling hopes were on the eve of
accomplishment, and,
shoidd the worst happen to his heir and his clan, that he had
at least secured to himself the safe
possession of his life and
his estates.
The result, however, of the fatal battle of Culloden decided his fixte.
One of the first acts of the Duke of
Cumberland after the action was to send a body of troops to
Beaufort Castle, the neighbouring seat of Lord Lovat, who
not only pillaged and burned his castle, but laid waste his
lands, and carried off with them, for the use of the army, all
the cattle and provisions which they could find in the district.
From the top of a neighbouring mountain, the miserable old
man is said to have witnessed the destruction of bis property,
and the flames that ravaged the home of his forefathers.
SIMON tOEB LOVAT.
1746.]
Satisfied tliat if he slioiild fall into the
87
hands of his enemies,
would be the nest sacrifice, Lord Lovat, accompanied

by about sixty of his followers, endeavoured to efteet his
his life
escape to a sea-port town, where he hoped to find a vessel to

convey him to France. The path which he chose was through
one of the wildest districts of Invemesshire but he had
proceeded no great distance, when he was overtaken by a
troop of the royal cavalry, who discovered him wrapped in a
blanket, and hid in the hollow of an old tree, which grew on
As he was too old
a little island in the middle of a lake.
and unwieldy either to ride or walk,' the soldiers constructed
a
in
which
a kind of litter, resembling
cage,
they carried him
to the head-quarters of the army at Fort Augustus ^ from
whence he was sent by sea to London, to be at the disposal
of the government. On the 15th of August, 1746, he arrived
As
at the Tower, in an open landau, drawn by six horses.
he drew near to the gloomy portal of that memorable fortand when his eye caught the scaftblds which were being
ress,
erected for the convenience of those who proposed to witness
the approaching executions of Lords Balmcrino and Kilmarhis self-possession for a moment deserted him. "Ah!"
nock,
he exclaimed, as he glanced on the long and mournful pre"
such in a few dajs will be my unhappy fate."
parations,
He soou, however, recovered his composure, and on being
"
Were I not so old and
brought into the Tower observed,
;
infirm,
you would
find it difficidt to
one answering that they had kept
keep
me
here.
much younger
'
Some
prisoners,
'
As e.irly as the year 1731, we find him complaining of his increasing
To Mr John Forbes he writes: " I am much indisposed since
I saw you at your own house
many marks appear to show the tabernacle
is failing
the teeth are gone and now the cold has seized my head, that
I am almost deaf with a pain in my ears.
These are so many soimds of
trumpet that call me to another world, for which you and I are hardly well
I
have
a
sort
of
of
but
advantage
you for if I can but die with
prepared
a little of my old French belief, I shall get the legions of saints to pray for
me ; while you will only get a number of drunken fellows, and the inn-keep-
infinnities.
and tapister lasses of Inverness, aud Mr M'Bean, that holy man!"

CuUoden Papers, p. 122.
^ "
Yesterday I had the pleasure of seeing that old rebel. Lord Lovat,
with his two aids-de-camp, aud about sixty of his clan, brought in here
He is 78 years of age, has a fine comely head to grace Temple
prisoners.
Bar, and his body is so large, that I imagine the doors of the Tower must
be altered to get him in. He can neither walk nor ride, and was brought
ers
Letters
in here in a horse-litter, or rather a cage, as hardened as ever."
AtigvAtus, June 17, 1746. Gent.'s Mag. vol. xvi. p. 32.5.
from Fort
THE PEETENDEES AND THEIR ADHEEEKTS.
88
"
[l747.
"but they were inesperieneed, and have
True," he said,
not broke so many gaols as I have."
Lord Lovat was impeached by the House of Commons on
the 11th of December, 174(5, and was tried by his peers in

Westminster Hall on the 8th of ]\Iarch, 1747. During his
his beha\-iour was marked by
trial, which lasted seven days,
a strange mixture of courage, levity, and low humour. On the
first day, in Westminster Hall, observing the celebrated
Henry Pelham at some distance, he "beckoned him towards

bim : " Is it worth while," lie said, to make all this fuss to
"
take off the grey head of a man of fourscore years old ?
The same day we find him flying into a violent passion with
one of his Highland retainers who had been brought as a
witness against him and on another day, when asked by the
Lord High Steward if he had anything to say to Sir Everard
Falkener, who had just been examined, "No," he replied,
"
but that I am his humble servant, and wish him joy of his
To Lord Ilchester, who sat near the bar, he
vounp^ wife."
" Je meurs
"observed,
pour ma patrie, el ne mên sonde
"
two last days," writes Horace Walpole to Sir
The
queres."
"
Horace Mann, he behaved ridiculously, joking, and making
;
everybody laugh even at the sentence. I did not think it

as I did at so melancholy a spectacle
possible to feel so httle
villany, wound up by bufloonery, took oS
The foreigners were much struck."
all edge of concern.
During the trial, Lord Lovat endeavoured to avail himself
of those arts of dissimulation and low cunning for which he
had been distinguished from his youth. The evidence against
him, however, was far too clear for either talent or artifice to
set it aside. A great number of letters were produced which
had been addressed by hiui to the exiled court John Murand even
ray, of Broughton, secretary to the young Chevalier,
;'
but tyranny and
some of his own domestics, appeared as witnesses against him,

and accordingly, notwithstanding his great age, and an eloquent speech which he addressed to his peers, he was con-
demned to death with the usual formalities. He listened to

the solemn sentence, not only with composure, but with leand, on being removed from the bar, exclaimed,
vity
"
Farewell, my lords, we shall never all meet again in the same
There is a story still prevalent in Scotland, that
place."
when on his way to the Tower, after his condemnation, an
old woman thrust her head iuto the window of the coach
89
BIMON LOED LOT AT.
747.]
d-d
old rascal
which conveyed him, and exclaimed,-" Tou
old
at last."-" Ton
I bemn to think you '11 be hung
"
been the reply, I begin to tlunk i
.; is said to have
d-d
of the warders exthe night before his execution, one

"
such a bad
that the morrow should be
his
regret
pressing
lor
^'on
Bad!" repbed Lord Lovat

day with his lordship."-"
of an axe ? It is a debt we
wliat ? do vou think I am afraid
disa
must all pay, and better in this way than by lingering
"
The same night he is said to have ate a hearty supper,
ease
conwith
himselt
and the following morning, having dressed
with the lieutenant
siderable care, he sat down to breakfast
few of his own friends, with whom he
;
of the
Tower and
It would
and ease.
conversed with his usual eheerfuhiess
sentenced me to be
have been better," he said, "to have
executioner
the
that
short and bent,
hanged, for my neck is so
On bemg brought
will be sure to strike me on the shoulders."
which had been prepared tor his
HiU
Tower
on
to the house
some
of a small piece of bread and
reception, he partook
steadiness ^^^th
on which occasion, the remarkable
wine
is said to have
which he conveyed the latter to his mouth,
afterwards, attended
attracted particular observation. Shortly
to the scaftold, his
by a Roman Catholic priest, he proceeded
the aid of two warders to
infirmities
and
requiring
gieat age
On mounting the iatal
Issist him in ascending the steps.
the vast midtitude which had colstage he glanced round on
"
God save us! he said
lected to witness his execution.
such a bustle about
with a sneer; "why should there be
head from a man who cannot get up
old
an
off
gêy
taking
three steps without two assistants."
,
i-x"
his life
In the case of Lord Lovat, certainly nothing
there ever a stronger
was
nor
the
it,"
like
him
leaving
became
m
.
easier to
that
example of the truth of the observation,
vices
Notwithstanding his many
die well than to Uve well.
this extraordinary
his
of
character,
and the exceeding infamy
which
man quitted the world with a dignity and composurewas nothere
would have done credit to an ancient Roman
it is
or false
bravado in his demeanour nothmg of levity

mth which he spoke
taste in the unembarrassed cheerfulness
the
apparatus.
of his approaching tate, and gazed on
f^rightful
"
"
He died " says Walpole, extremely weU, without passion
natural
thin.^ of
or timidity
affectation, buffoonery,
his beha\-iour
was
THE PEETENDEES AND THEIE ADHERENTS.
90
[l747.
and intrepid." Smollett also observes, " From the last scene
of his life, one would have concluded that he had approved
himself a patriot from his youth, and had never debated from
the paths of virtue." On mounting the scaffold, he called for
the esecutioner, to whom he presented ten guineas, and after
slightly jesting with him on his occupation, felt the edge of
the axe, and told him he shoidd be very angry vrith him if he
should hack or mangle his shoulders. Having spent some
time at his devotions, he quietly laid down his liead on the
block, and after a very brief delay, gave the sign for the executioner to sti'ike repeating, almost viith his latest breath,
"
the beautifid line of Horace, DuJce et decorum est pro patrid
Tlie executioner severed his head from his body at
mori."
a single blow.
Lord Lovat "the last of the martyrs," as he was styled
by his own party was executed on the 7th of April, 1747,
No coronach was perin the seventy-ninth year of his age.
formed over the grave of the powerful chieftain, and the
manner of his funeral was far different from that which he
sketched in a very eloquent passage in one of his letters to
"
the Lord President Forbes. " I am resolved," he writes, to
live a peaceable subject in my own house, and do nothing
against the King or Government but if I am attacked by
the King's guards, with his captain-general at their head, I
and if I
will defend myself as long as I liave breath in me
am killed hei'e, 't is not far from my burial-place and I shall
after
I
am
what
I
the
coronach
have,
dead,
always wished,
of all the women in my country to convey my body to my
grave and that was my ambition, when I was in my happiest
situation in the world." '
His remains were interred, with
80 many others of the illustrious and headless dead, in St
Peter's Church, in the Tower.
;
'
Letter to the Lord President, October 29, 1745.
WILLIAM GORDON, VISCOUNT KEBIURE.

Account of the Familv of Gordon, Viscount Kenmure. Lord Kenmure's
Taken
disinterested Conduct in espousing the Cause of the Stuarts.
Prisoner at Preston. His Trial and Execution.
the representative
of an ancient race, and descended from the celebrated Adam
de Gordon who fell at Halidon Hill,' was already advanced
Virin life when he engaged in the insurrection of 1715.
for his sound sense
tuous, amiable, and resolute respected
and religious principles, and beloved for the charity and
WiLiiAM Gordon, Viscount Kennmre,
which he dispensed among his neighbours;

liospitality
and surrounded by attached friends
enjoying an ample estate,
and "relatives. Lord Kenmure, in taking up arms in the
cause of the Stuarts, could have been influenced by no other
motive than a strong and conscientious sense of duty.
The circumstance of the gaUant and unfortunate Kenmure
the standard of the Chevalier, gave rise to one of the
joinintT
most spirited of the Jacobite songs

Kenmure 's on and awa', Willie,
Kenmure 's on and awa'
And Kenmure's lord 's the bravest
;
lord
That ever Galloway saw.
Success to Kenmure's band, WilUe,
Success to Kennmre s band
There is no heart that fears a mig,
;
That ndes by Kenmure

There
's
a rose in
hand.
Kenmure's
cap,
red in niddie heart's
steep
blude,
Afore the battle drap.
'
true.
And
that their faes shall ken.
j.^^^ ,^ ^^.^ ^^^ j;^ ^. f^^^^ -înig^

,j, j;^,^, ^^^ ^-^ ;, ,^^,p
^^
j^^^ ^^^^^ ,,,;, ^^^^^ ^f ^j^j^î^
lads come haine.
Kenmure's
j^^^
Here 's Kenmure's health in wine,
.
it
'11
Willie.
Willie,
There's a rose in Kenmure's cap;
He
For Kenmure's lads are men,WLllie,

For Kenmure's lads arc men
Their hearts and swords are mettle
Here's Kenmure's health in wine;

There ne'er was a coward of Kenniure's blude.
Nor
yet
o'
Gordon's
line.
" Halidon Hill."

See Sir Walter Scott's Preface to
THE PEETENDEES
02
AJfD
THEIE ADHEEENTS.
[l715.
His lady's check was red, Millie,

His lady's cheek was red
Here 's him that 's far awa', Willie,

Here 's him that 's far awa'
When
And
she his steely jupes put on.

o' deadlie feud.
Which smeU'd
here
's
the flower that I love
best.
The
rose that
's
like the snaw.
Lord Kenmure joined the insurgents at Moffat on the

12th of October, 1715, and fell into the hands of the Government at the surrender of the Jacobite forces at Preston. At
his trial in Westminster Hall, he pleaded guilty of the crime
with which he was charged, and on being asked by the Lord
High Steward why sentence of death should not be passed
House, which was
upon him, he addressed a speech to the
"
My lords," he said,
principally remarkable for its brevity.
"I am
triily sensible of my crime, and want words to express

God knows I never had any personal prerepentance.
judice against his Majesty, nor was I ever accessory to any
I humbly beg my noble peers
previous design against him.
and the honourable House of Commons to intercede with
the King for mercy to rae, that I may live to show myself
the dutifullest of his subjects, and be the means to keep my
wife and four small children from starving the thoughts of
which, with my crime, make me the most unfortunate of
my
gentlemen."
to save the life of Lord
suffered on the 2-lth of
on
the
same
and
on the same scaffold as
1716,
February,
day
Lord Derwentwater. His behavioiu' to the last was calm,
The greatest exertions were made

Kenmure, but to no purpose. He
and resigned. Lord Derwentwater having been

executed, and his body removed from the scaffold. Lord
the fatal stage with great firmness,
attended by his son, a few friends, and two clergymen of
the Church of England. " I had so little thoughts," he said,
"
of suffering so soon, that I did not provide myself with a
suit of black, that I might have died with more decency
for which I am very sorry."
He said but little on the
scaffold, but advancing to one side of it, he knelt down to
prayers, in which he was joined by several of the bystanders.
Being asked if he had anj^thing to say, he answered briefly
in the negative.
He made no speech on the occasion declaratory of his principles, but he was heard to jsray audibly
for the Prince in whose cause he suffered.
On the day also
preceding bis death, he had addressed a letter to a friend, in
resolute,
first
Kenmure mounted
jAisais
yfiLEi
SECOND DLTKE OF ORMOND

OB. 1745.
93
WILLIAM GOEDOX, TISCOUNT KENMURE.
L715.]
the false principles
which he had pro-
which he disavowed
of Lords, expressing
fessed in his speech before the House
de St George, whoua he acbis devotion to the ChevaUer
that he
knowledtred as his legitimate sovereign, and adding,
in the profession of the Protestant
died, as he had ever Uved,
^'^
divested
H^vkK- concluded his devotions. Lord Kenmui-e
the least
himself of his coat and waistcoat ^vithout betraying
to tiy
down
laid
instance
emotion, and having in the fli-st
his
his hand
the block, he again rose up, and puttmg
with some money. "IshaU
pocket presented the executioner
"
but when I have lam down,
give you no sign," he said
work as you wiU." He then knelt down
do
you may
your
a few moments m mward devotion,
aaain, and having passed
his neck to
he clasped his arms round the block, and fitting
raised his axe, and with
it the executioner, seeing his time,
the head
two blows severed his head from his body. After
round the
fell the hands were stUl found clingmg firmly
a coflin
The head as weU as the body were placed
block
in a
which was on the scaffold, and were then carried away
in readiness to periorm the
hearse, which was stationed
mournful
Of
service.
and inthe fate of the remaining individuals of rank

who figured in the insui-rectiou of 1715, a passmg
fluence,
notice
is
rendered necessary.
The personal history of the Duke of Oemond,

failure of his
attempt to
effect a rising in the
alter the
West
ot
Eng-
the striking
land in 1715, presents, with the exception of
ieatures
moral which it affords of faUen greatness, but few
fan d him
we
After his return to France,
of any interest.
which were
engaged for some years in the various intrigues
"
Ha^^ng emset on foot for the restoration of the Stuarts.
"he was
braced that fatal measure," says Archdeacon Coxe,
and obtain a
too honest and zealous to act like Bolingbroke,
new master, or by entering mto a
pardon by sacrificing his
At length, time and
compromise ^vith his prosecutors."
seem to have convinced the IJuke
repeated disappointments
or enibarkmg
of Ormond of the fruitlessness of originating
he spent
in fresh
Neglected and almost forgotten,
intrigues.
the last twenty years of his long
life chiefly
in a melancholy
THE PKETEXDEES AND THEIB ADHEEENTS.
94
[l716.
retirement at A\'ignon, subsisting on a small pension allowed

him by the court "of Spain. Such was the closing career of
this once powerful and magnificent nobleman, who had been
the favourite alike of the" phlegmatic AVilliam and of the
who had been \'iceroy of Ireland and Changentle Anne
cellor of the University of Oxford who, ia his youth, had
distinguislied himself at Lusembom-g, Sedgmoor, Landen,
and the Boyne; who had been one of the principal promoters
of the great Revolution of 1688 who had received the thanks
of Parliament for destroying the Spanish galleons in the harbour of Vigo in 1702 who had succeeded the great Duke of
Marlborough in command of the British army in Flanders
and who, lastly, had once been so idohzed by the people of
''
England, that Ormoud and High Church" had been the
watchwords of tumult and insurrection throughout the land.
The Duke of Ormond died on the IGth of November, 1745.
His remains were brought to England, and were iuterred in
the familv vault in Henry the Seventh's Chapel, in "Westminster Abbey, on the 22nd of May, 1746.
;
The Eahl of Mar, after the suppression of the insurrection of 1713, had the good fortune to save his head by
embarking from Jlontrose in the same vessel with the Chevalier de
St George, by wliieh
means he made good
his
He conducted the aft'airs of the Cheretreat to France.

valier tin the beginning of the year 1721, when he lost his
"
The unmaster's confidence, and retired iuto private life.
fortunate Earl," says Sir Walter Scott, "was a man of fine
taste
and
in
dedsing modes of impro\Tng Edinburgh, the

been in
capital of Scotland, was more fortunate than he had

schemes for the alteration of her Grovernment.
He gave
the first hints for several of the modern improvements of
the city." By his attainder in 1745, Lord Mar lost his titles
and estates. Greorge the First, however, confirmed to his
Countess Lady Frances Pierrepont, sister of the celebrated
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu the jointure on her husband's forfeited estates, to which she was entitled by her
marriage settlements. Lord !Mar, who had been secretary of
State under Queen Ajuie, died an exile at Aix-la-ChapeUe
in 1732.
95
GEOKGE KEITH, EAEL MAEISCHAL.
1715.]
Geoege Keith, Eael Maeischal, after the dispersion

effect his escape to
of the Jacobite forces, contrived to
the various vicissitudes of an
and after
Prance
undergoing
of the King of Prussia,

exile's life, entered the civil service
and beloved, and, on
by whom' he was both honoured
as Ambassador Extradifferent occasions, was employed
and Spain. He was reordinary to the Courts of Prance
services
warded" bv the Prussian monarch for his diplomatic
in his old age had
with the insignia of the Black Eagle, and
of the
Governor
of
him
on
the easy appointment conferred
Mackay says of Earl Manschal,
little State of Neufchatel.
and passionate;
in middle age: "He is very wild, inconstant,
of flashy wit; and
does everything by starts hath abundance
the country.
in
interest
by reason of his quality, had good
He is a thorough libertine, yet sets up mightily for Epis;
a thin body; a middle stature;

copacy a hard drinker;
This
old."
ambitious of popularity and is forty-five years
be regarded as a pleasmg one, is
picture, which can scarcely
Earl
of
draws
Eousseau
that which
widely different from
was in the
Marischal in his Confessions, when the latter
"
"
He used," says Eousseau, to call me his
evenintr of life.
When first I beheld this
chad, and I caUed him my father.
;
over his sunken

feeling was to grieve
but when I raised my eyes on his noble
of truth, I was
features, so full of fire, and so expressive
Though a wise man, my Lord
struck with admiration.
Marischal is not without delects. With the most penetratwith tlie deepest knowing glance, w-ith the nicest judgment,
ledo-e of mankind, he yet is sometimes misled by prejudices,
and can never be disabused of them. There is something
He appears to
in his turn of miud.
strange and wayward
he sees every day, and remembers them
the
venerable man,
my
and wasted frame
forget
at the
first
persons
least expect it; his attentions

and his presents capricious. He gives
appear unseasonable,
strikes
or sends away on the spur of the moment whatever
trifle.
young
his fancy, whether of value or whether a
the
of
service
the
King of
Genevese, who wished to enter
to him, my Lord gave
introduced
one
day
Prussia, being
he
him instead of a letter, a small satchel full of peas, which
moment when they
him to deliver to his INIa-jesty. On receiving this

the King immediately granted a
singular recommendation,
have becommission to the bearer. These high intellects
desired
98
THE PEETEKDEES
AST)
THEIE ABHEEENTS.
[l715.
tween them a secret language whicli common minds can

never understand. Such little eccentricities, like the caprices
of a pretty woman, rendered the society of my Lord Jlarischal only the more iuteresting, and never warped iu his
Earl
either the feelings or the duties of friendship."
Marischal, ha\-ing obtained his pardon from the English
Government, paid a visit to England in 1750, but after the
absence of only a few months, he returned to Berlin, where
he died in 1751. The celebrated Marshal Keith (who also
fought in the ranks of the Stuarts at the battle of Sheriflmuir, and who closed a long life of glory at the unfortunate
battle of Hochkircheu in 1758) was the younger brother of
Earl Marischal.
mind
EoBEET Dalziel, Earl or Carxwath, is described by

Patten as a nobleman distinguished by his affability to his
inferiors, by his sweetness of temper, and the ease and facility
with which he delivered himself iu conversation. Though a
devoted adherent of the Stuarts, he vs-as nevertheless a sincere
He siu-rendered himself at
Preston, and having pleaded guilty to the crime of high
treason at his trial in Westminster Hall, he was sentenced
to be executed.
With some difficulty his life was spared,
and after having been respited from time to time, he was at
length released from prison by the Act of Grace in 1717.
The world seems to have been of opinion that the unfortunate
nobleman had purchased a prolonged existence at the expense
of his honour. Deprived by his attainder of his honours and
estates, he is said to have worn out his life iu an imenviable
retirement, alike avoided by his friends and despised by his
His position was the more pitiable, inasmuch as
enemies.
he was the father of numerous children, to whom he is said
believer iu the Protestant faith.
to have been tenderly attached, and whom his imprudence

had reduced to a state of comparative poverty. Lord Camwath died about the year 1726.
Geoege Setox, Eael of Wintottn, who was also sentenced to death for his share in the insurrection, is said to
have been partially affected with insanity. If such, however,
was the case, it was scarcely reconcilable either with his
conduct during a very trj-ing period, with the ingenaity
which he displayed in conducting his defence, or with the
1715, 1716.]
WILLIAM LORD VNTDDHINGTOK.
97
cleverness with which he subsequently effected his escape

from the Tower. At the period when he engaged in the insurrection he was only in his twenty-iiith year. Previous to
this period, among other eccentricities, he had lived for a
long time as a bellows-blower and assistant to a blacksmith
in France, without holding the slightest communication with
his family or friends,
a mode of existence which, during the
campaign of 1715, enabled him to amuse his associates with

many curious stories of his wanderings and his adventures
in low life.
Unlike his companions in misfortune, he declined appealing to the throne for mercy, and stubbornly
refused to sanction anv appeal made to the Government on
Partly by inducing his attendants to connive at
and partly by the ingenuity with which he contrived to saw the bars of his prison, he elTected his escape
from the Tower, and subsequently found means to reach the
Continent. " He ended his motley life at Eome," says 8ir
Walter Scott, "and with him terminated the long and
illustrious line of Setou, whose male descendants have, by
his behalf.
his escape,
intermarriage, come to repi'esent the great houses of (4ordon,

Aboyne. and Eglinton." Lord Wintoun died in 17-19, at the
age of fifty-nine. His estates were forfeited by his attainder,
aud have since passed through several hands.
William
AFiBDEiifGTOjr,
Lokd Widdeington, was
de-
scended from an ancient family in Northumberland, and was

great-grandson of that Lord Widdrington who fell gallantly
in the cause of Charles the First at Wigan Lane, and whom
Lord Clarendon lias inniiortalized as "one of the most goodly
persons of that age." Of his great-graudson, however. Patten
has left us a far less favourable account. " I never," he says,
"could discover anything like boldness or bravery in him."
Lord AViddrington was taken prisoner at Preston he pleaded
guilty to the indictment charging him with high treason, and,
together with his two brothers, who had also been engaged
in the insurrection, was sentenced to death on the 7th of
The next year he was discharged from prison
July, 1716.
under the Act of Grace, but his honours and estate remained
;
by his attainder. Lord AV'iddrington died at Bath,

iu comparative poverty, in 1743.
forfeited
THE PEETEIJllEnS
98
ATS'D
THEIE ADHEEENTS.
William Murray, Lord Nairn, although
[1715.
the father of
twelve children, and with every inducement to remain a

under the existijig Government, was neverpeaceful citizen
theless rash enough to risk his life and fortune in the fatal
resisted the importunities of his wife,
enterprise of 1715. He
who earnestly conjured him to remain at home, and on partin f from her at the head of his followers to join the standard
"
I hope shortly to
ofthe Chevalier, he observed playfully,
Lord Nairn distinguished himself on
a Countess."
see
you
several occasions during the insurrection by his personal gallantry, but falling into the hands of the Grovernment, he was
hurried to London, and when impeached for high treason,
asked
was sentenced to death.
pleaded guilty, and
When
should not be passed on him, he pleaded the

cause of his wife and twelve children, and threw himself enThere seems at first to have
tirelv on the King's mercy.
been no intention to remit his sentence.
petition which
he addressed to the King was thought undeserving of an
why judgment
answer, and when Lady Nairn, in an agony of grief and susat his Majesty's feet as he
pense, threw herself
passed through
the royal apartments at St James's, he is said to have reThe
refusal.
a
and
her
with
boon, howpositive
rougli
pulsed
ever, which was relused to the wife, was granted to more
of his honom-s
powerful intercession and Lord Nairn, shorn
and estate, received, in the first instance, a respite, and was
of his life, he
the
remainder
subsequently released. During
is said to have unceasingly regretted having been false to his
have constantly charged himself with meanprinciples, and to
ness and cowardice in suing for mercy to a Prince whom his
conscience assured him was a usurper.
;
Thom.vs Foester, Esq., who was intrusted by the Chevalier with the
command
of the insurgent forces in England,
was member of Parliament for the county of Northumberland,

and a person of considerable influence in the North of Eng-
As regards his qualifications as a general, or even as

a daring adventurer, it is sufficient to remark that he possessed neither the experience, the judgment, nor the energy
to enable him to fill with credit the dangerous post which
was assigned to him. After his surrender at Preston, he was
led on horseback to London with his associates in misfortune,
land.
99
EEV. TVIILIAM PAUL.
1715.]
who guided
each prisoner having a trooper riding beside him,

"
On reaching Barnet," says Mr
his horse with a halter.
"
we were
Forster's chaplain, the Eeverend Eobert Patten,
To the last,
all pinioned, more for distinction than pain."
Forster appears to have flattered himself with the pleasing
would be
com-iction, that he and his companions in adversity
rescued by a Tory mob. These hopes, however, were destined
On his approach to London,
to be miserably disappointed.
the news reached him that three of his Jacobite associates
"
had been executed the day before, and that their quarters
were then in a bos hard by, in order to be set upon the
"
"
This," says Patten,
spoiled his stomach, so that
gates."
he could not eat with his then unhappy companions." On
his arrival in London he was committed to Newgate, from
means of false keys, he contrived to eflect his
whence,
by
three days before his intended

escape on the 10th of April,
stationed in
trial.
Eelays of horses had previously been
readiness for him in the dii-ection of the coast, by which
means he reached the town of llochford in Esses, wliere a
vessel was waiting for him, which conveyed him to France.
His death took place at Paris about the year 1734.
Of the persons of inferior rank who fell into the hands of

the Grovernment, about five hundred were' committed to
Chester Castle, and many more were confined at Liverpool
and Carlisle.' Of these individuals, about a thousand petitioned for transportation a great number were tried and
;
found guilty, but twenty-two only were executed in Lancaat

shire, and four or five were himg, di-awn, and quartered
was
Tyburn, according to their sentence. Among the latter
the Eeverend William Paul, of 8t John's College, Cambridge,
'
Bishop Xicholson writes to Archbishop Wate, from Carlisla, Sept. 13,
1716: "The Castle, where the prisoners are lodged, is a moist and >mwholesome place and our garrison is so thiu, that the commandant is forced,
Then the greatest part
for security, to crowd them all into three rooms.
For though they are generally desirous
of them sleep upon bare straw.
and sufficiently able to hire beds, the townsmen are loth to let their goods
be cairied into a place where they are sure to rot. In this miserable stat
have most of these mad creatures been for four or five days past several
of their
roaring in fits of the gout or gravel. Xor can I see any appearance
Ellis's Oribeing relieved. These complaints are very uneasy to me."
ginal Letters^
vol.
iii.
p. 167, 1st series.
100
THE PRETEKDEES AND THEIE ADnESEIfTS.
who, on the
[l715.
eshorted the people to return to their

allegiance to their rightful sovereign, King George, at the
same time professing himself a true and sincere member of
the Church of England, but opposed to the revolution-schismatic church, whose bishops had abandoned their king, and
scaffold,
shamefully given up their ecclesiastical rights, by submitting

to the unlawful, invalid, lay deprivations authorized by the
Prince of Orange.
In addition to the executions already enumerated, four
Major Nairn, Captain Philip Lockhart, brother of

Lockhart of Carnwath, Captain Shafto, and Ensign Dalziel,
brother of the Earl of Carnwath, were tried by court-martial
as deserters, and shot. Charles Radcliife, brother of the Earl
of Derwentwater, escaped from Newgate on the 11th of December, 1715; and on the 10th of May, Brigadier INIac Intosh,
Robert Hepburn of Keith, and thirteen others, also contrived
to effect their escape. Having found means to rid themselves
officers,
of their irons, they crept down-stairs at eleven o'clock at night,

and concealed themselves close to the door of the jail, where
they remained till it was opened to admit a servant, when
they knocked down the jailer and rushed into the street.
few of the party, not knowing whither to betake themselves,
were afterwards recaptured.' " If we consider the object of
the rebels," says Lord John Russell, " the blood which they
spilt in their enterprise, and the necessity of securing the
kingdom by some examples of severity from further disturbance, we shall probably be of opinion, that as much mercy
>
"Robert Hepburn of Keith," says Sir "Walter Scott, "had pinioned
the arms of the turnkey by an effort of strength, and effected his escape
into the open street without pursuit.
But he was at a loss whither to fiy,
or where to find a friendly place of refuge.
His wife and famUy were, he
knew, in London ; but how, in that great city, was he to discover them,
especially as they most probably were residing there under feigned names ?
While he was agitated by this imcertainty, and fearful of making the least
inquiry, even had he known in what words to express it, he saw at a window
in the street an ancient piece of plate, called the Keith Tankard, which had
He immediately conceived that his wife and
long belonged tt> his family.
children must be inhabitants of the lodgings, and
entering without asking
questions, was received in their arras. They knew of his purpose of escape,
and took lodgings as near the jail as they could, that they might afford him
immediate refuge but dared not give him any hint where they were.otherwise than by setting the weU-kno\vii flagon where it might,' by good forTales of a Grandfather, vol.
tune, catch his eve. He escaped to France."
;
iii.
pp. 100, lOl'.
'SiiiAJaji.ij";s
j^'isi'^fjîiCUi
PRINCE CHAIiLES EDWAED.
1720.]
101
was shown as was consistent with the safety of the established

governmeut, and the vindication of the rights of the people."'
In Scotland, the partisans of the Chevalier de St George
were more fortunate than their brethren in arms who surrendered at Preston. AVe have already seen that the Earl
Marischal, the Earls of Mar and Melfort, and Lord Drummond had contrived to escape to the Continent. The same
good fortune attended the Jlarquis of TuUibardine, the Earls
of Southesk and Seaforth, Lord Tynemouth, Sir Donald INlac
Donald, and others of the Highland chieftains. After skulking for some time in the mountains, the majority of them
passed to Skye, Lewis, and other of the Western Isles, where
they remained concealed tUl they obtained vessels to carry
them to France.

CHAPTER I.
Serves under NoailUs at DctBirth and youtlifiU History of the Prince.

tinijen.
Hopes and Expectations of the Jacohites from his Cliaracter.
Joins the Expedition under J[arshal Saxe.
Dispersion of the French
His Letter to his
Fleet, and Disappointment of the Prince's Hopes.
Father on the eve of his Departure for Scotland.
Chaeles Edward Lottis Philip Casimib Stuart, com"

called
the Toung Pretender," was the eldest son of
monly
Prince James Frederick, by Clementina Maria, daughter of

Prince Sobieski, eldest son of John, King of Poland. He was
Eome on the '20th of December, 1720, and continued
to reside principally in the Papal dominions, till the day (m
born at
which he departed on
his memorable
expedition into Scothistory of his childhood but little is known. It
that
at
a
certain, however,
very early age he gave high promise of future excellence, and that the reports which continued to reach England of his enterprising character and generous disposition were such as to revive the most sanguine
expectations among the adherents of the Stuarts, and to ex-
land.
Of the
is
'
vol.
History of the Principal States of Europe, from the Peace of Utrecht,

ii.
p. 46.
102
THE PEETEXDEES AND THEIK ADHEBEIfTS.
[l734.
a corresponding degree of apprehension in the minds of

the English Ministry.
Charles was only in his iifteenth year, when he was sent
by his father to serve under the celebrated Duke of Benvick
at the siege of Gaeta. His conduct during the siege, his contempt of danger, and the quickness and intelligence with
which he learned the duties of a soldier, procured him the
highest encomiums from all quarters. On the 7th of August,
1734, the Duke of Berwick writes from Gaeta to the Duke of
"Just on the Prince's arrival. I conducted him to
Fitzjames,
the trenches, where he showed not the least surprise at the
even when the balls were hissing about his ears.
fire,
enemy's
I was relieved the following day from the trenches, and as
the house I lodged in was very much exposed, the enemy discite
charged, at once, five pieces of cannon against it, which made

me move my quarters. The Prince, arriving a moment after,
would, at any rate, go into the house, though I did all I could
to dissuade him from it, by representing to him the danger
he was exposing himself to yet he staid in it a very considerable time, with an luidisturbed countenance, though the
walls had been pierced through with the cannon-balls. In a
word, this Prince discovers, that in great princes, whom nature has marked out for heroes, valour does not wait the
number of years. I am now blessed be God for it
rid of
aU my uneasiness, and joyfully indulge myself in the pleasiu-e
of seeing the Prince adored by officers and soldiers.
His
manner and conversation are really bewitching.
set out
in
for Naples
a day or two, where I am pretty certain his
Eoyal Highness wiU charm the Neapolitans, as much as he
has done our troops." Prom such a person as the Duke of
Berwick this was indeed valuable praise. Charles continued
to serve under the Duke, tiU the lamented death of the latter,
a few months afterwards, at the siege of Philipsburg.
Peace having been concluded between France and the
Empire in the following year, Charles had no other opportunity of distinguishing himself in arms till the breaking out
of the war between England and France in 1743, when he
joined the French army under the Due de NoaOles. He was
present at the battle of Dettingen, which was fought in th at
year; on which occasion he is said to have highly distinguished
himself by his personal gallantry, being one of the foremost
to charge the enemy, and one of the last to retreat.
;
We
103
PRINCE CHABLES EDWARD.
1740.]
It has been asserted that the education of the
young Prince
was purposely neglected by his tutor, Sir Thomas Sheridan,

whom the English Government found means to retain in their
This may possibly have been one of those deep-laid
pay.
schemes of Sir Eobert Walpole one of those acts of watchful policy and careful foresight, by which he preserved the
at the
sovereignty of these realms to the House of Hanover,
threatened with destruction
period when it was constantly
similar
from foreign intrigues and domestic discontent. A
of William the Third, for
story is related of the boyhood
whom the celebrated Pensionary, John De Witt, is said to
have provided a tutor of mean abilities, in order to depress
and keep in the bakgi-oiuid the intellectual energies of the
future champion of Protestantism and liberty in Europe.
the Third,
Probably, howeveT, neither in the case of William
nor in that of Prince Charles Edward, had the story much
foundation La fact.
Owing to the supineness of the Chevalier de St George,
commonly called the Old Pretender, and to his increasing
Scottish Jacobites had

age and infirmities, the English and
of their darllong ceased to expect the immediate realization
House of Stuart to the
ing hopes in the restoration of the
throne of these kingdoms. As the young Prince, however,
these hopes were once more
progressed towards manhood,
and about the year 17-10, secret
enthusiastically revived
associations had begun to be formed among persons of rank
and influence in the Highlands, who waited only for the ceror Spain, and the appearance
tainty of succour from France
of the young Prince on their shores, to rush into open insurrection, and to devote their lives and fortunes to the cause
;
of their legitimate sovereign.

To imaginations, indeed, less heated with feelings of deep
and devotional loyalty than those of the Highland chieftains,
the time appeared to" be far from distant, when the grandson
of Charles the First might be anointed on the throne of his
ancestors at AVestminster, or hold his peaceful levees at St
James's or Whitehall' The signs of the times (at that particular period, at least, when Charles received his famous
'
Though for a time we see 'Whitehall

"With cobwebs hangintj on the wall,
Instead of gold and silver bri<;ht,
That glanced with splendour day and night,
lOi
[l740.
invitation irom the Court of France to joia the force under

Marshal Saxe, intended for the invasion of England) certainly
held out a fair promise of success. An influential portion of
the English nobility and gentry, at the head of -n-hom was
the Premier Duke, the Duke of Norfolk, were known to be

thoroughly disgusted with the reigning dynasty, and though
reluctant to risk their lives and fortunes without a tolerable
certaintv of success, were nevertheless secretly prepossessed
in favour of the Stuarts. The great majority of the Highland
sechieftains were enthusiastically devoted to their cause
veral of the most influential of the Lowland gentry were
known to be well-inclined towards the exiled family while
Ireland was certain to embark in a cause of which the watch;
words were Papal supremacy and legitimate right.

There were many other circumstances which tended to
arouse the dormant hopes and expectations of the Jacobites.
England was at this period engaged in a war with Spain, and
it was anticipated, with good reason, that France also would
of
speedily be numbered among her enemies. The elevation
Cardinal de Tencin to the supreme power in France the
well-known enterprising character of that ambitious churchman his regard for the members of the exiled family, and
more especially the personal obligation which he was under
to the Chevaher de St George, whose interest had advanced
him to the purple, rendered it far from improbable that he
would plunge his country into a war wnth her hereditary
enemy in which case he could scarcely foil to take advantage
of the divided state of public opinion in England, and, by
;
adopting the cause of the Stuarts, have seized a favourable

George
opportiuiity of making a descent upon her shores.
the Second, moreover, was at this period in the zenith of his
and not only did there prevail throughout
impopularity
England a vast amount of distress and misery, which was ingeniously exaggerated by party writers, but the undue preference which had long been shown, both by the King and
;
^Vith
rioli perfume
lu every room.
That did delight
that princely train,
These
a2;ain shall be.
When
the time
That the King
we
see.
shall enjoy his
own
again.
JacohUe Song,
PEIIfCE
1743.J
CHAKLES EDWAED.
his father, to the interests of their native
105
and petty Electorate
over those of England, had long excited universal indignation

"
and disgust. " ]ô Hanoverian King
had become the frequent toast, not only of the Jacobites, but of many who had
been
weU
aiieeted
towards
the
formerlj'
existing Government
and the very term of " Hanoverian " is said to have become
a by-word of insult and reproach.
It was at this crisis that, in the summer of 1743, Prince
Charles, then in his twenty -fourth year, received a secret invitation from the Court of France to join the expedition
under the famous Marshal Saxe, which was intended for the
invasion of England. Never, perhaps, was such an invitation
!
offered to one so peculiarly situated, and never, under

any
circumstances, perhaps, was it more cordially accepted.
Warmed with the generous enthusiasm of youth, and embarking in what he believed to be a rightful and a righteous
cause, he panted to set his foot on the land of bis ancestors,
and, by his own sword and his own energies, to replace his
father on a throne which had been the heir-loom of his family
for many hundred years, and of which all the laws of
legitimacy assured him that they had been viTongfidly deprived.
The child of circumstance and of education, he could be expected to acknowledge neither the principles nor the laws
which had deprived him
of, and stiU excluded him from, his

patrimony. From infancy he had been sedulously taught to
the
regard
reigning sovereign, George the Second, as the
usurper of his father's throne, and he could scarcely regard
as otherwise than false, mischievous, and heretical, those civil
and religious principles which had deprived his family of their
birthright and driven them into exile. Educated in the most
exalted notions of the royal prerogative,
firmly and conscientiously convinced of the righteousness of his own cause,
accustomed from his infancy to listen to arguments of sweet
and poisonous fallacy, we cannot attribute it to him as a
crime that he should have fearlessly and gallantly embarked
in a cause which he fij-mly and devoutly believed to be one
of religion and of right.
When we
cation,
and
indeed, the circumstances of his eduthatremember,

he had been confided to the charge of priests
he had been nursed in the

lap of luxury, and accustomed to the enervating pleasures
and habits of a soft and luxurious climate, we can only
bigots, and, moreover, that
106
[l741.
wonder that there should have been generated in such a

quarter those powers of endurance, and that spirit to act,
those kindly and generous feelings, and those clear and excellent abilities, which distinguished the gallant and warmhearted Prince in the early period of his career, and which
were displayed by him under circumstances of difficulty and
danger, such as it has been the lot of few besides himself to

encounter. Lord JNIahon, speaking of the cloud which overshadowed the Prince's character in later years, observes
"
Not such
But not such was the Charles Stuart of 1745
was the gallant Prince, fuU of youth, of hope, of courage,
men
in
the
wilds
of
could
with
seven
Moidart,
who, landing
rally a kingdom round his banner, and scatter his foes before
him at Preston and at Selkirk
Not such was the gay and
Not such was he whose endurance
courtly host of Holyrood
of fatigue and engerness for battle shone preeminent, even
amongst Highland chiefs while fairer critics proclaimed him
the most winning in conversation, the most graceful in the
dance
Can we think lowly of one who could acquire such
unbounded popularity in so few months, and over so noble a
nation as the Scots who coidd so deeply stamp his image on
their hearts, that, even thirty or forty years after his departure, his name, as we are told, always awakened the most
ardent praises from all who had known him the most rugged
and tears to
hearts were seen to melt at his remembrance
steal down the fiuTowed cheeks of the veteran ? Let us, then,
without denying the faults of his character, or extenuating
the degradation of his age, do justice to the lustre of his
;
manhood."
'
On
the 9th day of January, 1744, the Prince took an affectionate leave of his father, and departed secretly from
Rome with the intention of joining the expedition under
Marshal Saxe. " 1 trust, by the aid of God," were his part"
ing words to his father, that I shall soon be able to lay
three crowns at your Majesty's feet."
The old Chevalier
seems to have been much aftected at their separation. " Be
"
careful of yourself,'' lie replied,
for I would
my dear boy,
"
not lose you for all the crowns in the world
As the EngUsh Grovernment had received information of
the Prince's intended movements, and, moreover, as the King
of Sardinia had given orders on land, and Admiral Mathews
1
'
History of England from the Peace of Utreclit,
vol.
iii.
p. 245.
PIIINCE
1714.]
CHAELES EDWARD.
107
bad received directions at sea, to intercept his person, it was

shoukl be conducted
necessary that his departure from Eome
with the utmost secrecy. Having been furnished with the

he gave out that he
necessary passports by Cardinal Aquaviva,
was proceeding on a "huntiug expedition and having subsehe traveled
as
a
himself
courier,
Spanish
quently disguised
one servant, through Tuscany and
post, attended only by
Genoa to Savona. Here he embarked on board a small ship,
and sailing boldly through the British fleet, arrived in safety
at Antibes, ^v hence he rode post to Paris.
After a short stay in the French capital, during which he
was not even admitted to the Royal presence, he set oft' in
and subsequently took up
disguise for the coast of Picardy,
his abode at Gravelines, where, under the name of the Chevalier Douglas, he resided in the strictest privacy during the
summer of 1741',' and where for the first time the shores of
to
England met his view. The time which he was compelled
and anxiously the arrival
pass at this place, expecting daily
to
seems
and
from
Brest
French
the
Eochefort,
of
squadrons
"
The
have been extremely irksome to the young adventurer.
"
is very partisituation I am in,'"' he writes to his father,
is become of
cular, for nobody knows where I am, or what
the
as
to
buried
I
am
me so that
public, and cannot
entirely
but say that it is a very great constraint upon me, for I am
room for fear of
obliged very often not to stir out of my
that you
somebody's noting my face. I very often think
me
saw
woidd laugh very heartily, if you
going about -vvith
a single servant, buying fish and other things, and squabbling
"
And again he writes, " Everyfor a penny more or less
him in one
body is wondering where the Prince is some put
knows where he is
place, and some in another, but nobody
he
is told news of himself to his face,
and
sometimes
really
;
which
is
very diverting."
to the failure of the French
destrucexpedition against England, and to the consequent
tion of the Prince's hopes, may be related in a few words.
Admiral EoquefeuUle, with the French fleet, having sailed
up the British Channel, and finding, on his arrival at Spithead, that there was no force to oppose him, had written in
the most pressing manner to Marshal Saxe, who had assembled his troops at Dunkirk, urging him to embark them im'
Home's Hist, of the Eebcllion of 17-15, p. 33.
The circumstances which led
THE PEETESDEfiS AXD THEIE ADHEBENTS.
108
[l"4i.
mediately on board the transports, and at once make a deThe advice was promptly
scent on the shores of England.
followed by the Marshal, who instantly hurried seven thousand men on board the first transports, and embarked himself
with the Prince on board his own ship. Another body of
eight thousand men had orders to follow as speedily as possible

and, as the Isle of Thanet and the coast of Kent were
at this period entirely unprotected by anj' naval or military
force, the consternation which prevailed throughout England
may be more readily imagined than described.
;
In the mean time Admiral Eoquefeuille had proceeded off

Dungeness, where he fell in with the British fleet under Sir
John Norris. As the force uuder the command of this officer
was vastly superior
to that of the French, it was the

policy
as well as the duty of the English Admiral to compel them
to an immediate engagement, by which means he might have
performed a most important service for his country at one of
the most critical periods in her annals. For some reason,
however, he chose to delay the attack tLU the nest morning,
when it was discovered that the French had wisely made their
retreat towards their o^vn shores.
Fortunately, before they
could reach their harbours in safety, they were overtaken by
a violent tempest, from which they sustained great damage.
The same storm, also, blowing dii'ectly on DimkLrk, drove

back the French transports with great violence towards their
own coast destroying some of them, and effecting incalcul;
able injury to many of the others.

disaster so formidable
in its effects was not to be easily remedied and so disheartened were the French Government, that they determined on
abandoning the expedition altogether. The French troops
were drafted from Dunkirk, and Marshal Saxe appointed to
the command of the army in Flanders.
The Prince's mortification at these untoward circumstances
may be readily imagined. Hope, however, never deserted
him and so confident was he in his own energies and in the
affectionate devotedness of his adherents in Scotland, that he
;
even seriously proposed to Earl Marischal to set sail there in

a herring-boat, and place himself at their head. Prevented,
by the strenuous opposition of the Earl, from putting this
rash scheme into execution, he formed another of entering the
French army and serving in its ranks, in which he was also
thwarted by the kindly remonstrances of the Earl, who very
1741, 1745.]
PRnfCE CHAELES EDWARB.
100
forcibly argued with him on the injury which he would entail

on his cause in England, by fighting against his own country-
men.
During the greater portion of the sixteen months which

elapsed between the failure of the expedition under ^Marshal
Saxe till the Prince's actual departure for Scotland, Charles,
by the advice of his father, resided in the strictest retirement
in the neighbourhood of Paris and in other parts of France.
In one of his letters to his father, in June, 1711, he speaks
of his seclusion as being that of a hermit and again he writes
"
to him, on the 3rd of January, 1745
This I do not regret
I
in the least, as long as I think it of service to our cause
:
in a tub, like Diogenes, if necessary." His

time appears to have been principally occupied in maturing
his favourite scheme of making a descent on the Highlands
would put myself
in raising money for the purchase of arms and ammunition

in carrying on a correspondence with the principal Highland
and in addressing importunate but vain appeals
chieftains
to the French Government to aid and abet him in the design
he had in view. With the exception of some empty professions of good will, and occasionally an insignificant sum to
;
his personal necessities, he met \vith neither encouragement nor succour from the French Court, Neither were
the tidings which he received from his friends in the Highlands of a much more encouraging nature. They were ready,
they assured him, in the event of a fair prospect of success,
to risk their lives and fortunes in his cause
but they added,
that unless he landed in Scotland accompanied with a force
of six thousand troops, and with at least ten thousand stand
of arms, it would be useless and, indeed, fatal to make any
attempt on his behalf In their letters to him, the Highland
chieftains, with the single exception of the young Duke of
Perth, expressed their strong and decided opinion that he
should abandon the enterprise till a more fitting opportunity
and they even stationed one of their own body, ]MiuTay of
Broughton, on the Highland coast, in order to intercept the
Prince's progress, and to implore him to effect a timely
meet
retreat.
When we consider the cold treatment which Charles continued to experience from the French Court, the apparent
lukewarmness of his friends in Scotland, the great difficulty
which he found in raising money, and the annoyance to
110
TUE PEETE?fDEES AND THEIK ADHERENTS.
[l745.
which he was constantly subjected from the petty intrigues

which divided his own immediate followers, we cannot but
wonder that his spirit was not entirely broken, and tliat the
To
enterprise was not abandoned by him in its very birth.
"
I own
his father he writes, on the Kith of January, 1745
one must have a great stock of patience to bear all the iUusage I have from the French Court, and the tracasseries
of our own people. But my patience will never fail in either,
there being no other part to take." He clung, indeed, to his
early and food conviction, that he had only to raise his standard in the Highlands to insure success to his cause, and that
all that was wanting besides was a sufficient quantity of arms
with which to array the devoted and hardy mountaineers.
He wi-ites to his father, on the 7th of March " I wish you
would pawn all my jewels for, on this side of the water, I
should wear them with a very sore heart, thinking that there
might be a better use for them so that, in an urgent necessity, I may have a sum which may be of use to the cause."
And again, after saying that he would pawn even his shirt
"
for money
It is but for such uses," he svTites, *' that I
you with requests for money it will never

be for plate or fine clothes, but for arms and ammunition, or
other things which tend to what I am come about to this
shall ever trouble
country."
At length the war with France, which had nearly drained
England of troops, and more especially the success which had
attended the French arms at Fontenoy, fixed the determination of the Prince, and he decided on setting out at once on
his hazardous expedition.
From one Waters, a banker at
Paris, he had obtained a loan of 120,000 livres, with which
he purchased twenty small field-pieces, 1800 broad-swords,
1500 fusees, and an adequate quantity of powder, balls, and
flints.
He also carried with him a sum of money amounting
to about four thousand louis d'ors. One Walsh, a merchant
of Nantes, agreed to carry him over to Scotland in a fast brig
of eighteen guns, called the " DouteUe," which he had fitted
out to cruize against the British trade; and, moreover, though
in an underhand and indirect manner, the French Government assisted him with the escort of the " Elizabeth," a
JTrench ship of war mounting sixty-eight guns, whose ostensible instructions were to cruize on the coast of Scotland, but
the captain of which, there can be no doubt, had been fum-
PEINCE CHAIILES EDWAHD.
1745.]
Ill
ished with secret orders to assist the Prince in his enterprise, so long as he was enabled to do so without compromising the French Government.
On the r2th of June, 1745, twelve days before he embarked for Scotland, the Prince addi'essed a remarkable letter to
his father, a few extracts from which may not be unacceptable
to the reader
"
I believe your INIajesty little expected a courier at this
time, and much less from me, to tell you a thing that will be
a great surprise to you. I have been, above six months ago,
:
invited by our friends to go to Scotland, and to carry what

money and arms I could conveniently get this being, they
are fully jjersuaded, the only way of restoring you to the
crovrn, aud them to their liberties.
"
After such scandalous usage as I have received from the
French Court, had I not given my word to do so, or got so
many encouragements from time to time as I have had, I
should have been obliged, in honour and for my own reputation, to have flung myself into the arms of my friends, and
die with them, rather than live longer in such a miserable
way here, or be obliged to return to Eome, which would be
I cannot but mention a parable
just giving up all hopes.
a horse that is to be sold, if spurred does not
here, which is
of life, nobody would come to have
skip, or show some sign
him even for nothiug just so my friends would care very
;
have me, if after such usage, which all the world is

Your
of, I should not show that I have life in me.
Majesty cannot disapprove a son's following the example of
his father.
Ton yoiu-self did the like in the year -15 but
little to
sensible
the circumstances, indeed, ai-e now very different, by being

much more encouraging, there being a certainty of succeeding with the least help.
"
I ha\e been obliged to steal oif, tvifliout letting the King
of France so much as suspect it for which I make a proper
excuse in my letter to him by saying, it was a great mortification to me never to have been able to speak and open my
heart to him
that this thing was of such a nature that it
could not be communicated by any of the ministers or by
;
writing, but to himself alone, in whom, after God Almighty,

my resting lies, and that the least help would make my affair
infallible.
"
Let what will happen, the stroke
is
struck,
and I havo
112
THE PBETEIfDERS AND THEIP. ADHEEENTS.
[l7-lo.
resolution to conquer or to die, and stand my

as long as I shall have a man remaining with me.
ground
"
Wliatever happens unfortunate to me cannot but be the
strongest engagements to the French Court to pursue your
cause.
Now, if I were sure they were capable of any sensation of this kind, if I did not succeed, I woidd perish, as
Curtius did, to save my country, and make it happy it being
taken a
fii-m
an indispensable duty on me, as far as it lies in my power.

Tour Majesty may now see my reason for pressing so much
to pawn my jewels, which I should be glad to have done immediately for I never iyitend to come haclc, and money, next
to troops, will be of the greatest help to me.
;
"
/ should think it proper (if your Majesty pleases) to he

put at His Iloliness^sfeet, askirty his blessing on this occasion ;
hut ivhat I chiefly ask is your own, which I hope ivill procure
me that of God Almiyhty upon my endeacours to serve yoti, my
family, and my country ; lohich will ever he the only view of,
"
Your
jMajesty's
most dutiful
"
son,
Chaeles p."
These passages are not a little ciu'ious, as showing that

Charles was the sole author of the expedition, and that it
was undertaken entirely without the knowledge of bis father.
The Prince was at this period residing at the Chateau de
Navarre, a favourite seat of his illustrious ancestor, Henri
Quatre, from whence he proceeded to Nantes, which had
been fixed ujjon as the place of embarkation, and where he
was to meet the few and I'aithfid followers who were to share
with him the dangers of his romantic expedition. According
to the interesting narrative of iEneas Macdonald,
"After
the Prince had settled everything for his subsequent underthe
taking,
gentlemen who were to accompany him in his
voyage took
difl'erent
routes to Nantes, the place apipointed
meet at, thereby the better to conceal their designs.

During their residence there, they lodged in difl'erent parts
of the town and if they accidentally met in the street, or
to
elsewhere, they toolc not the least notice of each other, nor
seemed to be any way acquainted, if there was any person
near enough to observe them. Diu-ing this time, and whilst
everything was ])reparing to set sail, the Prince went to a
seat of the Duke of ]5ouillon, and took some days' diversion
in hunting, fishing,
and shooting,
amusements
he always
PRINCE CHAHLES EDWAED.
1745. J
113
to it on account of his
delighted in, being at first obliged
health. By this means he became inured to toil and labour,
him to undergo the great fatigues and hardThe individuals

unto."'
ships he was afterwards exposed
whose gallantry and personal devotion prompted them to
exaccompany their young master on his almost desperate
of TuUibardine, wlio had been
pedition, were the ^Slarquis
which
attainted for his share in the rebellion of 1715, by
which enabled
means he had been prevented from inheriting his fathers

title and estates as Duke of Athol, Sir Thomas Sheridan,
who had been the Prince's tutor, Sir John Macdonald, an
Mr
the
officer in
Spanish service,
gyman, O'Sullivan, an
Francis Strickland, an English
Kelly ,^ an English
cler-
Irish officer in the service of France,

gentleman, and Jilneas
younger brother of
Macdonald, a banker in Paris, and
"
Macdonald of Kinlochmoidart : A most extraordinary
band of followers," says the Chevalier Johnstone, "when we
consider the daring enterprise on which they were entering,
which was no less than that of attempting to wrest the
Crown of Great Britain from the House of Hanover, that
'
Of these persons,
had been so long in possession of it."
O'SuUivan, who had been aide-de-camp to Marshal de
the
have
been
to
is
said
MaiUebois,
only one who had any
knowledge of military affairs.
On the 22nd of Jiine, at seven in the evening, the Prince,
board the
accompanied by his seven friends, embarked on
"Doutelle," at St Nazaire, in the moutli of the Loire.*
Jacobite Memoirs, p. 1.
'
confined to the Tower on suspicion
Kelly had been for many years
of having been concerned in the famous plot of Atterbury, Bishop of
Rochester.
- Memoirs of the Rebellion in 1745 and 1740,
by the Chevalier de
Johnstone, p. 4.
Hume, the historian, in a letter to Sir John Pringle, brings a curious

on the authority of a conversation
charge of cowardice against the Prince,
which he had with Helvetius. In the words used by Helvetius to Hume :
" ' When the Prince went down to Xantes to embark on his expedition to
and his attendants,
Scotland, he took fright, and refused to go on board
would be affronted for his
thinking the matter gone too far, and that they
lies.'
the
ship, pieds et mains
cowardice, carried him in the night-time into
" if he meant
'Yes,' said he,
I asked Helvetius," savs Hume,
literally.
" *
This
force.'
main
him
carried
and
story,
by
literally
they tied him,
;
'
Nichols's
Literary Anecdotes of the 18th century,
I
vol. is. p. 402.
THE PEETEUDEES
11-i
a:SD
THEIE AUHEEEITTS.
[l745.
From heuee he
sailed to Belleisle, where he was detained a

"
lew days waiting the arrival of the Elizabeth." To
lather's
his
secretary, he writes from Belleisle on the
Edgar,
Mr
"After
having waited a week here,

July (N.S.)
not without a little anxiety, we have at last got the escort
I expected, which is just arrived,
namely, a ship of sixtyI am, thank
eight guns, and seven hundred meu aboard.
God, in perfect health, but have been a little sea-sick, and
expect to be more so but it does not keep me much a-bed,
The
for I find the more I struggle against it the better."
Priuce, it seems, kept his rank a profoiuid secret from the
"
crew of the Doutelle." He had disguised himself, before
he embarked, in the habit of a student of the Scots' College,
at Paris
and, ia order the better to insure concealment, he
allowed his beard to gi-ow till his arrival in Scotland.
On the fom'th day after the Prince had sailed from
Belleisle, a large ship was descried to windward, which
"
proved to be the Lion," a British man-of-war of fifty-eight
l'2th of
guns, commanded by Captain Brett, who had distinguished

himself in Anson's expedition at the storming of Paita. An
"
action took place between this ship and the
Elizabeth,"
which was maintained with great fury and obstinacy for six
hours, and terminated by both vessels sufl'ering so severely
in the conflict, that the "Elizabeth" was compelled to put
back to France, and tlie " Lion," with some difficulty, returned to one of her own harbours. The Priuce, on board
"
the
DouteUe," watched the result of the action with feelings of the deepest anxiety, and several times expressed an
earnest wish that his own little vessel should take a share in
At length, as the fight grew more protracted,

his feehngs of suspense became so painful, and his desii'e to
engage so paramount to every other consideration, that
"
to tell
the conflict.
Walsh, the captain of the DouteUe," was compelled

him, that if he did not desist from his importunities, he
should be forced to exert the power which he possessed of
ordering the Prince to his cabin.'
By the return of the
scarcely necessary to remark, is entirely refuted by the spirited conduct and almost romantic gallantry for which Charles was on all occasions
For a more
distinguished throughout his subsequent unfortunate career.
detailed refutation of this absurd charge, see Lord Mahon's History of
England, vol. iii. p. 255, and a note to Waverley, vol. ii. p. 272, revised
it is
edition.
'
Duncan Cameron's Narrative, Jacobite Memoirs,
p. 7.
PEINCE CHAELES EDWAED.
1745.]
115
"Elizabeth" to France, the Prince had the mortification of

being deprived of the greater portion of the anus and military stores which he had provided for the expedition.
The Prince was now compelled to trust his fortunes
entirely to the small vessel in which he had embarked with
his followers. Every precaution was taken to insure secrecy:
no lights were allowed in the ship, with the exception of a
and even this was so well consingle one for the compass
trived, that not a ray from it was reflected on the ocean.
other
adventure
occurred
to the Prince during the
one
Only
voyage. Two days after her separation from the "Elizabeth,"
"
the Doutelle" was chased, and prepared for action but at
the same time she made aU the sail she could, and fortunately
escaped her pursuers. As she neared the Hebrides, a large
an inhabitant of the neighbouring mountains was
eagle
The Marquis of TuUibardine
seen to hover over the vessel.
"
"
that
I hope. Sir," he said,
pointed it out to the Prince
this is an excellent omen, and promises good things to us
;
the king of birds
upon your
come to welcome your Royal Highness
is
arrival in Scotland."
'
CHAPTER
II.
His Interview with Slacdnnald

Airival of the youn"; Prince in Scotland.
Its Influence upon him.
of Boisdale,
Assembly of Chieftains on board
the "Doutelle."
Landing of the Prince. Anecdotes of his Landing, by
Bishop Forbes. Holds his Court at Borrodaile. Interview between the
Prince and Cameron of Lochiel.
The spot on which the young Prince fii-st set foot on the
land of his ancestors was the small island of Erisca, situated
between the islands of Barra and South Uist. At this desert
place, the Prince, on the 18th of July, 1745, landed with
his small band of devoted followers
the Marquis of TuUibardine alone, in consequence of his suffering from a severe
fit of the
gout, being compelled to remain on board the
"Doutelle."
The miserable state of the weather, and the gloomy
character of the scenery which surrounded them, were not
;
'
Jacobite Memoirs, p.
I 2
9.
IIG
THE PEETEXDEES AND TUEIE ADHEHENTS.
[l745.
such as to raise the
spirits of the adventurers, already dethe loss of the "Elizabeth," -with nearly the -whole
pressed by
of their military stores. They were met on their landing by
a violent storm of wind and rain, which compelled them to
seek refuge in a small house, where some wind-bound sailors
"
had already taken
shelter.
Here, however," according to
"
the narrative of ^5ilneas Maedonald, they were all refreshed
as well as the place could afl'ord, and they had some beds,
but not sufficient for the whole company on which account
the Prince, being less fiitigued than the others, insisted
;
upon such to go to bed as most wanted it. Particularly he

took care of Sir Thomas Sheridan, and went to examine his
The landbed, and to see that the sheets were well aired.
him to search the bed so narrowlj', and at the
same time hearing him declare he would sit up all night,
called out to him, and said, that it was so good a bed, and
the sheets were so good, that a prince needed not be ashamed
to lie in them.
The Prince, not being accustomed to such
fires in the middle of the room, and there being no other
than
a
ia the roof, was almost choked, and was
hole
chimney
lord, observing
obliged to go often to the door for fresh
made the
Angus Maedonald,
landlord,
air.
This at last
call out,
'
Wliat a
the matter with that fellow, that he can neither

plague
sit nor stand still, and neither
keep within nor without
is
doors?'"'
The island of Erisca, on which the Prince had taken up

temporary abode, proved to be the property of Maedonald
of Clanranald, chief of a powerful branch of the great clan
of the Macdonalds a man who was known to be well inclined to the cause of the Stuarts, but who, in consequence
of ill health and the increasing infirmities of age, had resigned the entire management of his affairs to his brother,
Alexander Maedonald of Boisdale. In consequence of the
paramount influence which Boisdale was known to possess
over the mind of his elder brother, the Prince deemed it advisable to adcbess himself to the younger chieftain in the
first instance, with the view to induce him to obtain the
consent of Clanranald to the subsequent rising of the clan.
Accordingly, ascertaining that both the brothers were residing at the time in the neighbom-ing island of South TJist, he
lost no time in despatching a messenger to Boisdale
who,
Jacobite Memoirs, p. U.
his
'
1745.]
JEINCE CHAELES EDWAED.
117
without hesitation, agreed to wait on the Prince the next

"
morning on board the Doutelle."

The result of the interview proved
far from satisfactory to

Charles. Not only did Boisdale refuse to take advantage of
any iufluence which he might possess over his brother's
mind, but he added, that he felt it to be an act of duty on
his own part to do his utmost to dissuade Clanrauald from
embarking in the cause. He explained his reasons for behe
lieving that it could never be attended with success
spoke of the projected enterprise as so rash and desperate as
almost to amount to an act of insanity and concluded by
urgeutly and aflectionately entreating the Prince to consult
"
I am come home," was
his own safety and to return home.
the reply of Charles, " and I wll entertain no notion of
I came for I am perto
the
from
whence
place
returning
suaded that my faithful Highlanders will stand by me." '
Boisdale shook his head, and told the Prince he was afraid
;
he would find himself sadly disappointed. Charles, however,

continued to urge his former arguments and, among other
persons of influence in the Highlands, mentioned Sir Alexander ]\Iacdonald, of )Sleat, and the Laird of Macleod, as two
chieftains in whose attachment he could confide. But Boisdale again implored him not to be too sanguine in his hopes,
;
adding that, to his ovwi certain knowledge, these gentlemen

would not only be found backward in joining his standard,
but that in all probability they would be found taking part
^vith the Government.
He even proposed to send oft' an
immediate message to Sir Alexander Macdonald, and to allow
the reply of that chieftain to be the test of the truth of what
he advanced.
It must be remarked, in justice to Boisdale, that though
he firmly adhered to his determination of dissuading his
brother from embarking in the enterprise, and was even
the means of preventing some hundreds of the hardy inhabitants of South Uist, and of the neighbouring cluster of
islands, from joining the standard of the adventurer, yet that
he religiously preserved the Prince's secret, and during the
subsequent wanderings of the latter among the Western
Islands, after the battle of Cullodeu, used his utmost
endeavours to prevent his falling into the hands of his
enemies. These facts having come to the knowle.lge of the
'
THE PRETENDERS AND THEIE ADHEEEIfTS.
lis
Government, he
.vas
[l745.
with
taken into custody and together
never stirred
it was said, had
his brother Clanranald (who,
-hole of tl.e reheUion)

during the
from hs own
of
It was not tiU the month
were carried to London hv sea.
to retnrn
fireside
that the brothers received permission

Inly. 1747,
'"
said to have been deeply

llttul; in secet, Charles is
with
residt of his mterview
afl^ted by the unsatisfactory
o
an
Boi dde, he never for a moment presented
jpearance
the cheer
on the contrary by
deiectiou or chsmay, but,
ot his conversation,
of his countenance and the gaiety
of his foU^w^r
RdlnsiLiost to infuse into the --^s which he was
and daring by
the same spirit of gallantry
-
after the
himself actiated. Immediately
J^^fu*^^^^^
f^Pf The
gallant
to the mainland.
dale he gave orders to sad
and on the 19th oi
bark entered the Bay of Lochnanuagh,
between
cast anchor near the small viUage oi/orsy
His
of Moidart and Airsaik.
the wild and drearv shores
Maca messenger to the younger
first sep was to despatch
fXsV
S-
de^-otion to his
whose chivalrous
donald of Clanranald, of
The young chiet lost not a
cause he was well assni-ed.
made
moment in obeying the summons, and
l^-ppea^ce
Macdonaia oi
on board the -DouteUe," accompanied b)
and
of Glenaladale and Dalib
Kinlochmoidirt, the Lairds
latter ot whom has becêntleman of his clan, the
ot what
account
us the foUowing interesting
,
a^Xr
ûelthedlo
nnme.
the ship-s boat, we were.

idea of
our hearts ^ô.md.ng at
We
^he
Prince.
our
near
so
long-wished-ior
at
length
beindeck
wdth poles upon the ship s
;. large'tent erected
with a variety of wmes
thr^nterior'of which was furnished
we were warmly vveland spirits. On entering this paîllon,
to whom most ot us had been
of
Athol,
Duke
the
comed by
conversmg w^th
kZwn in the year 1715. While we were
to see the Prince ai.d
the Duie cLnranald was called away
we shoidd not probably see
we we^ given to understand that
^^'SS!^-l"^""fbr
diately
c^êd on
LU
Sd
his
'
Eoval Hidmess that evening.
Tlout
,
.,
the tent
half-an-hom- after, there entered
4.
4.
f7i
fall
dressed
a.pkm
aspect,
,oi dâ most agreeable
i^ ^''tl^ '^
stock fked
w-ith a plaui sliirt, a cambric
^^^
a canvasP^.'^f
with
string, one
hat
a
round
plain
wig,
buckle, a fair
bkck^
PBINCE CHAELES EDWAED.
1745.]
119
end of which was fixed to one of his coat buttons, black stockings, and brass buckles in his shoes. At the first appearance
of this pleasing youth, 1 felt my heart swell to my throat
but one O'Brien, a churchman, immediately told us that he
;
was only an English clergj-man, who had long been possessed

with a desire to see and converse with the Highlanders.
"
At his entry, O'Brien forbade any of us who were sitting
he saluted some of us, and we only made a low bow
to rise
at a distance. I chanced to be one of those who were standing when he came in. and he took his seat near me but he
immediately started up again, and desired me to sit down by
him upon a chest. Taking him at this time for only a passenger
and a clergyman, I presumed to speak to him with perfect
a suspicion that he
familiarity, though I coidd not suppress
One of the questions
rnight turn out some greater man.
which he put to me in the course of conversation regarded
my Highland dress: he inquired if I did not feel cold in that
habit ? to which I answered, that I believed I shoidd only
At this he laughed heartily and he
feel cold in any other.
;
nest desired to know

that the plaid served
how I
me for
I replied,
lay with it at night.
a blanltet when sleeping, and I
showed him how I wrapped it about my person for that purAt this he remarked, that I must be unprepared for
pose.
defence in ease of a sudden surprise; but I informed him that,
during war or any time of danger, we arranged the arment

way as to enable us to start at once to our feet,
with a drawn sword in one hand and a cocked pistol in the
other. After a little more conveKation of this sort, the mysterious youth rose from his seat and called for a dram, when
O'Brien whispered to me to pledge the stranger, but not to
drink to him, which confirmed me in my suspicions as to his
real quality.
Having taken a glass of wine in his hand, he
drank to us all round, and soon after left the tent."
the
chieftains
who made their appearance on board
Among
the " Doutelle," Clanranald and Kinloehmoidart were the
only members of the party who were admitted to the honour
of an immediate introduction to the Prince.
The conversation naturally turned on the subject most interesting to all
the
deck of the
as
to
and
fro
and,
present
along
they paced
vessel, Charles eagerly laid before them all his romantic plans
:
in such a
'
and darling
projects, and, under the influence of deep

Lockhart Papers, vol. ii. pp. 479 and 480.
'
and
TUE PEETEHDEES AND THEIE ADHEEENTS.
120
[l745.
evident emotion, passionately appealed to the feelings of the

young and enthusiastic chieftains, and exerted every argument to induce them to declare themselves openly in his
To his disappointment, however, he was doomed to

encounter the same cold and unpalatable arguments, suggested by reason and expediency, which had recently been
urged by Boisdale. In vain he argued, entreated, and imAlas if such was the language which he was desplored.
tined to hoar from the younger and more chivalrous leaders
of the Highland clans, and from those most devoted to his
cause, what must he expect from those whose feelings were
cause.
more lukewarm, and who were far more calculatiag in their

views
The present, in fact, was one of those critical moments in the destiny of Charles, which subsequently more
than once occiured to him diu'ing his romantic expedition in
on the residt of which depended, in a great deScotland,
gree, either the utter annihilation of his ambitious hopes, or

the probable chances of ultimate success.
On
the present occasion chance, in a remarkable manner,

While he continued to pace the deck
favoui-ed his designs.

with his companions,
whose manner and gestui-es are described as no less animated than his own, they occasionally
passed a young Highlander, a brother of Kinlochmoidart,
who had accidentally come on an idle visit to the ship in
search of news, without knowing who was on board, and who,
as was then the custom of the country, was armed at all
points.
Gradually ascertaining, from portions of the conversation

which he was enabled to overhear, that he was in the presence of the sou of his legitimate Sovereign, whom he had
been taught to idolize from his earliest years, his feehngs became painfully excited and when by degrees he caught, the
fact, that his brother was in the act of coldly declining to
arm on the side of so righteous a cause and so gallant a
Prince, his sorrow and indignation were forcibly portrayed
in every movement of his body, and in every feature of his
;
The excited state of the yoimg Highlander could

scarcely fail to attract tlie notice of Charles. Suddenly turning towards him, he exclaimed, in a tone of deep and kindred
face.
emotion, "Will J/oii not assist me?" "I will. I wOl!" was
the enthusiastic reply. Charles is said to have been atfected
by the incident even to tears, and, after thanking him for
121
PEINCE CHABLES EDWAED.
1745.]
the proof which he had given of his warm-hearted devotion,

couched in hall'-reproachful lanexpressed a mournlul wish,
were like him. Clauguage, that all the other Highlanders
ranald and Kiulochmoidart, partly, it may be, affected by the
rebuke of the Prince, and partly perhaps imbibing the en-
thusiasm of the moment, no longer offered any opposition to

the Prince's wishes, and even warmly expressed their eagerness at once to embark their lives and fortunes in his cause.
There were two chieftains of great power and influence in

Western Highlands, who were known to be secretly preof the claims of the Stuarts, and whom
possessed in favour
Charles was extremely anxious to induce to declare openly
in his favour. These persons were Sir Alexander Macdcnald
of Sleat, and the Laird of Macleod, who could severally have
men into
brought from twelve hundred to fifteen hundred
the
the
field.
Fortunately, however, for their
own
interests,
they
were both absent at this period in the Isle of Skye, and consequently removed from the fascination of Charles's eloquence,
and the dangerous charm of his personal address.
To
these powerful chieftains Charles, shortly after his aron the coast, had despatched as his emissaries the younger
Clanranald and Allan Macdonald, a third brother of Kiulochmoidart. Their mission, however, was attended with but indifferent success, the two chieftains having severally come to
rival
the fixed determination of taking up a neutral position, during the insurrection, or at all events of watching quietly the
tide of events and neither arguments nor promises could
shake them in their resolves. They laid great stress on the
circumstance of their followers being widely scattered over
the numerous and distant islands of the Hebrides, and the
which must attend a gathering of their
difficult}' and danger
It was true, they admitted, that they had previously
clans.
to
themselves
join the standard of the Prince, in the
pledged
event of his landing in the Highlands but the fidtilment of
that promise, they said, was altogether contingent on his be;
Finally,
ing supported by foreign auxiliaries and supplies.
they insisted, that without organised forces, without credit,
and unaided by officers of talent and experience, the expedition must prove fatal to all who were rash enough to embark in it.
Both of these powerful chieftains were, in fact, among the
mere time-servers of the day, who, while their hearts secretly
TUE PEETENDEES AyS THEIE ADHEEENTS.
122
[l745.
yearned to follow the fortunes of the adventurer, and while

they would willingly have persuaded him that nothing but
circumstances of extreme exigency could have withheld them
from joining his standard, yet at the same time maintained a
clandestine correspondence with the Government of the day,
and seized every opportunity of unblushingly professing their
attachment and allegiance to the reigning Sovereign. It ia
curious, indeed, to be admitted into the secret history of their
double treason for instance, Macleod, though no one could
be better aware that the object of the younger Clauranald'a
visit to the Isle of Skye was to stir
up himself and others to
rebellion, yet in one of his letters to the Government he thus
conceals
the
fact:
Clanranald
has been here
falsely
"Toung
\vith us, and has given us all possible assurance of his
prudence." Indeed, it is not till eight days afterwards, on the
11th of August, that Sir Alexander JMacdoualdconmiunicates
to the Government that "Toung Clanranald is deluded, not:
withstanding his assurances to us lately."

Again, though
Macleod must have been fuUy aware that the storm of rebellion was about to burst, in his letters to the Government
he thus endeavours to lull them into a sense of false securitj'"Sir Alexander Macdonald and I not
only gave no sort of
countenance to these people, but we used all the interest we
had with our neighbours to follow the same prudent method;
and I am persiiaded we have done it with that success, that
not one man of any consequence beneath the Grampians wiU
give any sort of assistance to this mad rebellious attempt."
As another instance of !Macleod's perfidy, may be mentioned
his Jesuitical attempt to dissuade the Govei-nment from send"In my opining any military reinforcement to Scotland.
"
it would be a
ion," he says,
very wrong step to draw many
of the troops to Scotland, as there can be but little danger
here." ^ It is a fact, proved by their own letters, that both
Sir Alexander Macdonald and Macleod communicated to the
Government the fact of Charles having arrived in the Highlands but it is also a fact, that they delayed transmitting
'
the intelligence
till 7i!ne
days after his landing.
Whatever may have been the feelings of Charles on learning the defection of two such influential chieftains as Sir
Alexander Macdonald and the Laird of Macleod, he at least
discovered no despondency in his communications with others;
'
Culloden Tapers, pp. 204, 207.
Ibid. pp. 201, 208.
PHINCE CHAELES EDWARD.
1745.]
123
and, indeed, hia social eheerfuJiiess, bis vigour of mind, and

chivalrous yearning for enterprise shone the more conspicuous as the difficulties of his situation increased. AVheu, among
other Higliland gentlemen, Hugh Macdonald, a younger brother of the Laird of Morar, endeavoured to impress him with
a serious sense of the dangers which awaited him, and earnestly and aft'ectionately imjjlored him to make good his re"
"
treat to France,
No," he said, he did not choose to owe
his restoration to foreigners, but to his own friends, to whom
he was now come to put it into their power to have the glory
of that event; and, as to returning to France, foreigners should
never have it to say that he had thrown himself upon his
friends
that they turned their backs upon him
and that
lie had been forced to return from them to foreign
parts. lu
a word, if he could but get six trusty men to join him, he
would clwose far rather to skulk ivith them amour/ the nwiititains of Scotland than to return to France."
On the 2oth of Jidy, Charles, for the first time, set his foot
on the mainland of Scotland. The spot which witnessed his
memorable landing was a small farm called Borrodaile, belonging to Clanranald, situated in a mountainous and inaccessible district of Invernesshire, and in the heart of the
territories of the Stuarts and JIacdonalds, who were known
to be devotedly attached to the cause of the Stuarts, and
whose fathers had so often fought the battle of royalty beneath
the banners of the illustrious Montrose. He was accompanied
to the shore by the seven gallant gentleman,
the "Seven men
of Moidart," as they were afterwards styled by the Jacobites,
who followed his fortunes from France, and whose feelings
of triumphant joy may be readily imagined, when they thus
wtnessed the partial realization of those vain but brilliant
hopes which they had fostered in the gay salons of Paris, and
afterwards in the dingy cafes of Nantes and St Nazaire and
when kneeling on the wild shores of the "Western Highlands,
they congratidated their young master on the accomplishment of this first passage in his extraordinary career.
"
Bishop Forbes, in a Narrative of a Conversation with a
Mr Hugh Macdonald, brother to the Laird of Morar," which
took place at Leith on the 1.3th of June, 1750, relates some
"
curious particulars respecting the Prince's landing.
Mr
"
Macdonald," he says, told me that when the Prince came
first upon the coast of Scotland, he himself was in
Edinburgh,
THE PRETENDEES
12i
THEIB ADHEEENTS.
AlfD
[l745.
that, in returning to the Highlands, he happened to meet

with Macdonald of Kinlochmoidart, crossing the water of
and
Locky, who asked him, 'What news?' 'No news at all have
said Mr Hugh.
'Then,' said Kinlochmoidart, 'I '11 give
I,'
you '11 see the Prince this night at my house.'

'WTiatprinee doyoumeanr' saidMrHugh. 'Prince Charles,'
You are certainly joking,' said Mr
said Kinlochmoidart.
Hugh I cannot believe you.' Upon this, Kinlochmoidart
assured him of the truth of it. 'Then,' said Mr Hugh, 'what
number of men has he brought along with him ?
Only
What stock of money and
seven,' said Kinlochmoidart.
arms has ne brouglit mth him then?' said Mr Hugh. 'None
Mr Hugh said he did not
at all,' replied Kinlochmoidart.
like the expedition at all, and was afraid of the consequences.
if the matter go
I cannot help it,' said Kinlochmoidart
wrong, I '11 certainly be hanged, for I am engaged already.
as
I
am
I have uo time to spare just now,
going with a message from the Prince to the Duke of Perth.' They then took
you news
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
leave
and parted."
'
As soon
as the foot of the Prince having landed at Borrodaile became known to the Highland gentlemen in the neighbourhood, they met to consult as to the measures which
was most expedient for them to adojjt under existing

Duncan Cameron, alluding to this meeting,
circumstances.
"I have heard it affirmed by good
observes in his narrative,
that
authority,
Keppoch honestly and bravely gave it as his
had risked his person, and gesince
Prince
that
the
opinion,
nerously thrown himself into the hands of his friends, thereit
fore it was their duty to raise their men instantly, merely

for the protection of his person, let the consequence be what
it would.
Certain it is, that if Keppoch, Lochiel, young
Clanranald. &c., had not joined him, he would either have
fallen into the
hands of
his enemies, or
been forced imme-
diately to cross the seas again.^

Charles, immediately on his landing, was conducted to the
farm-house of Borrodaile. where, during several days, he continued to hold his small but warlike and animated court.
of honour, consisting of a hundred Highlanders, was
guard
formed for the protection of his person from among the gentlemen of Clanranald's elan; there the gay colours of the tartan
were alone seen; and thither flocked, day after day, the most
'
Jacobite Memoirs, p. 18, note.
T25
PEINCE CHAHLES EDWAED.
1745.]
devoted hearts that perhaps had ever tvarnied for the cause
of an outcast and unfortimate Prince. During a period of
each day he mingled with his followers in a large apartment
at Borrodaile, whither the hardy inhabitants of the neigh-
bouring valleys came in numbers to see him, and where,

"
without distinction to age or sex," they were freely admitted to feast their eyes with the sight of tlieir beloved and
Charles, to the delight of the Highlandlegitimate Prince.
ers, wore their national costume.
"
Oh
better loved ho canna be
Yet, when we see him wearing

Our Highland garb sae gracefully,
'T
is
aye the mair endearing.
Though a' that now adorns his brow

Be but a simple bonnet
Ere lang we '11 see of kingdoms three
The royal crowTi upon it."
;
'
It is recorded of Charles, that, on the first day on which

he sat down to dinner with his new friends in the hall at
"
Borrodaile, being called upon to driiik the usual
gracedrink," he repeated the necessary words in the English
a
Highland gentleman rose
Shortly afterwards,
language.
"
Deoch
from his seat, and proposed the health of the Kint),
The toast was hailed with exin Craehc.
slaint au High"
Charles, ignorant of the language
traordinary enthusiasm.
in which it was pronounced, and surprised at the sensation
which it created, desired to have the words iterated to him
He then rose, and to the detill he learnt them by heart.
the toast in their own lanlight of the Highlanders, repeated
guage. After this, the healths of the Prince himself and of
his brother Henry were proposed in Gaelic, and drunk
raptiwously and "the company separated, the Highlanders
delighted with the winning and aftable manners of their young
Prince, and the interest which he took in their language and
customs, and Charles, perhaps, no less gratified at the success which had attended this his first attempt to engage the
feelings of so noble and so affectionate a people.
It was at Borrodaile that the first and memorable interview took place between Charles and the high-minded and
This celebrated man
chivalrous Donald Cameron of Loehiel.
'
Jacobite Song.
THE PUETENDEES ASD THEIE ADHERENTS.
126
[l745.
prime of life, and proverbially the

most respected and beloved among the Highland chieftains.
To Lochiel, moreover, and to his family the House of Stuart
were deeply indebted. During half a century. Sir Evan
Cameron, the gramllather of Lochiel, had fought in the cause
of the exiled family by the side of both Montrose and Dundee and even now, the father of the chieftain, having been
attainted for his share in the Rebellion of 1715, vras wearing
out a life of exile in France.
Xotwithstauding tlie enthusiasm of Lochiel's character,
and his devoted attaclunent to the House of Stuart, his family
and his clan had already suffered too deeply by the generous
sacrifices which they had made to their principles, not to
make him pause and deliberate before he again embarked
headlong in a cause which had already proved so disastrous
and almost fatal to his race. Like the majority of the Highland chieftains, he seems, in the first instance, to have judged
correctly of what was likely to be the result of their taking
up arms against the Government. To his friends he expressed
himself satisfied that the expedition unaided as it was by
ivas at tliis period in the
must
foreign powers, and imsupported by money or credit
inevitably terminate in the ruin of all wlio were rash enough
to engage in it and so satisfied was he of the rashness of the
undertaking, that when he received a letter from Charles,
acquainting him of his arrival in the Highlands, and urging
him to repair to him immediately, liis sole object seems to
have been to impress the Prince with a due sense of the
dangers which awaited him, and of the ntter impossibility of
the enterprise being crowned with success.
AVith this object in view, he determined on waiting on the Prince in perand
to
make
use
of
his
influence
wth
the young
son,
personal
adventurer to make good his retreat into France while cir;
cumstances still favoured his escape.

On his road to Borrodaile, the chieftain stopped to pay a
The
passing visit to his brother, Cameron of Fassefern.
younger brotlier, but too well aware of the ardent temperament of Locliiel's character, strongly urged him on no account
to expose himself to the fascinations of a personal interview
with the young Prince, but by all means to communi"
cate his arguments by letter.
I know you," said Fasse"
better than you know yourself.
If this Prince once
fern,
1745.]
PBINCE CHAELES ED-WAEB.
127
make you do whatever he
nis eyes on you, he

Loehiel, however, persisted in his original intenpleases."'
tion of waiting on the Prince in person and the result of
their interview was exactly such as had been anticipated by
will
sets
For a considerable time, indeed, Loehiel stood

Fassefern.
firm against the entreaties and arguments of Charles, till the
latter, in a moment of great excitement, and by the exercise
of that happy combination of language and manner, that
irresistible appeal to the generous feelings of his listeners,
which had already scattered to the winds the predetermined
cautiousness and circumspection of more tlian one of his
decided the fote of Loehiel.
present followers, at length
'"
"
with the few friends I have, I
In a few days," he said,
will raise the royal standard, and proclaim to the people of
Britain that Charles Stuart is come over to claim the crown
of his ancestors to win it, or to perish in the attempt.
Loehiel, who my father has often told me was our firmest
friend, may stay at home, and learn from the newspapers
"
the fate of his Prince."
No," said Loehiel, who caught
"
the enthusiasm of the moment, I will share the fate of my
Prince, and so shall every man over whom nature or fortune
has given me any power!"
On the result of this important conference depended, according to Home, the great question of peace or war for,
had Loehiel remained firm in his determination to resist the
Prince's eloquence, it was the general opinion in the Highlands that no other chieftain would have joined the standard
of the adventurer, and that the spark of rebellion must inLoehiel,
evitably have been extinguished in the North.it may be added, returned to his own house at Auchnacarrie,
whence he despatched messengers to tlie subordinate chieftains of his clan, desiring them to hold their followers in immediate readiness to join the standard of the Prince.
On the 11th of August, Charles, having disembarked his
"
small stock of treasure and arms from the
Doutelle," proceeded by sea to the mansion of Macdonald of KinlochPrevious to
about
seven
miles
from
Borrodaile.
moidart,
his departure, he took an afiectionate leave of the faithful
'
"
Fassefern," says
Home,
between him and his brother
" in the
year 1781, repeated
this conversation
to the anthor of this history."
the Eebellion o/" 174.5, p. 44, note.

'
Home's History of the Rcbellon, p. 44.
History of
128
THE PEETENDEES AND TIIEIE ADHEEENTS.
[l7t5
"
Doutelle," at the same time presenting him

captain of the
with a letter to his father at Rome, in which he prayed him to
reward the valuable services of Walsh with an Irish Earldom.
'
Cesl la 'premiere grace," he writes to his father, "que je
voifs
demande depuis mon arrivee dans
que ce ne sera pas
ce pai/s ; jespere bien

mais, en tout cas, je vous supplie
reason to believe that the honour
la derniere,
de me Vaccorder." There
is
was actually conferred. "

Baden," says Lord Mahon,
was formerly acquainted at

with Count AValsh, who was,
as I understood, the descendant and representative of tliis
gentleman."'
Through the same channel, the young Prince despatched
another and very interesting letter to his father, in which he
communicated the fact of his having efl'ected his landing in
Scotland, and expressed his readiness, should the worst
of the brave men who had
happen, to perish at the head
"
"
he -wTites,
I am, thank G-od
hastened to his succour.
"
arrived here in perfect good health, but not with little
trouble and danger, as you will hear by the bearer, who has
been with me all along, that makes it useless for me to give
any accounts and particulars on that head. I am joined
here by brave people, as I expected. As I have not yet set
up the standard, I cannot tell the number, but that will be
in a few days, as soon as the arms are distributed at which we
are working with all speed.
I have not as yet got the retiu-n
of the message sent to the Lowlands, but expect it very soon.
If theyall join
or, at least, all those to whom I have sent commissions at request, everji:hing will go on to a wish.
The worst that can happen to me," adds the gallant Prince,
"
if France does not succour me, is to die at the head of such
brave people as I find here, if I should not be able to make
my way and that I have promised to them, as you know to
The French Court
liave been my resolution before parting.
must nownecessarily takeoff themask, or have an eternalshame
on them for at present there is no medium, and we, whatever happens, shall gain an immortal honour by doing what
we can to deliver our country, in restoring our master, or
Your Majesty may easily conperish with sword in hand.
ceive the anxiety I am in to bear from you.
Having nothing
I
"
more particular at present to add (not being able to keep

the ship longer, for fear of men-of-war stopping her passage
'
History of England,
vol.
iii.
p. 316.
PEINCE CnAELES EDWARD.
1745.]
myself with
entirely), T shall end, laying
Majesty's
feet,
all
129
respect at your
most humbly askin^; a blessing.

"
Your most dutiful son,
"Chaeles
p.'"
During his stay at Kinlochmoidart, Charles was joined by

a valuable coadjutor, Murray of Broughton, who had recently
performed the dangerous task of having the Prince's manifestos printed for future distribution, and who subsequently
figured in so conspicuous a manner as the secretary of
Charles during the course of the rebellion. From Kinlochmoidart, the adventurer, on the 18th, passed by water to
Glenaladale, the seat of another chieftain of the j\lacdonalds.
On the evening of his arrival, he was joined by a veteran
partisan of the House of Stuart, Gordon of Glenbucket, who
had been engaged in the rebellion of 1715. On the following day, Charles proceeded by water to the eastern extremity of Loch Shiel.
CHAPTEE
III.
Skirmishes between Captain Scott's Detachment and the Rebels. Surrender of the King's Troops.
Lochiel's Treatment of Captain Scott. The
Pretender's
Character of his
Site chosen for " Rais-
Reception.
Troops.
ing the Standard." The Pretender's Behaviour to his Prisoners.
During the period that these events were in progress, some

vague rumoui's had reached the ears of the Governor of Port
Augustus of the warlike preparations which were being made
in the Western Highlands.
Anxious to overawe the rebellious clans, he determined on
despatching two new-raised
companies of the Scots Eoyal to Fort William, a fortress situated about forty miles from Kinlochmoidart. This small
detachment, which was altogether ineflicient to perforin the
eervice required of them, was
placed under the command of
a Captain Scott. Their road lay along the romantic banks
of Loch Lochy and Loch Eil the high and
misty mountains
rising above them, and the long narrow lakes extending in
quiet beauty below. The soldiers had proceeded without in;
'
Lord Mahon's History of England,
vol.
iii.
p. ixii.
Appendix.
130
THE PKETENDEKS
A>"D THEIll
ADHEHENTS.
[l745.
terruptioii to vsdthia eight miles of their destination, when,

iu passing the contracted ravine of High Bridge, which overarches a mountain torrent, their ears were suddenly startled
hy the thrUlmg and now hostile Tiotes of the bagpipe. Almost

same moment they found themselves exposed to a galling fire from the heights above their assailants being a
the neighbouring clan of Macdonald of Keppoch,
of
party
headed by Macdonald of Tiendi-ish.
at the
Thus did a small body of Highlanders, in a moment of

sudden enthusiasm, and unauthorized by Charles or his addeal the iirst blow, and strike the first spark of the
visers,
great rebellion of 1745, which was subseq\iently destined to
be extinguished only by the blood of so many brave and highminded men on the scaffold and the battle-field. It was no
disgrace to the soldiers of King George that they betook
themselves to flight.
Ignorant of the numbers of their inwhich afterwards proved to be suificiently
visible assailants,
and unaccustomed to so novel a mode of warinsignificant,
fare, they had no option but retreat.
Eetraciug their steps
iu the direction of Fort Augustus (their enemies being too
few in niunbers to adnut of their pursuing them), they had
returned as tar as the eastern extremity of Loch Lochy, when
they were encountered by another and far more formidable
body of Highlanders, under the command of Macdonald of
Keppoch. Eesistauce was out of the question and accordingly the royalists, overawed by numbers, and fatigued and
disheartened by a long march of thirty miles, were compelled
to submit to an unconditional surrender. Almost at the same
moment, Lochiel canie up with a body of Camerons, and took
the party under his chai'ge. Five or sis of the royalists were
found to have been killed, and about as many wounded
among the latter of whom was Captain Scott, the leader of
the party, whom Lochiel kindly ordered to be carried to his
own house at Anchnacarrie, where he treated him with the
The Governor of Fort Augustus, it
gi'eatest humanity.
seems, on being made acquainted with the condition of Captain Scott, refused to allow any military sm-geon to attend
Anxious to
him.
Lochiel, however, was more generous.
attbrd his prisoner the advantage of medical experience and
advice, he released him from captivity on his parole, and sent
hnu back to his friends, with his best wishes for his recovery.
This affair took place on the 16th of August, two days be-
FBINCE CHARLES EDWAED.
1745.]
131
qmtted Kinlochmoidart for Glenaladale, and

only three days previous to the raising of the standard at
Glenfinnan. Though insignificant as a military exploit, it
had, nevertheless, the effect of raising the spirits of the High-
fore Charles
and when they poured forth from their mountainlanders

homes to assemble at the great meeting-place at Glenfinnan,
it was with hearts beating high with confidence, and with the
promise of action and of exploit. "
The memorable ceremony of raising the standard," accompanied by the gathering of the clans, took place on the
;
19th of August, in the Vale of Glenfinnan, situated about

The sptjt was a
forty miles south-west of Fort Augustus.
romantic and desolate one, being a narrow and sequestered
valley, overhung on each side by high and craggy mountains,
between which the small river Finnan pursued its quiet
course towards the sea. To this spot Charles, having disembarked at the further extremity of Loch Shiel, proceeded
under the escort of two companies of the Macdonalds. He
had anticipated, it is said, beholding the valley alive with
armed men, and with floating tartans but, when he entered
the desolate ravine, it extended before him in its accustomed
stillness and solitude, and, for the first time since he had
quitted France, the Adventurer appears to have felt himself
;
thoroughly
dispii-ited
and
forlorn.
Having entered one of the rude huts of the friendly inhabitants of the valley, the Prince was condemned to endure
two long hours of feverish suspense. At length, however,
the scene changed.
Suddenly the tlirilling sounds of the
pibroch were heard in the distance, and presently a body of
seven hundred Highlanders were seen rapidly descending the
mountain-paths. As the latter caught a glimpse of the Prince
and his followers, the air resounded ^dth their enthusiastic
shouts, and louder and more joyous rose the heart-stirring
notes of their national music.
"Well, indeed, might Charles
have been proud of the band of few but daring and devoted
by whom he was now surrounded and grateful

might he well be for their ardent and disinterested attachment. He had come among them an exiled and a
proscribed
man and he who, but a short time since, had been doomed
to encounter but the cold looks and
unmeaning professions
of lukewarm friends and
calculating politicians in the glittering saloons of Paris, now found himself enabled, as if by the
followers
also
132
[l745.
wand
of the magician, to people the wild valleys of the north

with spirits as brave and devoted as ever fought on behalf of
the -ttdldest dreams of freedom or in the cause of legitimate
right.
Much of the success which had already attended the proown eft'orts
gress of Charles was unquestionably owing to his
and dexterity to the fascination of his manner, his persuasive eloquence, and to the charm of his personal address.
With a deep-sighted policy, which could scarcely have been
anticipated either from his years, or from the bigoted school
he had contrived to insinuate
in whii'h he had been nurtured,
himself into the afi'ections of the Highlanders by adopting

their costume, taking an interest in their manners and customs, identifying himself with their feelings and prejudices,
and endeavouring to make himself master of their national
But while allowing full credit to Charles for the
language.
talent which he discovered in playing the difficult game intrusted to him, we must not omit to do justice to the devoted
affection and disinterested loyalty of the many gallant men
who were ready to sacrifice their lives and fortunes in bis
Perhaps, indeed, in no country, and in no age, not

excepting even the glorious struggles for freedom which have
rendered illustrious the wild fastnesses of the Tyrol, nor the
contests on behalf of legitimate right which inflamed the inhabitants of La Vendue, was there ever exhibited such romantic devotedness, such a thorough abandonment of all
selfish views and interests, as that which prompted the rising
of the hardy Highlanders of 17-15, in the cause of the exiled
cause.
and unfortiuiate Stuarts.

That, among the Highland
chieftains, there
were a few infrom
dividuals who joined the standard of the Stuarts solely

motives of seli-iuterest, and who played the desperate
game
of throwing for a coronet or a coffin, there unfortunately can

be but little question. But such were far from being the
motives which actuated the majority of those unfortunate
gentlemen who now hastened to join the standard of Charles
Edward. Generally speaking, this gallant body was comand devotional
piised of individuals whose feelings of pure
of romance
loyalty partook but too closely of the character
;
who generously
discarded every dictate prompted by selfinterest in supporting what they sincerely believed to be the
cause of religion and of right; who conscientiously regarded
PRINCE CHAELES EDWARD.
1745.]
133
the reic;uing sovereign in the light of an alien and a usurper

and who hastened, as to a bridal, to greet the young repre"
The Scots,"
sentative of their ancient and legitimate kings.
"
with a spirit
says Lord Mahon, have often been reproached
of sordid gain. The truth is merely, and shoidd it not be
a matter of praise ? that by their intelligence, their industry,
their superior education, they will always, in whatever counand rise high in the social
try, be singled out for employment,
But when a contest lies between selfish security or
scale.
advancement on one side, and generous impidse or deep-rooted conviction on the other when danger and conscience
beckon onward, and prudence alone calls back let aU history
declare, whether in any age or in any cause, as followers of
Knox or of Montrose, as Cameronians or as Jacobites, the
men ay, and the women of Scotland have quailed from
The very fact that
any degree of sacrifice or suffering
Charles came helpless obtained him the help of many. They
believed him their rightful Prince and the more destitute
that Prince, the more they were bound in loyalty to aid him.
Foreign forces, which would have diminished the danger,
would also have diminished the duty, and placed him in the
light of a hostile invader, rather than of a native Sovereign.
Moreover, Charles was now in the very centre of those tribes
which, ever since they were trained by IMonti-ose, such is
the stamp that gi-eat spirits can imprint upon posterity
had continued f&m and devoted adherents of the House of
;
Stuart."
'
at this distance of time, that we may well congratidate ourselves tliat the reigning djTiasty was not deand
that the doubtfvd experiment of restoring the
stroyed,
legitimate line, and trusting anew to the tender mercies of
the ill-advised and iU-fated Stuarts, was not carried into eftect.
But not the less are we to award merit where it is due. Not
the less should we admire the affectionate devotion of those
brave men, whose zeal, though it was mistaken, was not the
True
it is,
less admirable
who, it must be remembered, acknowledged
not the supremacy of the German sovereigns of England
and who now came forward to hazard their lives and fortunes
in a cause which they religiously believed to be that of duty,
;
of legitimacy, and of right.
The
site
'
which was fixed upon for the " raising of the
Lord Malion's History of England,
vol.
iii.
p. 314.
13Ji
THE PEETEKDERS
THEIE ADHEEENTS.
A>'D
[l745.
"
was a small mound in tlie centre of the sequestered

a monument, bearing on it a
valley of Glenfinnan, where
Latin inscription, still points out the memorable spot. The
banner which was of red silk, with a white space in the
"
Tnndejn
centre, on which was inscribed the famous motto,
was unfurled -n-ith great ceremony by the
TriunijjJians
of
Tidlibardine,
Marquis
standard
"
High-minded Moray,
the cxUed,
tlie
dear
"
!
who was at this period labouring imder the tortures of disease and the infirmities of age but whose heart continued
to beat as warmly as ever in the cause which had been the
a
passion of his youth, and for which he had already lost
dukedom, with all its accompanying advantages of station and
;
of wealth.
As the banner unfolded itself to the mountain-breeze, the
air resounded with the shouts of the elated Highlanders
and, in the words of a by-stander, the bonnets which were
thrown joyously aloft almost overclouded the sky. When
the noisy and timiultuous enthusiasm of the clans had a little
;
subsided, Tullibardine, supported on account of his infirmities

side of him, read aloud the manifesto
of the old Chevalier, in which he denoimced the claims of the
German usiu-per exhorted his loyal sulijects to join the
standard of their legitimate sovereign and finally set forth
the gi-ievances which had bel'alleu Great Britain under the
new dynasty, and expressed his determination to redress them
by every means in his power, and at the same time to respect
by a Highlander on each
;
existing institutions, rights, and privileges whatever. This

document was dated at Rome, December 23rd, 1743, and was
signed James the Eighth. Another paper was then read
aloud, in which James granted a commission of regency to
his sou. As soon as the reading of this paper was concluded,
all
Charles presented himself to the admiring Highlanders, and,

in a brief but animated speech, spoke of the satisfaction which
he felt on finding himself among the loyal and gallant gentle-
men who now suiTOunded
him.
He
had come among them,
said, because he was satisfied they were prepared to live

or die \vith him ; and for his part, he added, he was resolved
he
to conqiier or to perish at their head. Ha\'ing concluded his

brief oration, the standard, guarded by a body of fifty Camerons, was formally carried back to the Prince's quarters.
1745.]
135
a brief description of the famous ceremony of the

raising of the standard in the valley of Glenfiunan a cere-
Such
is
mony
which,
when we
call to
mind the wild scenes amidst
which the drama was enacted. the picturesque garb and remarkable character of those who took their part in it. as
well as the eventful circumstances and chivalrous exploits to
which it was the immediate prelude, partakes rather of the
character of a romantic tale, than of a djy episode in tlie pages

of real history.
The scene has been well described in glowing verse by the greatest modern master of fiction and of
song
The dark hours
of night and of slumber are past,

on our mountains is dawTiing at last ;
Glenaladale's peaks are illumed with the
rays,
And the streams of Glenfinnan leap bright in the blaze.
And
mom
the exiled the dear

high-minded Moray
In the blush of the dawning the Standard uprear
Wide, wide on the winds of the North let it fly,
Like the sun's latest flash when the tempest is nigh.
!
Te sons of the strong, when that dawning shall break,

Need the harp of the aged remind jou to wake ?
That dawn never beamed on your forefathers' eye,
But it roused each high chieftain to vanquish or die.
sprung from the kings who in Islay kept state,
Proud chiefs of Clanranald, Glengary, and Sleat
Combine with three streams from one mountain of snow.
!
And
resistless in
union rush down on the foe
True son of St Evan, undaunted Lochiel,

Place thy targe on thy shoulder, and burnish thy steel
Eough Keppoch, give breath to thy bugle's bold swell.
Till far
Coryarrack resound to the knell
Stern son of Lord Kenneth, high chief of Kintail,

Let the stag in thy standard bound wild in the gale
May the race of Clan-Gillian, the fearless and free,
Eemember Glenlivat, Harlaw, and Dundee
Let the clan of grey Fingon, whose ofl'spring has given

Such heroes to earth, and such martyrs to heaven.
Unite with the race of renowned Rorri More,
To launch the long galley, and stretch to the oar
!
How M.ic-Shiemie
The
will joy when their chief shall display

yew-crested bonnet o'er tresses of grey
!
How
the race of wronged Alpine, and murdered Glencoe,

Shall shout for revenge when they pour on the foe
!
THE PHETENDEES
13G
ATfD
THEIE ABHEEENTS.
[17-15.
sons of brown Dermid who slew the wild boar,

Resume the pure faith of the great C'allum-More
Mac-Nicl of the Islands, and Moy of the Lake,
Ye
For honour,
for freedom, for vengeance
awake
Awake on your hills, on your islands awake,

Brave sons of the mountain, the fiith, and the lake
'T is the bugle, but not for the chase is the call
'T is the pibroch's shrill summons, but not to the hall
!
the summons of heroes for conquest or death.

When the banners are blazing on mountain and heath
Thev call to the dirk, the elaj-more, and the targe,
To the march and the muster, the line and the charge
'T
is
To the brand of each chieftain, like Fin's in his ire.

the blood through his veins flow like currents of
Burst the base foreign yoke as your sires did of yore.
Or die like your sires, and endiue it no more '
May
fire
that among those who were spectaceremony of the raising of the standard, was an
officer of the royal army, Captain Sweetenham, who had recently been taken prisoner while on his way to take the
command of Fort AViUiam. Shortly after the ceremony was
at an end, he was summoned to the presence of Charles, who
had already treated him with great courtesy. " Tou may go
tell him what you have
back to your general," he said
seen, and say that I am coming to give him battle."
It seems to have been from the mouth of Captain SweetIt
may be mentioned,
tors of the
"'
enham himself, who arrived among his military friends at

Kuthven five days after the raising of the standard, that the
intelligence contained in the following letter
"
was derived
"Ruthven, in Badnock, August 25th, 1745.
Deae
Sie,
"
I should have sent some Scottish occurrences before

now, but waited to send you matter of fact. Last night
Captain Sweetenham came to this barrack, who was a prisoner eight days in the pretended Prince Charles Eegent's
camp, as he styles himself. The Captain was taken about a
fortnight ago, going from this place to Fort William, to command three companies of the regiment which is in garrison
He is released upon his parole of honour, through

the intercession of some Irish gentlemen who are along with
there.
'
Flora Macivor's Song.
Waverley.
PEINCE CHABLE8 EDWAED.
1745.]
137
the Prince, and came from France with him partictdarly one
Colonel O'Sullivan and Colonel KeUy. The Captain has a
passport signed by the Prince he is not to act against the
enemy, and is to return when required. I have read the
The day after the Captain was made prisoner,
passport.
there were two companies of the Eoyal Scots and a sergeant
and twelve men of Guise's taken, and are now prisoners
in the Prince's camp
they were going to reinforce Fort
William. I shall not trouble you with the particular distance of places, which I shall, in the title of the rebellious
but it
clans, relate, but refer you to the map of Scotland
shaU suffice that this barrack is not much above twenty-six
miles distance (the neai* way) either from Fort "William,
Fort Augustus, or Fort George, where our regiment is at
present in garrison and not much farther from the enemy's
camp, from whom we expect a visit hourly.
" The Prince
landed in the north-west islands above a
month ago, in a small vessel carrying eighteen guns. He
was separated from a French man-of-war, who was to conduct him with a number of men on board but fell in with
the Lion man-of-war, as you had it word for word in the
;
'
'
public papers, which gave his ship opportunity to make off.

At liis first landing, the Highlanders refused joining him,
and told him it was madness to attempt it. and woiJd have
him go off; but the Prince made answer, that he was often
these three years invited by them aud by others in England
and Ireland and that he would not return until he had
and be no
gained his point or lost his life in the attempt,
longer a beggar in France, or in any other court which
answer prevailed upon the Highlanders to join him.
"
Last Monday the Prince's standard was set up, and carried by the old Duke of Athol, a man above seventy years
old.
Such loud huzzas and schiming of bonnets up into the
air, appearing like a cloud, was not heard of for a long time.
Last Thursday they drew up in their order, and the Prince
reviewed them to the number of 1500, which was the day
the Captain left them. ]N'o gentleman could be better used
than he was when he got among the gentlemen neither was
there anything that was taken from him but what was returned, except his horse's saddle and sword and the Prince
had ordered a pair of horses to be given him in lieu of his
own but that was neglected. General Cope is within two
THE PEEXENDEES AND THEIE ADHEEENTS.
138
[l74o.
days' march of this place, with four regiments of foot and

two of dragoons, with some artillery, in order to meet the
enemy and the enemy is preparing to meet him, and
;
threatens high. The Lord only knows how it will end

The enemy has neither foreign troops nor artillery, but
about eighteen pattareroes of one pound each. They told
the Captain that they will be in England in a very little
time, where they are sure to meet with friends enough.
There is none of those we call loyalists here has joined us
yet they say they have no arms. Grod send they may prove
I have been called upon several times since I begun
loyal
This redoubt has no
to write this scrawl by false alarms.
fortification nor defence, but a sliallow wall and our small
arms which hurry, I hope, will make excuse for the imperfection of this letter.
"
I recommend you and your family to God's care and I
make no doubt of your accustomed goodness towards my
!
I thank God I enjoy good health, and am in good

people.
heart.
There is no way of sending my vni'e relief of money
as yet.
I have lost most of my things at Aberdeen.
Dear sir, be pleased to
sincere respects to your fireside.
make my compliments to jNIr and Mrs D'Anvers, to Alderman Eogers and Mrs Eogers. to Alderman Eev-ius and be
pleased to accept of the like from yom- most sincere humble
'"Tee. Mullot."'
servant.
My
It may be mentioned, that the consideration and courtesy

with which Charles treated tlie English prisoners which fell
into liis hands obtained for hini, even from his enemies, the
credit which he deser\ed. "We have seen the evidence borne
by Captain Sweeteuham to the kind treatment which he met
with from the Prince and, about the same time, Thomas
"
I have seen
Eraser of Gortuleg writes to Lord Lovat
Captain Thomson, Lieutenants Ferguson and Rose, and five
taken
sergeants and two or three men of the companies
They taUv a good deal of the civilities
prisoners last week.
were
liberated
they met with from the young Pretender they
;
upon
their parole of honour, to return when

They are discharged from touching at
summoned
fort or
to the
garrison, or conversing with any officers belonging
enemy as they call them, until they are at Ediuburgh and
thereto.
any
'
Cullodcn Papers,
p. G86.
1745.]
139
while here they religiously obseired their engagement for

they would not go near the Fort, or couverse with any of
the officers in it."'
It was about two hours after the raising of the standard,
that Charles had the satisfaction of seeing his small army
enforced by Macdonald of Keppoch, with about three
hundred of his clan. Several of the Jfacleods also joined
him the same night, who expressed the warmest indignation
at the defection of their chief, and even proposed to return
to the Isle of Skye with the view of enlisting their fellowclansmen in the Prince's cause. The army, which now
amounted to eleven hundred men, encamped the same night
at Glenfinnau
O'Sullivan, an Irish officer, who had recently joined the Prince, being appointed its Quarter-lNIaster
General.
The following morning, Charles marched at the
head of his forces into the country of Lochiel, and took up
his residence in the house of that chieftain at Auchnacarrie.
At this place he was joined by Macdonald of Glencoe, with
a hundred and fifty followers
by the Stuarts of Appin,
under Ardshiel, with two hundred
and by- Glengary the
younger, with about the same number of men.
;
distant only one hundred and fifty

Although Edinburgh
miles from the spot wiiere Charles first set foot in tlie
is
Western Highlands,
it is a remarkable fact,
such was the
of those to whom he intrusted himself,
that as
many as sixteen days elapsed from the day of his landing,
and nearly three weeks from the period when he opened his
communication \nth the Highland chieftains at Erisca, before the authorities in the Scottish capital received tidings
of the Adventurer liaving arrived on their shores. The ignorance and security in which these functionaries had lulled
themselves,
including even the acute and clear-sighted
Duncan Forbes, the Lord President,'
almost surpasses
As late as the 2nd of Aiigust, eight days after
belief.
Charles had landed at BoiTodaile, we find the Lord President,
fidelity
CuUodcn Papers, p. 387.

'
"Duncan Forbes," says Lord Mahon, "has been highly, yet not too
highly, extolled as a most learned and upriirht judge, a patriot statesman,
a devoted and unwearied assertor of the Protestant succession.
Few men
ever loved Scotland more, or served it better.
Opposing the Jacobites in
their conspiracies or their rebellions, hut
them in their adversity
'
and
befiiending
their distresses,
he knew, unlike his collcngues, how
to
temper justice
with mercy, aud at length offended, by bis frankness, the Government he
THE PEETEXDERS AND THEIE ADHEEENTS.
liO
[l745.
in a letter to Mr Pelham, espressins; himself not only ignorant of the fact of the Prince's landing, but adding his firm
"
the least apparatus for
couoction that there existed not
"In a state," he writes,
his reception" in the Highlands.
"
of jjrofound tranquillity, we have been alarmed with ad%'ices, which are said to have been received at London, of
intended invasions ; and particularly of a visit which the
Pretender's eldest son is about to make us, if he has not
These informations, particularly as to the
already made it.
^'isit just mentioned, I confess have not hitherto gained my
belief. This young gentleman's game seems at present to be
very desperate in this country and, so far as I can learn,
there is not the least apparatus for his reception, even
amongst the few Highlanders who are suspected to be in Lis
;
interest."
'
On
the other hand, the English Ministry

not\vithstanding the distance which they were removed from the scene of
far
action
not
to
have
been
better
informed in
appear
only
regard to the Prince's probable movements, but to have
been fully and sensibly aUve to the dangers which threatened
the country. As early as the oOth of July, the English
Secretary of State, the Marquis of Tweeddale, writes from
Whitehall to the Justice Clerk, Lord Milton 2" This day
there have been communicated to the Lords Justices several
informations, importing that the French Court was meditating an invasion of his Majesty's dominions, and that the
Pretender's son had sailed on the 15th instant, X.S., from
Nantz, on board a French man-of-war, and by some accounts
His seat lying in the Korth (Culloden

upheld by his exertions
House, near Inverness), he had always repaired thither in the intervals of
the Court of Session ; he had there cidtivated a friendly intercourse with
the principal Highland gentlemen, and gained a considerable mastery of the
minds of many. He was the link that bound the false and fickle Lovat to
the Government it was mainly through him that Macleod, Sir .Alexander
Macdonald, and several other chiefs were restrained to a prudent neutrality ;
it was he who
inspirited, guided, and directed the Sutherlands, the Mackays,
and the other well-affected clans in the North. Even before the news of
Charles's landing was fully confirmed, he hastened from Edinburgh to Culloden, ready to perform every service that the exigency might demand."
History ofEnffland, vol. iii. p. 323.
CuUoden Papers, p. 203.
"
Aiulrew Fletcher, Lord Milton, a man distinguished by high accomplishmsnts, and by his devotion to the House of Hanover and to the Protestant
liad
'^
succession.
PEISCE CHABLES EDWARD.
1745. J
was
141
he was actually landed in Scotland which

I can hardly believe, not having had the least
it from
any of his IMajesty's servants in vScotland." Again, Lord Tweeddale writes to the Lord Advocate,
on the Gth of August, " I received yours by express, dated
August 3rd, acknowledging the receipt of mine of the 30th
I am much of your opinion, that it is impossible, if
July.
there had been any landing in Scotland of any consequence,
but you must have heard of it. However, in every event it
is right to take all
proper precautions. There are no certain
accounts as yet what has become of the frigate which was
it
said that
last part
account of
'
along with the French man-of-war, the Elizabeth,' which

attacked by the 'Lion' man-of-war.
AU accounts
agree that the Pretender's son was either aboard the 'Elizabeth' or the frigate. The 'Elizabeth' is certainly forced
back to Brest, and I hardly believe the frigate would pursue
her voyage to Scotland." ^
In reply to Lord Tweeddale's letter of the 30th of July,
Lord IMilton, on the 2nd of August, expresses his grati"
fication at his not even having heard
a surmise of the
Pretender's son having landed ;" and. even as late as the 8th
of August, Lord President Forbes writes to Lord THveeddale,
"
I consider the report [of the Prince's sailing from France]
as impossible, because I am confident that young man cannot
with reason expect to be joined by any considerable force in
the Highlands.
Some loose, lawless men, of desperate fortunes, may indeed resort to lum, but I am persuaded that
none of the Highland gentlemen, who have aught to lose,
will." 3
It is not, indeed, till the 10th of the month, that
one of the Scottish functionaries, Lord Milton, informs the
English Secretary of State of the actual fact of the Prince's
" This
"
landing.
morning," he ^vrites to Lord Tweeddale, I
have information from one that lives in Glencoe, and has
connections both in Lochabar and Glengary, that the Pretender's eldest son landed in Uist on the 1st of this month,
and that the disafiected Highlanders expect every day to
hear of a landing in England." * Even at tliis late period.
Lord Milton's information is sufficiently incorrect. The
Prince efiected his landing not at Uist on the 1st of August,
'
was
'
'
Home's Hist, of the Eebellion, p. 276.

MS. Letter to Lord Advocate Craigio.
*
Culloden Papers, p. 204.
Home,
p.
28L
TUE PEETEXDERS AND THEIE ADHEBENTS.
142
[l745.
but at Borrodaile on the 25tli of July. It may be mentioned

also, that it was not till the 22nd of August, nearly five
weeks
after the
young Adventurer had made
his
appearance
the Western Islands, that the Scottish newspapers,

and inaccurate account, informed the world of
the memorable fact of Charles Edward having accomplished
"
I dare say," writes Lord
his landing on their shores.
Milton to Lord Tweeddale, as late as the 29th of August,
"'
from the accounts I know your Lordship has now received
from the Lord Advocate, and a gentleman who came from
the Pretender's son's camp on the 2 1st, that there remains
not the least doubt that the repeated intelligence I sent was
true nor was it worth while to mention his dress, which
was said to be a white coat and a brocade vest that he had
the star and garter and a broad-brimmed hat with a white
feather
and other minutiae, not worthy to be noticed."
among
in a confused
'
CHAPTER
IV.
llarch of Sir John Cope into the Hio-hlands.

Difficulties of his Situation.
The Pretender's March for the Lowlands. His ingratiating Manners.
-Their Effects on the Scottish Chiefs.
Duncan Cameron. Arrival at
Perth.
Charles visits the Palace of Scoon.
At
the eventful period of the landing of Charles Edward in

Scotland, the Commander-in-Chief of the King's forces north
of the Tweed was Sir John Cope, a man whose personal
gallantry had never been called in question, and who had
passed through the subordinate grades of his profession with
considerable and with deserved credit but, on the other
hand, he was naturally of a duU capacity he was tremblingly
alive to the responsibilities entailed on the tenure of public
employment and command, and consequently, in a crisis
which required in a singular degree decision, energy, and
action, he was foimd totally unfit to perform the duties
which he was called upon to discharge. He had, moreover,

other difficulties to contend with.
At the period when he
was
called
upon to take the

'
field against
Home,
p. 290.
the Jacobites, the
PBINCE CHAHLES EDWARD.
1745.]
143
entire military force under his command, exclusive of the

troops in garrison, amounted only to three thousand men.
These also, it must be added, comprised two regiments of

dragoons (Gardiner's and Hamilton's), who had seen but
little service, three newly-raised regiments (the -14th, 46th,
and 47th), and several companies of a Highland regiment,
commanded by the Earl of Loudon, whose loyalty was not
only questionable, but, moreover, from their being in quarters north of Inverness, their services could scarcely be considered as available in the present emergency.
The civil functionaries who at this period held the direction
of attairs in Scotland, were the Lord President (Duncan
Forbes), the Lord Justice Clerk (Lord Milton), the Lord
Advocate, and the Solicitor-General. By the advice of these
persons which, it may be remarked, entirely coincided with
it was
the personal views and wishes of 8ir John Cope
decided that the latter should immediately march with the
forces under his command into the heart of the Higlilands
that he should attack the disaffected wherever he might
fall in with them
and, by this means, it was fondly anticipated that the infant rebeUiou would be crushed at its
birth.
There were, unquestionably, arguments which gave to

semblance of
being founded on sound sense and it may be mentioned,
moreover, that its adoption met with the warmest approval
from the English Ministry. Those, however, who originated
it ought to have remembered how, more than once (owing
to the peculiar features of the country which they destined
to be the scene of action, and also to the wild and peculiar
mode of warfare adopted by the Highlanders), a signal advantage had been gained by the hardy mountaineers over the
disciplined forces of a regular army.
The}' ought to have
called to mind the circumstances which had aided the
glorious triumphs of IMontrose, and which had helped to
this injudicious piece of policy at least the
;
decide the fate of the bloody struggle at Killicrankie

but,
above all things, they ought to have taken counsel from the
wise and successful policy adopted by the Duke of Argyll
during the rebellion of 1715, who, instead of rashly bearding
the roused Highlanders among their own wild fastnesses and
;
dangerous ravines, had preferred stealthily waiting his opportunity by guarding the passes into the Lowlands, and
ll^
THE PEETENDEES AND THEIR ADHEEENTS.
[l74o.
had thus prevented the superior force of the insurgents from

pushing their way into the south.
Cope, however, and liis colleagues, regardless of these
the vigorous but dangerous
precedents, decided on adopting
into the Highlands
a poHcy
policy of marching at once
sufficiently fatal and reprehensible, when we consider that
he was not only commencing a campaign in an enemy's
country, and opposed to forces, numerically speaking, far
superior to his own but also that it was in districts totally
unsuited for the evolutions of a regular army, over ground

where baggage and ammunition could with difficulty be
dragged along, and where his men were certain to be exposed at every luifavourable point to the galling fire of a
In addition to these difficulties, Sir John Cope

secret foe.
was greatly embarrassed by false advices and anonymous
communications, which he daily received from the designing
Jacobites some of the details of which were highly ludi"
aftercrous, and which, according to Home, the Jacobites
wards circulated with comments sufficiently scurrilous."
It was on the 19th of August, the day on which Charles
;
raised his standard at Glenfinnan, that Cope received orders

at Edinburgh to place himself at the head of his troops and
force his way into the Highlands. Ai-riving on the following
day at Stirling, where his small army was assembled, he
commenced his march at the head of fifteen hundred inHe might have swelled his numbers with the two
fantry.
regiments of dragoons which were under his orders, but he

thought it more expedient to leave them behind him, as well
on account of the difficulty of providing forage for the
horses, as from the unfitness of cavalry to act in a Highland
campaign. By the authorities at Edinburgh he was well
provided with all the requisites for carrying on a mountain
war. In addition to the large quantity of baggage which
attended him, he carried with him a herd of black cattle, to
serve as food for his army, four pieces of cannon, and a
thousand stand of arms, which he proposed to distribute
among such loyal volunteers as he might meet with "on his
march. No man, however, cried " God bless him
and,
when he reached Crieff, the English general ibund that not
a single individual had joined his standard, and was consequently compelled to send back the greater part of his stand
of useless arms to Stirling. It may be mentioned, that he
!
17i6.]
145
was furnished by the English Government with a proclamation, oiFering a reward of 30,000 for the person of the
younn; Chevalier which was subsequently retorted upon by
;
Charles,
who
issued a proclamation, offering a reward to the

seize the person of the
same amount to whosoever should

"
Elector of Hanover."
No sooner did the English general emerge from the Lowlands than he found his difficulties commence.
The Highlanders were hostile to him to a man his baggage-horses
;
were stolen in numbers from their pastures at night and

the Highland gentlemen, though affecting to him a sjinpathy
with the cause of the Government, continued to mystify and
mislead him by false intelligence. His position had already
;
become
sufficiently embarrassing, if not dangerous, when at

the retired inn of Dalnacardoch he accidentally fell in with
Captain Sweetenham, the officer who had recently been
released on his parole by Charles at Glenfinnan, from whom
be learnt the true state of popular feeling in the Highlands,
and the actual numbers of the insurgent army. From Dalnacardoch he marched to Dalwhinnie, situated near the foot of
the great mountain of Corry Arrack.
Over this perilous
ascent stretched his path to Fort Augustus; at which
favourable spot, as being in the centre of the disturbed
districts, he had proposed to concentrate his forces, and at
once strike a decisive blow against the rebels.
On his arrival at Dalwhinnie, Cope, to his great mortification, learned that the Highlanders were already in possession of the wild and dangerous traverses of
Corry Arrack.
The means of ascending this formidable mountain, which
rose before him almost as perpendicular as a wall, were
practicable only by defiling along a narrow and difficult pass,

known as the Devil's Staircase, which wound
the side of
by
rugged heights, spanning occasionally, by narrow bridges,
the rapid mountain torrents, and presenting innumerable

breaks and lurking-places in the overhanging crags, from
whence the Highlanders, active and unencumbered by arms,
might easily have poured their frequent and fatal fire on
their unsuspecting antagonists.
Had Cope, indeed, persisted in ascending the mountain, it
could scarcely have failed to lead to the total annihilation of
his small army. His
position at this crisis was a sufficiently
difficult
and imenviable one.
His orders, which were most
THE PEETEITDEES
liG
AJfD
THEIE ABHEEENTS.
[l745.
and implicit, were to march northwards, and to seek

an immediate encounter with the insurgents and, educated in
the most rigid school of military discipline, he knew not how
to disohey them.
But, on tlie other hand, to obey them
imder existing circumstances must certainly lead to the
most fatal results. In this emergency. Cope summoned a
council of war, when it was unanimously agreed that the
It was the
passage over Corry Arrack was impracticable.
positive
in the wisadvice, however, of the council to the general

dom of which he seems to have fuUy concurred that he
as
to
should so far obey his instructions
proceed in a
and that the royal army, therefore,

northerly direction
should turn aside, and march northward to Inverness. The
his
arguments which had the efl'ect of inducing Cope and
council to adopt this alternative were, partly, the prospect
clans
the
well-affected
some
of
of being joined by
during
their progress, but pruacipaUy the hope of tempting the into
surgents, instead of forcing their march southwards,
;
follow in their track it being deemed extremely improbable

that the Highland chieftains wovdd leave their homes, and
all that they possessed, exposed to the certain vengeance of
It was thus confidently expected that the
the royal forces.
war might be confined to the Highlands tdl the timely
arrival of fresh troops from England.
more fatal piece of policy could not possibly have been
'"
The military men here," m-ites Lord Tweeddale
adopted.
to the Lord President, on the 10th of September, 1745,
"
think, that though it might not have been fit for his
Majesty's service for Sir John Cope to attack the rebels, yet
that he ought to have staid somewhere about Dalwhinnie ;
and, in that case, it would not have been easy for the rebels
to have made such a progress into the south before liim ;
but, as the matter is now over, it is needless to enter into a
There can, indeed, be no question, that if
discussion."
Cope had kept his stand in the neighbourhood of Dalwhinnie,
and thus have guarded the pass into the Lowland country,
the Highlanders would either have been compelled to contine themselves to their native mountains, or the EngKsh
general would have been enabled to force them to an engage:
'
ment on
'
level ground,
where he woidd have possessed the
Lord ilahoa's History of England,
vol.
iii.
p.
326, note.
PEHrCE CHABLES EDWARD.
1745.]
147
very important advantage of being supported by artillery

and regular troops.
It was on the 27tli of August that Cope turned aside at
the village of Catlaig, and commenced his march to Inverness, which town he reached by forced marches on the 29th.
On the 31st the unfortunate general writes despondingly to
Lord Milton: "So much fatigue of mind and body I never
knew before but my health continues good, and my spirits
do not ilag. Much depends upon the next step we take. In
this country the rebels will not let us get at them, unless we
had some Highlanders with us; and as yet not one single man
has joined us, thoutjh 1 have lugged along with me three hundred
stand of arms. iVb inan could have believed that not one man
ivould take arms in our favour, or show countenance to us;
but so
it is."
According to Home, two ravan-trees (moun-
'
taia-ash) point out the spot where the Highlanders boasted

that the royal army had avoided an engagement with them,
and where the latter faced about at Catlaig. It may be akso
mentioned that Cope either tremblingly sensible of the responsibilities attached to his command, or doubtful of the
wisdom of the policy he had been induced to adopt took
the precaution, previous to breaking up his camp at Catlaig,
of having the written opinion of the council of war signed by
every individual who was present.
"We must now return to the young Adventurer and liis
fortunes.
It has already been mentioned that the raising of
the standard took place on the 19th of August, in the valley
of Gleniinuan and here Charles is described by one of his
followers as having passed two enviable days of elation and
joy.^ On the 21st he removed to Kinlochiel, situated in the
country of the Camerons, at the head of Loch Eil, about five
mdes from Fort WUliam. The nest day we

at Fassefern, the seat of a
find
him a guest
younger brother of Lochiel aud

and took up his abode
at a small inn atLetter{inlay,on the banks of Loch Lochy. During his progress he was joined at Low Bridge by the Stuarts
on the 26th he crossed the
>
Homo,
p.
river Lochy,
318.
'
Major Macdonnell, of Tiendrish, when confined in the Castle of Edinburgh, informed Duncan Cameron, wlio related it to Bishop Forbes, tliat
" he had never seen
the Prince more cheerful at any time, and in higher
spirits, that when he had got together four or five hundred men about the
standard."
Jacobite Memoirs, p. '2-4.
L 2
148
THE PHETENDEES AND THEIE ADHEEESTS.
[l745.
of Appin, mimbering nearly three hundred men, led by Stuart

of Ardshiel; and on the 26th his small army was au<];mented
by the Macdonalds of Glen<Tary aud the Grants of Glenmoriston, who together brought him a reinforcement of four
hundred men.
It was about midnight, on the 26th of August, that an express reached Charles, at the lonely inn of Letterfinlay, that
Cope was about to commence his hazardous march over the

mountain of Corry Arrack. He immediately ordered a body
men to proceed to take possession of the summit of the
mountain and the same night, during a storm of wind and
rain of unusual violence, he himself pushed forward to Invergary Castle, where he subsequently took up his abode for
of
the remainder of the night.

The next morning, the day on which Cope was sitting in
council nith the officers discussing the difficulties of their
Charles placed himself at the head of his gallant
position.
Highlanders, and commenced his march in the direction of
Arrack.
During the march, and with the prospect of
Corry
immediate action and the hope of gallant achievement, the
countenance of the yomig Adventurer is described as having
been lighted up with animation and hope, while his manner
and language expressed that perfect confidence and high exultation which afterwards invariably characterized him on the
eve of an approaching engagement.
" The tartan

plaid
The pibroch
's
it is
wavin? wide.
sounding up the glen
And I will tarry at Auclinaoarry,

To see my Donald and a' his men.
And there I saw the King o" them a",
Was
marching bonnily in the van

the speU of the bagpipe's yell,
;
And aye
Was,
'
Turn the blue bonnet, wha
can,
wha can
'
"
'
According to Fraser of Gortuleg. in a letter to tlie Lord

President, the Prince "called that morning for his Highland
clothes, and, tying the latchets of his shoes, solemnly declared
that he would be up with Mr Cope before
they were miloosed."
He was about to ascend the steep heights of Corry
Arrack, when the tidings were brought him by one of the
Camerons, who had just deserted from the royal army, that
Cope had turned aside to Inverness. The news was no sooner
'
Jacobile Song.
1745.]
149
communicated to the Higlilanders, than it waa received with

loud shouts of joy. Charles, on this occasion, discovered his
usual tact of seizing every opportunity of ingratiating himself with, and exciting the enthusiasm of, the Highlanders.
Calling for a glass of brandy, and directing that every man
"
of
present should receive his dram, he drank to the health
good ]Mr Cope, and may every general in the Usurper's service prove himself as much our friend as he has done."
The tidLugs of Cope's retreat no sooner became generally
known to the Highlanders, than they expressed an ardent
desire to pursue the royal army, and to force them to an immediate engagement. Charles, however, by the advice of his
council, determined on adopting the far wiser policy of pursuiughis march into the Lowlands, and, by taking possession
of the capital of Scotland, of giving confidence to the more
lukewarm well-wishers to his cause, and inducing the timid
and wavering to declare themselves at once in his favour.
Accordingly, after traversing the mountainous district of Badenoch, the Highland army descended, on the second day,
into the Vale of Athol, haA-ing been joined in their progress,
like one of their own rivers, by accessions of strength at the
mouths of the difi'ereut little mountain glens through which
they passed.
Charles by this time had succeeded, by the charm of his
personal manner, in winning the aftections of almost every
Higlilander in his army. Like the great Dundee, if we may
compare him with that extraordinary man, he was in the
habit, during a march, of walking by the side of the ditlerent
clans, inquiring into their legends, listening to their national
and occasionally delighting them by addressing to them
songs,
a few words in their native Gaelic. Jloreover, they were

charmed with the evidence which he gave of constitutional
hardihood and personal strength. According to a contemporary writer, he "would run, fight, or leap with any man La
the Highlands."
They beheld with astonishment a young
Prince who had been nurtured in the lap of luxury, and in
an enervating climate a match even for the hardiest and
most active amongst their own people and not only gifted
like themselves with the power of enduring fatigue, and distinguishing himself in every manly exercise and amusement,
but even occasionally superior to themselves in the use of their
'
'
" The Vanderer
or.
Surprising Escape."
Glasgow, 1752.
150
THE PEETESDEES
AIi'D
THEIE ADHEEENTS.
[l"i5.
owni national weapon, the broadsword. "I was detennmed,"

"
said Charles,
to sliow mysell' one, day a true Highlander."
With this
object, and with the probable chance ot'his being one

day engaged in a Highland campaign, he had practised in his
in
the sunny plains of Italy, those manly diversions
boyhood,
and those habits which insure the endurance of fatigue, which
he rightly judged might afterwards render him respected and
beloved by the simple and athletic children of the north.
Dsring the period he was encamped at Dalwhinnle, he slept
Avith his followers on the open moor
and, during his march
southwards, we are assured that he walked sixteen Scottish
;
"
miles in boots,
fatiguing the hardiest of his companions."
In addition to these qualities, which were so peculiarly
to
win
for
the Adventurer the ajjplause and respect
adapted
of the Highland clans, so much so, that they delighted to
conij)are him witli their favourite hero, Eobert Bruce,
may
be mentioned the peculiar charm of his manner and personal
"
address.
According to a modern writer, the enthusiastic
and devoted attachment with which he succeeded in inspiring
them was such as no subsequent events could ever altogether
extinguish half a century after they liad seen him, when age
might have been supposed to deaden their early feelings, his

surviving fellow-adventurers rarely spoke of him without a sigh
Who does not remember the dying encomium pronounced by the brave Balmerino on the scaftbld on his young
and gallant master? "I am at a loss when I come to speak
of the Prince I am not a fit hand to draw his character I
shall leave that to others. But I must beg leave to tell you,
or a tear."
that the incomparable sweetness of his nature, his allabiJity,

his compassion, his justice, his temperance, his patience, and
his courage, are virtues seldom all to be foimd in one person.
In short, he wants no qualifications requisite to make him a
great man."
At Dalwhinnie, Charles was joined by a valuable coadjutor,

Macpherson of Cluny, son-in-law to the celebrated Lord Lovat, and himself the chief of a powerful clan. Cluny, though
in his heart he was known to be secretly a warm weU-wisher
to the cause of the Stuarts, liad hitherto determined on keeping aloof from the enterprise and, indeed, had recently accepted employment imder the Government. Having been
taken prisoner by a detachment of the insurgent army, which
had been sent to surprise the barracks at Euthven, he was
;
PKINCE CHAELES EDWAED.
1745.]
151
conducted into the presence of Charles, by whom he was received with every mark of the most flattering distuiction. In
a very short space of time, the Prince's specious arguments
and insinuating address had wrought such an eifect on the
wavering mind of the chieftain, that when, subsequently, the
insurgent forces arrived at Perth. Cluny had consented to
repair to his own people in the Highlands, and to array his
clan in the cause of the exiled family. Such was the magical
effect of Charles's persona! manner and address on the minds
of those whom it was his object to please or to win
Even
an angel, remarked Cluny, could not have resisted " such
close
as
were
addressed
to
him
soothing,
applications,"
by
the young Prince.
The night of the 30th of August was passed by Charles at
That nobleman had
Blair, the seat of the Duke of Athol.
made a precipitate flight on the approach of the royal army,
leaving the halls of his ancestors to be once more occupied
by their rightful but attainted possessor, his elder brother,
the Marquis of TuUibardine.
On the following morning,
Charles reviewed his troops and at night TuUibardine gave
a sumptuous banquet, not only to the Highland chieftains
who had joined the standard of the Adventurer, but also to
the neighbouring and ancient vassals of his family. On this,
as on all other occasions, Charles missed no opportunity of
rendering himself popular with his new friends. He partook
only of those dishes which were peculiar to Scotland, and
gave the healths of the different Highland chieftains in Gaelic.
At Blair, where he continued two days, Charles had the satisfaction of seeing himself joined by Oliphant of Gask
bv
Lord Srathallan Mr Murray, a brother of the Earl of Dunmore and by Lord ?fairn, a son of the nobleman who was
condemned to death for his share in the EebeUion of 1715.
The following trifling incident, connected with the Prince's
visit to Blair, is recorded by Duncan Cameron
in his Nar!
'
'
Of Duncan Cameron
whose Narrative we are indebted
for many interesting particulars relating to the landing of Charles in Scotland) Bishop
" 'When the Prince was marchForbes has left us the following accoiint
(to
ing his army towards England, Duncan Cameron was ordered to attend the
Prince's baggage, and had got a young horse to ride
upon that had not been
accustomed to noise, and therefore threw Duncan upon hearing the pipes
and the drums. Duncan was so bruised with the fall, that he behoved to
be left behind and accordingly was carried to the house in which Lady
Orniinston was then living, in the neighbourhood of Dalkeith.
Soon
;
THE PEEXENDEHS AND THEIK ADHEEENTS.
152
"
the Prince was at Blair," he
rative
into the garden, and, taking a walk upon the
he said he had never seen a bowling-green
which the above lady ' called for some bowls,
:
When
[l745.
"
saya,
he went
bowling-green,
before
upon
that he might
see them, but he told her that he had got a present of bowls
From
sent him as a curiosity to Home from England."
Blair Charles proceeded to Lude, the seat of a branch of the
Eobertsons, where he passed the night of the 2nd of Septem;
'^
"
he was very cheerful, and took
ber, and where, we are told,
his share in several dances, such as minuets and Highland
reels." The first dance he called for was a Strathspey minuet,
"
accompanied by the favourite Jacobite air, This is no' mine
ain house." *
On the evening of the 4th of September, Charles entered
Perth on horseback, followed by "a gallant cavalcade, consisting of Highland gentlemen, and amidst the enthusiastic acclamations of the populace. In a letter addressed at this
period by one of the spies of the Government to Sir John
an information was given that the Highlanders had left one behind them,
wounded, at such a place, and he was said to he Colonel Strickland upon
which a party of dragoons were despatched to take the Colonel prisoner, but
He
they found only plain Duncan, whom they brought into Edinburgh.
was committed to the city jail, where he was so lucky as to be overlooked,
either through sickness or want of eridence, when others were sent off to
England to stand trial. At last he was released, nothing appearing against
him, some time before the indemaitv came out, and got a protection for
going to his own country in the Highlands. However, Duncan had no
;
mind
to
make
He
use of that protection, being resolved to return to France.
luckily fell in with Mrs Fothringham,

to her husband, late governor of Dundee.
who was going
over to France
This lady was allowed a pass
and proteciion
for herself, a child, a man-servant, and a maid-servant, to

sail for Hollaud.
She wanted much to have Duncan Cameron along with
her, because, knowing the French language well, he woidd prove an exfor her to France.
cellent
Duncan, on the other hand, was fond of
guide
having it in his power to oblige such a lady, and glad to go into any schemn
and therefore he agreed

safely make his way to Holland
to pass for Mrs Fothringham's servant, and accordingly he was inserted in
the pass under the name of Duncan Campbell, an
They
.\j-ijyh'shrreman.
sailed from Leith Eoads, upon Friday, June 19th, and arrived in Hollani
the 23rd, 1749. It was most lucky for Duncan Cameron that it was never
whereby he coidd
to anv of the Government that he was one of those who came over
in the same frigate with the Prince
the most distant suspicion was never
entertained about this, otherwise his fate woidd have turned out in quite
another shape."
'
Mrs Robertson, of Lude, who had been requested by TuUibardine to
repair to Blair, and put the house in order for the Prince's reception.
^
Ibid.
known
PEnfCE CHARLES EDWABD.
1745.]
153
"
Cope, the Prince is described as habited in a fine Highland
wears a broaddress, laced with gold wears a bonnet, laced
sword had a green riband, but did not see the star a weU;
made man,
than any in his company." Although the

magistrates of Perth had set the example of allegiance to the
Government, by quitting the town on the approach of the
insurgent army, Charles had little reason to complain either
of neglect or inhospitality on the part of the inhabitants who
remained to welcome him. On entering the town, he waa
immediately conducted to the house of Lord Stormont, an
elder brother of the celebrated Lord Mansfield, where he received all the attention and honours due to his
high birth.
taller
Lord Stormont, indeed, though sufficiently well inclined towards the cause of the Stuarts, had withdrawn himself, from
prudential motives, on the Prince's approach. He left behind
him, however, his two sisters, who, like too many of the ladies
of Scotland, were
enthusiastically devoted to the cause of the
exiled family, and who gladly tended their
gallant and handsome guest. One of the sisters is said to have even "
spread
down a bed for Prince Charlie with her own hands."
During the weelj which Charles passed at Perth, he was
busily employed in drilling and exercising his brave but undisciplined troops in keeping up communications with his
and in deWsing means for replenishing
jjartisans in England
his exhausted treasury. He had
brought with him only four
thousand louis-d'ors I'rom France, and when he entered Perth,
"
He
had
but
one guinea, which he showed to
says Home,
Kelly, one of the seven who landed with him in the Highlands, and said he would soon get more." From the to-mi of
Perth, he subsequently exacted 500 while, about the same
;
time, voluntary contributions, to a considerable amount,

reached him from his friends in Edinburgh. With the view
of further enriching his
treasury, military parties were despatched by him through the neighbouring" counties of Angus
and Fife, who performed the double service of
levying money
in the
principal towns, and causing his father 'to be proclaimed publicly as " King James the Eighth." At Dundee,
one of these marauding parties,
consisting of the Macdonalds,
had the good fortune to seize two vessels in the harbour,
laden with arms and ammunition, which were

immediately
despatched to tlie head-quarters at Perth for the service of
the insurgent armv.
THE PRETENDERS AND THEIR ADHEEENTS.
154
[l745.
But
the duty which principally occupied the time and attention of Charles during his stay at Perth was that of endeavouring to capacitate the gallant but untrained mountain-
With
eers to contend with regular and disciplined forces.
this view, he was in the habit of rising with the dawn of day,
instruct
them
in
and
their
duin order to inspect his troops
and so devoted was he to this particular but favourite
ties
occupation, that on one occasion, when invited to a ball by
the ladies of Perth, he is said to have danced only a single
measure, and then, pleading the excuse of being compelled
to visit his sentrv-posts, retired suddenly from the gay scene
;
to the discomfiture of his fair inviters.
Occasionally when reviewing his troops upon North Inch,

Charles is said to have been imable to repress a smile at the
awkwardness of some of his intractable recruits. He never
failed, however, to pay a just and even enthusiastic tribute
to their fine bearing, to their extraordinary activity and
powers of enduring privation and fatigue, and to the remarkable dexterity which they displayed in the exercise of their
native weapon.
Well, indeed, might the young hero have
been proud of that daring and affectionate host, whom he had
been enabled to array in the field.
At Perth, Charles received a vast accession of strength, in
consequence of being joined by Lord Ogilvie, son of the Earl
of Airlie by the Eobertsons of Struan, Blairfitty, and Cushievale as well as by a large body consisting of the retainers of the Dukes of Athol and Perth. But the most valuable accession to his eau.se, at this period, was in the person
of Lord George Murray, younger brother of the Duke of
Athol. This nobleman had been openly engaged in the rebellion of 1715, and had since acquired considerable military
experience, and a well-earned reputation, in the service of
foreign powers. Cliarles immediately nominated him a Lieutenant- General in his army, and we shall presently find him
playing a conspicuous part in the course of the insurrec;
tion.
The fair happening to be held at Perth during the period

of the Prince's visit, the accession of strangers and the number of Highlanders who filled the streets, clad in their national costume, gave an agreeable and stirring gaiety to the
scene.
To every individual who attended the fair, Charles
issued protections for their j)ersons and property. "With many
PEIXCE CHAELES EDWARD.
1745.]
155
of them also he entered freely and familiarly into conversa"

Tell your fellow-citizens," he said gaily to a linen"
draper from London, that I expect to see them at St James's
in the course of two months."
At Perth, Charles, it is said, for the first time attended a
The sermon was preached by
Protestant place of worship.
an intrepid clergyman of the Scottish Episcopal church, who
"
For the
selected the apposite test from Isaiah (xiv. 1, 2)
Lord will have mercy on Jacob, and will yet choose Israel,
and set them in their own land and the strangers shall be
joined with them, and they shall cleave to the house of Jacob.
And the people shall take them, and bring them to their
place and the house of Israel shall possess them in the land
of the Lord for servants and handmaids and they shall take
them captives, whose captives they were ; and they shall rule
over their oppressors."
On the morning of the 11th of September, the day on
which Charles quitted Perth, he paid a visit on foot, accompanied only by two or three attendants, to the palace of Scoon.
The sight of that venerable building could scarcely fail to
tion.
excite many strange and mournful reflections in his breast.

It was the ancient palace of his ancestors, the kings of Scotland it was connected with many painful passages in the
;
eventful history of his ill-fated race it was intimately associated n'ith the tale of their triumphs and their misfortunes,
;
and their joys and, moreover, it was in the

chambers of Scoon that his oym father had passed more than
their sorrows
one restless night during his unfortunate expedition in 1715,

when, for the last time, the old palace had received the proscribed representative of its ancient kings, the heir of the
devoted House of Stuart.
THE PRDTENDEES AKD THEIE ADHEEENTS.
15G
CHAPTER
[l745.
V.
March continued.
Marcli of the Pretender from Perth to Dumblane.
Arrival in the uei<jhbourhood of Edinburgh.
Cowardly Retreat of CoConsternation of the Authorities.
Charles's
lonel Gardiner's Troops.
Their conduct upon the receipt of it.
Letter to the Town Council.
On the afternoou of the 11th of September, Charles quitted

Perth at the head of a detachment of his army, and the same
day marched to Dumbhme, where he -waited till the following
evening, in order to allow time for the large body of his army
In the course of his short march he was
to overtake him.
joined by STacdonald of Grlencoe, with sixty followers, and,
shortly afterwards, by Macgregor of Glengyle, wdth two
hundred and fifty of his clan. It had now become of the
utmost importance to Charles to force his way at once into
the low coimtry.
He had recently received the tidings that
Cope, having quitted Inverness, was on his march to Aberit
his intention to embark his troops at
and
that
was
deen,
the latter place, and to proceed by sea to the protection of
the Lowlands.
It was therefore the great object of Charles
to anticipate this design, and by rapid marches to make himself master of the Scottish capital.
On the evening of the 12th, Charles encamped with the
whole of his army about a mile to the south of Dumblane.
"
It was in this neighbourhood," observes one of his followers,
" that
many of our lathers, aud several of us now with the
Prince, fought for the same cause, just thirty years before,
at the battle of Sherift'muir."
'
the 13th, Charles passed wth his army close to the

town of Doune, aud under the walls of the picturesque but
"
no longer " bannered towers ^ of its ancient castle. From
the narrative of the journalist from whom we have just quot"
ed, we learn that the Prince
stopped at a gentleman's house
near Doune, of the name of Edmonstone, and drank a glass
On
'
Macdonald's Journal, Lockhart Papers, vol. ii. p. 486.

' "
They rise, the banner'd towers of Doune,
They sink in distant woodland soon."
Lad;/ of the Lake.
The interesting ruins of Doune Castle, formeny the residence of the Earls
of Montcith, are now the property of the Earl of Moray.
PEIIfCE
1745.]
CHAELES EDWAKD.
157
of wine on horseback, where the ladies of the country were

assembled to see him." This trifling incident is recorded,
"
The
with some additional particulars, by a modern writer
Prince drew up before the house, and, without alighting from
his horse, drank a glass of wine to the healths of all the fair
The Misses Edmonstone, daughters to the
ladies present.
host, acted on this occasion as servitresses, glad to find aii
opportunity of approaching a person of whom they had heard
and when Charles had drunk his wine, and restored
so much
his glass to the plate which they held for him, they begged,
in respectful terms, the honour of kissing his Eoyal IlighThis favour he granted with his usual grace ;
ness's hand.
but Miss Clementina Edmonstone, cousin of the other young
ladies, and then on a visit at Doune, thought she might obtain
a much more satisfactoiy taste of royalty, and made bold to
ask permission to pree his Eoyal Highness's niou.' Charles
did not at first understand the homely Scottish phrase in
which this last request was made but it was no sooner explained to him, than he took her in his arms and gave her a
hearty kiss, to the no small ve.xation. it is added, of the
other ladies, who had contented themselves with so much less
'
liberal a share of princely grace."
On this day, Charles crossed the Ford of Frew with his
army, about seven miles above Stirling. He had anticipated
that his passage would have been opposed at this place by
Colonel Gardiner's dragoons but the latter thought proper
He dined this
to retire at the approach of the insurgents.
day at Leckie House, the seat of a gentleman who professed
Jacobite principles, of the name of Muir, and who, on the
preceding night, had been seized in his bed and carried off a
prisoner to Stirling Castle, on suspicion that he was making
As the insurpreparations for the reception of the Prince.
gent army defiled by Stirling, some cannon-shot were fired
at them from the Castle, but without effect.
In the course
of this day, Charles marched over the memorable field of
:
'
Bannockburn, and,
at night, slept at
Bannockbum House,
Paterson, a devoted adherent of his

while, his army lay encamped on the
field
of
Sauchie, where his unfortunate anneighbouring
cestor, James the Third, had died in battle against his
the seat of Sir

In the
family.
Hugh
mean
rebellious subjects.
'
Chambers,
p. 23,
from Ximmo's nistory of
Stirlingsliire, p.
564.
THE PEETEXDEES AND THEIE ABHEEEXTS.
15S
[l715.
On
the 14th, the insurgents advanced to Palkirk, in the

neighbourhood of which town Charles passed the night at
Callender House, the seat of the ill-fated Lord Kilmarnock,
by whom he was but too warmly welcomed. This night his
army were partly quartered in the town of Falkirk, and
partly in some broom-fields to the east of Callender House.
On the foUowiug day, Charles proceeded as far as Linlithgow, situated only sixteen miles from Edinburgh. At this
place he had again expected to have been opposed, on Linlithgow bridge, by Gardiner's dragoons but the latter immediately retreated on the approach of a body of Highlanders,
whom the Prince had despatched for the purpose of dispersing
them. On his arrival at Linlithgow, which for centuries had
been a favom-ed residence of the ancient kings of Scotland,
he was received by the inhabitants with a hearty welcome,
and with an outbreak of loyal enthusiasm which he fcould
scarcely have anticipated. Some of the magistrates are even
said to have participated in the general feeling of tumultuous
joy and though the Provost, a staunch Jacobite, had thought
it prudent to make good his retreat to
Edinburgh, his wife
and daughters waited, nevertheless, on the Prince, and, clad
in tartan dresses and decorated with the white cockade, were
admitted to the honour of kissing his hand. The Prince, on
entering this ancient town, was conducted in a kind of
triumph to the venerable palace of his ancestors, where the
housekeeper, ^Jjs Glen Gordon, is said, in an excess of loyal
zeal, to have too freely regaled all the respectable inhabitants
of Linlithgow with wine, which either the old palace or her
own finances could aftbrd. This night the army were encamped about three miles to the east of the town.
The scenes of deep and stirring interest over which the
young Adventurer had passed within the few last days
associated as they were, not only with the most brilliant
passages in the annals of his country, but more especially
vnth the changes and chances which had befallen his own
ill-fated race
must have awakened emotions of no ordinary
nature in his mind. ''All the ground thus ti-a versed," says
Lord Mahon, " by the insurgents is fraught with the
On that field of
brightest associations of Scottish story.
Bannockburn had Liberty and the Bruce prevailed ; that
palace of Linlithgow was the birthplace of the ill-fated
alas! how
Mary, and afterwards her dwelling in hours
;
PEINCE CHAHLES EDWABD.
1745.]
159
of peaceful sovereignty and honourable

fame those battlements of Stirling had guarded the cradle
of her infant son; there rose the Torwood, where Wallace
sought shelter from the English invaders yonder flowed
and few
brief
the Forth, which so often had bridled the wild Highlandman.' Surely, even a passing stranger coidd never
gaze on
such scenes without emotion,
still less
any one intent on
like deeds of chivalrous renown,
least of all the youthful
heir of Eobert Bruce and of the long hne of Stuart
kings !"
It may have been observed by the reader, that the insurgent army, in pursuing the-ir march to take possession of the
Scottish capital,
instead of following the direct road from
Perth to EdLnbui'gh by passing the Frith of Forth at Queen's
had
chosen
a much more tedious and circuitous
Ferry,
route.
Their reasons for taking this step were
partly on
account of the number of King's ships wliich
lay iu the
'
'
Forth to intercept their passage, and partly in

consequence
of the loss of life which they must have hazarded had
they
crossed the Forth at Stirling the bridge at that
place
being
commanded by the guns of the castle.

During the whole of their march through the Lowlands,
the Highland clans, notwithstanding their
proverbial addiction to theft and pillage, behaved with the most
praiseforbearance.
was
worthy
Everything
carefully paid for by
them during their march, and it may be mentioned, as evidirectly
dence of the determination of the
eliieftains to maintain disamong their followers, that Lochiel, having detected

one of his clan in the act of plunder,
notwithstanding his
repeated orders, shot the oflTender dead upon the spot.
On the following day, the 16th of September, the insurgent army recommenced their march in the direction of
Edinburgh, and towards evening encamped upon a rising
ground near the twelfth mile-stone from the Scottish capital.2
The next morning, Charles continued his march towards Edinburgh, and at night took up his quarters at
Gray's Mill, within two miles of that city.
It may readily be
imagined, that the fjeaeeful inhabitants
of Edinbiu-gh were already
sufficiently terrified by the news
of the near approach of the
the exinsurgent army, and
cipline
by
aggerated notions which prevailed at the time, in regard to

'
History of England from the Peace of Utrecht, vol.

*
Home,
p. 36.
iii.
p. 337.
IGO
THE PRETENDERS AND IHEIR ADHERENTS.
[l74u.
In
the wild aud ruthless character of the Highland clans.
the course, however, of this day, an incident occurred which
and
dismay.
body,
spread among them fresh terror
amounting to about three hundred and sixty men, and conof
of
the
town-guard
Edinburgh and
peaceful
sisting chiefly
of civilians who had volunteered their services in support of
the Government, had been seut forward by the authorities
of the city to a place called Colt Bridge, about two miles
west of the capital, for the purpose of opposing the further
These individuals had quitted
progress of the Highlanders.
their homes in the morning amidst many disheartening
Not only were they totally unused to the
circumstances.
circumstances and terror of war, but, moreover, in the course
of their march through the streets of Edinburgh on their
way to Colt Bridge, tliey had been stiU further discouraged,
and their spirits depressed, in consequence of the number of
their terrifled fellow-townsmen, who
taking advantage of
the many narrow alleys and closes which intersect their
had gladly seized the opportunity of slipping
ancient city
away from the main body of their companions, and returning
In addition to these circumstances,
to their own homes.
those who had still the courage to proceed in the direction
of the dreaded Highlanders, had been exposed, in their march
through the streets of their native city, not only to the tears
and entreaties of their wives and female relatives, who vehemently besought them to consult only their own safety and
to return to their quiet homes, but also to the entreaties and
arguments of their fellow-citizens, who conjured them to
remain behind, and reserve themselves for the defence of the
Their campaign was destined to be as brief as it was
city.
inglorious. On taking up their position at Colt Bridge, they
are graphically described, by one who was present, as drawn
up in the form of a crescent in an open field to the east of
the bridge, and betraying looks which spoke eloquently of
doubt and dismay. At their head was the brave and unfortunate Colonel Grardiner, who, on account of his age and
the iutirm state of his health, was wraj^ped up in a capacious
blue surcoat, with a handkerchief drawn over his hat and
under his chin.

In addition to the volunteers and town-guard of Edinburgh, Colonel Gardiner had under his command the only
two regiments of dragoons which at this period were stationed
tied
PEINCE CHABLES EDWAHD.
1745.]
161
His mOitary
iu Scotland.
dispositions were already made.

At the village of Corstorphine, about two miles in advance
of Colt Bridge, he had posted a small
party of dragoons, -ivith
the view, apparently, of bringing him the earliest
intelligence
of the approach of the insurgent
These men were at
army.
their post when the Highlanders appeared in îew and im;
mediately that the Prince perceived tliem, he gave orders to
some of the Highland gentlemen who constituted his staff to

ride up and reconnoitre them.
"These young gentlemen."
"
says Home, riding up to the dragoons", fired their pistols
them, who, without returning one shot, wheeled about

off, carrying their fears into the main body."
The example of these craven dragoons decided the fate of
Gardiner's small army, in which consisted the last remainThe dragoons and
ing hope of the people of Edinburgh.
volunteers at Colt Bridge no sooner beheld their fugitive
comrades riding terrified and furious towards them, "than
they were seized -with the same overwhelming and unaccountable panic.
Utterly regardless of the threats and
entreaties of their officers, they commenced a shameful and
precipitate flight, and passing, in full view of the people of
Edinburgh, over the gi-ound at the north side of the citv.
where the Xew Town now stands, they never slackened their
speed till they reached the grounds of their own gallant and
afBieted leader, Colonel Gardiner.
This disgraceful flight
at
and rode
'
was afterwards familiarly designated and spoken of
as the
"canter of Colt Brigg."

"Instantly," says Home, "the
clamour rose, and crowds of people ran about the streets,
out
that
it
was
madness
to think of resistance, since
crying
the dragoons had fled."
The scene was wtnessed with
very
opposite feeling by the people of Edinburgh

by the .Ta'cobites with a secret satisfaction which
they were scarcely
able to conceal but by the great
of
the
inhabitants
majority
with feelings of imequivocal consternation and distress.^
;
Home,
'
'
p. 88.
Lord Milton writes to the Marquis of Tweeddale on the 16th of

Septem1745 : " Alas, my lord I have grief and not glory that my fears have
been more than fulfilled for more than I feared is come to
Yesterpass.
the
two
of
day,
regiments
dragoons fled from the rebel army in the sight
of Edinburgh, where
many loyal gentlemen stood armed to defend the city,
which was so dispirited and struck with consternation, that
they resolved
ber,
to
open their gates to the rebels, despairing of speedy

a long defence."
Home, p. 306.
make
relief, and'
unable to
TUE rRETE:SDERS AND THEIR ADHERENTS.
1G2
[1745.
Edinburgli, which at no ])eriocl could have been regarded

as a fortified city, was certainly in a miserable condition to
maintain a siege. The walls, which scarcely at any time had
served any better purpose than preventing the admission of
smuggled goods, were in a most ruinous state, occasionally,
indeed, strengthened with bastions, and provided with embrasures but, generally speaking, they presented no better defence against the attack of an enemy than might have been
In many places, rows of
supplied by a common park wall.
dwelling-houses had been built from time to time against
the city walls and these again were commanded by other
and loftier houses, such as at present constitute the row of
tenements between the Cowgate Port and the Netherbow
Port. Under the superintendence, indeed, of the celebrated

mathematician, Maclaurin, some ingenious but fruitless attempts had been made, on the first tidings of the approach
of the dreaded Highlanders, to place the city in a state of
The walls were casually repaired some pieces of
defence.
old and almost unserviceable cannon were collected from
Leith and other stores attempts were made to barricade
the ancient gates, and a guard was appointed for the defence
of each port but still, to every eye that could boast of any
military experience, the possibility of defending the city appeared almost as hopeless as it had been before.
The guard, which was appointed for the defence of the
Northern capital, appears to have been even more inefficient
than the works which they were called upon to protect. It
consisted of sixteen companies of the ancient train-bands of
the city, each company comprising a hundred men, who
were officered from among the peaceful merchants and
burghers of Edinburgh, and who, with the exception of an
annual field-day on the King's birthday, had not appeared
in arms since the Eevolution of 1688.
IMoreover, when the
hour of danger arrived, not above a third of these individuals
appear to have been forthcoming for the defence of their
native city.
Indeed,
including the few volunteers who
came forward in support of the Government, as well as the
Duke of Buccleugh's tenants, who had been despatched by
that nobleman to assist in the defence of Edinburgh,-^the
;
of individuals who were available for the jirotection

of the city and of their civil and religious rights amounted
to less than seven hundred men.
How lukewarm and in-
number
PEINCE CHAELES EDTVAHD.
1745.]
103
different appears the support extended, at this period, to the

Government and to the foreign House of Brunswick,
existing
contrasted \sith the devoted and affectionate loyalty which

arrayed, as if by magic, the enthusiastic children of the
mountain and the mist, ia the cause of the exOed and unfortunate Stuarts
The determination of the authorities of Edinburgh to
defend the city to the last was for many reasons an extremely unpopidar measure with the great majority of the
!
inhabitants.
Somewhat
previous,
it
may be mentioned,
to
when the great

Colt Bridge,
"
the city was one of
question of to defend or not defend
interest
and
of
general discussion, an incident
paramount
occurred which increased still more the general impression
which prevailed against the policy of exposing the city,
either to the hazardous and uncertain issue of a protracted
siege, or to the horrors which would probably attend a
successful assault. While the Provost and magistrates were
engaged in discussing the merits of this important question,
a Mr Alves suddenly made his appearance, and, on the plea
of haWug important tidings to communicate, obtained permission to present himself before them. He had by accident,
he declared, found himself in the midst of the rebel army,
where he had held a conversation with the Duke of Perth,
with whom he had formerly been personally acquainted.
"
The Duke," he said, " desired me to inform the citizens of
Edinburgh, that if they opened their gates, their town
should be favourably treated but that, if they attempted
and his
resistance, they must expect military execution
Grace ended by addressing a young man near him with the
title of Eoyal Highness, and desiring to know if such were
not his pleasure, to which the other assented." For his
the unfortunate
affair
at
"
imprudence, or, it may be, treason, in so publicly communicating his message instead of confiding it to tlie private ear
of the first magistrate, Mr Alves was immediately committed
to prison. The uat\ire, however, of his mission soon became
known to the people of Edinburgh, and the effect which it
produced on the public mind was such as had been eagerly
anticipated by the Jacobites. The inhabitants, whose minds
were already strongly excited on the subject, were now heard
redoubling their outcry against the adoption of this unpopular measure.
M2
THE PEETENDEES AND TUEIE ADHEEENTS.
1(54
At
[l745.
Edinburgb came to tlie determinatiou of calling a meeting, which it was proposed

should consist of the magistracj' of the city and of the
Crown officers. The meeting, such as it was, was convened
forthwitli
but it was found, when the assembly met, that
the officers of the Crown had already secured their safety by
a prudent retreat. The meeting, moreover, was attended by
this crisis, tlie Provost of
number
of unauthorized ])ersons,
who not only vehemently
insisted that the insurgent army should be admitted within

the city walls, but also, by tlieir clamorous and senseless
vociferations, entirely drowned the voices of those who
argued in favour of the adoption of a diflerent policy.
It was in the midst of this din, that a letter was handed
in at the door, addressed to the Lord Provost, Magistrates, and
TovsTi Council of
Edinburgh.
by one of the Council, who
It
was immediately opened
at once proclaimed the important
"'
fact that it contained the superscription.
Ciiaeles, P. E."
The Provost instantly rose to address the meeting, and after
but
so
treasonable
a docustrongly
vainly protesting against
ment being received or read
in the presence of the King's

took his departure, accompanied by several members
of the
to the Goldsmith's Hall.
The letter,
however, in spite of the objections raised by the principal
magistrate, was eventually read to the meeting, and proved
to be as follows
" From our
Camp, 16th September, 1745.
officers,
Town Conned,
"
Being now
in a condition to make our way into the

of His JMajestj^'s ancient kingdom of Scotland, we
hereby summon j-ou to receive us, as j'ou are in duty bound
to do and in order to it, we hereby require you, upon receipt of this, to summon the Town Coimcil, and take proper
measures for securing the peace and quiet of the city, which
we are very desii-ous to protect. But if you suffer any of
the Usurper's troops to enter the town, or any of the cannon,
arms, or ammunition now in it (whether belonging to the
public or private persons) to be carried oif, we shall take it
as a breach of youi- duty, and a heinous oifence against the
King and us, and shall resent it accordingly.
promise
to preserve all the rights and liberties of the
city, and the
particular property of every one of His Majesty's subjects.
cajjital
We
But
t!;e
if
any opposition be made to us, we cannot answer for
consequences, being firmly resolved at any rate to enter
PRINCE CHABLES EDWAED.
1745.]
165
the city ;
any of the inhabitants are
found in arms against us, they must not expect to be treated
as prisoners of war.
Chaeles, P. E."'
and, in that case, if
In consequence of the receipt of this communication, it

was decided that a deputation should forthwith wait upon the
Piince, in order to negotiate the terms of a capitulation
with instructions to delay as long as possible the final
ratification of the treaty, ^vith the view of gaining time till
;
bxit
Cope should have disembarked his troops

on his march to the rescue of the capital.
at
Dunbar, and be
Accordingly the deputation, consisting of BaUlie Hamilton

and other members of the Council, set out on their mission
to wait on the Prince at Gray's ISIill. Charles received them
with his usual courtesy, but, evidently aware of the motives
which induced them to seek delay, he returned them the
kind of answer which they ought to have anticipated. He
appealed, he said, to his own and his father's declarations, as
a sufBcient guarantee both for the safeguard of the rights
and liberties, as well as the indi\adual property, of the people
his present demands, he added, were, to be
of Edinburgh
received into the city, and there to be obeyed as the sou and
and lastly, he perrepresentative of the King, his father
emptorily demanded to be informed of their final resolution
before two o'clock in the morning.^
It was ten o'clock at night when the deputation, wearied
:
The
dispirited, rejoined their friends at Edinburgh.
frightened magistrates were again summoned to the Council.
The time allowed them for deliberation was sufficiently short,
and as no new or more feasible line of policy was suggested
by any one present, it was decided, as a last but vain resource, that the deputation should again wait upon the
Prince, and once more use their endeavours to procure delay.
Their object at this particular moment, according to Home,
was " to beg a suspension of hostilities till nine o'clock in the
morning, that the magistrates might have an opportunity of
conversing with the citizens, most of whom were gone to
bed."' Another of their instructions was, to obtain from
Charles an explanation of what was meant by requiring them
to receive him as " Prince Eegent." Even to the most obtuse,
the object and intention of such a requisition must have apand
'
Home,
p. 92.
Home,
p. 95.
Ibid.
TUE PRETENDEHS AXD THEIE ADHEEENTS.
1G6
[l745.
but even had it been otherwise, it

was extremely unlikely that, at such a moment, the Prince
would have condescended to enter into the desired explanaAt two o'clock in the morning, the civil functionaries
tion.
again set out for Gray's Mill. The result of their second
than their first. They
negotiation was even less satisfactory
were formally reminded of the Prince's former assurance to
them that he had given them his final answer and they
were further informed that they could on no account be
again admitted to his presence.
peared sufficiently clear
CHAPTEE YI.
Occupation of Edinburgh by the Rebels. Enthusiastic Behaviour of Mrs

Murray of Broughton. Arrival of Charles in the Capital of his AncesJIarches to give Battle to Sir John
tors.
Gives a Ball at Holyrood.
Cope.
Preparations
for Battle.
This eventful night
the eve of the triumphal entry of

Charles into the capital of the ancient kingdom of his forewas passed by the young adventurer on the ground,
fathers
and with a respite of only two hours' repose. Fully aware,
as we have already mentioned, of the object of the magistrates of Edinhiu'gh in negotiating for delay, he had already
sent forward a body of eight hundred Highlanders, under the
command of the celebrated Lochiel, who were furnished with
a sufficient quantity of gunpowder to blow up the gates of
the city if necessary, and whose orders were to make themselves masters of Edinburgh before daybreak, either by storm
or surprise, according as their leader might deem fit.

This party was confided to the guidance of Murray of
Broughton, who had been selected for the duty on account
of his intimate Icnowledge of the localities.

They lay in ambush for some time in the vicinity of the Xetherbow Port,
their leaders being engaged in discussing a variety of proof the city, when,
jects foi" making themselves masters
about five o'clock in the morning, the gates were suddenly
the
in
order
to
to
give egress
hackney-coach which
opened,
had conveyed the second deputation to Gray's Mdl, and
which having carried the deputies to their homes, was now
PEINCE CHABLES EDWARD.
1745.]
peacefully returaing
to
its
1G7
o\vuer"s quarters without the
walls.
Not
moment was
lost in taking advantage of this favouran instant, eight hundred Highlauders,
In
headed by Lochiel, rushed through the gateway, and made
"
It was about five o'clock
themselves masters of the city.
"
when the rebels entered
in the morning," says Home,
able occurrence.
Edinburgh. They immediately sent parties to all the other

gates, and to the town guard, who, making the soldiers upon
duty prisoners, occupied their posts as quietly as one guard
When the inhabitants of Edinburgh

another.
awaked in the morning, they found that the Highlanders
were masters of the city."' The first person, it may be
mentioned, who entered the city was a Captain Evan j\Iac-
relieves
gregor, grandson of Sir Evan Murray Macgregor, a Sct)ttish

Charles was so delighted with the daring gallantry
baronet.
of the young man, that the same night, at Holyrood House,
he promoted him to the rank of Major.
The day had only just dawned, when, to the astonishment
'*
of the inhabitants, Lochiel and his gallant Camerons were

seen drawn up in military array, in the open space which
that
surrounded the famous Cross of Edinburgh. Alas
venerable and interesting relic of the past associated with
Scottish
romantic
scenes
in
so many memorable and
liistory
has since been removed by the sacrilegious ordi ij of the
civic authorities of Edinburgh!
Opposite the Cross, surrounded by the armed and picturesque-looking Highlanders,
stood the heralds and pursuivants in their splendid and
'"
King James the
courtly dresses, who solemnly proclaimed
Eighth," and concluded the ceremony by reading the royal
declarations, and the commission which conferred the liegency on the Priiice.
Perhaps the most remarkable figure in this striking scene
was that of a beautiful and enthusiastic woman, Mrs Murray
of Broughton, who, seated on horseback and with a drawn
sword in her hand, was seen distributing to the bystanders the
white ribbon the famous emblem of devotion to the cause
of the Stuarts. The scene altogether was one of heart-stirNo sooner had the heralds
ring and extraordinary interest.
concluded their task, than the bystanders are said to have
rent the air with their acclamations, which, uniting with the
'
Home,
p. 96.
Chambers,
p. 27, note.
THE PEETENDKBS
168
THEIB ADHEEENTS.
A>'D
[l745.
wild and exhilarating notes of the bagpipe, completed the

enthusiasm of the moment. "In the windows," says one who
seems to have been a witness ot" the scene, " a uu tuber of ladies strained their voices with acclamations, and their arms
with waving white handkerchiefs, in honour of the day." '
In the surroimding crowd, indeed, there were to be seen
who "showed their dislike by a stubborn
many countenances
"^
silence
but these constituted by far the minority, and
could only have served to add to the 2)icturesque effect of a
memorable scene, which the painter might well take delight
in committing to the canvas.
While these events were passing in Edinburgh. Charles having learned the success of his mancguvre, was on his way, at the
head of his armv, to take possession of the seat of Government. It may be mentioned, that at the very time when he was
;
employed in breaking up his camp at Gray's Mill, Sir John

Cope was actively engaged in landing his troops at Dunbar,
with the view of marching to the relief of the capital.
In order to avoid the tire of the guns from the castle of
Edinbui'gh, Charles advanced towards Holyrood by a southLeaving his army encamped in a
erly and circuitous route.
a hoUow site between
spot known as the Hunter's Bog,
Arthur's Seat and Salisbury Crags, he rode forward, attended by the Duke of Perth on one side, and by Lord Elcho
on the other, tiU he reached an eminence below St Anthony's
Well, where, for the first time, he saw extended before hira
in full view the ancient palace of his forefathers, with aU its
surrounding scenery, every foot of which was intimately connected with the pastimes, the sorrows, and the triumphs of
his ill-fated race.
Of the Prince's feelings at this moment no particular ac-,

count has been handed down to us, but they must have been
of such a nature as to be much more easily imagined than
described. The simple fact has been recorded, tliat on reaching this spot, he alighted from his horse, and, for a short space
of time, continued silently gazing on tlie interesting scene.
Let us pause, indeed, for a moment, to consider how extraordinary was the change which had taken place, within a few
short weelcs, in the destinies of the young aud daring adventurer. He had parted from his father at Rome animated by
high hopes and gallant resolves but he had then received
;
Home,
p. 102.
Ibid.
1745.]
an invitation from the
first
Power
in
Europe
1C9
to enlist him-
self bene.ith its banners: be had hoped to be the companionin-arms of the <jreat Sase, to fight by the side of that celebrated man, and to be borne by the mighty legions of France
in triumph to Whitehall. These hopes had been signally and
Instead of the triumph which he
miserably disappointed.
had anticipated, he found, on reaching France, that a dift'erent and adverse policy influenced the counsels of Louis the
Fifteenth he was doomed to encounter, at every step, the
;
cold looks of the courtiers of Versailles, and discovered, but

too late, that he was the mere dupe of the Machiavelian poministers.
licy of the French
It was then that the young and the gallant Prince came to
the determination of trusting to the resources of his own gethat great game of which he stakes were
nius, and of
playing
a coffin or a crown.
Without pecuniary resources, without

without friends, we have seen him
military stores, and almost
the Western Islands
landing among the desolate rocks of
we have seen him, by his own native powers of eloquence and
a
of
proverbially cautious
persuasion, overcoming the scruples
;
race rendering himself almost an idol, not only with the

enthusiastic and the young, but with the wary and the old
and as devoted as
arraying himself with a band as gallant
had "ever fought in the cause of his family beneath the glorious banners of ^lontrose or Dundee; and now, in less than
the short space of two months, we find him taking quiet possession of the ancient capital of Scotland, and of the venerAnd yet Charles was at this
able palace of his forefathers.
period only in his twenty-fifth year
The Prince entered the King's Park, near Priestfield, where
a breach had been made in the wall to admit of a free in;
'
At this spot he was met by a

gress for him and his suite.
vast concourse of people, by whom he was received wth loud
and continued acclamations. Unquestionably many of these
persons were confirmed Jacobites but by far the majority
seem to have consisted of the fickle and senseless multitude,
who, captivated by the novelty of the scene, by the charm
which usually attaches itself to the sight of royalty, by the
horsegallantry of the exploit, and perhaps by the graceful
manship and the fine bearing of the young and handsome
Prince, contributed loudly to the rapturous welcome which
;
'
Lockhart Papers,
vol.
ii.
p.
446.
170
[l745.
invited Charles to take possession of the palace of his ances"'

he came to
tors. According to a contemporary journalist,
the royal palace at the Abbey of Holyrood House, amidst a
vast crowd of spectators, who, from town and country, flocked
together to see this uncommon sight, expressing their joy and
Indeed, the
surprise together by long and loud huzzas.
whole scene, as I have been told by many, was rather like a
dream, so quick and amazing seemed the change; though, no

doubt, wise people saw well enough we had much to do still."
According to another contemporary wTiter, the celebrated
John Home, the author of " Douglas," who was himself a
"
The park was fuH of people
spectator of the scene,
amongst whom was the author of this history all of them
'
impatient to see this extraordinary person. The figure and

presence of Charles Stuart were not ill-suited to his lofty
He was in the prime of youth, tall and handpretensions.
some, of a fair complexion he had a light-coloured periwig,
with his own hair combed over the front; he wore the Highthat is, a tartan short coat without the plaid, a
land dress
blue bonnet on his head, and on his breast the star of the
Order of 8t Andrew. Charles stood some time in the park,
to show himself to the people and then, though he was very
near the palace, mounted his horse, either to render himself
more conspicious, or because he rode well and looked graceful on horseback.
The Jacobites were charmed with his ap;
pearance they compared him to Robert Bruce, w-hom he

The
resembled, they said, in his figure as in his fortune.
Whigs looked upon him with other eyes. They acknowledged that he was a goodly person; but they observed that, even
in that triumphant hour, when he was about to enter the
palace of his lathers, the air of his countenance was languid
and melancholy that he looked Kke a gentleman and a man
of fashion, but not like a hero or a conqueror."
Such, in
describing the triumphant progress of Charles Edward towards Holyrood, is the language of one of the staunchest
one, however, who,
partisans of the House of Brunswick
notwithstanding his Whig principles, it is evident was in no
with
the
infected
slight degree
prevailing enthusiasm of the
;
''
moment.
,
Charles proceeded through the park to Holyrood by way of

Duke's Walk so called from having been the favourite
'
Lockhart Papers, vol. ii. p. 488.
Home, p. 9d,
h-ê
'
PEINCE ClIAHLES EDWARD.
1745.]
171
retreat of his g;randf;jther, James the Second, durini; his residence in Scotland. The mob t'ollo\\'ing him during his progress with repeated acclamations
pressing forward to kiss
"
his hands, and
dimming his boots with their kisses and
"
while numbers were compelled to retire satisfied
tears
with ha\-ing been able to touch his clothes. Never, since the
accession of the House of Hanover in 1714, had any scion of
that foreign family even in their pride of power and pomp
of place and circumstance been received with a tithe of that
rapturous enthusiasm which now welcomed the young and
proscribed representative of the House of Stuart to the desolate halls of his tamily.
"
"
When Charles," says Home, came to the palace, he dismounted, and walked along the piazza towards the apartment
of the Duke of Hamilton. AVTien he was near the door, which
stood open to receive him, a gentleman stepped out of the
crowd, drew his sword, and raising his arm aloft, walked upstairs before Charles."
The person who rendered himself
'
thus conspicuous was James Hepburn, of Keith, a gentleman

of high accomplishment, who had been out during the rebellion of 1715, and who had ever since continued a staunch
adherent of the House of Stuart. Though opposed to the
government of James the Second, and to the principles which
had lost that monarch his crown, moreover, though by no
means an advocate of the indefeasible and divine right of
kings,
yet so great was his abliorreuce of the Act of Union
between England and Scotland, and his repugnance to the
German sovereigns who had usurped the place of the Stuarts,
that he determined on adopting the cause of the adventurer,
and chose this singular mode of displaying his dislike of, and
"
He was idolized,"
opposition to, the esistLug Government.
"
says Home,
by the Jacobites, and beloved by some of the
best A\liigs, who regretted that this accomplished gentleman,

the model of ancient simplicity, manliness, and honour, should
sacrifice himself to a
visionary idea of the independence of
Scotland." At the moment when Charles made his appearance in front
of Holyrood Palace, a cannon shot was fired at him from the
guns of the castle. It struck a portion of the building known
as James the Fifth's Tower, and fell into the
coiirt-yard below, occasioning no more mischief than scattering a quantity
'
Home,
p. 100.
Ibid., p. 101.
172
TUE TEETEIfDEES
A>'D
THEIE ADHEEENTS.
[l745.
of rubbish, which fell with it in its descent.

The incident
altered not for a moment the countenance of Charles, who,
apparently perfectly unconcerned, passed into the palace
without taking any notice of it whatever.
At night, Charles gave that celebrated ball in the gallery
of Holyrood, which has derived immortality from the pen of
the gi'eat modern master of romance, and which perhaps was
the first that had enlivened its deserted saloons, since the
days of Queen Mary and David Eizzio. That gay and memorable scene was never forgotten by those who were present.
The ladies of the North were loud in their applause of the
Prince's handsome person, and of the grace with which he
moved in the dance. By far the majority of the women of
Scotland were already but too well disposed to his cause nor
did it require any ocular demonstration of his personal graces
and accomplishments to add. either to the romantic enthusiasm which they conceived for him in the days of his greatness, or to the sympathy which his sufferings awakened in
them when the star of his splendour was set, and when he
was skulking a proscribed and hunted fugitive among the
wild fastnesses of the Highlands.
Previous to his arrival at HohTood, Charles had derived a
considerable accession of strength, in consequence of having
been joined by several persons of influence and note. Among
these were the Earl of Kellie, Lord Balmerino, Sir Stuart
Threipland, Sir David Murray, and the younger Lockhart of
;
Carnwath. The day also after his arrival at Edinburgh, his

standard was joined by Lord Nairn, with about five hundred
men of the clan Mac Lauchlan, and on the following day by
a party of the Grants of Glenmoriston. It may be mentioned
also, that from the military magazine of Edinburgh he obtained a thousand stand of arms, which proved of the greatest
service to him in the present emergency.
Having spent an entire day at HolvTOod, Charles, on the
night of the 19th of September, retraced liis steps to the \illage of Duddingstone, in the immediate neighbourhood of
which place his small army was bivouacking. It having been
by this time ascertained that Sir John Cope was on his march
from the North to give him battle, the Prince on the same
night summoned a council of the Highland chieftains, when
he proposed that they should break up their encampment the
PEI>'CE
1745.]
CHAELES EDWARD.
173
next morning, and march in the direction of the enemy, with

the object of forcing Cope to an immediate engagement.
This proposition ha\'ing met with the unanimous approbation of the Highland chieftains, Charles next inquired significantly of them in what manner they conceived their retainers would behave when brought into action with regular
The chiefs, having consulted together for a short
troops.
time, requested permission to name JNIacdouald of Keppoch
as their spokesman that gentleman, they said, being the best
on the subject, not only from
qualified to deliver an opinion
his
served in the French army, but also from his
;
having
rendered him
knowledge of the Highland character, which
what was likely to be the
peculiarly competent to judge of
issue of an encounter between the undisciplined mountaineers
and a regular force. On this, Keppoch addressed himself to
the Prince. As the country, he said, had been long at peace,
few, if any, of the private "men had ever been in action, and
therefore it was not easy to conjecture in what manner they
would conduct themselves. He added, however, that he could
venture to assure his Royal Highness, that the Highland
gentlemen, at least, would be found in the thickest of the
combat and, inasmuch as the private men loved the cause
in which they had embarked, and were warmly devoted to
their several chieftains, it was certain they would stand by
;
their leaders to the last.
This opinion having been deemed sufficiently satisfactory,

the Prince next expressed his determination of charging at
It was then that, for the iirst time,
the head of his army.
the chieftains opposed themselves to his wishes. Should any
befall
said,
him, they were ruined and undone
accident, they
inasmuch as, to them at least, A'ictory and defeat would lead
to the same residt, and would alike expose them to the tender
;
Charles still continuing to perthe chieftains even went so far

as firmly, though respectfully, to express their determination
to return to their o^vn homes, and there make the best terms
tliey could for themselves with the Government. The Prince,
mercies of the Government.
sist in his original resolution,
to
it is needless to add, was
eventually compelled to yield
intheir united threats and entreaties.
still, however,
sisted on a compromise, and expressed his fixed determination
He
of leading the second line.

At an early hour on the following morning, the 20th of
THE PKETENDEES AND THEIR ADHEEENTS.
17-1
[l745.
September, the Highland army, full of high hope and elated

by the promise of adventure, commenced its march in a column of very narrow front, having only three men in each
rank. Charles, placing himself at their head, drew his sword
amidst their enthusiastic shouts, and exclaimed, " Gentlemen, I have flung away the scabbard." The army, emerging
from Duddiugstone Park, crossed the river Esk at the bridge
of Musselburgh the same bridge which two centuries before
had been traversed by the Scottish army on their way to the
field of Pinkie.
They then proceeded along the post-road
till
they came to Edge Bucklin Brae. As they defiled along,
"
modern writer,
was able, in 1827,
lady," says a
"
who
youth had
memorable
in early
to describe the
seen them pass,

The Highlanders strode on -with their squalid
pageant.
clothes and various arms, their rough limbs and uncombed
hair, looking around them with an air of fierce resolution.
The Prince rode amidst his officers, at a little distance from
the flank of the column, preferring to amble over the dry
stubble-fields beside the road.
]\Iy informarit remembered,
as yesterday, his gi-aceful carriage and
comely looks, his long
below his neck, and the flap of his tartan
light hair straggling
coat thrown back by the \vind, so as to make the star

dangle
moment clear in the air by its silken ribbon. He was
for a
viewed with admii'ation by the simple villagers and even

those who were ignorant of his claims, or who rejected them,
could not help mshing him good foi-tune, and at least no ca;
'
lamity."
Leaving the town of Musselburgh to tlie left, the insurgent

army proceeded by way of the old Kirk road to Inveresk, and
crossing the street of Newbigging again entered tlie post-road
to the south of the Pinkie Gardens.
It was at this place,
that Lord George Murray, who commanded the van, ascertained that Sir John Cope was encamped with his army a few
miles in advance, in the neighbourhood of Preston. Desirous
of securing for the Highlanders the advantage of fighting on
rising ground, where tbey were secure from the attacks of
cavalry, and might pour down with greater force on their
opponents, he advanced for some distance up Fawside Hill,
and then, diverging to the left, led his forces down-hill in the
direction of Tranent, where he halted them by the side of the
post-road, a little to the west of that place. It may be men'
Chambers,
p. 32.
The lady was the
late
Mrs. Handasyde, of Fisherrow.
PETSCK CHAELES EDWARD.
1745. J
17o
tioned, that tlie last two miles of the march were performed
in fviU view of the enemy. The latter, on the first appearance
of the Highlanders, raised a loud shout, which was responded
to with vehement alacrity by the otlier party.
When the
Highland army halted at Tranent, the two opposing forces

were separated by scarcely more than half a mile from each
other.
It now becomes necessary to trace the steps of Su* John

Cope, in his short progress from Dunbar to Preston, a distance only of about twenty miles. Having completed the
disembarkation of his troops on the 18th, he commenced his
march on the following day in the direction of Edinburgh.
"
His little army," says Home, " made a great show, the cavalry, the infantry, the cannon, with a lone train of bafrsrairecarts, extended for several miles along the road. The people
of the country, long unaccustomed to war and arms, flocked
from all quarters, to see an army going to fight a llpttle in
East Lothian and, with infinite concern and anxiety for the
At Inverness,
event, beheld this nncommon spectacle."
Cope had been reinforced by two hundred of Lord Loudon's
men, and at Dunbar he was rejoined by the two regiments
of dragoons who had fled before the insurgent
army at Colt
;
'
Bridge.
At Dunbar, also. Cope had been met on his landing by the

judges and other civil ofiicers of the Cro\\-n, who had quitted
Edinburgh on the evening before the capture of the capital.
A few Lowland gentlemen the most considerable of whom
was the Earl of Home, who held a commission in the Guards
had hastened to join the General on his landing but thev
were attended only by a \ery few followers, and, except that
their example
to
might possibly influence others, were likely
'
little service to the cause of the Government.
It
was curious, indeed, to observe the extraordinary change
which had taken place within a few years, as regarded the
feudal system in the Lowlands.
Scarcely a century since,
the ancestor of Lord Home had been enabled to greet Charles
the First at the head of six hundred retainers and
yet now,
when his descendant would fain have exhibited a similar display of zeal in the cause of the House of Bruns-n-ick, he was
prove of
compelled to make his way to Cope at Dunbar attended by

only two servants
Home, p. 10.5.
!
'
176
THE PEETEKDEES AXD TUEIE ADnEEE>"TS.
[l7io.
During the niglit of the 19th, Cope lay encamped with his
army in a field to the west of Haddington, about sixteen miles
As there existed the possibility of the
east of Edinburgh.
Highlanders effecting one of their rapid marches and surthe
royal army in the night, tlie General selected sixprising
teen yoimg men, chiefly from among the Edinburgh volunteers, who wLLlingly promised their services to patrol the
difl'erent roads which led to the Highland camp, and whose
instructions were to return alternately, two by two, and make
their reports to the officer who commanded the piquet.
"
Among these individuals was Home, the author of Douglas,"
of whose valuable narrative of the Rebellion we have so often
That writer informs us, somewhat ominavailed ourselves.
"
never came back to
ously, that two of his companions
Haddington." These persons were, in after-life, sufficiently
well kuo^vn as Lord Gardenstone and General Cunninghame,
the former baring risen to distinction in a civil, and the latter
As the story of their disappearance
in a military capacity.
on the eve of the battle of Preston Pans is somewhat curious,
and as we are enabled to narrate it in the language of Sir
Walter Scott, we mav perhaps be pardoned for the passing
'
On approaching Musselburgh," says Sir Walthey avoided the bridge to escape observation, and
crossed the Esk, it being then low water, at a place nigh its
conjunction -n-ith the sea. Unluckily there was, at the opposite side, a snug thatched tavern, kept by a cleanly old woman
who was eminent for the excellence of
called Luekie F
her oysters and sherry. The patrol were both hon vivanis ;
one of them, whom we remember in the situation of a senator,
digression.
"
ter,
so, and a gay, witty, agreeable companion beLuckie's sign, and the heap of oyster-shells deposited
near her door, proved as great a temptation to this vigilant
forlorn-hoj)e, as the wine-house to the Abbess of Andouillet's
muleteer.
They had scarcely got settled at some right pandores, with a bottle of sherry as an accompaniment, when, as
some Jacobite devil would have it, an unlucky north-country
was unusually
sides.
lad, a writer's (that
is,
attorney's) apprentice,
who had
his indentures the slip and taken the white cockade,

to pass by on his errand to join Prince Charlie.
He
given
chanced
saw the
two volunteers through the window, knew them, and guessed

their business he saw the tide woidd make it impossible for
them to return alonfr the sands as thev had come. He there;
PEINCE CHAELES EDWA.ED.
1745.]
177
fore placed himself in ambush upon the steep, narrow, imwhich was then, and for many years afterpracticable bridge,
wards, the only place of crossing the Esk and how he con:
I could never learn, but the courage and assurance

of his province are proverbial, and the Norland whippersurrounded and made prisoners of the two vmfortu-
trived
it
snapper
nate volunteers before they could draw a trigger."

They
were carried, it seems, to the Highland camp at Duddingofficer
in
comthe
to
the
of
over
handed
and
custody
stone,
mand of the Prince's body-guard, who instantly denounced
them as spies, and proposed to hang them accordingly. ForIMr
tunately they were recognised by an old acquaintance, a
Colquhoun Grant, afterwards a respectable writer to the
'
and
signet in Edinburgh, who vouched for their innocence,
subsequently contrived the means by which they eifected
their escape.
On the morning of the 20th, Cope resumed his march towards Edinburgh, proceeding along the post-road (ill he
reached Huntington, when he turned oft' and took the low
road by St Germains and Seaton. "In this march," says
"
Home, the officers assured the spectators, of whom no suiall
number attended them, that there would be no battle, for, as
the cavalry and infantry were joined, the Highlanders would
*
not venture to wait the attack of so complete an army."
As the van of the royal army was entering the flat piece of
land which lies between Seaton and Preston, Cope learned
for the first time that the insurgents were in fidl march to
meet him. The plain before him appeared to be well suited
to serve as the scene of an engagement, and accordingly, after
advancing a short distance further, he gave the order for his
army to halt, and not long after he had taken his ground the
insurgent forces appeared in view.
Cojie had anticipated that the Highlanders would march
to meet liim from the west, and accordingly had arranged his
front towards that quarter.
The reader, however, will re-
member
that the Highland army had adopted a circuitous

and accordingly, when they suddenly made their appearance to the southward, this unexpected movement en-
route,
He
imtirely disconcerted the plans of the English general.

mediately changed the order of battle, and, moving round his
front to the south so as to face the enemy, placed his foot in
'
Quarterly Review, vol. xxxvi. p. 177.
'
Home,
p. 106.
178
[l745.
the centre of the line. Each wing was flanked by a regiment

His right was
of dragoons and by three pieces of artillery.
covered by Colonel Gardiner's park -wall and by the village
of Preston on his left, though at some distance, stood the
in his rear were the villages
village of Seaton and the sea
of Preston Pans and Cockenzie, and in his front the town of
;
Tranent and the Highland armv.
CHAPTER
VII.
Order of Battle. Gallant

Eelative Strength of the opposing Armies.
Charge of the Rebels. Hemic Conduct and Death of Colonel Gardiner.
Conduct of Charles
Total Defeat of the English Forces at Preston Pans.
after the Battle.
of numbers the two opposing armies were pretty

equally matched ; that of Charles numbering about two thoumen and the force under Cope amountfive
hundred
sand
ing to about two thousand three hundred. In every other
respect, however, the English general liad greatly the advantISot only was he at the head of regular and well-disage.
In point
was also supported by cavalry and

which the latter, at this period, was held in unusual awe by the rude Highlanders. On the other hand, few
their
if any of the insurgent army had ever been under fire
cavalry, if such it could be termed, consisted of fifty moimted
their
and
their
retainers
and
artillery comprised
gentlemen
a single iron gun, which was of no other service than to be
fired as the signal of march, and which one who saw it de"
a small gun without a carriage, drawn by a little
scribes as
ciplined troops, but he
artillery, of
Highland horse."
'
Charles, when he commenced his march from Duddingstone, had proposed leaviug this useless piece of lumber behind him. To his surprise, however, the chieftains interposed
Their men, they said, attached so estraordiin its behalf.
'"
nary a degree of importance to the possession of the mus-
"
mother (as cannon was then denominated by them),
would probably dispirit them not a little were it left
behind, and accordingly it was allowed to encumber them on
ket's
that
it
'
Home,
p. 104.
!?.]
179
In addition to these inefficient means for

on a successful warfare, it may be mentioned that
of
the
Highlanders were without fire-arms that some
many
had only a broadsword, others only a dirk or pistol and that
the only weapon of numbers formidable as it afterwards
proved was the blade of a scythe affixed to the handle of a
their march.
cairyiuiT
pitchfork.
It has already been mentioned, that when Charles halted
with his forces at Tranent, a distance of scarcely more than
The
half a mile separated the two armies from each other.
ground which divided them consisted of a deep morass, over
which it was doubtful whether the Highlanders could be

conducted with safety. As the latter expressed the utmost
eagerness to be led immediately against the enemy, and as
Charles was naturally willing to gratify their impatience, and
to take advantage of the fiery enthusiasm of the moment,
the question became one which it was of the greatest importance to solve without delay. In this emergency, a
gallant ofBcer, Colonel Ker of Gradon, volunteered his serMoimted on a little
vices to decide the doubtful point.
white pony, he rode with the utmost coolness over the ground
which separated the two armies, and, apparently utterly regardless of the shots which were fired at him, he carefully
and deliberately examined the nature of the ground. Encountering a stone dyke in his way, he qidetly dismounted,
and having removed a stone or two, he led his horse over it,
and calndy continued his survey, to the admiration of his
friends.
On his return, having pronounced the
passage of the morass to be in the highest degree hazardous,
if not impracticable, Charles and his friends came to the unpalatable determination of deferring the attack till the following day, and, in the mean time, it was decided that the
Highland army should pass the night on the ground.
The night was a cold and frosty one. By Sir John Cope
it was passed in cheerful quarters at Cockenzie, but by the
unfortunate descendant of Eobert Bruce on a bed of pea-
Highland
field, surrounded by his humble but

devoted retainers. It may be mentioned, that in the course
of this day, Charles had dined with the Duke of Perth, and
another of his officers, at a smaU inn in the village of Tranent.
Their food consisted only of the coarse kail, or common
broth of the countr'y. Two wooden spoons were compelled
straw, and in the open
THE PEETENDEES AND THEIE ADHEEEXTS.
180
[l745.
to suffice for the three and only a butcher's knife was produced for them to cut tlieir meat, which they were forced to
The hmdlady, it is said, being ignoreat with their fingers.
ant of their rank, had carefidly concealed her pewter, from
the fear in which she stood of the predatory habits of the
;
Highlanders.
At night Charles
summoned a council of war, which sat

in deliberation till a late hour.
It was then unanimously
that
notwithstanding the difficulties of their position,
agreed,
an attack should be made at break of day, by passing the
morass where it presented the fewest dangers.
There was present at this council a gentleman, jNIr Anderson of Whitburgh, wlio, from the uni'omantic circumstance
of his having been accustomed to shoot snipes over the surrounding country, was intimately acquainted with its dangers
and local peculiarities. Modesty had kept him silent during
the debate but the council had no sooner broken up, than
he waited, in the first instance, on Hepburn of Keith, and
subsequently on Lord George Murray, whom he found
and communicated to them the imasleep in his quarters,
portant fiiet, that not only could he enable the Higliland
to
the
morass
without being exposed to the fire of
army
pass
the enemy, but also without even being seen by them.
To the inteUigeuce afforded by Anderson may perhaps be
attributed the successful result of the battle of Preston
Pans. He was immediately conducted by Lord Greorge
;
Murray
to the presence of Charles, who sat up in his bed of

and listened eagerly to the grateful intelbgence.
pea-sti-aw,
The night was now
far advanced, but Lochiel and the other

were instantly sent for, and after a sliort deliberawas
tion,
unanimously agreed that, with Anderson for
their guide, an attack should immediately be made on the
royal forces. The Highlanders, who were sleeping in clusters
around, wrapped in their plaids, were easily aroused, and,
unencumbered with baggage or artillery, commenced their
rapid and stealthy march. The night was extremely dark
not a whisper was heard among the mountaineers during
their advance
and when tlie morning at length dawned,
they had the satisfaction of finding themselves still concealed
from the enemy by a frostv mist. The morass was nearly
passed, when their approach was at length discovered by a
party of dragoons. The latter, however, contented them-
chieftains
it
1715.]
PEIKCE CHABLES'EDWASD.
181
selves with firing off their pistols, almost at random, and

then galloped off rapidly to communicate the alarm to the
main body of the
royalists.
It required but a short space of time to array the Highlanders in order of battle, and only a few words to urge them
Some delay, indeed,
to their accustomed and furious onset.
took place, in consequence of the great clan of Macdonald
claim
to
form
the right of the
their
on
insisting
preferring
line.
This claim (which was founded principally on a tradition that Robert Bruce had conferred that honour on tbera
at the battle of Bannockburn) was violently contested by
the Camerons and Stuart and it was not till some time had
elapsed, that the two latter clans ^nelded to the personal entreaties of Charles, and reluctantly consented to withdi-aw
The prince placed himself gallantly at the
their claims.
"
of the
;
head
second
"
line.
Follow me, gentlemen," he
said,
and, by the blessing of God, I wiU this day make you a free
and happy people."
Sir John Cope no sooner learned that the Highlanders
were on their way to attack him, than he exerted all his en-
He has been accused

ergies to prepare for their reception.
of having suffered liis men to become disheartened by keeping them on the defensive, but with the single exception of
this oversight, if so it may be termed, there is no reason for
questioning, in a military point of view, either the propriety
of the position which he took up, or of the measures which
he adopted to insure success.
The two armies had approached within a short distance of
each other, when the morning mist gradually passed away,
and revealed to them their respective strength and positions.
It was a sight which was calculated to inspirit the one, as
nivich as it was to intimidate the other.
Cope, indeed, and
liis disciplined forces might well have
surveyed with conthe
rude
mass
which
had
the
tempt
audacity to confront
him while the Highlanders had every reason to feel dismay
at the sight of the firm front of the British infantry, so proverbially famous in the military annals of England, and at
the prospect of encountering the sweeping blast of the
dreaded artillery, of which they stood in such extraordinary
awe. " Some of the rebel ofiicers," says Home. " have since
acknowledged, that when they first saw the King's army,
which made a most gallant appearance, both horse and foot.
;
182
[l745.
with the sun shining on their arms, and then looked at their
own line, which was broken into clumps and clusters, they
expected that the Highland army would be defeated in a
moment, and swept from the field."
80 rapid had been the advance of the Highlanders, that
Sir John Cope had only time to ride once along the front of
'
and to adch-ess a few words of exhortation to his followers, when, on the mist clearing away, he beheld the clans
deLord George Murray
preparing for the charge.
termined that the royalists should have no time to recover
from tlieir surprise instantly issued the welcome order to
his followers to engage.
Taking their bonnets from their
heads, the Highlanders paused for a moment to utter a brief
and
once
more
then,
drawing their bonnets over their
prayer,
brows, they rushed impetuously forward, smiting their
famous war-cry -n-ith the clamoiu' of the wild and heart-stirhis lines,
ring pibroch.
The Camerons were the first who reached the enemy's

Eushing forward with headlong rapidity, they fired
their pieces as soon as they came within musket-length of their
opponents, and then throwing away their fire-arms, they
lines.
drew their long swords, and, grasping in their left hands the
national dirk and target, they darted forward through the
smoke in which they had enveloped themselves. In this
manner, many of the Camerons and Stuarts rushed directly
and with such eftect,
against the muzzles of the cannon
that almost instantaneously the whole of the frightened arwere
seen
before
them.
The dragoons
tillery-men
flying
were immediately ordered to advance to their support, but
it was only to share the same fate.
The Highlanders, previous to tlie engagement, had been strictly enjoined to aim
at the noses of the horses ^^^th their swords, it being rightly
conjectured that a horse so wounded would immediately wheel
about, and thus, it was hoped, the whole army might be
thrown into confusion. These injunctions were implicitly
obeyed by the Highlanders. The cavalry made but one
charge, and such was the steady and galling fire with which
they were received by their opponents, that the former reeled
round, and after wavering for a few seconds, were seen galloping in aU directions from the field.
No longer supported by artillery, and disheartened by the
;
'
Home,
p. 18, note.
PEIIfCE
1745.]
CHAELES EDWAED.
183
sight of the flying dragoons, the English infantry showed but

little inclination to
prolong the coniiict. For a moment, indeed, they seemed resolute in maintaining their ancient
character for steadiness and endurance, and poured a welldirected fire into the centre of the Highland forces.
No
sooner, however, did they perceive the large masses of wild
Highlanders pouring forward to grapple with them in close

combat, than they were overtaken by the same panic which
had seized their companions and, throwing down their arms
lest they should impede them in their flight, they fled in the
utmost confusion from the field. " Thus," says the Chevalier
de Johnstone, who was present in the battle, " in less than
five minutes we obtained a complete victory, with a terrible
carnage on the part of the enemy. It was gained with such
rapidity, that in the second line, where I was by the side of
the Prince, not having been able to find Lord George, we
saw no other enemy on the field of battle than those who
were lying on the ground killed and wounded, though we
were not more than fifty paces behind our first line, running
always as fast as we could to overtake them, and near enough
never to lose siglit of them. The Highlanders made a terrible slaughter of the enemy, particularly at the spot where
the road begins to run between the two enclosures, as it was
soon stopped up by the fugitives as also along the walls of
the enclosures, where they killed without trouble those who
attempted to climb them."
Dm-ing the engagement, one good and gallant man, the
long-lamented Colonel Gardiner, upheld almost alone tlie tarnished character of his countrymen. Although he had been
;
'
twice severely wounded in his attempts to lead his dra<;oous

against the enemy, he still persisted in remaining on the field,
and, notwithstanding the pain which he suft'ered, aud his
weakness from loss of blood, was seen to lay more than one
of the insurgents dead at his feet. The feelings of this highminded man, on witnessing the disgraceful flight of his com-
may be readily imagined. Deserted by his followers,

and left almost alone on the field, he was pausing to consider
in what manner his duty to his sovereign required him to
act, when he chanced to perceive a small party of the royal
infantry, without any officer to command them, fighting gal"
Those brave fellows," he
lantly within a few paces of him.
panions,
'
Chevalier de Johnstone's Memoirs, p. 36.
ISi
THE PRETENDEES AND THEIE ADHEEENTS.
[l745.
exclaimed, "will be cut to pieces for want of a commander."

"Immediately," says his biographer, Dr Doddridge, "he rode
up to them, and cried out aloud, 'Fire on, my lads, and fear
but just as the words were out of his mouth, a
notbiug
Highlander advanced towards him vdih a scythe fastened to
a long pole, with which he gave him such a deep wound on
and
bis right arm, that his sword dropped out of his hand
at the same time several others coming about him, while he
was thus dreadfully eutangled with that cruel weapon, be was
dragged off from his horse.
"
another
whose name
The moment he
'
fell,
Highlander,
was M'Naugbt, and who was executed about a year after,

gave him a stroke, either with a broad-sword or a Lochaber
axe, on the hinder part of bis head, which was the mortal
blow. AU that his laitbful attendant saw further at that
time was, that his bat was fallen oft'; he took it in bis left
hand, and waved it as a signal to him to retreat, and added
(which were the last words he ever heard him speak)
Take care of yourself: upon which the servant retired, and
immediately fled to a mill, at the distance of about two miles
from the spot of ground on which the Colonel fell, where he
changed his dress, and, disguised like a miller's servant, returned with a cart as soon as possible, which was not tUl
near two hours after the engagement.
"
The hurry of the action was then pretty well over, and
he found his much-honoured master, not only plundered of
bis watch and other things of value, but also stripped of bis
upper garments and boots, yet still breathing and though
not capable of speech, yet, on taking him up, he opened bis
eyes, which makes it something questionable whether he were
altogether insensible. In this condition, and in this manner,
he conveyed him to the church of Tranent, from whence he
was immediately taken into the minister's bouse, and laid in
bed, where he continued breathing and frequently gi-oaning
'
'
about eleven in the forenoon, when be took his final leave

of pain and sorrow, and undoubtedly rose to those distinguished glories which are reserved for those who have been
till
and remarkably faithful luito death.

The remains of this Christian hero were interred the
so eminently
"
Tuesday following, September 2-1, at the parish church of

Tranent, wliere be bad usually attended divine service, with
great solemnity. His obsequies were honoured with the pre-
PEINCE CRAELES EDWARD.
1745.]
185
senee of some persons of distinction, who were not afraid of

paying that last piece of respect to his memory, though the
country was then in the hands of the enemy."
Nothing could be more complete than the victory obtained
by Charles at Preston Pans. Not only did the greater number of the enemy's standards, and the whole of their artillery,
fall into the hands of the insurgents, hut they obtained possession also of the military chest, containing about 2500.
Their loss, also, on the field of battle was inconsiderable the
slain numbering only three officers and thirty common men,
and not more than seventy or eighty being wounded. The
greater number of the wounded of both armies were conveyed
to the neighbouring residence of the ill-fated Colonel Gardiner,
where, it is said, the dark outlines of the forms of the tartaned
warriors, caused by their bloody garments, may still be traced
on the oaken floors of that interesting mansion.' Of the royal
army, only one hundred and seventy of the infantry escaped ;
about four hundred fell in the field of battle or in the subsequent pursuit, and the remainder were taken prisoners.
The dragoons, whose cowardice may perhaps be considered
as the primarj' cause of the loss of the battle of Preston by
the royalists, met owing to the insurgents having no cavalry with which to pursue them with a f:ir better fate than
they deserved. Flying in all directions, the majority eventually took the road to Coldstream, near which to\vn they were
with difficulty rallied by Sir John Cope, with the assistance
So excessive were their
of the Earls of Loudon and Home.
fears, that when once or twice they were induced to halt
dimng their flight, their ears no sooner caught the shouts of
the dreaded Highlanders or the distant sound of an occasional
musket-shot, than they again galloped off in the utmost terror and confusion.
Only a small party of the craven dragoons took the road to Edinburgh, and, passing in fall gallop
up the High Street, never paused for a moment till they found
'
"A
largre thorn-tree, in the

Doddridg;e's Life of Colonel Gardiner.
He was
centre of the battle-ground, marks the spot where Gardiner fell.
buried in the north-west comer of the church of Tranent, where eight of
his children had been previously interred. Some years ago, on the memor'
able mould being incidentally disturbed, his head was found marked by the
stroke of the scythe which despatched him, and stiU adhered to by his micliib, which, bound firmly with silk, and dressed with powder and
the day he died."
])omatum, seemed as fresh as it could have been on
37.
Chambers, p. 37.
C/uimhers,
litary
p.
188
[iT-lo.
themselves at the gates of the Castle. Here they met with

the reception which they deserved the Governor not only
refused to admit them, but added, that if they did not immehe would open the guns upon
diately take their departure,
them as cowards who had deserted their colours.
could
No words, indeed,
exaggerate the overwhelming and
"
unaccountable panic which seized the royal army.
They
threw down their arms," says the Chevalier de Johnstone,
"
that they might run \vith more speed; thus depriving themselves by their fears of the only means of arresting the vengeance of the Highlanders. Of so many men, in a condition,
from their numbers, to preserve order in their retreat, not
one thought of defending himself. Terror had taken entire
possession of their minds. I saw a young Highlander, about
fourteen years of age, scarcely formed, who was presented to
the Prince as a prodigy, having killed, it was said, fourteen
of the enemy. The Prince asked him if this was true? I do
not know,' replied he. 'if I kiUed them; but I brought fourteen soldiers to the ground with my sword.' Another Highlander brought ten soldiers to the Prince, whom he had made
him like a flock of sheep. This
prisoners, driving them before
Highlander, from a rashness without example, having pursued
a party to some distance from the field of battle, along the
road between the two enclosures, struck down the hinderraost
with a blow of his sword, calling at the same time, Down
The soldiers, terror-struck, threw down
with your arms
their arms without looking behind them and the Highlander,
with a pistol in one hand and a sword in the other, made them
do exactly as he pleased. The rage and despair of these men,
on seeing themselves made prisoners by a single individual,
These were, however, the same
may be easily imagined.
English soldiers who had distinguished themselves at Detwho
and
might justly be ranked amongst
Pontenoy.and
tingen
It may be mentioned that
the bravest troops of Europe."
Sir John Cope, in consequence of his adopting the expedient
of wearing the white cockade.- passed unharmed and unquestioned through the midst of the Highland clans, and was
the first to carry to England the news of his own defeat.
The moderation and humanity displayed by Charles (not
only after the battle of Preston Pans, but also on every subsequent occasion on which he found himself a victor) have
:
'
'
'
'
'
Ibid., p. 38.
1745.]
PEINCE CHAELES EDWARD.
1S7
not onh' been freely admitted even by his enemies, but,

moreover, present a pleasing and redeeming contrast to the
frightful barbarities which, at a later period, were so wantonly exercised by the "butcher" Duke of Cumberland after
the battle of Culloden. After the battle of Preston Pans,
when one of the Prince's followers congratulated him on the
victory which he had obtained, and, pointing to the field of
battle, exclaimed, "Sir, there are your enemies at your feet!"
Charles is said not only to have refrained from joining in
the exultation of the moment, but to have warmly expressed
the siucerest compassion for those whom he termed " his
Previous to the battle, he had
father's deluded subjects."
strongly exhorted his followers to adopt the side of mercy
and when the victory was gained, his first thoughts were for
the unhappy sufferers, and his first hours employed in providing for the comfort of his wounded adversaries as well as his
friends. His exhortations and example produced the happiest
In the words of one of his gallant followers, "Not
effects.
only did I often hear our common clansmen ask the soldiers if
they wanted quarter, and not only did we, the officers, exert
our utmost pains to save those who were stubborn or who
could not make themselves understood, but I saw some of
our private men, after the battle, run to Port Seton for ale
and other liquors to support the wounded. As one proof for
of my own particular observation, I saw a Highlander,

carefully and with patient kindness, carry a poor wounded
soldier on his back into a house, where he left him with a
sixpence to pay his charges. In all this we followed not only
the dictates of humanity, but also the orders of our Prince,
who acted in everything as the true father of his country."
all,
'
Of the conduct
of Charles immediately after his victory at

Preston Pans, some other and interesting traits have been
recorded.
After the pursuit was at an end, finding himself
"
The
accidentally at the head of the clan Macgregor,
"
came up, and succesPrince," says Duncan Macpharig,

sively took fllencairnaig and Major Evan in his arms, congratulating them upon the result of the fight. He then commanded the whole of the clan Gregor to be collected in the
middle of the field and, a table being covered, he sat down
with Glencairnaig and Major Evan to refresh himself, all
the rest standing round as a guard, and each receiving a
;
'
Lockhart Papers.
THK PEETENDEES AXD TUEIR ADHEEENTS.
188
[l745.
Andrew Henderson
also
wine and a little bread."
"I saw the Chevalier, after the battle, standing
observes,
in a coarse
by his horse, dressed like au ordinary captain,
blue bonnet, with a narrow plain gold lace
plaid and large
the
eflects
of his
about it, his boots and knees much dirtied,
alass of
and twice
having fallen in a ditch. He was exceedingly merry,
cried out with a hearty laugh.
My Highlanders have lost
After this, he refreshed himself upon the field,
their plaids
and with the greatest composure ate a slice of cold beef, and
drank a glass of wine." Having concluded the labours and
duties of tlie day, Charles proceeded on horseback to Pinkie
House, the seat of the Marquis of Tweeddale, where he
'
'
passed the night.
The victory of Preston Pans, or, as it was designated by

the Highlanders, of Gladsmuii-, rendered the young adventurer for a season almost the undisputed master of Scotlaud. It produced, moreover, the desired efiect of raising the
his
reputation of his arms, and of inducing many among
wavering and cautious partisans to declare themselves openly
this
decisive
of
the
the
Jacobites,
in his favour.
tidings
By
received with the most extravagant
\-ictory were everywhere
outbreakings of triumph and joy. Blessings, even from the
on the head of the young
pulpit, were publicly invoked
hero and the Jacobite gentlemen, no longer giving utterance to their treasonable toasts in language of safe and
doubtful import, quaffed deeply and enthusiastically to the
health of their young and beloved Prince, wlio, iu the words
"
could eat a dry
of one of their own convivial sentiments,
crust, sleep on peas-straw, take his dinner in four minutes,
and win a battle iii five."
It was only three hours after the victory, that the Camerons reentered Edinbiu'gh to the exhilarating sound of their
own bagpipes, and bearing with them in proud triumph the
standards which they had wrested from the recreant draThe remauider of the clans delayed their return till
goons.
the following day, when they marched into the northern
the principal
capital in long military array, parading" through
The King shall enjoy
streets to the favourite Jacobite air,
Tlieir wild appearance, their picturesque
liis own again."
dresses, the number of their prisoners, and the quantity of
the rear,
captured artillery and baggage which brought up
added to the variety of standards which floated in the air,;
1745.]
189
comprising the colours of their respective chieftains as well

as those which had been captured from the
royal army,
rendered it a sight so remarkable and imposing, as not easily
to be forgotten either by the adherents of the Government
or by the delighted partisans of the House of Stiiart. As the
Highlanders passed through the streets of Edinburgh, some
of them, in the excess of their triumphant feelings, amused
themselves with firing their muskets in the air. It
happened
that one of them had incautiously loaded his
piece with ball,
which, passing over the heads of the crowd, grazed the forehead of a Miss Nairn, a devoted Jacobite, who was at the
moment waving her handkercliief from one of the adjacent
balconies.
The youug lady was stunned for a few moments,
but on recovering her senses, her first words were those of
thankfulness, not so much for her life having been preserved,
but that the darling cause of her adoption stood no risk of
"
Thank God," she said,
being injured by the circumstance.
"
that the accident has happened to me, whose
principles are
known had it befallen a Whig, they would have said it was
done on purpose."
In the course of the evening of this day, Charles returned
to HoljTood House, in his progress to which
place he was
followed, according to the Caledonian Mercury, "by the
loudest acclamations of the people." This fact is corroborated by the testimony of the Chevalier de Johnstone.
" The
"
Prince," he says, returned to Edinburgh, where he
was received with the loudest acclamations of the populace,
who are always," adds the Chevalier significantly, " equally
inconstant in every country of the world."
The return of Charles to Edinburgh was followed by the
issue of several important proclamations.
In one of these,
qualified by certain provisos, he granted a general amnesty
for all treasons, rebellions, or oft'ences
whatever, which had
been committed against him or his predecessors, since the
abdication of his grandfather, James the Second, in 1688.
In another, he issued a promise of protection, both to the

"
inhabitants of Edinburgh and to the
country people, from
all insults, seizures,
injuries, and abuses," on the part of his
followers and in a third proclamation,
alluding to a strong
wish that had been expressed by many of his friends, that he
should celebrate his recent victory by public
he
rejoicings,
strongly deprecated a show of triumph, which, he said, had
;
190
been purchased
[l74o.
expense of the blood of his father's

subjects. How much is it to be regretted, that tliis generous
and noble example of forbearance was not followed by George
the Second, or rather his butcher-son, the Duke of Cumberland, when the latter found himself a victor on the field of
"
Culloden
In so far," proceeds the manifesto of Charles,
"
as the late victory has been obtained by the effusion of the
blood of his Majesty's subjects, and has involved many unat the
fortunate people in great calamity,

outward demonstrations of public joy
we hereby
;
forbid
any
all
true
admonishing
friends to their King and country to return thanks to God

for his goodness towards them, as we hereby do for ourselves."
The fact is an indisputable one, that, during his brief

career of triumph, Charles never missed the opportiuiity of
taking the side of mercy, and on all occasions showed the
strongest disposition to make allowances for his adversaries,
and to commiserate and forgive. Considering the rancour
which has ever proverbially been the characteristic of civil
contests, there is, perhaps, in the page of history, no instance in which a young Prince, flushed with success and
victory, has displayed more praiseworthy Ibrbearance and
Lumauity. Those even who were most violently opposed
to his principles and to his cause did justice to the excellent
tjualities of his heart, uniting gracefully as they did with his
gallantry on the field of battle, and with the charm of his
"
personal demeanour and address.
Everybody," says Maxwell of Kii'kconnel, in his memoir of the campaign, " was
taken
with
the
Prince's
mightily
figui-e and personal behaâour. There was but one voice about them. Those whom
interest or prejudice made a runaway to his cause could not
help acknowledging that they wished him well in all other
respects, and could hardly blame him for his present undertaking.
Sundry things had concurred to raise his character
to the highest pitch, besides the greatness of the enterjjrise,
and the conduct that had hitherto appeared in the execution
of it.
There were several instances of good nature and
huinanity, that made a great impression on people's minds."
PEIXCE CHABLES EDWARD.
1745.]
CHAPTER
191
VIII.
Pusillanimous Conduct of the Clergy.

Proclamation of Charles inviting
them to return to their Duties. Daily Courts at Holyrood. Balls.
Charles's desire to march into England counteracted
6y his Chiefs.
Their reluctant Consent to accompany him.
The
conduct of tlie Scottish clergy, when they found tliemselves subjected for a time to the
temporal rule of Cliarles
and his Highland chieftams, has been
and
strongly
deservedly
reprehended. With a pusillanimity for which they were
afterwards severely censured even by their own friends,
they
persisted in absenting themselves altogether from the performance of their religious duties, a circumstance which,
though it seems to have been the result merely of individual
timidity, yet bad very nearly the eflect of "being as detrimental to the cause of the Adventurer, as if it had resulted
fi'om a deliberate policy.
On the part of the adherents of the Stuarts, there was
certainly no slight ground for fearing that the example set
by the Presbyterian clergy in Edinburgh might produce a
disagreeable effect on the minds of their respective congreNo one, indeed, knew better than Charles himself,
gations.
that the battle which he had to fight, both in Scotland and
England, was not so much against the military legions of the
House of Hanover, as against the prejudices which attached
to his cause from the recollection of the
overweening bigotry
of his grandfather, James the Second, to whom, when comwith
his
of
the
pared
object
enslaving
religious principles of
his subjects, the loss of three crowns had
appeared light in
the scale.
In Scotland, more especially, the name of James
the Second, ever since the Revolution of 1688, had
invariably
been denounced from the pulpit as the bugbear of Protestantism and therefore it is not to be wondered at, that his
dest'eudants, who unfortunately inherited from him the same
religious principles, should have shared the stigma which had
so long attached itself to the dreaded
bigotry of their pre-
decessor.
Whether Charles Edward, had he succeeded in establishing himself on the throne of his ancestors, would have
THE PEETENDEBS AXD THEIR ADHEEENTS.
192
[l713.
proved himself sincere in his professions of securing to his

subjects that religious toleration which (in the halcyon days
when he was a candidate for their suifrages and support) he
had so freely promised them, may perhaps be doubted, but
of course can never be proved.
During the brief annals of
the reign of James the Second, England had learned a lesson,
still
be
fatal
for
her
to forget neither can it
which it might
be doubted, so long, at least, as the Roman Catholic clergy
continues sedulously to insinuate its wly and ambitious
policy alike into the closets of kings and the cottages of the
that it would be dangerous to intrust the liberties of
poor,
a free and great people to a monarch who, under the domineering influence of an intriguing priesthood, might be
induced to renew the insane and tyrannical line of policy
which was enacted by the second James. That such was the
opinion of the great majority of the people of England, no
one was more fully aware than the Prince himself, nor how
important it was that the public mind should be disabused
of the idea that he was treadmg in the steps of his grandfather. As a first step, therefore, towards accomplishing this
object, it was deemed of the utmost consequence that the
Presbyterian clergy should be induced to return to the discharge of their religious duties, lest their absence from their
respective pulpits might be ingeniously construed into an act
of oppression and intolerance on the part of the Prince.
Charles, therefore, issued a solemn proclamation, in which
he invited the Presbyterian clergy to resume the performance
of public worship in their respective chiu-ches promising
them that they should receive no interruption in the fulfilment of their duties, but, on the contrary, that they should
be upheld by
concluded
neglecting
his protection
'"
If,
tlieir
and support.
The proclamation,
notwithstanding hereof, any shall be found

duty in that particular, let the blame lie
entirely at their own door, as we are resolved to inflict no

penalty that may possibly look lilce persecution." Again, in
another proclamation of a similar character, the Prince
aflirms it to be the solemn intention of the King, his father,
to reinstate all his subjects in the full enjoyment of their
" Our
religion, laws, and liberties.
present attempt," he
"
is not undertaken in order to enslave a free
says,
people,
but to redress and remove the encroachments made upon
them ; not to impose ujjon any a religion which they disUke,
PEINCE CHARLES EDWAED.
1745.]
but to secure them
193
the enjoymeut of those which are

respectively at present established amongst them, either in
or
Ireland."
England, Scotland,
Notwithstanding, however, these repeated e.xliortations,
the clergy stiU persisted in absenting themselves from their
and only one of their body, by name
religious duties
Macvicar, notwithstanding many of the Highlanders were
in the habit of forming a part of his
concongregation.
tinued, not only to preach as usual, but even was bold enough
to pray openly for King George. His loyalty, however, was
iisully clothed in language of dubious, though significant im"Bless the King," was one of his prayers, "thou
port.
knowest what King I mean and may the crown sit long
easy on his head and for the man that is come among us to
seek an earthly crown, we beseech thee in meny take him
to thyself, and give him a crown of glory."
Of the habits of Charles during the brief period that he
held his court in the ancient palace of Holyrood, some inter"
In order,"
esting particulars have been handed down to us.
"
to carry on business with tlie
says Home,
appearance of
he
a
council
to
meet
in
rojâlty,
appointed
Holyrood House
every day at ten o'clock." This council consisted of the
two lieutenant-generals, the Duke of Perth and Lord George
Murray the quarter-master-general, O'SuUivan; Lord Elcho,
colonel of the Prince's horse-guards; Secretary
Murray, Lords
all in
OgUvie, Pitsligo, Nairn, and Lewis Gordon, brother of the

Duke of Gordon, Sir Thomas Sheridan, and all the Highland
"
chiefs.
When the council rose." says Home, " which often
sat very long,
for his councillors frequently differed in

Charles
opinion with one another, and sometimes with him,
dined in public with his principal officers. After dinner he
rode out with his life-guards, and usually went to
DuddingIn the evening he returned to
stone, where his army lay.
and
received
the
House,
ladies
who
came
to his
Holyrood
he then
drawing-room;
supped
public, and generally
there was music at supper, and a ball afterwards."
An Englishman, who was sent about this period from York
to Edinburgh, to be a spy upon the Prince's actions, has left
us some additional particulars
relating to the habits of
Charles during the time he held his court at
Holyrood.
"
I was introduced to him," he
says, "on the 17th [October],
in
'
'
Ilome. p. 139.
THE PHETENDEES AND THEIR ADHERENTS.
194
when he asked me
several questions as to the
[l746.
number of the
England. The
and the aft'ections of the people of

audience lasted for a quarter of an hour, and took place in
The young Chevalier is
the presence of two other persons.
about five feet eleven inches high, very proportionably made,
wears his own hair, has a full forehead, a small but lively
face
nose and mouth
eye, a round bro\ni-complexioned
under the chin not a long neck under
pretty small full
He is always in a Highhis jaw a pretty many pimples.
land habit, as are all about him. When I saw him, he
had a short Highland plaid {tartan) waistcoat breeches of
the same a blue garter on, and a St Andrew's cross hangbut no star. He
ing by a green ribbon at his button-hole
had his boots on, as he always has. He dines every day in
All sorts of people are permitted to see him then.
public.
He constantly practises all the arts of condescension and
to the meanest Highlanders, and
popularitv talks familiarly
troops,
makes them very fair promises."

At his balls, which were held in the long gallery at Holyrood, Charles, we are told, was usually dressed with great
"
in a habit of fine silk tartan, with crimcare and elegance,
son velvet breeches and at other times in an English court
The
dress, with the ribbon, star, and order of the garter."
'
by Charles at Holyrood are described as having

been unusually gay and splendid of the ladies of rank,
who
attended them, if we except the Duchess of
however,
Perth and Lady Pitsligo, there is no particular record.
Mention has already been made, that by far the majority
of the "women of Scotland were enthusiastipally devoted to
the cause of the young and gallant Prince. Dazzled by the
romance of the enterprise which he had so boldly undertaken, and so bravely conducted,
captivated by his polished
manners, his insinuating address and handsome person, his
that
and
grace
propriety for which he was so
high birth, and
balls given
eminently distinguished,
the women
of Scotland gave
him
their sutlrages and their prayers and on many occasions, by

inducing their lovers, and sometimes their husbands and
brothers, to declare themselves in his favour, appear to have
;
done essential service to his cause.

As an instance corroborative of this
'
From
fact,
may be mentioned
a JIS. in the possession of the late George

Chalmers, Esq., given in his Caledonia, vol. ii. p. 717.
Chambers,
p. 41.
1745.1
PETNCE CHARLES EDWAHD.
195
tbe case of a Miss Lumsden, who prevailed upon her lover,

Robert Strange, afterwards the celebrated line-engraver, to
join the standard of the Prince, on condition that he might
hereafter claim her hand.
Yielding to the entreaties of his
mistress, he fortunately survived the dangers of the enterand
was
subsequently made happy by receiving the
prise,
In the best families in Scotland, the
promised reward.
ladies were seen decorated with white ribbons, and with the
celebrated white cockade, in honour of the young and handhero.
Thousands, who were possessed of jewels and
other female ornaments, willingly sold or pledged them to
relieve him in his pecuniary difiiculties while those to whom
fortune had behaved more niggardly yielded to him at least
their warmest wishes in the days of his prosperity, and their
tears in the hour of his distress.
Even the pensive and
which, as in the case of his great-grandmelancholy look
father, Charles the First, is said to have been the characteristic
expression of his countenance even among the gayest scenes
increased, if possible, the deep interest with which he was
regarded by the fair ladies of the North.
There was another class of persons to whose influence and
attachment to his cause Charles was scarcely less indebted
than to that of the fair sex.
allude to the national poets
of Scotland, if so they may be styled, who, by those pathetic
and heart-stirring melodies which, when listened to even at
the present day. stUl bring a tear to the eye, and awake
romance in the heart, threw a magic charm over the cause
of the unfortunate Stuarts, and assisted, in a considerable
degree, in inflaming the spirit of popular enthusiasm which
some
We
already prevailed on their behalf.

Charles, on his part, actuated partly perhaps by motives
of deep policy, and partly by a feeling of gratitude to those
who had risked everything in his cause, missed no opportunity of flattering the prejudices of the Scottish people, and
rendering himself the object of their love. He was either
delighted, or pretended to be, with everything national in, or
At the balls at Holyrood, he was
peculiar to, Scotland.
careful to call
alternately for Highland and Lowland tunes,
taking care to give no particular preference to either.
accommodated himself iudifierently to all ages and to aU
ranks.
He could be gallant with the fair,
with the
He
lively
young, and grave with the
old.
o 2
At one hour
of the day
196
[l745.
he was seeu couversing familiarly with the humhlest of

at
his Highland followers at his camp at Duddingstone
another he was engaged in deliberating in solemn council
with his principal officers and at night he was seen leading
the dance, and dallying with the fair dames of Edinburgh in
;
the old halls at Jlolyrood.

"
Such was the " bonnie Prince Charlie of Scottish song
and when we remember the circumstances of his romantic
;
expedition, and his own personal graces and accomplishso pi-udent, it may
ments, can we wonder that a nation
be, as the Scotch, but still so proverbially affectionate to
should have forgotten for a season their
their kindred
allegiance to their German masters, who ruled them with

feelings of equal indifference from their palace at St James's,
or from their still more distant and more favourite retreat at
Herenhausen ? Can we wonder that the greater portion of
the Scottish nation shoidd have hailed with affectionate

pleasure the appearance of the representative of their anthat they should have been flattered and
cient kings ?
gratified by his identifj'ing himself with their prejudices, and
that they shoidd have
sedulously courting their esteem?
been pleased at seeing their palaces, so long deserted by
the
scenes
of the splendid and
royalty, again becoming
aniand, in a word,
courtly hospitality of former days?
mated as they were by the most generous feelings of adcan we be surmiration, compassion, and national pride,
prised that they should have yielded up their homage and
almost
as
it
the lineal and
to
love,
were,
unconditionally
gallant descendant of Eobert Bruce ?
Another circumstance which tended to swell the ranks of
Charles, and to render his cause a popidar one, was the proclamation issued by him on the 10th of October. The credit
of having drawn up this remarkable document has been given
to Sir Thomas Sheridan and Sir James Stewart
there seems.
'
'
Eridence of Murray, of Broughton, in his secret examination, August
13, 1746.
Sir
James Stewart,
of Goo.strecs,
was the author of the celebrated
"Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy," the result of the labour
and research of eighteen years. He had formed an intimacy with Charles
on the Continent, and joined the Prinve's standard shortly after his arrival
at Edinburgh.
After the battle of Culloden, he was fortunate enough to
effect his escape to France; taking up his residence in the fii-st instance at
Sedan, and afterwards in Flanders. In 1763, having received an assurance
PUINCE CHAELES EDWAED.
1745.]
197
however, to be little doubt, from the resemblance which the

language bears to the style of Charles's private letters, that
it received several
important touches from his pen, if it was
not entirely his own composition. After
dwelling on the
misfortunes which had befallen the
country, and Scotland in
particular, in consequence of the misrule of the House of
Hanover, and after explaining his own and his father's views
as to the manner in which
existing religious and political
grievances ought to be remedied, Charles thus forcibly con"
cludes his spirited exhortation
Is not my royal father,"
he says, "represented as a
bloodthirsty tyrant, breathing out
nothing but destruction to all those who will not immediately
embrace an odious religion ? Or have I
myself been better
used ? But listen only to the naked truth. I with
my own
:
hired a
vessel, ili-pro\-ided -ndth money, arms, or friends

money
I arrived in Scotland attended
by seven persons I publish
the King my father's declaration, and
proclaim his title with
in
one
hand
and
in
the
other liberty of conscience,
pardon
and the most solemn promises to grant whatever a free Parliament shall propose for the
happiness of the people. I have,
I confess, the greatest reason to adore the
goodness of Alwho
has
in
so
remarkable a manner protected
mighty God,
;
me and my
we were at
small
army through the many dangers to which

the way to
exposed, and who has led me
victory, and to the capital of this ancient kingdom, amidst
the acclamations of the
As to the
King my father's
first
subjects.
outcries formerly raised

against the royal family, whatever
miscarriages might have given occasion "for them" have been
more than atoned for since, and the nation has now an
opportunity of being secured against the lilte for the future.
That our family has suffered exile
during these fifty-seven
years everybody knows. Has the nation during that period of
time been the more
happy and flourishing? Have you found
reason to love and cherish
youi- governors as the fathers of
the people of Great Britain and Ireland ?
Has a family,
upon whom a faction unlawfully bestowed the diadem of 'a
rightful Prince, retained a due sense of so great a trust and
favour ? Have you foimd more
humanity and condescension
those who were not born to a crown, than in
my royal
forefathers ?
Have they or do they consider only the inter-
that be should not be molested

by the Government, he rehii-ned to Scotland, where he died in November.' 1780, at the
age of sixty-seven.
198
THE PEETENDEES AND
est of these nations ?
TUEItt ADHEEENTS.
Have you reaped any
[l745.
other benefit
from them than an immense load of debts? If I am answered

in the affirmative, why has their Government been so often
your public assemblies ? why has the nation
been so long crying out for redress ?
"
The fears of the nation from the powers of Prance and
Spain appear still more vain and groundless. My expedition
was undertaken unsupported by either. But, indeed, when
I see a foreign force brought by my enemies against me and
when I hear of Dutch, Danes, Hessians, and Swiss, the Elector of Hanover's allies, being called over to protect his gorailed at in all
vernuient against the King's subjects, is it not high time for

the King my father to accept also of assistance ? Who has
he
the better chance to be independent of foreign powers,
who, with the aid of his own subjects, can wrest the government out of the hands of an intruder, or he who cannot,
without assistance from abroad, support his government,

though established by all the civil power, and secured by a
strong military force, against the undisciphned part of those
he has ruled over for so many years? Let him, if he pleases,
try the experiment let him send oif his foreign hirelings,
and put all upon the issue of a battle, and I wUl trust only
;
to the
King my father's subjects."

During his stay at Edinburgh,
several of the
Lowland
gentlemen joined the standard of the Prince. Among these

were Lord Ogilvie, eldest son of the Earl of Airly, at the
head of four hundred followers, and Lord Pitsligo with about
one hundred and twenty. The accession of the latter nobleman was of great importance to Charles. Lord Pitsligo was,
indeed, far advanced in years but not only, from his high
sense of lionour, and the charm of his personal character, had
he won for himself as much love and inftuence in the Lowlands as Lochiel had obtained in the Highlands, but also,
from his almost proverbial reputation for wariness, prudence,
and strong seose, he was the occasion of his example being
followed by many of his Lowland neighbours, who had taught
themselves to beHeve that any act of Lord Pitsligo's must in"
'"
This peer," says Home, who drew after
fallibly be right.
him such a number of gentlemen, had only a moderate fortune; but he was much beloved and greatlj^ esteemed by his
;
who looked upon him as a man of excellent judgment, and of a wary and cautious temper so that when he.
neighbours,
1745.]
199
who was deemed
so wise and prudent, declared his purpose

of joining Charles, most of the gentlemen in that part of the
country where he lived, who favoured the Pretender's cause,
put themselves under his command, thinking they could not

foUow a better or a safer guide than Lord Pitsligo."
Dr
King, also, who was well acquainted with Lord Pitsligo, ob'
"
I always observed him ready to defend

any other
person who was iU-spoken of in his company. If the person
accused were of his acquaintance, my Lord Pitsligo would
always find something good to say of him as a counterpoise.
If he were a stranger, and quite unknown to him, my lord
would urge in his defence the general corruption of manners,
and the frailties and infirmities of liuman nature." ^
While at Edinburgh, also, Charles was joined by General
Gordon of Glenbucket with four hundred followers from the
highlands of Aberdeenshire, and by Macpherson of Cluny
with three hundred of his clan. Every etfort and exertion
serves,
was made by Cliarles and the leading chieftains to organize

and discipline the insurgent army. Two troops of cavalry
were em-oUed with the utmost expedition one of which was
placed under the command of Lord Elcho, and the other intrusted to Lord Balmerino. A troop of horse-grenadiers was
also enrolled, which was placed under the command of the
unfortunate Lord Kilmarnock. The Prince paid a visit to
his camp at Duddingstone
nearly every day, for the [mrpose
of reviewing or exercising his troops, and not
\mfrequently
in
the camp without taking off his clothes.''
slept
;
It had been the darling wish of Charles, after

obtaining
his victory at Preston Pans, to march at once into
England,
where he hoped to be immediately joined
of tlio
by many
most influential among the Enghsh Jacobites, and by their
means be enabled to follow up his recent success by a still
more decisive blow. To have adopted this measure, however,
under existing circumstances, and with his present inefficient
means, would have amounted pretty nearly to an act of insanity.
Already the royal forces, under the command of
'
'
Home's History
of the Rebellion, p. 129.
own Time, p. 14.5.

camp near Duddingstone,
Royal Highness lies every night, wrapped up in his Highland
plaid. He takes the utmost pleasure in reviewing his people, and is highly
beloved by them,
There was yesterday a general review." Edinburr/h
Mercury, Monday, September 30.
^
Anecdotes of his
"The
where
Prince's tent has been erected in the
his
THE PKETEIfDEES AND THEIR ABUEREXTS.
200
[l745.
Field-marshal "Wade, were making liead at Doiicaster and,

moreover, many of the Prince's own foUowers bad returned
to their native mountains, in order, as was their custom, to
;
Charles, also, had

deposit their booty with their families.
of the most powerful of the Highyet to be joined by many
land chieftains, whose arrival at the head of their respective
vassals he was anxiously expecting and, moreover, had he
marched at once into England, he must have abandoned aU
;
hope of receiving some important supplies of money and ammvmitiou, which he trusted would be sent to him in a short
time by the French Government, and which could only be
landed with safety at Montrose, Dundee, or some other of
the north-eastern ports of Scofland.
At length, however, the hour arrived
when Charles
rightly
judged that to remain any longer in supineness in Edinburgh

while Slarshal Wade was rapidly concentrating a superior
and perhaps overwhelming force must inevitably lead to
fatal results. We have seen that, since the battle of Preston
Pans, the Prince had been joined by fresh and considerable
accessions of strength both from the Highlands and Lowlands.
Already the powerful clan of the Erasers was taking
the field under the jNIaster of Lovat, and in Aberdeenshire
the Gordons were being raised by Lord Lewis Gordon,
brother of the Duke.' In point of supplies also, both of ammunition and money, the Prince's resources had been greatly
augmented. From the city of Glasgow he had exacted the
sum of 5000, and from Edinburgh he had obtained one
thousand tents and six thousand pair of shoes, besides various other useful articles for the sernce of his army. The
public revenues and the King's rents had been levied in every
the goods were
part of Scotland where it was practicable
"
Yesternight, the Right Honourable Lord Lewis Gordon, third son

of the deceased Alexander Duke of Gordon, came and kissed the Prince's
hand, and joined his Royal Highness's standard. His lordship was some
time an otEcer in the Navy. The court, which was very numerous and
splendid, seemed in great joy on this occasion, as several gentlemen, not
only of the name of Gordon, but many others in the shires of Aberdeen,
Banff, and JFurray, who had declined joining the Prince's standard, unless
some one or other of the sons of the illustrious house of Gordon was to head
them, will now readily come up and join the army," Edinburgh Mercury-,
October. 16, IT-to. Lord Lewis Gordon was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant, 1st of August, 17-14, and his name appears on the List of the Navy
till the month of June, 1746.
He was attainted for his share in the Rebellion, and died unmarried in 1754.
'
PKINCE* CHAELES EDWAED.
1745.]
201
seized in the custom-houses at Leith and at other ports, and

immediately converted into money; by a French ship, which
arrived at Montrose, he received 5000, and more recently
three more ships had appeared off the north-eastern coast,
which brought him the additional sum of 1000; besides five
thousand stand of arms, a train of sLx field-pieces, and several
French and Irish officers.
Notwithstanding the improved condition of the Prince's
affairs, the Highland chieftains displayed a singular and obstinate reluctance to be led into England.
In vain did
Charles argue on the absolute necessity of giving battle to
Marshal Wade, before the latter could concentrate a still
superior force in vain did he insist that they had thrown
away the scabbard that all their hopes depended upon immediate action that passiveness would he construed into
pusillanimity and that, though they might at present boast

of being masters of Scotland, yet that the tenure even of that
country, which contained all that they held dear in life, de;
pended upon their also making themselves masters of England. Three several councils were summoned by Charles for
the purpose of deliberating on this important question, and
on each occasion he found himself vehemently opposed by
the Highland chieftains. It ought to be the Prince's chief
object, they said, to endeavour, by every possible means, to
secure himself in the government of his ancient kingdom,
and to defend himself against the armies of England, without
attempting for the present to extend his -idews to that coim"
"
was the adThis," says the Chevalier de Johnstone,
try.
vice which every one gave the Prince, and, if he had followed
he
still
it,
might
perhaps have been in possession of that
"
kingdom. By thus fomenting," adds the Chevalier, the natural hatred and animosity which the Scots have in all times
manifested against the English, the war would have become
national, and this would have been a most fortunate circumstance for the Prince."
Such were the vain and absurd ar'
guments insisted upon by the Highland chieftains

were possible that Scotland with almost all her
as
civil
if it
and
military officers in favour of the House of Hanover, with a

great portion of her Lowland population prejudiced on behalf of that family, and with the armies of
and her
allies
arrayed against her

'
could have heldEngland

out beyond one
Chevalier de Johnstone's Memoirs, pp.
4.5,
46.
THE PEETENDEES AKD THEIK ADHEEENTS.
202
[l745.
or two unprofitable campaigns among the rugged fastnesses

of the Highlands.
Disgusted with this repeated opposition
to his dearest wishes, Charles at length betrayed himself into
a peremptoriuess of language and manner, which, according
to Lord Ek-ho, he gave Vent to on more occasions than one,
"
I see, gentlemen,"
his council.'
violently opposed by
"
he exclaimed, that you are determined to stay in Scotland,
and defend your country but I am not the less resolved to
I shoidd go alone." Charles,
try my fate "in England, though
human nayoung as he was, had obtained a deep insight into
ture and this speech, more than any other circumstance, is
said to have shamed the chiefs into a reluctant concession,
and accordingly a march across the border was at length de-
when
finitively
agreed upon.
"
" The
used, in council, always first to dePrince," says Lord Elcho,
clare what he himself was for, and then he asked everybody's opinion in
their turn. There was one-third of the council, whose principles were that
think wrong so, in consequence,
kings and princes can never either act or
'
The other two-thirds (who

they always confirmed what the Prince said.
other men, and were
thought that kings and princes were sometimes Uke
not altogether infallible, and that this Prince was no more so than others)
could
when
differ
from
leave
to
him,
give sufficient reasons for
they
begged
This very often was no difficult matter to do
their difference of opinion.
for as the Prince and his old governor, Sir Thomas Sheridan, were altoand both much
gether ignorant of the ways and customs of Great Britain,
for the doctrine of absolute monarchy, they would very often, had they not
hurt the cause.
have
been prevented, have fallen into blunders which might
The Prince could not bear to hear anybody differ in sentiment from him,
and took a dislike to everybody that did; for he had a notion of commandand so let them
ing the army as any general does a body of mercenaries,
know only what he pleased, and expected them to obey without inquiring
further about the matter."
It is but fair to remind the reader, that the
;
above was written by Lord Elcho after he had had a violent quarrel with
the Prince, and when his feelings were probably coloured by his dislike.
PELNCE CHAELES EDWAED.
1745.]
CHAPTEE
203
IX.
into England. Strength of his Army. Arrival at

Courageous Conduct
of Sergeant Dickson. Arrival at ManMrs
the Chevalier. His Arrival
SkjTing presents her Purse
at Derby. The Dute of Cumberland's Army only Nine Miles distant
The IVetender's March

Carlisle.
to
chester.
from the Rebels.
On
the 31st of October, at six o'clock in the evening, Charles
bade farewell to the ancient capital of Scotland, and the palace of his ancestors, and departed on his memorable expedition into England. At the liead of his guards, and of Lord
Pitsligo's regiment of horse, he proceeded to Pinkie House,
where he passed the night. The next day, at noon, he rode
where he was joined by the great body of his
troops, which, at this period, are computed by Home and the
best authorities to have amounted to about five thousand six
hundred men.' They were, generally speaking, well clothed,
and well furnished with arms. Proper precautions had been
to Dalkeith,
'
in "
The following statement of the numbers of the Highland army

The Life of the Duke of Cumberland," 8vo. London, 1767.
is
given
CLAN EEGDIENTS AND THEIR COiniANDEns.

Lochiel
Clauranald
Keppoch
Appin
Cameron of Lochiel
Stuart of Ardshiel
Macdonald of Clanranald
Macdonald of Keppoch
Macdonald of Kinloch Moidart
Macdonald of Glencoe
Macinnon of Macinnou
Macpherson of Cluny
Macdoncll of Glengary
Gordon of Glenbucket
Maclauchlan of that ilk
Robertson of Struan
Grant of Glemnoriston
Kinloch Moidart
Glencoe . .
.
Macinnou
Macpherson
Glengary
Glenbucket
Maclauchlan
Struan
Glemnoriston
.
700
200
300
200
100
120
120
120
300
300
200
200
100
2960
LOWLAND KEGIMENTS.
Lord George Murray
Lord Ogilvie, Angus men
Athol
Ogilvie
Duke
Perth
Nairn
Edinburgh
of Perth
Lord Nairn
.
Roy
Stuart
600
900
700
200
450
204
[l745.
taken for the transfer of their baggage, by means of waggons

and sumpter horses, and they carried with them provisions
for four days.
On the 1st of
November, a large detachment of the Highland army commenced its march, by way of Peebles and
Moifat, to Carlisle. Charles himself remained behind tiU the
3rd of the month passing the two intervening nights at the
of that day, he commenced
palace Dalkeith. On the morning
Passhis march at the head of the remainder of his troops.
ing by Prestonhall Gate he was informed that the Duchess
of Gordon, who resided in the immediate neighbourhood, had
ordered a breakfast to be prepared for him and his suite,
a pleasing compliment, but for which act of hospitality she
is said to have lost a pension of 1000 a-year, which had been
conferred upon her in consideration of her ha\-ing brought up
her children in the principles of the Protestant religion.'
compliment of a similar character was paid to him on passing
Fala Dams, where the ladies of AVhitborough, sisters of one
of his most valued adherents, Eobert Anderson, had prepared
Previous
a banquet for him and his suite in the open air.
to his departure, a touching request was made to him by the
;
hereafter
trifling bequest, which they might
having been presented to them by the gallant hero
of 1745. Accoriiingly Charles cut for them a piece of velvet
a relic which is said to be still
fi-om the hilt of his sword
preserved at AVliitborough with religious care.^
On the oth of November the Higliland army arrived at
Kelso, where they halted two days, and from thence proceeded in a direct route to Jedburgh. As Charles marched along
at the head of his troops, he is said to have been received by
marks of the most gratifying devotion by the Lowland inhabitants, but more especially by the women, who frequently
ran out of their houses to snatch a kiss of his hand.'
ladies for
some
e.xhibit as
HORSE.
120
80
60
Lord Elcho and Lord Balmeriuo

Lord Pitsligo
Earl of Kilmarnock
'.
Chambers,
p. 49.
'
Ibid., p.
.50.
" An old
'
man, who died lately at Jedburgh, remembered having witnessed the departure of the insurgents from his native town. Alter the
had
crossed
the bridge, and was clear of the town, he rode back to
rrir.ce
.see that none of his men had remained behind ; and, on ascertaining that
PEINCE CUAKLES EDWAHD.
1715.]
205
Marching from Jedburgh, by way of Hawick aud Tlagiehaugh, Charles, on the 8th of November, for the first time
set his foot in England at the small town of Brampton. The
Highlanders, on finding themselves on the English side of the
Border, raised a loud shout of exultation, at the same time
drawing their swords and flourishing them in the air. Lochiel, however, while in the act of drawing his weapon, had
the misfortune to cut his hand, and the sight of their chieftain's blood is said to have thrown a sudden damp over the
spirits of the Highlanders, by whom the circumstance was
universally regarded as an evil omen.'
If the march into England was distasteful to the Highland
chieftains, it was still more uupopidar with the humbler
clansmen, who had a superstitious dread of being led across
the Border, and had conceived an idea that some fatal disaster
must infallibly result from the measure. So great, indeed,
was their aversion to it, that Charles is said to have passed
an hour and a half before he could prevail on the great body
of his followers to march forward indeed, before they had
advanced many miles into England, it was computed that
they had lost a thousand men by desertion.
In the mean time, a division of the Highland army, under
the Duke of Perth, had made good its advance to Carlisle.
The town and citadel made, in the first instance, some show
of resistance
but on a battery being constructed, and a
breach opened on the east side of the town, they surrendered
upon certain easy conditions, and under an engagement not
to serve against the Prince for the space of twelve months.
;
fact, galloped after the column, which he overtook at a little distance from
the town.
When the author was at Jedburgh, in November 1826, he saw
an ancient lady, who had been seven years of ago when the Highlanders
passed her native town, and who distinctly remembered all the circumstances of the memor.ible pageant. According to her report, they had a great
number of horses, which it was said they had taken from the dragoons at
Preston.
She saw some of them dressing these animals in a stable, and
could mimic the strange uncouth jabber which they used in performing the
duties of hostlers.
In particular, she remembers hearing them call to the
'
Stand about, Cope

beasts,
&c., the name of that unfortunate general
having apparently been applied to all the horses taken from his array, by
the way of testifying the contempt in whicli they held him.
As at many
other places, Charles was here saluted with marks of devout homage by
many of the people as he passed all the women running out to get a kiss
of his hand."
Chambers, p. 50.
Lockhart Papers, vol. ii. p. 45.
'
'
206
THE PEETENDERS
A^'D
THEIR ADHEEEHTS.
The keys were delivered to Charles

mayor and aldennen on their knees.
at
[l745.
Brampton by the
Ou the 17th, Charles himself entered the town of Carlisle

in triumph.
He was received with coldness by the inhabitants, for they had httle reason to be favourably disposed to
"
his cause.
The rebels, while here," says Henderson, " made
The cess, excise, and land-tax were exexcessive demands.
acted under the severest penalties a contribution from the
inhabitants, upon pain of military execution, was extorted
and the private men among them committed many outrages,
which their chiefs could not prevent."
At Carlisle, as at
other places, Charles caused his father to be proclaimed King,
and himself Regent, with the usual formalities. Here also a
considerable quantity of arras fell into his possession, which
proved of gi-eat service to him.^
Between Charles and the south was stationed Field-marshal
;
'
Wade
with six thousand men. That general had made a

demonstration, with the view of raising the siege of Carlisle,
by marching across the country from Newcastle to Hexham.
However, either from the irresolution which had increased
with tlie advance of years, or, as he himself alleged, from his
army being impeded by the heavy snow-storms and intense
cold, he marched back, on learning the news of the capitulation of Carlisle, to his former quarters, leaving the roads to
the South open to the Highland army.
On the 2)st of November, Charles, leaving a garrison of
about three hundred men at Carlisle, took his departure from
that city at the head of a force which was now reduced to
four thousand four hundred men only, and of which Lord
George Murray, much to the dissatisfaction of the Duke of
Perth, was appointed general in command under the Prince.
The same evening they arrived at Penrith, where they halted
for a single day.
During his march towards the south, Charles enforced the
strictest discipline and good order in his army. Every article
was promptly paid for in the towns through wliieh he passed,
and it may be seen, on reference to his curious householdbook printed in the " Jacobite Memoirs," that he himself set
the first example by the most punctual payment of all his
So rigidly, indeed, were his orders enpersonal expenses.
'
'
Henderson's History of the Rebellion, p. 57.

See Chevalier de Johnstone's Memoirs, p. 55.
174.5.]
207'
forced
among his followers, that the Highlanders, far

indulging in their proverbial habits of pilfering and
from
plunder,
were seen at the doors of the houses and cottages which

they
passed by in their march, expressing the humblest gratitude
for any slight refreshment that was
given them.
The uncouth appearance, however, of the wild mountaineers, their strange dress and language, and their peculiar
habits, led to their being regarded, in
many
places, with the
greatest terror and aversion by the English inhabitants.

Nothing surprised the English more than when they saw the
Highlanders act like ordinary beings the commonest show
of gratitude or civility on their part was
regarded with looks
of astonishment and to such an extent was this
feeling of
that
in
a
letter
written
at the period, the
prejudice carried,
writer expresses his amusement and surprise at
seeing them,
before meat, taking off their bonnets, assuming a reverential
"
as if they had been Christians." i
air, and saying grace,
The most wonderful stories, indeed, were related of their ferocity and blood-thirstiness among otlier instances of which,
it
may be mentioned that the women in the midland counties
were in the habit of concealing their children at the approach
of the Highlanders, from a belief that the flesh of infants
constituted their favourite food.
curious instance of this
"
The terror
prejudice occurred to the celebrated Lochiel.
of the English," says the Chevalier de Johnstone, " was truly
inconceivable, and in many cases they seemed bereft of their
senses. One evening, as Mr Cameron of Lochiel entered the
lodgings assigned to him, his landlady, an old woman, threw
herself at his feet, and with uplifted hands, and tears in her
eyes, supplicated him to take her life, but to spare her two
little children.
He asked her if she was in her senses, and
told her to explain herself; when she answered, that everysaid
the
body
Highlanders ate children, and made them their
;
common food. Mr Cameron having assured her that they

would not injure her or her little children, or any person
whatever, she looked at him for some moments with an air
of surprise, and then opened a press, calling out vdih a loud
'
voice,
Come
out, children, the
gentlemen will not eat you.'
The children immediately left the press, where she had concealed them, and threw themselves at his feet." ^
'
Chambers's History of the Rebellion, p. 52, note.

208
THE PEETENDEES AND THEIE ADUEEESTS.
[l745.
On
the 23rd, the Highland army marched out of Penrith

in two divisions the one, consisting entirely of the Highland
clans, being commanded by the Prince in person, and the
other, comprising the different regiments which had been
raised in the Lowlands, being headed by Lord George Murray. Li the different towns through which they passed, they
levied the public revenue
scrupulously, however, exacting
no more than what was actually due to the G-overnment. In
cases where money had already been subscribed for the service of the Government, they were in the habit of levj-ing a
sum of equal value from the unlucky subscriber. The appearance of the army, as it defUed along, is described as peculiarly picturesque and striking the Highland garb being
;
worn
indiscriminately by every infantry regiment which composed the insurgent force.

At the head of his own division marched the yoxing and
gallant Prince, clad in the Highland costume, and with his
target slung across his shoulder. Insisting that Lord Pitsligo,
on account of his age and infirmities, should take possession
of the carriage which had been reserved for himself, he shared,
in common with the humblest Highlander, the fatigues and
Of dinner he was never known to
privations of the march.
partake his principal meal being his supper, and as soon as

was over, he was in the habit of thro^viug himself upon his
bed about eleven o'clock, without undressing, and usually
He did not even carry with
rose the next morning at four.
him a change of shoes and it is said that, when in Lana
worn
hole
in
one
of those which he was in
cashire, having
;
it
the habit of wearing, he stopped aft a blacksmith's shop in

the nearest village in order to have a thin plate of iron tasftened to the bottom of the sole. The blacksmith having been
"
Ton are the first person, I believe," said
job,
paid for his
"
who was ever paid for having shod the son of a
Charles,
Among other incidents recorded of him during his
king."
march, it is mentioned that on his reaching the river Mersey,
the bridges over which were all broken down, he forded the
stream at the head of his division, though the water rose to
his middle.'
Only on one occasion, when passing over the
dreary district between Penrith and Shap, is Charles said to
have discovered any symptoms of fatigue. In this instance,
he is related to have walked for several miles, half asleep,
'
Smollett, book
ii.
chap.
S.
PEIIfCE
1745.]
CHAELES EDWAHD.
209
leaning on the slioulder of one of the clan Ogilvie, in order

to prevent himseli' from falling.'
Passing by Shap and Kendal, the insurgent army advanced
to Lancaster, and from thence marched by way of Garstang
to Preston, where the two divisions met on the 27th. At the
latter place, the Highlanders were again overtaken by a superstitious panic, such as had occasioned so much desertion
in their ranks when they first found themselves on the English side of the border.
Bearing in mind the famous defeat
of their countrymen under the Duke of Hamilton during the
great rebellion, and the more recent disaster which had befallen Brigadier Mac Intosh at Preston in 1715, the Highlanders had conceived a notion that this was the fatal boundary beyond which a Scottish array was never destined to pass.
"
To counteract this superstition," says Sir Walter Scott,
"
Lord George led a part of liis troops across the Eibblebridge, a mile beyond Preston, at which town the Chevalier
arrived in the evening. The spell which arrested the progress
of the Scottish troops was thus supposed to be broken, and
their road to London was considered as laid open." ^
At Preston, and in many places throughout the road to
Wigau, Charles was received with loud acclamations by the
populace, who forgot their terrors of the \vild-looking mountaineers, in their desire to catch a view of the gallant young
Chevalier, and of so remarkable a sight as a Highland army
passing by their quiet homes. Neither promises nor threats,

however, could induce them to enlist beneath the Prince's
standard
and when anns were pressed upon them, their
usual answer was, that they did not understand fighting.
"
One of my sergeants," says tlie Chevalier de Johnstone,
" named
Dickson, whom I had enlisted from among the prisoners of war at Gladsmuir, a young Scotsman, as brave and
intrepid as a lion, and very much attached to my interest,
informed me, on the 27th, at Preston, that he had been beating up for recruits aU day without getting one and that he
was the more chagrined at this, as the other sergeants had
had better success. He had quitted Preston in the evening,
with his mistress and my drummer; and having marched all
night, he arrived next morning at Manchester, which is about
twenty miles distant from Preston, and immediately began
The
to beat up for recruits for the yellow-haired laddie.'
;
'
'
Chambers,
p. 52.
iii.
p. 236.
210
[l745.
not interrupt him, concei\ang our army

populace
to be near the to\Tn but as soon as they knew that it would
not aiTive till the evening, they surrounded him in a tumultuous manner, with the intention of taking him prisoner, alive
at first did
Dickson presented his blunderbuss, which was

or dead.
charo-ed with slugs, threatening to blow out the brains of
those who first dared to lay hands on himself or the two who
round continually, facing
accompanied him ; and by turning
in all directions, and behaving like a lion, he soon enlarged
the circle which a crowd of people had formed round them.
in this way,
Having continued for some time to manoeuvre
those of the inhabitants of ISIanchester who were attached to
the
assistance of
and
flew
to
the House of Stuart took arms,
Dickson, to rescue him from the fury of the mob so that he
soou got five or six hundred men to aid him, who dispersed
the cr'owd in a very short time. Dickson now triumphed ia
his turn and putting himself at the head of liis followers, he
the wliole day, with his drumproudly paraded imdisturbed
for
company all who oilered themselves.
;
mer, enlisting
my
On presenting me with a list of one hundred and eighty rewhole amount
cruits, I was agreeably surprised to find that the
of his expenses did not exceed three guineas. This adventure
of Dickson gave rise to many a joke at the expense of the
town of Manchester, from the singular circumstance of its
and a girl. The
having been taken by a sergeant, a drummer,
circumstance may serve to show the enthusiastic courage of
the English
which
with
terror
and
alarm
and
tlie
our army,
The incident here related is corroborated in
were seized."
a letter from Manchester, dated the 28th of November, which
was forwarded by the Duke of Cumberland to the Govern"
ment. " Just now," says the writer, are come in two of the
Pretender's men, a sergeant, a drummer, and a woman with
them. I have seen them. The sergeant is a Scotchman, the
drimnner is a Halifax man, and they are now going to beat
the woman, without any others,
up. These two men and
came into the town amidst thousands of spectators. I doubt
'
not but we shall have more to-night. They say we are to

have the Pretender to-morrow. They are dressed in plaida
and bonnets. The sergeant has a target."
i
Chevalier de Johnstone's Momoii-s, pp.
6366.
The Chevalier
after-
wards complains that these recruits were taken from him, and drafted into
what was called the "Manchester Regiment."
2
Lord Mahon's History of England, vol. iii. p. 400.
CHAELES EDWARD.
PErS'CE
1745.]
211
On tte 29th, the insurgent army marched into Manchester,

town Charles had the fjratifieatiou of fiuding his
of good wiU, and with a
presence hailed with greater marks
more open display of popular enthusiasm for his cause, than
he had hitherto experienced siuce crossing the Border. The
the bells
populace received him with loud acclamations
were rung in the different churches bonfires were lighted
of
individuals
streets
thousands
the
at night in
openly
wore the white cockade, and numbers thronged to kiss
Ms hand, and to make him offers of serrice. The Prince
himself entered the town on foot, about two o'clock in
the afternoon, in the midst of a gallant band of Highland
His dress was a light tartan
chieftains and gentlemen.
sash for a belt, and a blue velvet bonnet,
plaid, with a blue
ornamented with a knot of white ribbons in the form of
a rose. He took up his quarters in a large house in Market
Street, which for many years afterwards continued to be
designated as "The Palace." It was subsequently converted
into an inn, and has recently been pulled down and replaced
by another building.'
The writer of the letter from which we have just quoted
thus addresses himself to the Duke of Cumberland on the
in which
"
The two Highlanders who came in yesterday follo^ving

day, and beat up for volunteers for him they call his Koyal
Highness, Charles, Prince of AVales, oflered five guineas advance many took on each received one shOling, to have
the rest when the Prince came
They do not appear to be
such terrible fellows as has been represented.
Many of the
foot are diminutive creatures, but many clever men auiong
them. The guards and ofiicers are aU in a Highland dress
a long sword, and stuck with pistols their horses all sizes
and colours. The bellman went to order all persons charged
\\ith excise, and innkeepers, forthwith to appear, and bring
their last acquittance, and as much ready cash as that conIt is my opinion they
tains, on pain of military execution.
wiU make all haste tlirough Derbyshire, to avoid fighting
I do not see that we have any person in town to
Ligonier.
give intelligence to the King's forces, as all our men of
fashion are fled, and aU ofiicers under the Government.
i.
party came in at ten this morning, and have been examiu:
'
Chambers,
p 2
p. 53.
212
[l74,5.
ing the best houses, and fixed upon Mr Dicconson's for the
Pi-ince's quarters. Several thousands came in at two o'clock
they ordered the bells to ring ; and the bellman has been
ordering us to ilhiminate our houses to-night, which must
be done. The Chevalier marched by my door in a Highland
dress, on foot, at three o'clock, surrounded by a Highland
guard no music but a pair of bagpipes. Those that came in
last night demanded quarters for ten thousand to-day."
Notwithstanding the apparent popularity of Charles and
his cause, the inhabitants of Manchester, like those of
Preston and other places, showed the strongest disinclination
to take up arms on his behalf; and though a body of two
hundred men, styled magniloqiiently " the Manchester Regiment," were subsequently enrolled, they consisted almost
entirely of the meanest of the rabble. Their officers, indeed,
comprised some respectable merchants and tradesmen of the
:
'
and Mr Townley, who was appointed their colonel,

was a Roman Catholic gentleman of ancient family, and,
place
moreover, of considerable literary attainments.

On tlie 1st of December the army quitted Manchester, in
divisions
Charles, at the head of one division, fording
the river Mersey at Stockport (aU the bridges hadng been
broken down by order of the Government), and the other
The same night
crossing the river lower down at Cheadle.
the two divisions reibiited at IMacclesfield. On his crossing
the river Mersey, an affecting incident is said to have
occurred to Charles, which is thus related by Lord Mahon,
"
on the authority of the late Lord Keith
On the opposite
bank of the Mersey, Charles found a few of the Cheshire
two
gentry drawn up ready to welcome him, and amongst them

Mrs Skyring, a lady in extreme old age. As a chUd, she had
been lifted up in her mother's arms to view the happy landing at Dover of Charles the Second. Her father, an old
cavalier, had afterwards to undergo not merely neglect, but
oppression, from that thankless monarch stdl, however, he
and his wife continued devoted to the royal cause, and their
daughter grew up as devoted as tliey. After the expulsion
of the Stuarts, aU her thoughts, her hopes, her prayers, were
directed to another restoration. Ever afterwards she had,
with rigid punctuality, laid aside one half of her yearly income to remit for the exUed family abroad concealing only
;
'
Lord Mahon's Historj- of England,
toI.
iii.
p. 400.
PRINCE CUAELES EDWASD.
1745.]
213
of the giver, which, she said, was of no importance

to them, and might give them pain if they remembered the
unkind treatment she had formerly received. She had now
tlie
name
little article of
parted with her jewels, her plate, and every
value she possessed, the price of which, in a purse, she laid
at the feet of Prince Charles, while, straining her dim eyes
to gaze on bis features, and pressing his band to her
slirivelled lips, she exclaimed with aft'ectionate rapture, in
the words of Simeon, Lord, now lettest thou thy servant
It is added, that she did not survive the
depart in peace
shock when, a few days afterwards, she was told of the
retreat.
Such, even when misdirected in its object, or exof loyalty in Engaggerated in its force, was the old spirit
such were the characters which history is proud to
land
'
'
record,
and
fiction loves to imitate
'
!
ilarching through Congleton, Leek, and Ashboum, the

Highland army, early on the 4th of December, entered the
town of Derby, situated only one hundred and twenty-seven
miles from the capital of England. At Congleton Charles
bad received the important and unexpected intelligence,
that the King's army (headed by the Duke of Cumberland,
and amounting to twelve thousand seven hundred men, comof veteran regiments) was at JJ'ewcastle-underprised chiefly
to the south-west of him.
Nearly at
Lyne, only nine miles
the same time, one Weir, a spy of the Duke of Cumberland,
the
Prince.
to
was taken prisoner, and carried
Many of the
for
Highland chieftains insisted that he should be ordered
immediate execution but he was rescued from the gallows
for this good office,
by Lord George IMurray, who, in return
obtained from him mucli important and useful information,
of the Duke of
and
movements
numbers
relative to the
It may be mentioned that, as the
Cumberland's army.
;
were received
Highland army advanced more southerly, they
by the English with very equivocal signs of sympathy and
of positive
marks
with
good wiU, and indeed in many places
aversion.
Derby was made with much state. The

entered the town was Lord Elcho, who rode
in on horseback, at the head of the life-guards, attended by a
small band of Highland and Lowland gentlemen, "making a
In the course of the day the
very respectable appearance."
The entry
first
person
into
who
'
nislory of England,
p. 403.
THE PHETENDEES AND THEIE ADHEEENTS.
214
[l74o.
main body of the army marched in, in different detachments,

their colours flying and bagpipes playing.
Charles himself
entered on foot, and took up his quarters in the house of
the Earl of Exeter. The bells were rung iu the difl'erent
churches, and at night there were bonfires and an illuminCharles, as usual, caused his father to be proclaimed
King, and himself Regent. It was intended that the cerebe performed in the presence of the magistrates,
should
mony
who were ordered to attend in their official robes. It was
found, however, that they had taken the precaution of sending them out of the town, and consequently their attendance
was dispensed with, and tlie proclamations were made by
ation.
the
common
crier.
There can be little question that the feeling which pervaded the majority of the people of England at this period
was indifterence. If they exhibited no extraordinary regard
for the cause of the Stuarts, tliey at least showed an equal
unconcern for the interests of the reigning family and as
there appeared no immediate likelihood of their lives or
fortunes being aft'ected by a change of dynasty, they seemed
to have been perfectly indifferent whether George the Second
;
or the Chevalier should hereafter fiU the throne.

Gray, the
poet, writes to Horace Walpole from Cambridge, 3rd of
"
Here we had no more sense of danger
February, 1746,
were the battle of Canna?. I heard three sensible

middle-aged men, when the Scotch were said to be at Stamford, and actually were at Derby, talking of hiring a chaise
to go to Caxton (a place on the high-road) to see the Pre"
tender and Highlanders as they passed."
London," says
another contemporary, " lies open as a prize to the first
comers, whether Scotch or Dutch."
In London, however, where the rebels were expected
shortly to arrive, the case was widely difl'erent, and for a
"
season the most extraordinary panic prevailed.
There
never," writes Horace Walpole to Sir Horace Mann, "was
so melancholy a town no kind of public place open but the
look as if the rebels had just driven
j.Hyhouses, and they
the company.
Nobody but has some fear for them\<Srf ly
than
if it
'
'
,,
"tliis
es, for their
number am
'
money," or for their friends in the army

I."'^
"When the Highlanders," says
Lord Orford'3 Works,
vol. v. p. 383.
vol. ii. p. 87.
Walpole's Correspondence,
of
Field'
174,5.]
215
between the Duke's

ing, "by a most incredible march, got
army and the metropolis, they struck a terror into it scarce
to be credited ;"' and the Chevalier de Johnstone also ob-
"
Our arrival at Derby was known

serves in his Memoirs,
at London on the 5th of December and the following day
the intelligence was
(called by the English Black Monday)
known throughout the whole city, which was iiUed with
of
the
inhabitants fled to
terror and consternation.
Many
the country, with their most precious efl'ects, and aU the
People thronged to the Bank to obtain
shops w-ere shut.
payment of its notes, and it only escaped bankruptcy by a
stratagem.
Payment was not indeed refused but as those
who came first were entitled to priority of payment, the
;
Bank took care to be continually surrounded by agents with

notes, who were paid in sixpences in order to gain time.
These agents went out at one door with the specie they had
received, and brought it back by another so that the hand
fide holders of notes could never get near enough to present
them and the Bank, by this artifice, preserved its credit
and literally faced its creditors. It being known at London
that our army was within a few miles of that of the Duke of
Cumberland, the news of a battle, for the result of which
they were in the greatest alarm, was expected every moment
and they dreaded to see our army enter London La ti'iiunph
in two or three days.
King George ordered his yachts, in
which he had embarked all his most precious effects, to
remain at the Tower quay, in readiness to sail at a moment's
;
warning."
'
" True Patriot."
'
Johnstone's Memoirs, p. 74.
216
THE PSETENDEES AND THEIR ADHEEESTS.
CHAPTEE
[l745.
X.
Reasons
Charles desirous of marching upon London.
of his
Commanders
towards the North. His reluctant Consent. Conduct of

Retreat. Lord George Murray gives a Check to the
Duke of Cumberland's advanced Guard. George the Fourth and Mrs
to the Duke of Cumberland. The
Pennycuik. Surrender of Carlisle
His Arrival at Glasgow.
Pretender continues his Retreat.
for a Retreat
his
Army on
its
Notwithstanding the apparently promising
state of the
Prince's affairs, nothing coiiJd be more precarious than his

AVithiu a few miles of him lay the Duke
actual condition.
of Cumberland, with an army that more than doubled his
another
in
numbers
own
force, consisting of six thousand
;
men, under the command of Marshal Wade, was skirting

for the defence
along the western side of Yorkshire while,
of the metropohs, a camp was being formed on Finchley
of the G-uards,
consist
should
it
was
intended
which
Common,
who had been marched out of London for this purpose, and
of several other regiments which had seen foreign service,
and which were expected to arrive immediately from abroad.
At the head of this force George the Second had expressed
;
his intention of taking the field in person.

Notwithstanding this threatening aspect of his affairs, the
and he continued to
spirits of Charles appeared unbroken,
be supported by the same sanguine hopes of ultimate
to
entertain since the
never
faded
which
he
had
success,
commencement of his enterprise. Satisfied, in his own mind,
that Heaven had declared itself in his lavour, thorouglily
convinced that the great majority of the people of England
looked upon George the Second in the odious light of an
transfer their alleusurper, and that they would too gladly
fidly confiding, also,
giance from him to the rightful line,
in the resources of his ovm genius and in the gallantry and
and high-spirited
efficiency of his followers, the sanguine
yoimg adventurer, up to this period, never for a moment
of
appears to have entertained tlie remotest anticipation
The plan which he had laid down in his
disaster or defeat.
to give the Duke of Cumberland the slip,

to
by stealing a day's march on the enemy, give battle
George the Second beneath the walls of London, when he
own mind was

and,
PEIXCE CUAELES EBWAED.
1745.]
217
doubted not to obtain a victory over the usurper, and by this

means make himself master of the capital. So confident,
indeed, was he of success and triumph, that his common con-
Derby was as to the manner in

which he should make his public entry into London; whether
on foot or on horseback, or whether in the Highland or
versation after dinner at
Lowland
di'ess.
"\^^lethe^ fortunately or unfortunately for Charles, hia

council differed widely from him as to the good policy of
marching farther towards the South. Accordingly, on the
morning of the 5th of December, all the commanders of
battalions and squadrons, headed by Lord George Murray,
made their appearance before the Prince, and earnestly,
though respectfully, remonstrated with him on the absolute
necessity of an immediate retreat to Scotland.
They had
been principally induced, they said, to march so far, farther
as
into
than any Scottish army had
yet advanced
England,
from the assurance which had been held out to them that
be
a
would
rising
speedily
supported
by
among the
they
English and a descent from France, but hitherto there
had appeared not the slightest likelihood of either of these
events taking place.
Was it not well known, they asked,
that the coimties through which they had just passed were
those which were most favourably inclined to the cause of
the Stuarts ? and when it was remembered that in those very
counties only the most insignificant number had been induced to join them, what coidd they expect in districts which
perhaps were hostile to them to a man ? What was their
own force, they said, of five thousand men, when opposed to
an army of thirty thousand, which, though at present uncombined, the Elector had already in the field, and which was
"I am told."
daily being reinforced by fresh battalions ?
says Lord Pitsligo, who was the oracle of the Lowland
"
gentry, that the Elector is to raise his standard at Finchley
Common, and the advantage of being in possession of London
is known from the case of Edward the Fourth.
Should we
fight the Duke of Cumberland, the fortune of war is doubt-
should we pass him, which may be done, yet we have

another army to encounter before we arrive at James's and
in case of a defeat we shall be exposed to the rage of the
country people. Let us not then bring certain destruction
on ourselves, and an indelible stain upon the Scottish people,
ful
218
THE PKETEKDEES AND THEIE ADHEEENTS.
[l745.
who, when unanimous, never marelied so fer as we have

done.
"We will conduct you back," he added (turning to
tlie Chevalier), "and by an honourable retreat secure that
both which the rash adventuring
safety and that character, of
forward bids fair to deprive us."
In addition to these arguments, it was urged by Lord
George Murray that even victory must prove of no service
to them
for, even should they be enabled to give the Duke
of Cumberland the sUp, and be so fortimate as to overcome
'
the forces of the Elector at Finchley, stiU they

them
sarily sufter such a loss as woidd prevent
must necesfrom taking
advantage of their success. Supposing, on the other hand,

the possibility of a defeat, not a man in the army could reasonably hope to escape to Scotland, and the Prince himself,
should he escape being killed in battle, must inevitably fall
into the hands of the enemy.
Lastly, it was insisted, that
should the Prince find himself master of London, even without incurring the hazard and consequences of a battle, still
it was utterly impossible that he should be able to retain
possession of so vast a city, unless the populace declared
themselves strongly in his "favour, an event on which, as
far as their present experience and means of intelligence could
be depended upon, they had not the slightest gi-ounds to
The Didie of Perth, says the Chevalier de Johncalculate.
stone, alone took no part at fii-st in these debates between the
Prince and the chiefs of the elans. Resting liis head against
the fireplace, he listened to the dispute without uttering a
himself loudly of the
single word but at last he declared
opinion of the other chiefs.^
The young Prince listened to these arguments with the
most manifest impatience indeed, so great was his vexation
at this threatened destruction of all his darling hopes and
romantic projects, at the very crisis, too, as he believed it to
be, of his chivalrous enterprise, that he is said with difficulty
"
Eather
to have prevented himself from shedding tears.
'"
than go back," he cried vehemently, I woidd wish to be
vain
he
enIn
and
feet
xmder
argued
ground!"^
twenty
treated till at length, finding all remonstrance useless, he
broke up the council in silent indignation, and with marks of
'
'
'
Henderson's Life of the Duke of Cumberland, p. 178.

MS. Memoirs of Captain Daniel. Lord Mahon's Hist. vol.
iii.
p.
410.
PBnfCE CHAHLES EDWARD.
1745.]
The remainder of this eventful day
219
Tvas
unequivocal disgust.
passed by Charles in remonsti'ating singly Tvith the different
members of the council. Finding them inflexible, hoAvever,
he again summoned the council in the evening, and, in language which too evidently told the tale of ruined hopes and
blighted ambition, he coldly communicated to the council
that he consented to accede to their wishes, and that he was
prepared to return with them immediately to Scotland. To
this he added imperiously, in the bitterness of the moment,
that this was the last council which he should ever summon,
and that hereafter he should hold himself responsible for his
actions only to
God and
his father.
Thus terminated the
last reasonable hope of the Stuarts'

regaining the sovereignty of these realms.
Disappointed in
the expectations which had been so constantly held out to
them, both of an English rising and a French descent, the
leaders of the insurgent army unquestionably argued wisely
when they pressed upon the Prince the necessity of a retreat nor could they but perceive that the assurance of immediate relief which he had so long continued to hold out to
them, and which alone had induced them to march to so
great a distance from their own country, were founded rather
on his own sanguine hopes and ardent feelings, than on any
more certain or satisfactory basis.
Nêvertheless, it is curious to speculate how different might
have been the result had Charles been permitted to put his
favourite plan of marching to London into execution. Little
did he know, when he consented to quit Derby, that already
ten thousand French troops, with his brother Henry at their
Lead, had received orders to effect a landing on the southern
coast of England
Little did he know that the premier peer
of Great Britain, the Duke of Norfolk
whose example
would probably have been followed by most of the influential
Eoman Catholics was on the very point of declaring himself
in his favour and not less was he aware that many of the Welsh
;
gentlemen had already quitted their homes to join him,' and

that a messenger was actually on his road from Lord Barrymore and Sir Watkin Williams WjTine, not only giving him
assurances of their fidelity, but also pledging themselves to
join him at whatever spot and in any manner he might please
Had Charles been aware of these facts, and had he conse!
'
Chambers,
p. 56.
220
[l745.
qu^ntly pursued bis march to London, it is far from impossible that the dynasty of Great Britain might have been
changed, and that tlie Stuarts might once more have held
their court at Whitehall
As it was, the retreat from Derby
sealed the fate of Charles and his gallant followers.
No
sooner did the fact become known, than the embarkation of
the French troops was countennanded, and the English
Jacobites remained in their quiet homes, congratulating
themselves, perhaps, that their cautious ])olicy had preserved
for them their fortunes, and not improbably their lives. '
On the Oth of December, before the day dawned, the
!
Highland army commenced its retrograde and mournful

march from Derby. Hitherto the devoted mountaineers had
imagined themselves on the eve of an engagement with the
royal forces, and, notwithstanding the vast superiority of
their opponents both in numbers and discipline, the chivalrous ardoiu- which they displayed at the prospect of an approaching struggle partook almost of the character of
romance. " There was a great disproportion," says the Chevalier de Johnstone, " between the numbers of the two
armies but the inequality was balanced by the heroic ardour
of the Highlanders, animated on that occasion to the highest
pitch of enthusiasm, and breathing nothing but a desire for
the combat. They were to be seen during the whole day in
crowds before the shops of the cutlers, quarrelling about who
should he the fii'st to sharpen and give a proper edge to their
;
swords.^
It was not
till
the day had dawned, and had displayed to
Since writing the above, the author finds that he is not singular in
presuming that, had Charles marched to London, it was not improbable that
he would have made himself master of the thi-one of Great Britain. " I
" that had Charles marched onward
believe," says Lord M.ihon,
from Derby
he would have gained the British throne but I am far from tliinking that
he would long have held it. Bred up in arbitrary principles, and professing
the Komanist religion, he might soon have been tempted to assail at the
very least, he would have alarmed a people jealous of their freedom, and
a church tenacious of her rights. His own violent though generous
temper,
and his deficiency in liberal knowledge, would have widened the breach
some rivalries between his court and his father's might probably have rent
his own party asunder
and the honours and rewards well earned by bis
faithful followers miglit have nevertheless disgusted the rest of the nation.
In short, the English would have been led to expect a much better govern;
ment than King George's, and they would have had a

Malioii's History of England, vol. iii. p. 416.
2
much
worse."
Lord
1745.]
221
them many a familiar object which they had recently passed

by in their hour of triumph, that the Highlanders perceived
in what direction their chieftains were leading them, and then
their Taxation almost exceeded tliat of their broken-hearted
"
Prince.
As soon," says the Chevalier de Johnstone, " as
the day allowed them to see the objects around them, and
they found that they were reti-acing our steps, nothing was
to be heard throughout the ^^hole army but expressions of
rage and lamentation. If we had been beaten, the grief
could not have been greater."'

It has already been mentioned, that the conduct of the
Highlanders, in the course of their triumphant march to Derby,
had been distinguished by a forbearance and good conduct
which would have done credit to a more civilized people and
more
but now, irritated by disappointdisciplined troops

ment, their progress was marked by repeated acts of violence
and rapine. The conduct of Charles, moreover, tended to
increase the feelings of vexation and discontent which pervaded the army in general.
Vestigia nulla retrorsum had
hitherto been liis favourite and adopted motto but now that
this motto appeared to him as a reproach, his former high
hopes and elation of spirits had yielded to the most melancholy depression of mind. In the march to Derby, it had
been his custom to rise with the dawn of day, and with
his target slung over his back, and with a kind word to
the humblest Highlauder, he was in the habit of marching
But now he appeared
gaily at the head of his division.
;
and dejected, and instead of delighting to share the

fatigues of his men on foot, and pro\ing himself their equal
even in their boasted powers of enduring the most harassing
inarch, he was in the habit of lingering gloomily behind till
the whole armv was in advance of him, and then, riding forsullen
ward on horseback, took
the
head of the
who had volunteered
to serve in the
his
place at
column.
The English
Jacobites,
Prince's army, were the persons
whose position was the most

They knew not, indeed,
critical at this particular period.
which was the best step to take whether to retreat with

the Highlanders into the fastnesses of their native mountains,
or to remain behind and trust themselves to the tender mercies
of the Government.
One of these persons, of the name of
;
'
THE PEETENDEES AND TEEIE ADHERENTS.
222
[l745.
Morgan, addressing liimself to one Vaughan, another English

gentleman iu the Prince's service, observed with every mark of
"
astonishment, that the army was retreating to Scotland."
"Be it so," was Vaiighan's reply, "I am determined to go
with them, wherever their course lies." Morgan, on the
"
it were better to be
contrary, remarked with an oath, that
hanged in England than starved iu Scotland." He adhered
to his determination, and died on the gallows
while Vaughau had tlie good fortune to escape, and died an officer in the
service of the
King of Spain.
The conduct of the Highlanders, during
^
tlieir
march, pro-
voked the anger and revengeful feelings of the country peoj)le

in the districts through which they passed while tlie latter
naturally seized every opportunity of retaliating on their oppressors. In consequence of some wanton act, either of violence or pillage, which was committed by the Highlanders at
a village near Stockport, the inhabitants fired on the patrols
;
of the insurgent army, who retorted by setting fire to the

The people of the country had by this time provided
themselves with arms, and the consequence was, that they
more than once fired on the rear of the insurgent army, and
killed the enemy's stragglers whenever they fell into their
hands.
Even the sick, ^^ho were necessarily left behind by
the Highlanders dm-ing their rapid march, were treated with
village.
On reaching Manchester, on the 9ih,

had received them on their onward
march with every manifestation of welcome and joy, now appeared hostile to them almost to a man, and, on their quitting
the town, a large mob followed in their rear, and annoyed
them considerably by a desultory fire.
Even the Prince's own hie was on one occasion in imminent
danger. Some zealous royalist had conceived the idea of assassinating him, but mistaking the person of Mr O'SuUivan
unjustifiable violence.
the inhabitants, who
"
for that of the Prince, he fired his
Search
piece at the former.
was made for him," says one of the Jacobite officers, "but in
vain and no great matter for anything he woidd have suffered from us for many exercised their malice
merely on
account of the known clemency of the Prince, which, however, they would not have dared to do if he had permitted a
:
more severity in punishing them. The army, irritated

by such frequent instances of the enemy's malice, began to
little
'
" Tales
of a Grandfather," vol.
iii.
p. 241.
1745.]
behave with less forbearance, and

woixld go on foot if they could ride
now few
223
who
there were
and mighty taking, stealand pressing of horses there was amongst us. Diverting
it was to see the Highlanders mounted, -n-ithout either
breeches, saddle, or anything else but the bare back of the
In
horses to ride on and" for their bridle only a straw-rope
this manner did we march out of England."
On the l7th, the maia body of the Highland army reached
Penrith, -ndth Charles at their head but the rear-guard, under the command of Lord George Murray, having been detained for a considerable time by the breaking do^vn of some
at
baggage-waggons, had been compelled to pass the night
Lord George resumed
Shap. Early on the following morning,
on
the
which
had
taken
the
but
his march,
preplace
delay
vious day had enabled the Duke of Cumberland to push forward his light eavabry, and, just as the Highlanders were
surentering the enclosures around Clifton Hall, they were
;
ing,
'
horse of the enemy commanding the

prised to see the Ught
Lord George Murray gave
adjoining heights. Immediately,
an order to the Glengary clan to ascend the nearest hill and
attack them.
"They ran so fast," says the Chevalier de
"
Johnstone, that they reached the summit of the hill almost
as soon as those who were at the head of the column.
were agreeably surprised, when we reached the top, to find,
instead of the English army, only three hundred light horse
and chasseurs, who immediately fled in disorder, and of whom
We
only able to come up with one man, who had been

thrown from his horse, and whom we wished to make prisoner
to obtain some intelligence from him but it was impossible
to save him from the fury of the Highlanders, who cut him
to pieces in an instant."
The rear-guard continued its march, Lord George ]Murray,
we were
'*
confided to him,
sensibly alive to the importance of the trust
The sun had now
last man to bring up the rear.
when
set, and twilight had almost merged into darkness,
Lord
^lurray for the first time perceived in his rear
being the
George
a large body of the enemy's cavalry which now amounted,to four thousand men
advancing upon him in two
Hnes on Clifton Moor, about half a mile from the village of
On one side of the road, through which the
that name.
it is said,
'
MS. Memoirs
Lord Mahon, vol.

of Captain Daniel.
Johnstone's Menioii'S, p. 87.
iii.
p.
418.
THE PEETENDEKS AND THEIE ADHERENTS.
22-1
[l745.
enemy must necessarily reach him, were the vast enclosures

of Lord Lonsdale's estate, and on the other side were the
Clifton enclosures, of less extent. Lord Geoge Murray, perceiving the importance of giving the enemy a check bel'ore
they could be supported by a larger force, determined on an
immediate attack.' The night was extremely dark, but the
mooE occasionally broke tlirough the dark clouds and in
one of these intervals of light Lord George perceived a large
body of dismounted dragoons gliding forward along the stone
dykes, or defences, with the evident intention of surprising
him. Placing himself at the head of the Macphersons, and
taking his station by the side of his friend Cluny, the chief
of that branch of the clan, he inquired hurriedly of him what
he considered ought to be done. " I will attack the enemy
sword in hand," was the rejily of the chieftain, " provided
you order me." Almost at the same moment they received
a sharp fire of musketry from the dragoons on the other side
"
of the dyke.
There is no time to be lost," said Lord George,
'
we must instantly charge " At the same time he drew
his broadsword, and shouting out the famous war-cry of the
"
"
he was the first to dash into the
Claymore
Highlanders,
midst of the enemy. " The Highlanders," says the Chevalier
de Johnstone, "immediately ran to the enclosui'es where the
English were, fell down on their knees, and began to cut down
the thorn-hedges with their dirks
a necessary precaution,
as they wore no breeches, but only a sort of petticoat, which
reached to their knees. During this operation, they received
the fire of the English with the most admirable fii-mness and
constancy and, as soon as the hedge was cut down, they
jumped into the enclosures sword in hand, and, with an inconceivable intrepidity, broke the English battalions, who
suftered so much the more as they did not tiu-n their backs,
as at the battle of Gladsmuir, but allowed themselves to be
cut to pieces without quitting their ground.
Platoons of
;
'
"The
officers
who wore with me,"
says
Lord Gcor?e Murray,
in his
Letter to Hamilton of Eangour, " agreed in my opinion, that to retreat

when the enemy were within less than musket-shot would be very dangerous, and we would probably be destroyed before we came up witli the rest
of our army.
had nothing for it but a brisk attack and therefore,
after receiving the
enemy's fire, we went in sword in hand and dislodged
them after which we made our retreat in good order. I own I disobeyed
orders
but what I did was the only safe and honcui'able measuie I could
Home's Appendix, No. 42.
take, and it succeeded."
We
1745.]
225
forty and fifty men might be seen falling all at once under the
swords of the Highlanders yet they stiU remained firm, and
closed up their ranks as soon as an opening was made through
;
them by the sword. At length, however, the Higlilanders

forced them to give way, and pursued them across three enclosures to a heath which lay behind them. The only prisoner
they took was the Duke of Cumberland's footman, who declared that his master would have been killed, if the pistol
with which a Highlander took aim at his head had not missed
The Prince had the politeness to send him back in'
stantly to his master."
In the onset, while dashing through the hedge. Lord George
fire.
bonnet and wig (the latter being commonly worn at

the period), and fought bareheaded the foremost in the assault.
Kothing could be more complete than the victory
gained by the Highlanders. The royalists, who fled in all
and Colonel
directions, suftered severely in the conflict
Hone^Tvood, who commanded the dragoons, was left severely
"
wounded on the spot.
Cumberland and his cavalry," it is
"
fled with precipitation, and in such
said,
great confusion,
that if the Prince had been provided with a suflicient number
of cavalry to have taken advantage of the disorder, it is beyond question that the Duke of Cumberland and the bulk of
his cavalry had been taken prisoners." ^
The defeated dragoons took up a position on a distant part of the moor, but
without again venturing to attack the rear of the insurgents.
The Highlanders were with great difiiculty withhe"ld from
pursuing their opponents, exclaiming that it was a disgrace
"
to see so many of the Prince's enemies " standing fast
upon
the moor, without being permitted to attack them.
It is somewhat diffieidt to ascertain the exact loss of the
royal forces at the skirmish at Clifton. The English, in their
accounts of the afl'ray, estimate the loss at forty private men
killed and wounded, and four ofiicers wounded. On the other
hand, Clunie of M'Pherson asserts that there were one hundred and fifty men killed; and the Chevalier de Johnstone
says that the loss was estimated by some as high as six hundred men. The Duke of Cumberland, on the contrary, in
his unworthy fabrications and
prejudiced statement" of the
aSair, which were published in the London Gazette
by aulost his
'
M'^PUcrson's
Johnstone's Memoirs,
MS. Memoirs, quoted
p. 91.
in Notes to 'WaYerley.
226
THE PHETENDEHS AND THEIE ADHERENTS.
[l745.
thority," reduces the total loss to only a dozen men, which

small number are stated to have pushed too far forward on
the moor, and in all probability to have been taken prisoners.
Such is the too frequent difiiculty in establishing the simjilest
historical fact!
According to all accounts, the Highlanders
lost no more than twelve iu the conflict.'
On the 19th the insurgents entered Carlisle, where they

passed the night. On the following morning, the Prince's
birthday, they resumed their march, leaving behind them a
of the Manchester
garrison of three hundred men, consisting
regiment, a few Lowlanders, and some French and Irish.
The two latter, being engaged in the French service, had
little to fear from foiling into the hands of the Duke of
Cumberland; but it was different with the others, who coidd
scarcely fail to anticipate the dreadful fate which awaited
them, and yet resigned themselves to their lot with a cheerfulness and devotion which did them the highest honour.
"
Mr Townley, colonel of the English," says an officer who
was present, " petitioned the Prince, not only in his own
name, but in the name of all the officers of the Manchester
regiment, to be left, though the latter never assented to or
desired it, many of them wishing to undergo the same fate
as their royal master. However, on Colonel Townley's coming back, and telling them that it was the Prince's pleasure
that they shoidd remain at Carlisle, they aU, taking it as
^
coming from the Prince, most willingly acquiesced."
Wliile Charles was passing through Carlisle at the head of
his troops, a stranger forced his way up to him, and, accosting him in a tone of great earnestness, entreated him to order
the bagpipes to leave off playing. The Prince inquired his
reason for making the demand, when he was informed that
a lady of the name of Dacre had just been brought to bed,
and that the Highland army would presently pass by her re'
Clifton Moor is the scene where the chieftain of Glenaquoich is repre"
sented in Waverley to have been made a prisoner.
Mingling with the
dismounted dragoons, they forced them, at the sword point, to fly to the
were
cut
to
number
where
a
considerable
pieces. But the moon,
open moor,
which suddenly shone out, showed to the English thesmall number of asTwo squadrons of horse moving
sailants, disordered by their own success.
to the support of their companions, the Highlanders endeavoured to recover
the enclosures ; but several of them, amongst others their brave chieftain,
were cut off and surrounded before they could effect their purpose."
'
MS. Memoirs of Captain Daniel. "Lord Mahon, vol. lii. p. 420.
17 15. J
227
Charles instantly gave orders for the bagpipes to

cease playing, and on reaching the house he alighted from
his horse" and went in.
By his ovra desire the new-born infant was brought to him, when, with his usual grace, he took
tl.e white cockade from his Highland bonnet and fixed it to
sidence.
child. This little creature became afterwards

James Clerk of Pennycuik, and during the
was
for many years the leader of fashion in
list century
When George the Foiu-th visited Scotland she
IJlinburgh.
that
\-,:is in her
seventy-seventh year, and was treated by
iminarch with marked attention. He insisted on hearing the
and
one
her
ovsti
rnieedote of her infancy from
evening,
hps;
^^ hen at his desire she
produced the identical cockade which
had been presented her by Charles, he took it from her and
wore it during the rest of the day.
Previous to taking his departure from Cariisle, Charles
and devoted perpublicly returned his thanks to these brave
K
lis who were di-awn up to receive his parting address.
There can be no doubt that he would never have consented
to leave them behind him, in an isolated citadel and in hostile
land, had he not been firmly convinced that the Duke of Cumlierland was unprovided with battering artillery. The Duke,
however, arrived the following day, and invested Carlisle with
The little garrison defended itself to the
his whole army.
best of its abilities; but on the 29th, some cannon, which
from
had been brought
Whitehaven, began to play against
the crazy walls, and the besieged, finding that further resistance could avail nothing, hoisted a white flag upon the walls,
and expressed a desire to ca]jitulate. The reply of the Duke
the
till-
bosom of the
wife of Sir
was, that "they should not be put to the sword, but reserved
Of the eighteen officers who
for his Majesty's pleasure."
served in the ^Manchester regiment, seventeen were conOf these,
deniued to death on the 19th of July iollo\ring.
nine perished on the scaflbld at Kennington Common, under

the most aggravated circumstances of crueltj' and horror,
bearing their dreadful fate with piety and resignation, and
true to their principles to the last.
On the afternoon of the 20th of December, the Highlanders crossed the Esk, and had the satisfaction of finding themselves once more on their native soil. Their manner of ford-
ing the rapid current was ingeniously contrived. The Highlanders formed themselves into ranks often or twelve abreast,
Q 2
THE PEETENDEES AND THEIB ADHEEENTS.
228
[l745.
with their arms locked so as to support each other against

the rapidity of the stream, leaving a sufficient space between
their ranks for the passage of the water. Cavaliy also were
stationed in the river below the ford, to save any of those
who might be carried away by the violence of the current.
"While the Highlanders were engaged in fording the Esk,
one of those trifling incidents occurred which had so often
endeared Charles to his humble followers. He was fording
the river on horseback, a short distance below the spot where
the rest of his army was crossing, when one or two men, who
had been drifted from the hold of their companions, were
With great dexterity and
carried near him by the stream.
them by the haupresence of mind, he caught hold of one of
"
"
of his head, and exclaiming in Gaelic,
Coliear, cohear I
that is, "Help, help!" supported the man in safety till further
assistance arrived. In crossing the Esk not a single man was
lost.
Only a few unhappy girls, who had chosen to share
the fortunes of their lovers, were carried away by the rapidity of the current. The Highlanders displayed excessive joy
on finding themselves once more in their own country.
"
Eires," says the Chevalier de Johnstone, "were kindled to
dry our people as soon as they quitted the water and the
bagpipers having commenced playing, the Highlanders began
all to dance, expressing the utmost joy on seeing their country
;
again and forgetting the chagrin which had incessantly devom'ed them, and which they had continually nourished ever
since their departure from Derby."
Thus was accomplished the memorable march of the
Higliland army li-om Derby to Scotland, which has been designated by one writer as "one of" the most surprising retreats
^
and by another, as " enthat has ever been performed
titled to rauk with the most celebrated in either ancient or
modern times." ^ Wben we consider, indeed, that this famous
that it
retreat was made in the heai-t of a hostile country,
;
'
two armies of overwhelming su^that,

periority, with the greatest coolness and deliberation,
notwithstanding they were closely pursued by cavalry, and
suffered intensely from fatigue and hunger, the retreating
army lost only forty men, whether by sickness or the sword,
was performed,
in spite of
when we consider
'
all
these circumstances,
Johnstoue's Memoii's,
Smollett, vol. iii. p. 221.
we cannot
p. 75.
'
Chambers,
p. 58.
fail
PBINCE CHAELES EDWAHD.
1745.]
229
to be struck with astonishment and admiration at a retreat

so slvilfuUy conducted and so successfully performed.
From the banlis of the Esk, Charles marched with the
of his army to Dumfries, a town which had long
body
main
been
to the reigning family and

distinguished for its attachment
to the Protestant succession. Their excess of zeal, indeed,
had induced the inhabitants to celebrate the retreat of the
insurgents with illuminations and bonfires; and when Charles
entered the town, the candles were still in the windows, and
the bonfires remained unextinguished in the streets. For
this unpalatable chsplay of hostility to his cause, Charles levied a heavy a tax on the inhabitants. He imposed a fine of
2000 on the town, and when, at his departure, only 1100

was forthcoming, he carried off with him the unfortunate
Provost and another magistrate, as securities for the pay'
ment of the remaining sum.

At Dumfries, Charles took up his quarters in the Market
Place, in what was then the most considerable house in the
"
Within the
town, and which is now the Commercial Inn.
last three years" (1840), says Mr Chambers, "an aged female
lived in Edinburgh,
who
recollected the occupation of
Dum-
bv the Highland army, being then seventeen years of

She lived opposite to the Prince's lodging, and freage.^
several of the men
quently saw him. In her father's house
were quartered, and it was ia her recollection that they greatly
lamented the course which they had taken, and feared the
The proprietor of the house occuissue of the expedition.
a
pied by the Prince was a Mr Eichard Lowthian, non-juror,
and proprietor of Stafford Hall in Cumberland. Though well
fries
'
The Provost of Dumfries was a gentleman of the name of Corsan. He
had shown himself a stauneh friend of the Government, and was eonsequently threatened with the destruction of his house and property hy the
" It is not
very long since," says Sir Walter Scott,
enraged insurgents.
" that the late Mrs llcCulIoch of Ardwell,

daughter of Provost Corsan,
me that she remembered well, when a child of six years old. being taken
Too young to
out of her father's Ixiuse, as if it was to he instantly burnt.
be sensible of the danger, she asked the Highland officer, who held her
in his arms, to show her the Pretender, which the good-natured Gael did,
under the condition that little Miss Corsan was iu future to call him the
Prince.
Neither did they carry their threats into execution against the
Provost or his mansion."
Tales of a Grandfather, vol. iii. p. 249, note.
2 "Widow
Blake," says Mr Chambers, "was the name of this remarkShe had been the wife of a
able person, who died fully at the age of 108.
dragoon in the reign of George the Second."
told
230
[l745.
affected to tlie Prince's cause, he judged it prudent not to

appear in his company, aud yet neither did he wish to otiend
him by the appearance of deliberately going out of his way.

The expedient he adopted in this dilemma was one highly
characteristic of the time. He got himself so extremely drunk,

that his being kept back from the company of his guest was
only a matter of decency. His wife, who could not well be
taxed with treason, did the honours of the house without
scruple and some other Jacobite ladies, particularly those
of the attainted House of Camwath,' came forward to grace
his court."
Mr Chambers observes in his History of the Eebellion of
"
When the writer was at Dumfries in 1838, he saw,
1745,
in the possession of a J)ri^'ate family, one of a set of table
napkins, of the most beautiful damask, resembling the finest
satin, which the ladies DalzeU had taken to grace the table
of the Prince, and which they had ke])t ever after with the
care due to the mo.st precious relics.
The di'awiug-room, in
which Charles received company, is a very handsome one,
all
round
with
Corinthian
paneled
pilasters, the capitals of
which are touched with dim gold. He was sitting here at
supper with his officers and other friends, when he was told
that a messenger had arrived with intelligence respecting
the enemy.
One M'Ghie, a painter in Dumfries, and a
trieud of the insurgents, had been imposed upon at Annan
with the false news that the Duke of Ciunberlaud had
already taken Carlisle, and was advancing to Dumfi-ies.
Charles received this intelligence in another room, and soon
after returned to his friends with a countenance manifestly
The consequence was, that he hurriedly left the
dejected.
town the next day. Mrs Lowthian received from him, as
token of regard, a pair of leather gloves, so extremely fine
that they coidd be drawn through her ring.
These, as well
as the bed he had slept on, were carefully preserved
by the
family, and are still in existence."
The night of the 23rd, the day on which Charles quitted
Dumfries, was passed by him at Drumlaiu'ig, the seat of the
;
The daughters of Robert DalzeU, sixth Earl of Carnwath, who was

comlemned to death for the share wliich he took in the Eebellion of 171fl.
His Ufe was spared, but his titles were forfeited by attainder. In 18'26,
'
these honours were restored iu the person of Robert Alexander Dalzell, by

courtesy, the tenth Karl.
History of the Rebellion, p. 59.
PEINCE CHARLES EDWARD.
1745.]
Duke
of Queensberrv.
while a number of his
He
himself slept in
231
tlie
state bed,
men lay upon sti-aw in the great

gallerv.
During their short stay at Drumlam-ig, the Highlanders seized an unfortiuiate opportunity of displaying their
zeal in the cause of the Stuarts, by hacking with then- swords
the portraits of King William, Queen Mary, and Queen
Amie presents from the last of these sovereigns to James
Duke of Queensberry, in consideration of his services in promoting the union between the two kingdoms.'
From Drumlanrig, Charles marched with his army through
the romantic Pass of Dalveen into Clydesdale, and at night
took up his quarters in Douglas Castle, the seat of the Duke
of Douglas.
Generally speaking, as may be seen in the
Prince's curious household-book, he scrupulously defrayed
the expenses of his entertainment wherever he stopped but
both at Drumlanrig and at Douglas, the masters of which
mansions were hostile to his cause, he is said to have made
no remuneration whatever.
From Douglas Castle Charles led his troops by way of
Hamilton to Glasgow. At Hamilton he allo-ed his troops
a day's rest he himself taking up his residence at the palace
of the Duke of Hamilton, where he amused himself by
shooting in the park. The result of the day's sport speaks
but little perhaps in favour of his skill as a sportsman the
;
whicli he brought
partridges, and a deer.
only
game
down being two
pheasants,
two
On the 26th Charles entered Glasgow, the wealthiest and

the most popidous town in Scotland, and the most violently
opposed to the cause of the Stuarts. The inhabitants had
recently raised a regiment for the serwee of the Govei'nment,
which was commanded by the Earl of Home, and numbered
nine hundred men.
Charles consequentlj' i-etaUated upon
them, by forcing them to pay the expenses of refitting his
whose
dress, in consequence of their
gallant Highlanders,
long and continuous march of two months, is described as
having been in the most dilapidated condition. The refit of
the Highland army is said to have cost the corporation of
Glasgow 10,000 at least, such is the amovxnt of the sum
which they subsequently received as a remuneration fron
the Government.^ During the time he remained in this city,
;
'
Cliambers, p. 59.
Home,
chap.
vii.
THE PEETENBEBS AND THEIE ABHEEENTS.
232
[l745.
the quarters of Charles -were in the best house which it conModern improvetained, at the west end of the Trongate.
ments have since caused it to be rased to the ground.
In consequence of the numerous desertions of the Highlanders, who were unable to resist the temptation of visiting
their wives and families after so long an absence, the insurgent army was now reduced to three thousand sis hundred
foot and five hundred horse. In so populous a city as Glasgow, Charles had hoped to compensate himself for these
desertions by the number of recruits which he expected to
enlist
but, during tlie whole week that he remained there,
only sixty individuals joined his standard. Neither did his
gallant appearance, nor the tascination of his personal address,
produce any effect on the calculating minds of the inhabitants of this commercial city.
On one occasion he was shot
at by a fanatic in the streets, whose pistol fortunately missed
fire
and he himself was heard to complain, with great
bitterness, that nowhere had he made so few friends.
Nevertheless, even in the Whig and fanatic city of Glasgow, Charles had the satisfaction of finding that, as in all
other parts of Scotland, the romance of his enterprise, and
the charm of his personal appearance, had won for him the
kind interest and best wishes of the fair ses. " The ladies,"
;
"
though formerly much against us,

says Captain Daniel,
were now charmed by the sight of the Prince into the most
enthusiastic loyalty."
He held a kind of small court in the
Ti'ongate, where he was to be seen in public tmce a-day
surrounded b}^ his principal ofBcers, and where the ladies of
Glasgow and the neighbourhood, in spite of the remonstrances of their husbands and lovers, constantly flocked to
be presented to him. Charles appears to have been particularly gratified by the attentions paid him by the ladies
of Glasgow, for, during his residence in the Trongate, he is
said to have paid greater attention to his dress and personal
appearance, than he had done at any former period.

Previous to quitting Glasgow, Charles held a grand review
of his troops upon " the Green." "
marched out," says
"
with di'ums beating, colours flying, bagCaptain Daniel,
pipes playing, and all the marks of a triumphant army, to
the appointed ground attended by multitudes of people,
who had come from all parts to see us, and especially the
We
ladies,
who, though formerly much against
us,
were now
PEi:SCE
1745.1
CHARLES EDWAED.
233
charmed by the sight of the Prince into the most enthusiastic

I am somewhat at a loss to give a description ot
the Prince, as he appeared at the review. No object could
be more charming, no personage more captivating, no deportment more agi-eeable, than his at this time was for, being
weU mounted and princely attired, having all the best endowments of both body and mind, he appeared to bear a sway,
above any comparison with the heroes of the last age and
the majesty and grandeur he displayed were truly noble and
loyalty.
divine."
'
Another portrait of the Prince, drawn at this period by a

to the
grave citizen of Glasgow, may not be uninteresting
It is curious to find the writer dwelling on that
reader.
which was the characterpeculiar expression of melancholy,
istic of the countenance of Charles, and which had already
been commented upon by the inhabitants of Edinburgh in
"
I managed," says
his happier and more prosperous days.
"
the writer, to get so near him, as "he passed homewards to
with my hand ;
him
touched
his lodgings, that I could have
and the impression which he made upon my mind wiU never

fade as long as I live. He had a princely aspect, and its
interest was much heightened by the dejection which apHe
peared in his pale fair countenance and downcast eye.
and seemed to
evidently wanted confidence in his cause,
have a melancholy foreboding of that disaster which soon
after ruined the hopes of his family for ever."^
Chambers,
p. 61.
Attic Stories (Glasgow, 1818), p.
290
23-1
CHAPTEE
The
XI.
The Duke succeeded the Command

his Character. Surprised by the Reap Battle of Falkijk.
Pretender's Retreat to Stirling.
by Lieutenant-general Hawley
[l746.
in
pearance of the Pretender's Forces.
On the 3rd of January, 1746, Charles evacuated Glasgow,

The
with the inteution of laying siege to Stirling Castle.
march occupied three days. The first night was passed by
him at Kilsyth House, the residence of Campbell of iSliawthe next day he led his troops to the famous field of
field
Banuockburn, passing the night himself at Bamiockburn
House, the seat of Sir Hugh Faterson, who has already been
mentioned as one of his most devoted adherents.
Shortly after his arrival at Stirling, Charles had the satisfaction of finding his army streugtliened by a large accession
of force, amomiting in all to about four thousand men. This
force consisted of the IVasers, the Mac Kenzies, the Mac
Intoshes, and the Farquar.sous, as well as of a considerable
;
body of men which had been raised by Lord Lewis Gordon,

and the regiments of Scots Royal and French piquets.
Charles now found himself in command of an army of nine
thousand men. AVith this addition of strength supported,
moreover, by a quantity of battery guns and engineers, which
Lord John Drummoud had recentty succeeded in trausjjorting from France he felt himself in a condition to lay siege
to Stirling Castle, and accordingly, on the 10th of January,
he opened the trenches against that important fortress.

In the mean time, the Uuke of Cixmberland, having forced
the citadel of Carlisle to surrender, was advancing in pursuit
of the Highland army, when he was suddenly recalled to
London, in order to assume the command against the
The person named as his
threatened invasion from France.
successor was Lieutenant-general Henry Hawley, of whom,
which
he jdayed in the subthe
important part
considering
sequent period of the rebellion, it may be esjjedient to say
a few words.
This brutal and self-sufficient individual was a person of
ordinary capacity, and appears to have been indebted for his
advancement to the high post which he now fiUed, partly to
PRINCE CHAELES EBWAED.
1746.]
235
his being a persoual favourite of the Duke of Cvimherland,

and partly to his having served in the royal army in Scot-
hmd, during the rebellion of 1715, which it was presumed

had given him due experience in the Highland mode of warfare.
He, and his unfeeling patron, the Duke of Cumberland, present
remarkable exceptions to the general rule
man is never cruel. His barbarities had already

rendered him famous. "General Hawley," writes Horace
"is
marched from Edinburgh to put the rebellion
Walpole,
I must give you some idea of this man, who ndll
quite out.
He
lijive a mortal blow to the pride of the Scotch nobility.
is called Lord Chief Justice ; frequent and sudden executions
Last winter he had intelligence of a spy to
are his passion.
come from the French army the first notice our army had
of his arrival was by seeing him dangle on a gallows in his
mutf and boots. One of the surgeons of the army begged
the body of a soldier, who was hanged for desertion, to dissect.
Well,' said Hawley, but then you shall give me the
skeleton, to hang up in the guard-room !' He is very brave
and able, with no small bias to the brutal. Two years ago,
that a brave
'
'
when he
arrived at Ghent, the magistrates, according to

custom, sent a gentleman, with the offer of a siun of money,
he told the gentleman, in great wrath,

to engage his favour
that the King his master paid him, and that he shoidd go
;
and
tell
the magistrates so
at
the same time di-agging him
to the head of the stairs, and kicking him

went to the Town Hall on their refusing
:
He
down.
then
him entrance, he
burst open the door with his foot, and seated himself abruptly
told them he had been affronted, was persuaded they had no

hand
him,
in
it,
and demanded to have the gentleman given up to

to appear in the town while he staved
who never dared
it."
'
Such was the individual who was deputed by the English

Government to fill the post of Commander, or, as it seems
rather to have been intended, of Executioner in Chief in
Scotland.
He caused several executioners to attend his
army during its m^rch and one of his first steps, on arriving
at Edinburgh, was to cause two gibbets to be erected, as an
indication of the fate of the rebels who might fall into his
hands. Such was the military Jeffreys of his age
Perhaps
;
'
Letter to Sir Horace
euce, vol.
ii.
p. 96.
Mann, 17th January, 1746. Walpole's Correspoud-
236
[l74,6
enough
already been said of this ferocious savage,
whose brutalities only exceeded those of his royal patron,
but as a picture, even of the
the Duke of Cumberland
dark side of human nature, is always curious, we will allow
touch
to the jiortrait with his
him to give the finishing
own pen. After dwelling, in his last will and testament, on
the particular manner in which he desu-ed to be buried,
"The priest," he says, "I conclude, will have his fee let the
lias
for the carcass-box. I give

to my
my other relations, I have none
who want and, as I never was married, I have no heirs.
''
I have written all this," he adds, with my own hand and
this I did. because I hate all priests, of all professions, and
have the worst opinion of all members of the law."'
On the 13th of January, Hawley led his troops from Edinburgh, with the intention of marching to the relief of StirHe arrived at Fjilkirk on the 16th, and, at the
ling Castle.
invitation of the Countess of Kilmarnock, whose husband
the Prince's standard, he took up his
under
was serving
quarters at Callander House, the seat of the Coimtesa. This
lady is said to have lavished the charms of her gaiety aiid
wit on the English general, with the insidious intention of
keeping him from the performance of his military duties,
and perhaps with the hope (and, if so, the plot of the Avily
lady proved an eminently successful one) that his army
might be surprised in the absence of their chief.
The iufat\iation of this military rufSan on all points connected with his critical position .almost exceeds belief. Notwithstanding the lessons which the Highlanders had taught
puppy take
it.
Pay the carpenter
sister .5000.
As
to
the King's troops, both at Preston Pans and Clifton, he persisted in retaining the most contemptible opinion of his
hardy and gaUaut opponents. In opposition to past exit as his fixed opinion, that the
perience, he always expressed
Highlanders were incapable of withstanding a charge of
cavalry, if the latter were ably and properly conducted.
This notion he seems to have formed from the success which
had attended a spirited charge of the English cavaliy at
Sheriffmuir, on which occasion he had been engaged in the
The insurgent
right wing of the Duke of Argyll's army.
army he
affected to designate as
"the Highland rabble;"
General H.awlev dipil, possessed of considerable property, about the year

1759. His will is dated 29tli March, 1749.
'
1746.]
237
PEIKCE CHAELES EDTVABD.
and he neglected even the commonest precautious to insure

success to liis arms. Vaunting, confident, and seLt'-sufficient,
lie affected to attribute the loss of the battle of Preston Pans
to General Cope's cowardice and inefficiency and even on
eve of the day on which the battle of Falkirk was
the
;
very
that the Highlanders would

fought,"he pertinaciously insisted
never dare to encounter him, but would disperse themselves
on the first tidings of his approach.
In the mean time, Charles, having ascertained that General

Hawley was pushing forward to give him battle, advanced
his army to Bannockburn on the 17th, where they were
drawn up on the plain to the east of the village, about seven
mUes fi'om the English camp at Falkirk. Expecting motowards
mentarily to see the English columns advancing
him, he drew up his men in order of battle, and awaited the
attack.
Hawley was at this time enjoying the hospitalities
of Callander House and the fascination of Lady Kilmarnock's society; and as he showed but little inclination to
advance, Charles (who, to use the language of one of his
sunifollowers, had -'acquired a strong relish for battles"')
moned a counciL of war, when it was determined to antiimmediate
an
forces by
cipate the advance of the royal
attack.
The Highland army had forded the water of Carden,

within three miles of Hawley's camp, before the royalists
It was about
received the least notice of their intention.
one o'clock, and the English soldiers were on the point of
into the
rushed
a
when
to
down
dinner,
countryman
sitting
"
the
about
Gentlemen, what are you
camp, exclaiming,
?^
"
Some of the
immediately upon you
Highlanders wUl be
"
a
false
is
Seize that rascal he
officers cried out,
spreading
alarm." Tavo of the bystanders, however, climbed a neigha telescope, having discovered
of
means
and,
tree,
bouring
by
the advancing lines of the Highlanders, they announced the
startling fact to their companions.
messenger was immediately despatched to General
Hawley at Callander House, who shortly afterwards galloped up in breathless haste. He was without his hat, and had
all the appearance of having recently risen from Lady KilIn the words of one of the
board.
marnock's
!
hospitable
Jacobite ballads of the period
'
Jolinstoae's Memoirs, p. 84.
238
[l746
" Gae
turn tlie chase,
diglit yowr face, and
For fierce the wind does bhiw, Hawley,
And Highland Geordie 's at your tail,
Wi' Drummond, Perth, and
Had ye but
An hour,
staid wi' lady's

or may be twa,
a',
Hawley.
maid
Hawley,
Your bacon bouk, and bastard snout,

Ye might have saved them a', Hawley.
Tip and rin awa, Hawley,
Up and
rin awa,
The phUabegs
Hawlev
are
To gie your lugs
coming doon,
a claw, Hawley."
HaTvlev's first step was to order liis tkree regiments of

dragoons to gallop with all speed to the top of Falkirk Muir.
They pushed forward, followed by a large body of infantry,
who marched up the hill with their bayonets fixed but the
day had now become overcast, and a violent storm of wind
and rain beating directly in the iaces of the soldiers, almost
The cavalry had gained a considerable disblinded them.
tance in advance of the infantry, and for some time it seemed
a kind of race between the Highlanders and the dragoons,
who should first arrive at the summit of the hill. Hawley
who, whatever were his faults, was no craven presented
a conspicuous object, urging forward at the head of his dragoons, his head uncovered, and his white hairs streaming in
the ^^-ind, and by his words and gestures exhorting his men
;
and speed.
The Highlanders, however, were the first to attain the
thus
summit of the hill,
obtaining the advantage of having
their backs turned to the high wind and heavy rain, which
The ];itter
pelted directly against the faces of the English.
had to contend against other disadvantages. They were
annoyed by the smoke caused by their own fire many of
their pieces were rendered imserviceable by the rain and,
moreover, their artiUery stuck fast in a morass, from whence
no eflbrts could extricate it. As the Highlanders had been
to increased energy
compelled to leave their artillery behind them, neither army,

in this respect, could boast of any advantage over the other.
Their i-elative force also was very nearly equal, each army
numbering about eight thousand men.

Foiled in his first attempt to obtain an advantage over the
Highlanders, Hawley drew up his army in order of battle on
1746.]
PBINCE CHAELES EBWAED.
239
" Tlie
the lower ground.
English," says the Chevalier de
"
Johnstone, began the attack -n-ith a body of about eleven
hundred cavalry, who advanced very slowly against the right
of our army, and did not halt till they were within twenty
us to fire. The Highlanders,
paces of our first line, to induce
who had been ])artieularly enjoined not to fire tiU the army
was within musket-length of them, the moment the cavalry
halted, discharged their muskets and killed about eighty men,
each of them having aimed at a rider. The commander of
this body of cavalry, who had advanced some paces before
The cavalry, closing their
his men, was of the number.
ranks, which were opened by our discharge, put spurs to
the
and
rushed
their horses,
upon
Highlanders at a hard
before
trot, breaking their ranks, throwing down everything
them, and trampling the Highlanders under the feet of their
The most singular and extraordinary combat immehorses.
The Highlanders, stretched on the ground,
diatelv followed.
Some seized
thrust their dirks into the bellies of the horses.
their clothes, dragged them down, and stabbed
the riders
by
them with their dirks several again used their pistols but
few of them had sufficient space to handle their swords.
Macdonald of Clanranald, chief of one of the clans of tlie
Macdonalds, assured me that whilst he was lying upon the
withground under a dead horse which had fallen upon him,
out the power of extricating himself, he saw a dismounted
for
a
with
him,
horseman struggling
Highlander fortunately
;
the Highlander, being the strongest, threw his antagonist,

and ha^nng killed him with his dirk, he came to his assistancce and drew him with difficulty from under his horse.
The resistance of the Highlanders was so incredibly obstinate,
that the Euglish, after having been for some time engaged
their ranks, were at length repulsed,
pell-mell with them in
and forced to retire. The Highlanders did not neglect the
with
advantage they had obtained, but pursued them keenly
their swords, running as fast as their horses, and not allowso
ing them a moment's time to recover from tlieir fright
that the English cavalry, fallina: back on their own infantry,
drawn up in order of battle behind them, threw them immetheir
diately into disorder, and carried the right wing of
army with them in their flight."'
Subsequently some of the dragoons rallied, and, supported
;
'
Johustone's Memoirs, p. 121.
240
[l746.
body of infantry whioh had not been hitherto engaged,

they advanced to the charge. At this crisis, Charles marched
up at the head of his reserved corps, consisting of Lord John
Drummond's regiment and the Irish piquets, and tiu'ued the
by
scale in favoiu- of the Highlanders.

The dragoons again
gave way, and again disordered the infantry in their flight.
There can be little doubt but that few, if any, of the royalists would have escaped, had not General Huske, the second
command, and Brigadier Cholmondeley made a gallant

stand with the forces which they could collect together, and
thus enabled the main body of the army to make good their
retreat to the town of Falkirk.
Ligonier's and Hamilton's
dragoons, who had behaved so shamefully at Colt Bridge
and Pi-eston Pans, were the first who also gave way at the
battle of Falkirk. As they were borne back through the disordered ranks of their own infantry, they were lieard to exclaim
"
in terrified voices,
Dear brethren, we shall aU. be masin
sacred this day!"

Cobham's dragoons were the last who
fled, and as they galloped down a ravine which led them to
the town of Falkirk, received a sharp volley from the Highland line.
The whole of these events occupied less than a quarter of
an hour. " Some individuals," says Chambers, " who beheld
the battle from the steeple at Falkirk, used to describe its
main events as occupying a siu'prising brief space of time.
They first saw the English army enter the misty and stormcovered moor at the top of the hill
then saw the dull atmosphere thickened by a fast-rolling smoke, and heard the
sounds
of
the
pealing
discharge immediately after, they saw
the discomfited troops burst wildly from the cloud in which
they had been involved, and rush in far-spread disorder over
the face of the hiU. From the commencement till what they
styled the break of the battle,' there did not intervene more
than ten minutes so soon may an efficient body of men become, by one transient emotion of cowardice, a feeble and
contemptible rabble."'
It was twilight when the battle of Falkirk was fought,
and in consequence of the increasing darkness and the violence of the wind and rain. Lord George Murray, after doing
his utmost to ascertain the movements and intentions of the
enemy, deemed it imprudent to follow up his success by
;
'
'
History of the Rebellion,
p. 66.
PEINCE CHAELES EDWAKB.
174S.]
211
pursuing them into the town of Falkiric, lest some stratagem

So sudor ambuscade might have been prepared for him.
den, indeed, had been the issue of the conflict, and such was
the confusion occasioned by the darkness of the night, which
had now
set in, and by the inclemency of the elements, that

the greater portion of the Highland army were ignorant of
their own success, and remained on the field of battle, scattered, disordered, and ii-resolute.
Many of them are said
to have actually sought safety in flight, under the impression
that the English had gained the victory.
Apprehensive of
some sudden attack, the majority knew not which w'ay to
near
no
turn.
them,
Observing
enemy
they were heard
"
What is become of
inquiring of each other in GaeUc,
where
they?" And when Lord John Drummond, who had been a general officer in the French service,
them,
beheld the
lieve his
are
Eoyal, he could scarcely beThese men," he said, " behaved ad-
flight of the Scots
own
senses.
"
mirably at Fontenoy, surely this is a feint !"

Charles, previous to the charge which led to the final discomfiture of the English army, had taken up his position in
the second line on a rising ground, which is still known by
the name of Cuaelie's Hill, and which is now covered with
wood. Sir Thomas Sheridan, in his narrative of the action
which he drew up and transmitted to the Kings of France
and Spain, observes, " After an easy victory, gained by
eight tliousand over twelve thousand,' we remained masters
of the field of battle but as it was near five o'clock before
it ended, and as it required time for the Highlanders to re-
cover their muskets, rejoin their colours, and form again in

order, it was quite night before we could follow the fugitives.
The Prince, who at the beginning of the action had been conjured, for the love of his troops, not to expose himself, was in
the second line of the piquets
but as soon as the left wing
;
was thrown into some disorder, he flew to their relief vnih an

ardour that was not to be restrained. In the disposition of
his troops, he followed the advice of Lord George Murray, who
commanded the right wing, and fought on foot during the
whole action at the head of his Highlanders. Lord John
Drummoud commanded the left, and distinguished himself
'
This
nnmhers
ahout
is
an exaggeration. It has already been mentioned that the

two armies were very nearly equal, Loth amounting to
thousand men.
of the
eis'ht
THE PEETENDERS
242
AJfD
THEIR ADHERENTS.
[l746.
He
took two prisoners Avith bis own band, had

extremely.
his horse shot under him, and was wounded in the left ai-m
with a musket-ball."
At tlie battle of Falkirk, according to the accounts pub"
lished
by authority," the English lost in aU only two
hundred and eightv in killed, wounded, and missing but according to all other accoimts, their loss must have amounted
to about twenty officers, and about four or five hundred priSir Harry Monro of FowUs, in a pathetic letter advates.
"This battle
dressed to the Lord President, observes,
proves to me a series of woe. There both my dear fother
and uncle, Obsdale, were slain. The last, your Lordship

knows, had no particular business to go to the action but
out of a most tender love and concern for his brother, could
not be dissuaded from attending him, to give assistance if
need required. My father, after being deserted, was attacked
by sis of Lochiel's regiment, and for some time defended
;
Two of the six, I am iirformed, he

seventh, coming up, fired a pistol into my father's
groin upon which, falling, the Highlander with his sword
gave him two strokes in the face, one over the eyes, and another on the moutli, which instantly ended a brave man.
The same Highlander fired another pistol into my uncle'a
wliom when
breast, and with his sword terribly slashed him
That
killed, he then despatched a servant of my father's.
thus my dearest father and uncle perished, I am informed ;
and this information I can depend on, as it comes from some
himself vWth his half-pike.
killed.
who were
eye-witnesses to it.
My father's corpse was honourably interred in the churchyard of Falkirlj, by direction
of the Earl of Cromartie and tlie Macdonalds and all the
chiefs attended his funeral.
Sir Eobert's was the only body
on the field on our side that was taken care of."'
Several prisoners were made, the gi-eater number of which
were sent to the romantic castle of Doune. Amoug these
was John Home, tlie celebrated author of " Douglas." " In
1746," says Sir Walter Scott, "a garrison, on the part of the
Chevalier, was put into the castle, then less ruinous tlian at
It was commanded by Mr Stewart of Balloch, as
present.
governor for Prince Charles. He was a man of property
near Callander. The castle became at that time the actual
scene of a romantic escape made by John Home, the author
;
'
Culloden Papers, p. 267.
PEnrCE CHAEIES EDWARD.
1746.]
243
of Douglas,' and some other prisoners, who, having been

taken at tlie battle of Falkirk, were confined there by the
'
The poet, who had in his own mind a large

stnck of that romantic and enthusiastic spirit of adventure,
^vhich he has described as animating the vouthful hero of his
drama, devised and undertook the perilous enterprise of
escaping from his prison. He inspired his companions with
insiirLTi'nts.
and when every attempt at open force was

hopeless, they resolved to twist their bed-clothes into
Four persons, with Home himropes, and thus to descend.
his sentiments,
deemed
reached the ground in safety but the rope broke with

The sixth was Thomas
fifth, who was a tall lusty man.
Barrow, a brave young Englishman, a particular friend of
Home's. Determined to take the risk, even in such uni'lvourable circumstances, Barrow committed himself to the
broken rope; slid down on it as far as it could assist him,
and then let himself drop. His friends beneath succeeded
ill
breaking his fall. Nevertheless, he dislocated his ankle,
and had several of his ribs broken. His companions, howThe Highlanders,
ever, were able to bear him ofl:" in safety.
next morning, sought for their prisoners with gTeat activity.
An old gentleman told the author he remembered seeing the
self,
the
commander Stewart,
Bloody with spun-ing,
fiery red
with haste,'
riding furiously through the country in quest of the fugitives."'

The loss of the
Highlanders at the battle of Falkirk
is
usually computed as only thirty-two officers and men killed

in action, and one hundred and twenty wounded.
The
royalists made only one prisoner, and the circumstances of
his capture were somewhat singular.
The unfortunate person in question was a gentleman of the INIacdonald clan, a
brother of Macdonald of Keppoch, who, having dismounted
an English officer, took possession of his horse, a very valuable

Almost at the same
animal, and immediately mounted it.
moment, the English dragoons, routed in their contest with
the Highlanders, galloped off in full ilight. The animal,
either desirous of returning to his old quarters, or carried
forward by excitement into the midst of his flying companions, hurried his unlucky rider into the English ranks,
'
Note
to
Waverlty, chap, xxxviii.

B 2
244
THE PEETENDEES AXD THEIE ADHEEEKTS.
[iTiO,
"
to restrain him.
The menotwithstauding
lancholy and, at the same time, lucUcrous figure," says the
"
Chevalier de Johnstone, which poor Macdonald cut may
be easUy conceived." The Duke of Cumberland, however,
all liis eflorts
for the ludicrous, and "poor Macdonald"

perished shortly afterwards on the scalibld.
Setting fij'e to their tents, and abandoning Falkirk with
their baggage and train, the English army passed the night
of the battle in the ancient and once spleni.lid palace of Linlithgow and in its vicinity. Half perishing from the cold and
rain, they lighted such large fires on the hearths as to cause
considerable alarm in the minds of the inhabitants lest the
One of these persons a lady of
edifice should catch fire.
the Livingstone famU)', who had apartments in the palace
remonstrated witli General Hawley on the reckless conduct
of his men. FiutUng that her entreaties met only with contempt, "General," was the retort of the high-spirited lady, "I
had no taste
can run away from fire as fast as you can;" and haN-iug given
vent to this sarcastic speech, she took liorse for Edinburgh.
Within an hour or two, her fears were actually realized. The
venerable palace the birth-place of Mary, Queen of Scots
caught fire, and was almost entirely destroyed.'
General Hawley, who had boasted that with two regiments
of dragoons he would drive the insui-geuts from one end of
the kingdom to the other, was censured in aU quarters for
He appears to
liis conduct both before and after the battle.
have felt his own disgrace most severely and the more so,
perhaps, from the remembrance of his previous boastings,

and the taunts which he had formerly heaped on Sir John
Cope. General Wightmau writes to President Forbes on the
'
"Of
all the palaces eo fair,

Built for the royal dwelling.
In Seotland,
far
beyond compare
Linlithgow is excelling ;
in its park in jovial June,
And
How sweet the merry linnet's tune.

How blithe the blackbird's lay
!
The wild-buck-bclls from ferny brake,

The coot dives merry on the lake.
The saddest heart might pleasure take
To see all nature gay."
Marmicn.
It has been said that the English soldiers delibejately set the palace of
Linlithgow on fire,' by raking the live embers from the hearths into the straw
pallets, but there is much reason to doubt the fact.
174-6.]
pei:n'ce
cttaeles edwahd.
245
22 nd of January "General Hawlej is in much the same

situation as General Cope.
He was never seen in. the field
during the battle, and everything woidd have gone to wreck
in a worse manner than at Preston, if General Huske had
not acted with judgment and courage, and ajjpcni-ed everywhere. Hawley seems to he sensible of his misconduct for,
V hen I was with him on Saturday m.oming at Linlithgow,
he looked most wretchedly; even worse than Cope did a few
;
when I saw him at Fala."

"In the drawing-room," says Sir Walter Scott, "which
'
liours after his scuffle,
took place at St James's on the day the news arrived, all

countenances were marked with doubt and apprehension excepting those of George the Second, the Earl of Stair, and
Sir John Cope, who was radiant with joy at
Hawley's discomfiture.
Indeed, the idea of the two generals was so
<lisely connected, that a noble peer of Scotland, upon the
same d.ay, addressed Sir John Cope by the title of General
llawley, to the no small amusement of those who heard the
qvicl pro qiio.'"'^ Many weeks previous, Cope had been heard
to oft'er bets, to the amount of ten thousand
guineas, that the
first general sent to command an
army against the Highl:inders would be be.aten.
He is even said to have realised
a considerable sum by the success of his wagers ^ and, what
was of more importance to him, to a certain degree he recovered his honour. On the authority of a pamphlet, which has
been attributed to Hume the historian, he is said, during the
wliole winter which succeeded his defeat at Preston Pans, to
liave been carried about Loudon in a sedan-chair to conceal
liimself from the derision of the mob. When the news, however, arrived of Hawley's discomfiture at Falkirk, he is stated
to have pulled back the ciirtains of his chair, and to have dis'
played his face and red ribbon to all the world."
;
'
'
CuUnden Papers,
Prose TTorks, vol. xix. p. 303.
p. 267.
=
2-lG
THE PEETE>'DEES
A>'D
THEIE ADHEHEXTS.
[l716.
CHAPTEE XII.
Duke of Cumberland resumes

Charles continues his Retreat northward.
the Command of the Array of the North.
His Arrival at Stirling.
EetaliCharles's Escape from Lord Loudon's Snare to take his person.
Chivalrous Adventure of
ates by attacking Lord Loudon at Inverness.
Lord G. Mun*ay. Incidents showing the Attachment of tlie Scottish
Ladies to the Cause of the Chevalier. Commences his March for Culloden.
OiT the night on which the hattle of Falkirk was fought,

Charles, who had been exposed for five hours to the inclemency of the weather and the pelting of the storm, was conducted by torchlight to the house of a Jacobite lady of the
name of Graham, the widow of a physician. Though the
house in question was considered the best in the town of
Falkirk, Charles was compelled to hold his small court and
eat his meals in the same apartment in which he slept, his
bed being concealed from view by folding doors. The house,

which still remains, is opposite the steeple, and is now used
as the Post-office.' Charles passed only one night at Falkirk,
and on the ISth returned to Bannockburn, leaving Lord
George Murray behind with a portion of his army.

From the success which had attended his arms at Falkirk,
Charles derived but little advantage besides glory. Instead of
pursuing and annihilating Hawley's army before they could
make good their retreat to Edinburgh, he insisted that it
would be a disgrace to his arms were he to raise the siege of
Stirling and accordingly the operations were renewed with
mcreased vigour. But the fortunes of Charles were now evidently on the decbne. The chiefs had become disgusted at
being no longer smnmoned to consult with him in regard to
the movements of the army whUe the common men, as waa
customary with them after a, \'ictory, deserted daily in great
numbers, with the view of depositing their plunder in safety
with their wives and femilies.
Charles was still engaged in carrying on the siege of Stirling, when, to his great grief and surprise, he received a paper
;
signed by Lord George Murray, Lochiel, Keppoch, Clanranald, and all the leading chieftains, urging upon him the ab'
Chambers,
p. 67.
1746.]
PEI>'CZ
CHAELES EDWAED.
247
solute necessity of effecting an immediate retreat to the

North. So great, they said, had been the desertion in their
ranks, that not only must they expect to be defeated in the
event of an engagement, hut at the present moment they were

not even La a fit condition to carry on the siege of Stirling.
Their only hopes, they added, of insuring ultimate success
lav in an immediate march to Inverness, where they would
be enabled to annihilate the forces under Lord Loudon, and,
by capturing the different Highland fortresses, make themselves the undisputed masters of the North. They concluded
by assuring the Prince, that they would continue cheerfully
in this case to serve beneath his banner, and with an army
of eight or ten thousand men. which they doubted not they
TTOuld be able to raise, would follow his fortunes wherever
he pleased.
It is scarcely necessary to remark, that this abrupt commimication from the Highland chieftains amounted rather to
command
than a remonstrance. Such was the light in which
a
it was viewed by the young Prince, whose manner betrayed
the most violent emotion while perusing the terms of the
unpalatable proposition. Dashing his hand with such vio-
lence against the wall as to cause him to stagger back,

Good God!" he exclaimed, "have I lived to see this?"
Some attempt was made by him, through the medium of Sir
Thomas Sheridan, to induce the refractory chiefs to alter
their resolution; but finding it ineffectual, he sullenly and refollowers.'
luctantly assented to the terms of his domineering
Notwithstanding that General Hawley had the good fortune to retain the favour of his sovereign, it was deemed expedient to send a general to Scotland in whom the soldiers
had greater confidence, and accordingly the Duke of Cumberland was selected for the purpose. Not only was he at
this period a great favourite mth the army, but it was also
hoped that the circumstance of his being a prince of the blood
might produce a beneficial effect on the minds of the ScotHe was nearly of the same age as Charles
tish people.
namely, twenty-five the ChevaHer being the older by only
four months.
Quitting London on the 26th of January, the Duke arrived
at Edinburgh on the 30th, having performed the journey in
'
John Ha/s account
p. 3ao.
of the retreat
from Faliirk.
Home's Appendix,
THE PBETEKDEKS AUD THEIR ADnEEENTS.
2-18
[17-16.
what Tvas tlien considered the very short space of four days.
He took up his quarters at Holyrood, where he slept in the
same hed that had been occupied by his unfortu.nate cousin
during the period he remained at Edinburgh. After resting

himself for two hours, he rose and proceeded to the despatch
of business with Generals Hawley and Huske. Later in the
day, he held a levee in the same gallery in which Charles had
held his gay court, and had given his balls to the
previouslj'
The principal citizens had the honour
ladies of Edinburgh.
of kissing his hand, and his levee was also attended by several
of
distinction.
The Duke kissed the latter all
ladies
"Whig
round, expressing, at the time, his satisfaction at their loyalty
and
zeal.'
On
the 31st, the Duke took his leave of Holyrood, having

remained in Edinburgh only thirty hours. At night he slept
at Linlithgow, and the next day walked to Falkirk on foot at
On his arrival at the latter
the head of the Scots Eoyal.
"
town, he is said to have inquired for the house which his
cousin had occuj)ied," being sure, he said, that it would be
the most comfortable and best-provisioned in the place. Here
he passed the night, in the same bed in which Charles had
slept on the evening of the battle of Falkirk. The foUowuig
morning he marched to Stirling, with the intention of giving
the insiu'gents battle but, on his arrival there, he learned
that they had evacuated the place on the preceding day.
Quitting Stirling on the 1st of Februarj', the Highland
army marched to Dumblane, at which place they encamped
;
for the night, Charles himself sleeping at Drummond Castle,

the seat of the Duke of Perth. The following night they arCrieft', near which place Charles took up his quarters
at Fairntou, the residence of Lord John Drummond.
The march of the insurgent army was conducted with so
rived at
much
haste and confusion, as to resemble a flight rather than

a retreat. Their young leader seemed almost broken-hearted,
and, to all appearance, took but little interest in the move-
ments or
discipline of his army. At Crieff, a separation was

one division of the insurgent forces, headed
decided upon
Charles, and consistiug chiefly of the Highland clans,

marching towards Inverness by the Highland road, and the
by
other, commanded by Lord George Murr.iy, taking the coastroad by Montrose and Aberdeen. During their progress, the
'
Chambers, p. 73.
PEIXCE CUAELE3 EDWARD.
me.']
two divisions severally carried off

towns tbroiigli which they passed.
their garrisons
On
249
from the
approaching Inverness, Charles found it in the possession of Lord Loudon, who had to a certain degree fortified
it
round it a ditch and palisade. Here he had
bj^ throwing
cooped himself up, with a small army of two thousand men,
consisted chiefly of the Grants, Monros, Eosses, Macdonalds
if
Taking with him a small guard
Skye, and the IMacleods.
(if three hundred
Highlanders, Charles took up his quarters
in the Castle of Moy, situated about sixteen miles from EdinThis place was the principal residence of the Laird
burgh.
of Macintosh, who, though supposed to he secretly attached
to the cause of the Stuarts, was now holding a commission
in Lord Loudon's army.
His lady, however, a daughter of
Farquharson of Invercauld, remained at Moy, too happy" to
Of
the
rites
of
perform
hospitality for her illustrious guest.
"
all the fine ladies,"
few were more
says General Stewart,
accomplished, more beautiful, or more enthusiastic." Devoted, like the majority of her countrywomen, to the cause of
the exiled family, she had distinguished herself by raising the
fighting-men of her husband's ancient clan to the number of
three hundred and though the command of them in the field
was intrusted by her to Mac GilHvray of Drumnaglass, yet
she herself had ridden more than once at their head, clad in
a tartan riding-habit richly laced, with a Highland bonnet on
her head, and
at her saddle-bow.i
Her husband at a
pistols
later period being taken prisoner by the insurgents, Charles
"
he could not be in better
delivered him to his wife, saying,
security, or more honourably treated."
Charles was quietly enjoying the hospitalities of Moy,
waiting till the arrival of his forces should enable him to attack Lord Loudon in his iiitrenchments, when he very nearly
fell into a snare which had been laid for him by that nobleman, who, by gaining possession of the Chevalier's person,
hoped to put an end at once to the war. AVith this object,
on the night of the IGth of February, he ordered out fifteen
hundred of his followers, with instructions to march as
stealthily as possible to Moy, and to seize the Prince's person at all hazards. Fortunately for Charles, he received
timely intimation of the plot which was laid for him. "Whilst
some English ofiicers," says the Chevalier de Johnstone,
c
iii.
p. 270.
230
THE PEETEXDEES AXD THEIB AIILEEEXTS.
[17-16.
"
were drinking in the liouse of Mrs BaiUy, an innkeeper in

Inverness, and passing the time tdl the hour of their departure, her daughter, a girl of thirteen or fourteen years of age,
who happened to wait on them, paid great attention to their
conversation, and, from certain expressions dropped by them,

she discovered their designs. As soon as this generous girl
was certain as to their intentions, she immediately left the
house, escaped from the town, notwithstanding the vigilance
of the sentinels, and immediately took the road to j\Ioy, running as fast as she was able, -ithout shoes or stockings
which, to accelerate her progress, she had taken off in order
to inform the Prince of the danger that menaced him.
She
reached Moy, quite out of breath, before Lord Loudon; and
the Prince with difficulty escaped in his robe-de-chambre,
night-cap, and slippers, to the neighbouring mountains, where
he passed the night in conceakueut. This dear girl, to whom
the Prince owed his life, was in great danger of losing her
but the
o\vn, from her excessive fatigue on this occasion
care and attentions she experienced restored her to life. The
Prince, having no suspicion of such a daring attempt, had
'
very few people with him in the Castle of Moy."
According to other accounts, the Lady of Moy received
the first intimation of Lord Loudon's intentions by two letters from Invemess the one Irom Fraser of Gortuleg, and
the other from her own mother. In whatever manner, however, the plot may have transpired, the circumstances under
which it is said to have been subsequently defeated were not
a little curious. Lady Macintosh, it seems, had employed
five or six persons, headed
by the blacksmith of the clan, to
act as patrols on the road between Moy and Inverness.
In
the course of the night, their ears caught the distant sound
of Lord Loudon's advancing force, on which the blacksmith,
with gi'eat promptitude, placed his men in ambush at different
points by the side of the road, giving them orders not to fire
tin they should hear the report of his own musket, and then,
not to fire altogether, but one after another. As soon as the
enemy came within musket-shot, the blacksmith fired his piece
at the advancing column, by which the piper of the Laird of
Macleod, considered the best in the Higlilands, was killed.
The remainder then fired off their muskets as they had been
directed, at the same time shouting out the weU-known war;
'
Johnstone's ilemoirs, p.
1-15.
CHAELES EDWABD.
1746.]
PKIU-CE
cries of Locliiel,
Keppoch, and other clans
251
thus impressing
their adversaries with the idea tliat a snare
had heen
laid for
them, and that the whole of the Highland army was advancing
upon them. Fully convinced that such was the fact, and
confused by the darkness of the night, they fled in the utmost
precipitation, throwing down
companions in the rear,
rified
and trampling upon their terand never desisting from their
rapid flight till they found themselves in safety at Inverness.

So great was their terror and confusion, that a brave officer,
the Master of Eoss, who afterwards passed through a long
life as a soldier, and was exposed to
many perils, was heard
to declare in his old age, that never had he been in so piteous
a condition as at the Eout of Moy.
The following day Charles determined to retaliate on Lord
Loudon, by attacking him in his qu.arters. Inverness, hownor had Lord

ever, was in no condition to stand a siege
Loudon a sufficient force under his command to enable him
to cope -R-ith the Highlanders and accordingly, when the
insurgents appeared before the town, they found that the
Earl had evacuated it, and had transported his troops into
;
Two days afterwards the citadel, or fort, also surrendered, and about the same time Lord George Murray arat
the
head of his division, having sufl'ered many pririved,
vations during a long march through a country covered with
snow. During the stay of Charles at Inverness, he resided
in the house of Lady Driunmuir, the mother of
Lady Jlacintosh, being, it is said, the only house in the town which
boasted of an apartment in which there was no bed.' After
the battle of Culloden, the Duke of Cumberland, much to the
annoyance of Lady Drunmiuir, occupied the same apartment
and the same bed in which Charles had previously slept. " I
Eosshire.
have had two Kings'

the lady, " and, to
another."
baii-ns living -ndth
tell
you the
me
in
truth, I wish I
my
time," said
may never hae
The military operations which were earned on during the

eight weeks which intervened between the arrival of Charles
at Inverness and the fatal battle of Culloden
present but few
incidents of any great importance, and may be detailed in a
short space. On the 20th of February Fort George fell into
the hands of the insurgents, and on the 5th of March Fort
Augustus was
also taken
'
and destroyed.
Chambers,
p. 77.
In the attack on
252
THE PRETEIfDEES
A>'D
THEIR ADHEEEITTS.
[l746.
Fort "William, the insurgents were less successful, for the

place was so ably and vigorously defended by Captain Scott,
and -was so well supplied by sea with provisions and other
military supplies, that, in the beginning of April, they found
themselves compelled to abandon the enterprise. About the
same time, an inroad was made by the Earl of Cromarty into
Eosshire, whither he followed Lord Loudon, compelling him
to disband his forces, and forcing him to take refuge in the
Isle of Skye.
But another adventurous and even chivalrous expedition,

which was conducted by Lord George Murray, about the
middle of March, into his own coimtry, Athol, deserves a
more lengthened
notice.
Several military posts, consisting

such as Kinna-
chieflv of the houses of private gentlemen

chin, Blairfettie, Lude, FaskaUie, and others
had been estabby the Duke of Cumberland. They

were, generally speaking, buildings of some antiquity, and of
a castellated form, and having been partially fortified by order
of the Duke, were severally garrisoned by small detachments
from the regular army. Deeming it of considerable import-
lished in that country
ance to make himself master of these scattered fortresses

about thirty in numbei' Lord George Miirray placed himself at the liead of seven hundred Highlanders, and commenced
As he was enhis march in the t\vilight from Dalwhinnie.
tering into the heart of an enemy's country, where a force
much larger than his own might, on the slightest alarm, be
easily concentred against him, he decided on making an attack
on each of the small forts at one and the same time. He
divided his force, therefore, into different parties, and assigned

to each a particular point of attack
directing them, after
having accomplished the duty confided to them, to repair to
if
him at the bridge of Bruar,
possible before the break
of day.
In the mean time, some iutiination of the Highlanders being
abroad had reached the ears of Sir Andrew Agnew, who had
been appointed governor of the Castle of Blair, with a large
garrison under his command. Anxious to ascertain the intentions and numerical force of the enemy, he sallied forth
from Blair Castle late in the night, with five hundred armed
men, and proceeded in the direction of the bridge of Bruar,
only two miles distant from his own post. Lord GTeorge
Murray was already at the place of rendezvous, anxiously
PKIIfCE
1746.]
CHASLES EDWAED.
253
when he
received the
followers,
news of Sir Andrew Agnew's approach. The force which he
had under him amounted only to twenty-five men. Eesistauce, therefore, was out of the question, and it was strongly
urged that the little party should make good theii- retreat to
the neighbouring mountains. To this advice Lord George
Mui-ray turned a deaf ear, and his reply was worthy of the
man. " No," he said, " if we leave the place of rendezvous,
our parties, as they return in detail from discharging the duty
intrusted to them, will be liable to be surprised by the enemy.
This must not be. I will rather try what can be done to
impose upon Sir Andrew Aguew's caution by a fictitious dis-
awaiting the return of
liis
play of strength."
His plau was rapidly devised and executed. He drew up
his small company, within a certain distance from each other,
in a continuous line, along a stone dyke, so as to give them
as much as possible the appearance of an extended and formidable front. Fortunately he had with him all the pipers
of the force, and these he ordered to strike up, and the colours to be elevated, as soon as the royalists should appear in
view.
The stratagem fully answered his expectations. On
the approach of Sir Andrew Agnew and his followers, the
sounded
their thrilling pibroch, while the Highlauders,
pipers
who had all the appearance of oilicers at the head of men
preparing to charge, brandished their broadswords as they

had pre\iously been cbrected. Sir Andi'ew was completely
deceived.
Believing that he was on the point of being attacked by a force far superior to his own, and apprehensive
that another party of Highlanders might have been despatched
in the meau time to make themselves masters of Blair Castle,
he deemed it more safe and prudent to march his garrison

back to that place. Lord George Murray remained at the
Bridge of Bruar till he was joined by his several detachments,
all of which had
completely succeeded in performing the duties confided to them.
Lord George Murray now determined to lay siege to Blair
Castle, a strong old fortress belonging to his brother, the
beeu the residence of his
of Athol, and which had
Duke
ancestors.
He
long
was, indeed, but indifterently provided with
on a
artillery and with the requisites for eifeetually carrying
before
siege but he still hoped to reduce the place by famine
Buccour could arrive from the Duke of Cumberland. With.
;
2oi
THE PEETEXDEES AND THEIE ABHEEEyTS.
[l746.
view he established a close blockade, directing his men

to keep a sharp look-out, and to fire on any person who might
show himself either on the battlements or at any of the
windows.
this
The governor of Blair Castle was a person of considerable

"
in his day.
Sir Andrew Agnew,"
importance and notoriety
"
says Sir "Walter Scott, famous in Scottish tradition, was a
soldier of the old military school, severe in discipline, stiff
and formal in manners, brave to the last degree, but somewhat of an humourist, upon whom his young ofiicers were
occasionally tempted to play tricks not entirely consistent
with the respect due to their commandant. At the sies;e of
Blair, some of the young wags had obtained an old uniform
coat of the excellent Sir Andrew, which, having stuffed yrith.
straw, they placed in a small window of a turret, with a spyglass in the hand, as if in the act of reconnoitring the beThis apparition did not escape the hawk's eves of
siegers.
the Highlanders, who continued to pour their fire upon the
turret ^vindow without producing any adequate effect.
The
best deer-stalkers of Athol and Badenoeh persevered, nevertheless, and wasted, as will easily be believed, their ammunition in vain on this impassible commander.
At length Sir
Andrew himself became curious to know what could possibly
induce so constant a fire upon that particular point of the
castle. He made some inquiry, and discovered the trick which
had been played. His own head being as insensible to a jest
of any kind as his peruke had proved to the balls of the Highlanders, he placed the contumacious wags under arrest, and
threatened to proceed against them stUl more seriously and

would certainly have done so, but, by good fortune for them,
the blockade was raised after the garrison had suffered the
'
extremity of famine."
Another rather amusing anecdote is related in connection
with Sir Andrew Agnew and the siege of Blair Castle. En'
Genuine
sign, afterwards General ]\IelviUe observes in his
"
"
Lord George here played off
Narrative of the Blockade,
a jocular experiment upon the well-known choleric temper
of Sir Andrew Agnew. He sent down a summons, written
on a very shabby piece of paper, requiring the Baronet forthwith to surrender the castle, garrison, stores, &c. Ivo Highlander could be prevailed upon to carry that summons ; but
;
>
Tales of a Grandfather, toL
iii.
p. 278.
PBIIfCE CHABIiES
174.6.]
EDWAEB.
255
the errand was undertaken by a bandsome Highland girl, the

maid of M'Glashan'a inn at filair, the rendezvous of Sir Andrew's officers. She conceiTed herself on so good a footing
with some of the young officers that she need not be afraid
of being shot, taking care, however, as she approached the
castle to wave the paper containing the summons over her
She delivered her message
head, in token of her emba.ssy.
with much earnestness, and strongly advised a compliance,
as the Highlanders were a thousand strong, and would batter
the castle about their ears. The yoimg officers rehsL-?d the
to return and tell those gentlemen they
joke, desired MoUy
would soon be driven away, when the garrison would become
but she insisted that the
visitors at M'Glashan's as before
summons should be dehvered to the governor, and a timid
;
Lieutenant, with a constitution impaired by drinking, was

it.
No sooner, however, did the
prevailed upon to carry
than he fui-iously
peerless knight hear something of it read,
from
Lieutenant
his
drove the
presence to return the paper,
a
after
liim
of
vociferating
volley
epithets against Lord George
Murray, and threatening to shoot through the head any other
messenger he shoidd send which MoUy overhearing, was
glad to retreat in safety with her summons to her employer,
who, with Lord Nairn, Climy, and some other chiefs, were
waiting in the churchyard of Blair to receive her, and apThe blockade of
peared highly diverted with her report."
Blair Castle lasted tiU the 31st of March. By this time the
of food, and
want
to
extremities
from
were
reduced
garrison
when
they seem to have been on the point of surrendering,
the timely approach of the Earl of Crawford with a large body
of Hessian troops compelled Lord George Murray to raise
the siege, and make good his retreat to Inverness.
In the mean time, the Duke of Cumberland had pursued
the insurgents as far as Perth, where he arrived on the 6th
of February. The rapidity, however, with which the movements of the Highland army were conducted had already
enabled them to obtain three days' march in advance of him
and when the Duke reached Perth, owing to the inclemency
of the weather, and the roads which led to Invernesshire being almost impassable, he determined on quartering his
troops there till the weather should prove more propitious.
;
'
'
" Genuine Narrative of the Blockade of Blair
Officer
employed in
tiie
Defence."
Scot's
Castle,
Magazine. 1808,
by a Subaltern
p. 332.
256
THE PEETENDEES
Quitting Pertb,
lie
A>'D
THEIE ADHEEENTS.
[l746.
followed the same route wticli had been
pursued by Lord George Murray, passing through Angus

and Aberdeenshire, in -which counties he found the inhabitants opposed to the claims of the House of Hanover, almost
Horace Walpole writes to Sir Horace ]\Iann on
to a man.
"
The Duke complains extremely of the
the 21st of March,
he says he can get no intelligence, and reckons
loyal Scotch
himself more in an enemy's country than when he was warAt Forfar, he very
ring with the French in Flanders."
nearly captured a party who were publicly beating up for
recruits for the service of the Chevalier and on the morning
on which he quitted Glammis Castle, the seat of the Earl of
Strathmore, not only was it discovered that the girths of all
his horses had been cut during the night in order to retard
his march, but on his taking his leave, the family ordered the
bed in which he had slept to be taken down, in order that
their ancient residence might retain as few mementos as possible of its hasing been the resting-place of so offensive a
In passing through the to\^Ti of Brechin, where hia
guest.
progress was rendered difficult by the immense crowd, the
lace of a young and beautiful girl, who was standing on a
'
He paid
stair-head," caught the eye of the young Duke.
a particular tribute to her beauty by raising his hat to her
but instead of his gallantry meeting with the return which
might naturally have been expected by a young Prince at the
head of a gallant army, the fair girl not only received the
thorough contempt, but
compliment with signs of the most
"
with a gesture which does
is even said to have returned it
not admit of description."
The Duke of Cumberland remained at Aberdeen from the
25th of February till the 8th of April, on which latter day
he recommenced his march towards Inverness with the last
On the 10th he reached Banff, where
division of his army.
he seized and hung two spies, who were found employed in
'
notching the numbers of his army upon sticks. On the 11th

he reached Cullen, and on the 12th found himself on the
banks of the Spey. It has frequently excited astonishment
that the passa;e of the royal troops over this deep and rapid
mountain-stream was not disputed by the Highlanders. Had
Charles adopted tliis step, there can be little doubt that
either the Duke of Cumberland mast have been compelled to
'
Chambers,
p. 76.
PEHTCE CHABLES EDWAED.
1746.]
257
turn back, or, had he succeeded in forcing the passage of the

river, it could only have been effected with considerable loss.
This unfortunate error can be accounted for only on the supDuke's advance at so early a period of the
position that the
year was unexpected by his o]5ponents.
On the afternoon of the 12th, the Spey was forded by the
three divisions, their bands playing the tune
royal army in
" Will
you play me fair play,
Bonnie laddie. Highland laddie
"
?
which seems to have been intended as an insult to the High"

"
His Eoyal Highness," says Henderson, was the
landers.
first to enter the water at the head of the horse, who forded
a little higher:
it, while the Highlanders and grenadiers passed
the foot waded over as last as they arrived, and though the
went
on
with great
their
to
water came up
middles, they
cheerfulness, and got over with no other loss but that of one
dragoon and four women, who were carried down by the
Thus was one of the strongest passes in Scotland
stream.
have
given up a pass where two hundred men might easily
an army of twenty thousand a sure prelude of
back
kept
;
'
the destruction of the rebels."

On the 13th of April, the Duke of Cumberland marched
through Elgin to the Muir of Alves, and on the following
day advanced to Xairn, only sixteen miles from the Highland
camp. The 15th, being the Duke's birthday, was set apart
as a day of relaxation and festivity for the whole army.
It was difficult for two armies to be more unequally
matched, than those which were so soon about to be opposed
to each other on the memorable field of Culloden. The force
under the Duke of Cumberland amounted to about nine
thousand men that of Charles to only five thousand. Moreover, not only did there exist this great disparity of numbers,
but it must be remembered also that the army under the
Duke was comprised of highly disciplined troops, and. moreover, was regularly supplied by a fleet, which moved along
the coast, with provisions and every other requisite for eftectOn the other hand, dissensions
ually carrying on the war.
had crept into the ranks of Charles he himself was on inhis army
difierent terms with Lord George Murray
owing
to the difficulty of keeping the Highlanders together was
widely scattered over the surrounding country the want of
;
'
Henderson,
p. 112.
THE PEETEXDERS
258
AlfD
THEIB ADHEEENTS.
[l746.
food was hourly occasioiiiug fresh desertions his troops were

and, indeed, so reduced was
disors:anized from want of pay
the Prince's treasury, that I'or some time he had been com;
pelled to pay his followers in meal,

great discontent.'
which had given
rise to
Charles, however, notwithstanding the threatening aspect

of his affairs, continued to display the same elation of spirits
and confidence in his own resources, which had characterized
him ill the hour of his greatest prosperity. During a visit
which he paid to Elgin in the midiUe of March, he had been
attacked by a fever, and for two days his life was in some
danger but, as Captain Warren wTites to the old Chevalier,
"
a timely bleeding hindered the cold turning into a fluxion
de po! trine, and caused a joy in every heart not to be expressed." However, on his return to Inverness, all traces of
indisposition had disappeared, and notwithstanding the near
approach of the Duke of Cumberland's army, he usually employed his forenoons in hunting, and his evenings in giving
balls, concerts, and parties of pleasure. It may be mentioned
that the ladies of Invernesshire betrayed the same enthusiasm
in the cause of the young Prince, which had already been
displayed by their fair countiwwomen in almost every part
of Scotland which he had hitherto visited. President Forbes
"
writes to Sh- Andrew INIitehell
What was more grievous
to men of gallantry,
and, if you believe me, more mischievous to the public, all the fine ladies, if you except one or
two, became passionately fond of the young adventurer, and
used all their arts and industry for him in the most intem"
One of the ladies noticed by the Presiperate manner."
dent," says General Stewart, "finding she could not prevail
her
husband
to
upon
join the rebels, though his men were
ready, and perceiving one morning that he intended to set
off for CuUoden with the oilers of his service as a loyal subject, contrived, while making tea for breakfast, to pour, as if
by accident, a quantity of scalding hot water on his knees
and legs, and thus effectually put an end to all active movements on his part for that season, while she despatched his
;
" Our
army liad gut no pay in money for some time past, but meal only,
whifh the men being obliged to sell out and convert into money, it went
but a short way for their other needs, at which the poor creatures grumbled
exceedingly, and were suspicious that we officers had detained it from
them." MacdonaliVs Journal, Lockhart Papers, vol. ii. p. 508.
'
<
PEISCE CHAELES EDWAED.
1746.]
to join the rebels, under a
i.ieii
259
commander more obedient
to her wishes."
On
the 14th of April, Charles received the intelligence of

He immediately
the approach of the royal army to Nairn.
irdered the drums to be beat and the bagpipes to be played
of
for
the
Inverness,
purpose of collecting
hrough the town
and shortly afterwards, the young Prince aphis followers
leared himself in the streets, marshaUing his men, walking
ack wards and forwards through their lines, and exhorting
them to display the same ardour and vmdaunted courage
'
had distinguished them at Preston and Falkirk. He

was received and listened to with the most enthusiastic acliamations, and voices were heard exclaiming in the crowd,
"We 'U give Cumberland another Fontenoy!" The Prince
then mounted his horse, and, with the colours fl.^Tng and the
liagpipes playing, he marched his troops to Culloden Moor,
about four mUes from Inverness, and passed the night with
his chief officers at Culloden House, the residence of ono of
tlie staunehest and ablest partisans of the Government,
The night was passed by the remainder
President Forbes.
"
of the army under arms on the ground,
the heath," says
"
a subaltern officer who was present,
serving us both for
^
bedding and fuel, the cold being very severe."
Early on
the following morning, Charles drew up his forces in order
of battle, under the impression that the Duke of Cumberland
was on his march to attack him. In the course of the day,
however. Lord Elcho, who had been despatched to Nairn to
watch the movements of the royal army, returned to the
camp with the tidings that, being the Duke's birthday, the
soldiers were spending it in joviality and mirth, and that
there was no appearance of their advancing on that day.
At this eventful period, such was the miserable state of
the Prince's commissariat that, during the whole of the 15th,
a small loaf, and that of the worst description, was all the
food which was doled out to the unfortunate Highlanders.
"
Strange as the averment may appear," says a modem
vrriter, "I have beheld and tasted a piece of the bread served
out on this occasion being the remains of a loaf, or bannock,
which had been carefully preserved for eighty-one j'ears by
wliich
the successive
1
members of a Jacobite
MS. Memoirs
family.
of Captain Daniel, Lord JIahon, vol.

s 2
It
iii.
is
impos-
p. 448.
THE
2G0
i>ri:te>'dees
ASD THEIE ADHEEESTS.
[1746.
imagine a composition of greater coarseness, or less

and perhaps
likely either to please or satisfy the appetite
no recital, however eloquent, of the miseries to which
Charles's army was reduced, could have impi-essed the reader
with so strong an idea of the real extent of that misery, as
the sight of this singular relic. Its ingredients appeared to
be merely the husks of oats, and a coarse unclean species of
dust, similar to what is found upon the floors of a mill."
sible to
'
Satisfied that the Duke of Cumberland had no intention

to resume his march till the following day, Charles called a
council of war the first which he had sunmioned since he
commenced
Derby for the purpose of deit was most advisable for him
Lord George Murray, who was the last to speak
his retreat fi-om
Uberatiug on the steps which

to take.
except the Prince, argued strongly in favour of a nightmarch, insisting that, inasmuch as the scarcity of their provisions rendered it imperative on them to hazard an engagement, their prospects of success were likely to be increased
in a tenfold degree by attacking the Duke of Cumberland's
camp in the dark, and taking his soldiers by surprise, than
were they to await the onset of regular troops by daylight
in the open field.
Charles had been heai'd to declare, tno
days before, that he was willing to attack the enemy, had he
but a thousand men - and so entirely, as he himself informs
us, did Lord Greorge's' sentiments coincide with his own,
that he rose up and affectionately embraced him. Some ob;
were made to Lord George Murray's probut the debate terminated by a night-attack being
jections, indeed,
position,
defiuitively agreed upon.

'
'
'
Chamtiers, p. 81.
Letter of Lord George Miurnir, August 5, 1749. Home, Appendix.
MS. Account of the Transaction, Lord Mahon, vol. iii. p. 449, note.
PHINCE CHARLES EDWAKD.
1746.]
CHAPTEE
261
XIII.
Charles's determination to attack the English
Army.
Night-March. His
Arrival at
Displeasure at Lord George Murray for ordering a Retreat.
Culioden Moor.
Disposition of the contending Armies in sight of each
other.
Battle of Culioden.
Total Defeat of the Pretender's Troops.
His flight. Barbarities of the Duke of Cumberland's Soldiers.
HAvma
again embraced Lord George Murray, and assigned

watchword " King James the Eighth," Charles placed
himself at the head of his men, and gave the order to march.
By the Prince's directions, the heath was set on fire, in order
to deceive the enemy into the belief that his troops were occupying the same position. The men were strictly enjoined
to march in profound silence, and on no account to speak
above their breath. They were also ordered not to make use
of their fire-arms in their attack on the enemy's camp, but
with their broadswords and Lochaber axes to cut the ropes
and poles of the tents, and to stab with their utmost force
as the
wherever they perceived any swelling or bulge in the fallen

canvas.
distance from Culioden Moor to the enemy's camp

Nairn was only nine miles, it was computed that they
might easily reach their destination shortly after miihiight.
Unibrtunately, however, there were many circumstances
which tended to retard and embarrass the Highlanders in
their march not only were they greatly impeded by the
darkness of the night, but numbers straggled from the ranks
in search of food, and when expostulated with by their com-
As the
at
manders, they declared that they might shoot them if they

pleased, for they woidd rather die at once than starve any
longer.
By the time they reached the wood of Kilravock,
still greater numbers, overcome
by faintness and hunger,
declared their utter inability to advance further, and throwthemselves
down
the
trees, were soon overcome
ing
among
by the sleep of which they stood so greatly in need.
The hour which had been named for the attack was two
o'clock in the morning but when tliat hour arrived, it was
found that the advanced column, imder Lord George Murray,
;
262
THE PEETENDESS AXD THEIE ADHEEESTS.
[l746.
was still four miles distant from the English army. At this
moment, the distant roll of drums was heard from the enemy's camp. It was evident, therefore, that they coidd escape
observation only a short time longer, and that the object, for
which the night-march had been decided upon, had signally
failed. The ranks of the Highlanders, moreover, had become
frightfully thinned, and of the remainder, so many were exhausted and dispirited from the want of food, that it would
have amounted almost to an act of madness to have advanced.
Under these circumstances. Lord George Îiu-ray, notwithstanding the vehement remonstrances of Hepburn of Keith
and others, took upon himself the responsibility of ordering
a retreat. He would willingly, perhaps, have consulted with
the Prince on the occasion but Charles being a considerable
;
distance in the rear, in
command
of the second column, he
had not the opportunity of communicating with him.

When the Prince was informed of the orders which had
been given by Lord George Murray, he at first expressed
the utmost indignation, though he afterwards exclaimed in a
calmer tone, " 'T is no matter we shall meet them still, and
behave like brave fellows." For having taken the step which
he did, a most unfounded charge of treachery was afterwards
brought against Lord George JMurray. His character, however, has long since been completely cleared, and by no one
was he more fidly exonerated than by Charles himself. Had
he yielded, indeed, to the entreaties of Hepburn of Keith,
and adhered to the original project of attacking the enemy's
camp, there can be little doubt that defeat and disaster
would have been the results. " The Duke," says Home, "had
certain information of the night-march
and spies, who
spoke the Gaelic language and wore the Highland dress,
mixed with the rebels as they marched but none of these
spies knew anything of the intended attack, and it is believed
;
'
the
Duke supposed
that the rebels intended only to approach

his camp, take their ground in the night, and attack him in
the morning for the soldiers were ordered to lie down to
;
rest with their
arms by them."
Whatever may have been
the amount of the information which was conveyed to the
Duke by his spies, it is certain that, with an army treble in

number to that of his opponents, aud renovated, moreover,
by sleep and
their
morning
'
repast, he
would have defeated
PBINCE CHAELES EDWABD.
1746.]
263
the unfortunate Highlanders -with even still greater ease

than he subsequently did at Culloden.
About five o'clock in the morning, the Highlanders again
found themselves on Culloden Moor, where they had the
satisfaction of seeing themselves joined by Macdonald of
Keppoch and the Frasers, an accession of strength which
Occasioned universal joy in the army. Charles repaired to his
old quarters at Cidloden House, where with much difficulty
some bread and whiskey were procured for him. Fatigued
by his night's march, he had lain himself down to rest, when
between seven and eight o'clock less than three hours after
his return to CuUoden
he was roused from his shimbers,
and informed that the enemy's cavalry was not more than
two miles distant, and the main body of their army not
above four miles.
The Prince, accompanied by the Duke of Perth, Lord
George Murray, and Lord John Drummond, immediately

his horse and rode to the field. A cannon was fired
mounted
assemble the sleeping or scattered Highlanders

the
to beat, and the pipes to play the
of
their
clans.
both
gatherings
respective
Unfortunately,
officers and men were found to be scattered in all directions.
"
Through their great want of sleep, meat, and drink," says
Macdonald, "many had slipped off to take some refreshment
in Inverness, Culloden, and the neighbourhood, and others
to three or fom- miles distance, where they had friends and
and the said refreshment so lulled them
acquaintances
asleep, that, designing to take one hour's rest or two, they
were afterwards surprised and killed in their beds. By this
means we wanted in the action at least one-third of our best
men, and of those who did engage many had hurried back
from Inverness, and, upon the alarm of the enemy's approach, both gentlemen and others, as I did myself, having
taken only one drink of ale to supply all my need."'
Notwithstanding the vast superiority on the part of the
Duke of Cumberland's army, and the disadvantages under
which the Highlanders laboured from the want of sleep and
food, they exhibited no signs of despondency
but, on the
contrary, as the lines of their opponents neared them, they
to
drums were ordered
raised repeated huzzas, which were

responded to no less exultingly by the royalists. The Prince, on his part, appeared
'
Lockhart Papers,
vol.
ii.
p.
509.
264
[l746.
in excellent spirits, and spoke confidently of gaining the

Previous to the battle, he rode along the Hues of
victory.
his army, exhorting the Highlanders, by his words and
gestures, to exceed even the valour which they had displayed
and Preston. He
enthusiastic cheers, and by the
at Falkirk
was answered by the most

most eloquent professions of
devotion and love.
The insurgent army was composed of two lines. The first

consisted of the Athol brigade, the Camerons, the iStuarts,
and some other clans, and was headed by Lord George
Murray the second line was formed principally of the Low
Country and foreign regiments and the Irish piquets, and
was commanded by General Stapleton. On the right of the
first line, and somewhat behind it, was stationed the first
troop of horse-guards, and, on the left of the second line,
a troop of Fitzjames's horse. The reserve consisted of Lord
Kilmarnock's regiment of foot-guards, and the remains of Lord
Pitsligo's and Lord Strathallen's horse. Charles placed himself on a small eminence behind the right of the second line,
with Lord Balmeruio's troop of horse-guards and a troop of
;
Fitzjames's horse.
On perceiving the disposition of the insurgent troops, the
Duke of Cumberland formed his own army into three lines :
each wing being supported by cavalry, and two pieces of
cannon being placed between every two regiments which

composed the first line. In all former engagements with tlie
royiil forces, the Highlanders had obtained a great advantage
from the skilful manner in which tliey had contrived to
receive the points of their enemy's bayonets on their targets,
and then, forcing the bayonet on one side, thrusting their
dirks or broadswords into the exposed and defenceless bodies
of their adversaries.
In order to obviate the effect of this
successful manoeuvre, the Duke had carefully instructed his
soldiers, instead of directing their thrust at the man immediately opposite to them, to aim at the one who fronted
their right-hand comrade, by which means the Higlilander
would be wounded under the sword-arm before he could

ward off the thrust.
Having completed the disposition of his armv, which was
done with great skill, the Duke addressed his followers in a
short speech. He implored them to be cool and collected to
remember the great stake for which they were about to fight,
;
PEmCE CHAELES EDWABD.
174,6.]
265
and to dismiss the remem'brance of all former disasters from

He was unwilling, he said, to believe that
man in the British army who had a disinclination to fight but should there be any, he added, who,
from being averse to the cause or from ba-iang relations in
the rebel army, would prefer to retire, he begged them in
God's name to do so, as he would far sooner face the Highlanders with a thousand determined men to support him,
than be backed by an army of ten thousand if a tithe of
them should be lukewai'm. This appeal was responded to by
"
Flanthe most enthusiastic shouts, and by loud cries of
Flanders!" It being now one o'clock, it was subders
mitted to the Duke that the soldiers should be allowed to
dine before they went into action. But to this he decidedly
"
The men," he said, " will fight better and more
objected.
it would be a
actively with empty bellies and, moreover,
bad omen. Tou remember what a dessert they got to their
their minds.
there could be any
dinner at Falkirk!"
artillery of the two armies
each other; that of the Highlanders
their
balls passing over the
ill-served,
ill-pointed
heads of their adversaries, and doing but little execution
while the royal cannon, being served with great precision,
made dreadful havoc in the ranks of the insurgents. Two
The
battle
commenced by the
opening their
was
fire at
and
and several discharges were

pieces of artillery were pointed,
made, at the spot where Charles was stationed with his small
he
body of cavalry. Several of his troopers were shot, and
himself had a narrow escape, his face being bespattered with
who
a
servant
and
one
of
the
the dirt thrown up by
balls,
was holding a led horse being killed by his side.
The cannonading had continued for some time, when the
which was
Highlanders, rendered furious by the galling fire
comthinning them, and thirsting to revenge their fallen
from
no
be
restrained
could
dashing against
rades,
longer
the enemy. The Macintoshes, who had never before been
in action, were the first to rush forward, when Lord George
formed
Murray, perceiving that the rest of the clans who
the right line could be kept back no longer, gave the order
and
loud
one
shout,
for the attack.
Immediately raising
heedless
brandishing their broadswords, the Highlanders
alike of the smoke and hail which poured full in their faces,
and of the galling grape-shot which swept through their
THE PRETENDEES AND THEIR ABHEBEXTS.
266
[l74tl
rushed furiously
against the firm ranks and fixed

bayonets of their opponents.' So impetuous was this first
that
broke
thev
onset,
through Monro's and Burrel's regiments, and made themselves masters of two pieces of cannon.
Having broken through the first line, they were dashing
madly forward, when they encountered the second, which the
Duke foreseeing the probabihty of what actually occurred
had purposely strengthened and stationed so as to support
the first line, in the event of its being broken by the onset
of the clans. Drawn up three deep the front rank kneeling,
the second bending forward, and the third standing upright
they reserved their fire till the Highlanders had come
within a yard of the point of their bayonets, when tliey poured
in so well-directed and destructive a fire as to throw them
into utter confusion. ISIingling together in the greatest disorder, and with little distinction of regiments or clans, these
brave men had no choice but to retreat. Some few, indeed,
continued to dash furiously against the enemy, but not one
So dreadful
of them returned to tell the tale of his valour.
was the slaughter at this particular part of the field, that after
of
unfortunate
the
tlie action the bodies
Highlanders are said
ranks
been found in laj/ers of three and four Jeep.

Thus an entire rout took place of the whole right and of
the centre of the insurgent army. They had performed all
that could be expected from the most romantic valour, and,
opposed as they were to overpowering numbers, it was no
to have
disgrace to tliem that they
fled.
Many
of their chieftains
were either killed or trampled down. Among the latter was

the gallant Lochiel, who fell from the efiects of his wounds,
but, fortunately, his two henchmen succeeded in carrying him
from the field.
Had the Macdonalds, who were stationed on the left,
" It was the
'
emphatic custom of the Highlanders, before an onset, to
scrug their bonnets, that is, to pull their little bliie caps down over their
brows, so as to insure them against falling off in the ensuing melee. Never,
perhaps, was this motion performed with so much emphasis as on the present occasion, when every man's forehead burned with the desire to revenge
some dear friend who had fallen a victim to the murderous artillery.
A Lowland gentleman, who was in the line, and who survived till a late
period, used always, in relating the events of Culloden, to comment, with
a feeling of something like awe, upon the terrific and more than natural
expression of rage which glowed on every face and gleamed on every eve,
It was an exhibition of
as he surveyed the extended line at this moment.
terrible passion, never to be forgotteE by the beholder."
Chambers, p. 85.
5EINCE CHAHLES EDWAED
1746.]
267
charged simultaneously mtli the other clans, it is far from

improbable that victory would have been decided in favour
of Charles.
They were disgusted, however, at having been
removed from the post of honour, and in vain did their chief"
tain endeavour to lead them to the charge.
of the clan
"
Macdonald," says one of their officers, thought it ominous
that we had not this day the right hand in battle, as formerljr
at Grladsmuir and at Falkirk, and which our clan maintains
we had enjoyed in all our battles and struggles since the
"
Stubborn in their displeasure,
battle of Bannockburn.
they resisted every entreaty which was made to induce them
In vain did the Duke of Perth shout the wellto advance.
known "Claymore!" and in vain did he tell them that it lay
We
'
power to make the left wing a right, in which case

he would hereafter be proud to adopt the surname of Macdonald. In vain did the gallant Keppoch urge them to follow him, "My God!" exclaimed the chieftain in the agony
"
of the moment, have the children of my tribe forsaken me ? "
Uttering these words, with a drawn sword in one hand, and
a pistol in the other, he rushed forward at the head of a few
of his own kinsmen. He had proceeded, however, only a few
in their
when a musket shot brought him to the ground, and

he had only time to entreat his favourite nephew to consult
paces,
own safety, before the breath deserted his body. ^ But

not even did this romantic act of self-devotion produce any
effect on the enraged clansmen. Unflinchingly enduring the
galling fire of the English infantry, they are described, in
the height of their exasperated feelings, as hewing up the
heath with their swords, and calmly gazing on the last agonies of their dying chieftain. It was not till they beheld the
other clans give way that they feU back and joined them
but, at this moment, Hawley's regiment of dragoons and the
Argyleshire Highlanders pulled down a park-wall that covered their right flank, and the cavalry, falling in among them,
threw them into the utmost confusion. Thus was completed
the entire discomfiture of the Highland clans, and had it not
been that the French and Irish piquets covered them by a
close and spirited fire, their retreat must have been converted
his
into a most disastrous rout.
Exhibiting every
'
symptom of the
bitterest agony,
Macdonald's Journal, Lockhart Papers, vol.

*
See Jacobite Memoirs, p, 42a.
ii.
and with
p. 510.
THE PEETENDERS AND THEIE ADHEEENTS.
268
[l746.
face, Charles beheld, from the eminence

on which he stood, the flight of his followers, and the annihilation of his fondest hopes. There still remained the Lowland troops and the Preneh and Irish piquets and at the
moment when the Highlanders were retreating before the
overpowering force of the English infantry, Lord Elcho is
said to have ridden up to the ill-fated Prince, and to have
to place himself at the
imploi-ed him by all that was sacred
head of the reserve, and to make a last eftbrt to change the
fortune of the day. His entreaties proving of no avail. Lord
Elcho who had risked fortune, Ufe, and everything that the
heart holds most dear in the cause of the Stuarts is stated
to have turned from him with a bitter curse declaring that
he would never see his face again it is added, moreover,
that he kept his word, and when they were both exiles in a
foreign country, that he invariably quitted Paris whenever
Charles entered that city.' Such is the story which has often
been related, but which, in fact, appears to be Uttle worthy
of credit.
On the contrary, several of the Prince's officers
declared, in the most solemn manner, that they had seen their
unfortunate master forced from the field by Sir Thomas Sheridan and others of his Irish officers; and we have more parthe standard
ticularly the evidence of the cornet who carried
of the second troop of horse-guards, who left a dying attestation that he himself saw the Prince earnestly urging his
officers to make a fresh charge at the head of the reserve, and
that he woidd have done so had not O'Sullivan seized the
bridle of his horse, and, assisted by Sheridan, forced him from
the field. "When Charles," says Home, "saw the Higlilanders repulsed and flying, which he had never seen before, he
tears rolling
down his
advanced, it is said, to go dov^Ti and rally them but the

earnest entreaties of his tutor, Sir Thomas Sheridan, and
;
'
"Some
suspicion," says
Lord Mahon, "should attach
this story, hecause the latter part is certainly
now
me
unfounded.
to the
The
whole
of
ofBcial ac-
public audience at the Court of

France after his return, and amoni;st the foremost of his train on that occasion appears Lord Elcho.
I must further observe that Lord Elcho was
a man of most violent temper, and no very constant fidelity. Within two
months from the date of this battle, he made overtures for pardon to the
British Court, but,' says Horace Walpole, ' as he has distinguished himself beyond all the Jacobite commanders by brutality, and insults, and cru-
count
lies
before
of Charles's
first
'
our prisoners, I think he is likely to remain where he

"
he did !
History of Eni/land, vol. iii. p. 4oS.
elty to
'
is
and
so
1746.]
otliers,
who
assured
him
that
it
269
was impossible, prevailed
upon him to leave the field."

Being closely pressed by the royal forces, the remainder
of Charles's little army which still remained unbroken had
no choice but to seek safety in flight. A part of the second
'
line, indeed, quitted the field with tolerable regularity, their

and colours flying and the French auxiliaries
pipes playing
marched in good order to Inverness the rest, however, fled
in the utmost confusion, and many of the Highlanders never
for a moment till they found themselves in their own
;
paused
The royalists computed

in the distant Highlands.
their loss at the battle of Culloden at three hundred and
ten men that of the insurgents is stated to have been a
homes
thousand.
After quitting the fatal field, the Highland army divided
themselves into two bodies, one of which took the road to
Inverness, whUe the latter made the best of their way to
The former in consequence of their route
the Highlands.
where they were easily overtaken
lying along an open moor,
by the enemy's light horse suftered dreadfully in the purfive
The
suit.
miles, indeed, which lay between the field of
battle and Inverness, presented one frightful scene of dead
bodies, carnage, and blood.
Many who. from motives of
witness the battle fell victims
curiosity, had approached to
The latter,
to the indiscriminate vengeance of the victors.
their disgraces and discomfitures, had been provoked to

The writer of a conthe most savage thirst for revenge.
temporary letter observes: "By this time our horse and drathen
goons had closed in upon them from both wings, and
The moor was covered with
followed a general carnage.
blood and our men, what Avith killing the enemy, dabbling
their feet in the blood, and splashing it about one another,
It is remarkable, that the
looked like so man;/ butchers!"'^
troops who seemed to take the greatest pleasure in butcherdefenceless
the
and
the
Highlauders were the
ing
flying
craven dragoons who had behaved in so dastardly a manner
Tlieir conduct at
at Colt Bridge, Preston, and Falkirk.
CuUoden presented a curious exemplification of the old
Latin proverb, that when a coward finds himself a conqueror
by
he
is
always the most cruel.

'
Historvof the Rebellion,
Scot's ilagazine, April, 17-46.
p. 2.39.
THE PEETENDEES AUD TUEIE ADHEEENTS.
270
[l746.
The scenes which were acted on the field of battle were

even more frightful than those which were perpetrated on
"
Not contented," says SmoUett, " with the
the main road.
blood which was so profusely shed in the heat of action, they
traversed the field after the battle, and massacred those
miserable \n'etche3 who lay maimed and expiring nay, some
:
acted a part in this cruel scene of assassination the

triumph of low illiberal minds,
uninspired by sentiment, un"
The road from Culloden to Intinctured by huuianity."
"
was everywhere
verness," says the Chevalier de Johnstone,
strewed with dead bodies. The Duke of Cumberland had
the cruelty to allow our woiuided to remain amongst the
dead on the field of battle, stripped of their clothes, from
Wednesday, the day of our unfortunate engagement, till
three o'clock on the afternoon of Friday, when he sent detachments to kill all those who were still in life and a great
many, who had resisted the eft'ects of the continual rains,
olFicers
'
were then despatched."^
The almost unparalleled barbarities which were permitted'

by the Duke of Cumberland after the battle of Culloden
(barbarities which he speaks of with brutal jocularity, in one
of his letters to the Duke of Newcastle, as " a little bloodletting ")3 ought rather to have stamped him as a monster of
'
History of England, vol. iii. p. 229. In still more powerful language,
" Tears of
Smollett, in his
Scotland," has described the frightful horrors
di.sgraced the victory of Culloden
which
"
Tet,
The
The
wheu
the rage of battle ceased.

victor's soul was not appeased;
naked and forlorn must feel
Devouring Hames and murdering
The pious mother, doom'd
steel
to death,
Forsaken wanders o'er the heath

The bleak wind whistles round her head,
Ilcr helpless orphans cry for bread
Bereft of shelter, food, and friend.
She views the shades of night descend
And stretch'd beneath the inclement skies,
Weeps o'er her tender babes and dies.
'VMiile the warm blood bedews mv
veins.
And unimpair'd remembrance reigns,
Resentment of my country's fate
;
Within
'
^
my
filial
breast

Coxe's Pelham Administration, vol.
sliall
i.
beat."
p. 303.
1746.]
271
him those
honours and rewards which were showered upon him for his
in
numbers
to
his own,
over
an
so
inferior
army
easy victory
and who, moreover, were labouring under every possible disThe ferocity and vindietiveness which he disadvantage.
to procure for
iniquity, than to have assisted
played towards his unfortunate opponents, who mistaken

though we may admit them to have been had committed no
crime but that of bravely defending their principles, and
chivalrously supporting the cause of a Prince whom they
conscientiously believed to be their rightful master, will

It is imever deservedly continue to be a blot on his name.
the promiscuous slaughter of
possible, indeed, to reflect on
the flying and unresisting Highluuders after the battle of
Culloden, on the numerous murders which were subsequently
committed in cold blood, and on the numbers which were
sacriticed on the gallows, without execrating the authors of
these detestable barbarities.
There were unquestionably persons in the ranks of the insurgent army men of influence aud family who adopted
the cause of their unfortunate master as much from motives
of self-interest as from any principles of duty, and wlio, as
the instigators of others, and as the more active and prominent disturbers of peace and good order, miglit with propriety
have been made severe examples of by the Government.
But there couhl be neither justice nor policy in hanging up,
in almost countless numbers, the brave and devoted clansmen, who were not competent, either by education or any
other means, to form a proper estimate of what might be the
consequences of their embarking in a rash but gallant cause,
or of the true merits of the quarrel in which they were \\n-
They knew little more than what they

happily engaged.
had heard from their fathers that the Stuarts were their
hereditary and rightful sovereigns wliile both duty and inclination told them to follow the orders of their chieftains,
whose principles almost invariably regulated their own.'
;
'
"The idea of patriarchal obedience," says Sir Walter Scott, "was so
absolute, that when some Lowland gentlemen were extolling with wonder
the devotion of a clansman, who had sacrificed his own life to preserve that
of his chief, a Highlander who was present coldly observed, that he saw
had he acted
did his duty
nothing wonderful in the matter he only
To punish rieu
otherwise, he would have been a poltroon and a traitor.
;
THE PEETENDEES AKD THEIB ABHEREKTS.
272
The strange and almost ridiculous
[l746.
stories wbicli at tliis period
were generally current, of the wild habits and ferocious character of the Highland clansmen, had unquestionably the
effect of tm-ning aside much of that generous commiseration
which would otherwise have been excited by the illegal massacres of the Duke of Cumberland and his executioner-inWheu the world, however, came to
chief. General Hawley.
reflect more dispassionately on the frightful elFusion of blood
of which these persons were the principal authors, they naturally viewed the conduct, as well as the military abilities,
of the Duke in their proper light, and grew to execrate that
man under the name of " the Butcher," whom, only a few
mouths before, they had nearly exalted into an idol.
It has already been mentioned, that for as long as two days
after the battle of CuUoden, many of the wounded were inhumanly allowed to i-emain mingled with the dead, and enduring, as they must have done, all the horrors of bodily pain,
of intolerable thirst, and the agonies of hope deferred. The
greater number of the wounded, indeed, were despatched by
parties of the victors who traversed the field after the battle,
stabbing some with their bayonets, and cutting down others
with their swords and through this frightful scene, the Duke
of Cumberland not only calmly passed with his stafi', but
even took his share in the painful tragedy. As he rode along
;
the dying and the dead, he perceived a young mau

Charles Fraser, the younger, of Inverallachy, who held a
commissiou as Lieutenant-colonel in Eraser of Lovat's regiment who was lying woimded on the ground, but who raised
himself up on his elbow as the Duke and his followers passed.
The Duke inquired of him to whom he belonged. " To the
Prince!" was the midaimted reply. The Duke instantly
turned to Major Wolfe, who was near him, and desired him
"
"
to shoot that insolent scoimdrel."
My commission," said
"
Wolfe, is at the disposal of your Royal Highness, but I
cannot consent to become an executioner." After one or two
other ineflectual attempts to induce some officers who were
near him to pistol the unfortunate Highlander, the Duke,
peroeiNang a common soldier, inquired of him if his piece was
among
who were
bred in such principles, for following their- chiefs into war, seems
as unjust as it would be to hang a dog for the crime of
following las
Tales of a Grandfather, vol. iii. p. 300, note.
master."
PMNCE CHAELES EDWAED.
1746.]
loaded
273
man
replying in the affirmative, he commanded

him to perform the required duty, which was instantly done.'
How widely diiierent was the conduct of the Duke of Cumberland and the English after the battle of Culloden, to the
humanity and consideration which Charles and his gallant
?
Tlie
Highlanders displayed towards their wounded enemies, when

they found themselves victors at Falkirk
!
As some
palliation for the frightful scenes which were enacted after the battle, it was alleged that the order for massacring the wounded originated in the humane purpose of
It was insisted also, as a further

putting them out of pain
justification of the indiscriminate slaughter which took place
!
the road to Inverness, that a regimental order was found

on the person of one of the insurgents, signed by Lord
George
Murray, in which the Highlanders were enjoined, in the event
of their gaining the victory, to give no quarter to the
King's
No sucli order, however, was ever seen or heard of
troops.
by any of the insurgents, nor is there the slightest reason to
on.
believe that
it,
in fact, ever existed.
might have been advanced by the Duke of Cumberland

with some appearance of reason, that the
excesses which disgraced the victory of Culloden were the
result of a stern but necessary
policy a policy which was
It
and
his admirers,
called for in order to sti-ike terror into the sur\dving followers

of Charles, who, though defeated, were still formidable, and
were capable of being reassembled and arrayed against the
King's troops. It might also have been argued, with .the
same show of reason, that the carnage which took place was
partly the result of the exasperated feelings and brute-like
propensities of the
common
soldiers,
who, inflamed by the
victory which they had obtained over a foe who had lately
been their conquerors, were not unlikely to wreak their
vengeance in too summary and merciless a manner.
But none of these arguments hold good,
as regards the
of ravages, slaughters, and executions,
which were subsequently perpetrated in cold blood. The
victors carried havoc and bloodshed, and all the
frightful extremities of war, into the castle of the chieftain and the cabin
terrible
'
catalogue
p. 87. From a critique upon Home's History of the RebelAntijacobin Review, vol. xiii., by the late Sir Henry Steuart,
Chambers,
lion, in the
of Allanton, Bart.
274
THE PHET3SNDERS AND THEIE ADHEEENTS.
[l7lC.
of the peasant
they spread ruin and desolation among a
tree, a gallant, and warm-hearted people, whose only crime
was their loyalty to their legitimate Prince women and
children, whose husbands and brothers had been murdered,
and whose homes had been burned to the ground, were seen
shivering in tlie cletts of the rocks, dying of cold and hunger ;
and it is a fact, that at Fort Augustus women were stripped
of theii- clothes, and made to run races naked on horseback
"
for the amusement of the brutal garrison.
When the men.
were slain," says Sir Walter Scott, ' the houses burnt, and
the herds and flocks driven off, the women and children
perished from famine in many instances, or followed the track
of the plunderers, begging for the blood and offal of their
own cattle, slain for the soldiers' use, as the miserable means
of supporting a wretched life."
One of the first acts of severity committed by the Duke
of Cumberland, was to hang thirty-six deserters from the
royal army who had joined the standard of the adventurer.'
;
'
Nineteen wounded officers belonging to the Highland army

were dragged from a wood in which they had sought refuge,
and carried into the court-yard of Culloden House, where
the greater number were shot, and the rest, who showed any
symptoms of life, had their brains knocked out by the soldiery.
In one instance, a hut, which contained a number of wounded
Highlanders, was set fire to by the soldiers, when not only
was every individual who attempted to escape imraediatelj
bayoneted, but when the building was burnt to the ground,
as many as thirty corpses were found blackened by the flames
The fate of such of the surWvors of the battle of CuUoden
who were dragged to prison, was scarcely less terrible. Greai
numbers were confined in the church and tolbooth of Inverness, where, deprived of clothes, and allowed only so small)
quantity of meal daily as was scarcely sufficient to suppoii
nt'e, they passed a miserable existence, tiU they were carriei
on board ship, in order to be sent to London and placed a
the disposal of the Government. Their condition at sea wai
even worse than on land. They were thrust half naked int
the holds of the different vessels, where they slept on th
'
Talcs of a Grandfather, vol. iii. p. 302.
'
Among these was a relation of Lord Forhes. For a curious anecdo'
connected with his execution, see Chevalier de Johnstone's Memoirs, p. 20^
1746.]
PEINCE CHARLES EDWARD.
275
stones which formed the ballast their sole allowance of drink

being a bottle of cold water, and their amount of daily food
being no more than about ten ounces of an inferior kind of
oatmeal to each man. Even at this distance of time the heart
almost sickens with the details of the horrors and privations
tn which these faithful and gallant people were subjected.
>f a large number of human beings who were shipped to
ISarbadoes, many died on ship-board and of eighty-one who
reached their pestilential destination, three years afterwards
only eighteen were left to point out the graves of their com])auions, and to bewail their own fate. Human nature revolts
at such sickening details.
On board of one vessel, in which
one hundred and fifty-seven of these brave but unfortunate
men had been embarked, so great was the mortality occasioned
by the cruel deprivations which they had to endure, that after
the lapse of eight months,
during the whole of which time
;
only fortythey were kept huddled together on board ship,

nine individuals survived to tell the tale of the miseries to
which they had been exposed.'

In regard, to the terrible policy adopted by the Duke of
Cumberland, and carried out by his brutal agents, the following accoiuit, extracted from the dying declaration of one of
the unfortunate victims on the scaiibld, may be taken as a
"I was put," says the unhappy sufferer, "into
specimen.'''
one of the Scotch kirks, together with a great number of
wounded prisoners, who were stripped naked, and then left
to die of their wounds without the least assistance and though
we had a surgeon of our own, a prisoner in the same place,
yet he was not permitted to dress their wounds, but his instruments were taken from him on purpose to prevent it
and in consequence of this many expired in the utmost
Several of the wounded were put on board the
agonies.
"
Jean " of Leith, and there died in lingering tortures. Our
general allowance, while we were prisoners there, was half a
pound of meal a-day, which was sometimes increased to a
;
'
See Donald Macleod's Narrative, Jacoliite Memoirs, p. 406, &c.

"
The principal agents in carryino; out the Duke's brutal policy were his
"executioner-in-chief," Genera! Hawley, Lieutenant-colonel Howard,
Captain Caroline Scott, and Major Lockhart. It is natural, perhaps, as au
Englishman, to feel some satisfaction in recording that two out of the num.
ber were Scotchmen.
276
THE PKETEMDEE3 AND THEIR ADHEKEjrTS.
[lUe.
pound, but never exceeded it and I myself was an eye-witTheir barness, that great numbers were starved to death.
as not to suffer the men who were put
barity extended so far
"
on board tlie " Jeau to lie down even on planks, but they
were obliged to sit on large stones, by which means theii- legs
swelled as big almost as their bodies. These are some few of
the cruelties exercised, which being almost incredible in a
Christian country, I am obliged to add an asseveration to the
truth of them and I do assure you, upon the word of a dv;
ing man, as I hope for mercy at the day of judgment, I assLTt

'
nothing but what I know to be true."
These merciless inhumanities, it must be remembered, were
independent of the numerous legal executions which wire
permitted by the Government, and to which we shall not at
present refer. The details, indeed, of the almost demoni.ie
retribution exacted by the Duke of Cumberland and his m\ rmidous would appear almost too di-eadful to be credit>_^.l,
were they not fidJy substantiated on the most undoubtîi
Their truth, indeed, is built, not on the partial
authority.
exaggerations of the defeated Jacobites, but by persons uf
high integrity, station, and honour, and, in many instamv-?,

by the partisans of the Government, and by the victors
themselves.
"Paper read by Sir James Bradshaw, and delivered by him to r'.
Sheriff of Surrej", just before his execution, ou
Friday, Xovemb'er 2S, 174'.
'
'
277
TEINCE CHARLES EDWARD.

AFTER THE BATTLE OF CULLODEN.
CH.\PTER
I.
Precautions to prevent the Escape of the Chevalier. Reward for his

Apprehension. His Retreat through Scotland as a Fugitive. Writes from
Glenbiasdale, taking leave of bis Followers.
Charles's Embarkation.
His Extremities at Sea. Lands and takes Shelter in a "
Grass-keeper's
Hut" in Benbecula. Visited in his Retreat by Clanranald.
"We now commence the eventful history of the adventures

and escapes of Charles Edward after his defeat at Culloden.
The
feelings of the unfortunate young Prince, wlien he beheld the slaughter of his gallant followers and the do^vufal
of his own ambitious
hopes, may be more easily imagined
than described. His situation was

perhaps even more critical than that of his
great-nncle, Charles the Second, after
the battle of AVorcester.

Already the enemy's cavalry were
on his track the royal troops were
being despatched to every
part of the Highlands where it was probable that the unhappy
fugitive might seek to conceal himself; numbers of vessels of
war were cruising along the coast for the
purpose of intercepting any foreign ship which might be sent to carry him
off; and, moreover, the large sum of 30,000 was offered for
his capture, a reward which
held out as it was to a poor
and, as it was believed, an avaricious people
it was
thought
would inevitably lead to his speedy
discovery and certain
;
arrest.
In order to insure the Prince's safe retreat from the field

of battle, the French
troops, supported by a small band of'
Highlanders, made a last and desperate stand against the
onset of the royal forces, whicli enabled Charles to
place a
considerable distance between himself and his pursuers.
PoUowed by a large body of horsemen, and with a faithful
^
278
THE PKETENDEES AND THEIE ADHEEENTS.
Higlilander, one
Edward
[l746,
'
for bis guide, Charles rod(

rapidly forward tiU he reached the river Nairn, about fouj
Bui-ke,
miles from Inverness.
Having crossed the stream, the fugi

it was decidec
that the Prince should make the best of his way to the west
eru coast, where it was hoped that he would find a Frencl
vessel to carry him to France,
and that the majority of the
party shoidd separate, and each endeavour to insure his owr
tives spent a
few minutes in deliberation, when
safety as he best might.
Accordingly, accompanied by only ten individuals,^ Charles

the best of his way to Grortuleg, where he had an interview with the too-celebrated Lord Lovat, the only occasion
"
apparently on which they ever met.
lady," says Si]
Walter Scott, "who, then a girl, was residing in Lord Lovat's
described
to
us
the
family,
unexpected appearance of Prince
Charles and his flying attendants at Castle Dounie. The wild
and desolate vale, on which she was gazing with indolent
composure, was at once so suddenly filled with horsemen
riding furiously towards the castle, that, impressed with the
made
beUef that they were
who, according to Highland traonly from one twinkle of the eyehd

to another, she strove to refrain from the vibration whicb
she believed woidd occasion the strange and magnificent apdition, are visible to
faii'ies,
men
become invisible. To Lord Lovat it brought a

more dreadfid than the presence of fairies, or eveu
demons."
The reasons which induced Charles to visit the
crafty old peer have not been explained, neither do we know
the topics that were discussed at their strange interview.
The Prince, indeed, remained at Gortuleg only a short time,
and having partaken of some food, of which he stood greatly
in need, and drunk a few glasses of wine, he rode forward in
the direction of Invergarry, the seat of Macdonnell of Grlengarry, situated on one of those beautifid lochs which now
form the links of the Caledonian Canal.
parition to
certaLaty
Burke, who accompanied the Prince as a guide during a great part of

and who resisted the temptation of thirty thousand pounds,
drudged out the remainder of his days as a sedan-carrier in Edinburgh. He
was at this period a servant to Mr Alexander Maeleod, of Muiravonside.
'
These persons were. Sir Thomas Sheridan, O'SnUivan, O'Neal, Sir David
Murray, Alexander Maeleod, the two latter being the Prince's aids-de-carup,
John Hay, who was acting as secretary in the absence of Murray of Broughton,
Allan Macdonald a priest, Edward Burke the guide, and two servants.
^
Prose Works, vol. xx. p. 83.
'
his wanderings,
PEINCE CHAELE3 EDWAED.
746.]
279
About two o'clock in the morning the little party gallopd by the ruins of Fort Augustus, and about two hours
fterwards found themselves in safety at Invergarry. Unforunately the chieftain was absent, and there was neither food
or furuituie in the house but as Charles had now ridden
of battle, and as
.early forty niQes since he quitted the field
he previous night had been occupied in the unifortunate
larch to Nairn, it may readily be imagined that he would
ave welcomed sleep under any circumstances. Stretching
.imself on the floor, he slept till the middle of the next day,
rhen he partook of a small repast which had been prepared
or him by Edward Burke. His only drink was the water
pom the loch, but the faithful guide had contrived to catch
wo salmon, which, as he himself informs us, he " made ready
Q the best manner he could, and the meat was reckoned very
;
'
avoury and acceptable."
At Invergarry, the whole of the party took leave of their
mfortunate master, with the exception of O'SuUivau, O'Neal,
nd Edward Burke the Prince putting on the coat of the
;
purpose of disguising himself. About three

he again rode forward in the direction of Loch
It may be here mentioned, that when the English
b'kaig.
roops subsequently visited Invergarry, it was made to pay
severe penalty for having aflbrded a resting-place to the
Prince.
The plate was carried oft" and melted the house
md grounds were laid waste and the military even carried
heir vengeance so far as to blow up with gunpowder two
)eautiful chestnut trees, which were the ornament of the
atter for the
I'clock
)lace.
little party reached Loch Axkaig at nine o'clock in

when Charles took up his quarters in the house
Donald Cameron of Glenpean. So completely was he
vorn out with the fatigues which he had lately imdergone,
;hat he fell asleep while Edward Burke was unbuttoning his
"
there
iplatterdashes, from which, as the latter informs us,
'eU out seven guineas."
The next morning, the 18th, he
Droceeded to MewboU, in Clanranald's countiy, where he
jassed the night.
Here the whole party were compelled to
ibandon their horses and to proceed on foot, there being no
in
the route they were about to pursue.
roads
onger any
3n the evening of the 19th, Charles found himself at Oban,
The
he evening,
)f
'
Edward Burke's
Journal, Jacobite Memoirs, p. 364.
280
THE PEETENDEES
A1S"D
THEIE ADHERENTS.
[I'iy.
near the head of Loch Morar, where he was compelled fto

used for shearing sheep. The ne^t
sleep in a wretched hovel
day he laboured on foot over a range of high and rugged
hills, and in the eveuing arrived at the smaU. \'illage of Gieubiasdale in Arisaig, near the S2)0t where he had first set Ijis
on Scottish ground.
From Gleubiasdale Charles wrote to his followers at
Euthven, where they had assembled to about the number
of a thousand men, expressing the deepest gratitude for
aU the gaUautry and the devotion which they had disCircumstances, he said, compelled
played in his cause.
him at present to retire to France but he trusted ere long
to return from that country, bringing vdth him succours
which would be certain to insm-e success. In the mean time
he recommended that each of them should look to their own
safety, and it was his earnest prayer, he said, that the Almighty should bless and direct them.
There were many among the Highland cliieftains who
clung to the fond belief, that the game which they had been
playing was not 3'et lost, and that the enterprise might still
be crowned with success. To these persons the Prince's
"
Our sepai-ation
letter came as the death-blow to their hopes.
foot
Ruthven," says the Chevalier de Johnstone, "was truly

we bade one another an eternal adieu. No one could
whether the scaffold v.'ould not be his fate. The Highlanders gave vent to their grief in wild bowlings and lamentations;
at
affecting:
tell
down their cheeks when they thought that

was now at the discretion of the Duke of
and
on
the point of being plimdered; whilst they
Cumberland,
and their children woidd be reduced to slavery, and phmged,
without resoiu-ce, into a state of remediless distress."'
In consequence of information which Charles received at
Glenbiasdale of the number of English cruisers which were
lying in wait for liim along the coast, he determined, by the
advice of his followers, to remove to the Western Isles, where
it was hoped that he woidd meet with greater facility in obtaining a passage on board a foreign ship. The individual who
had the high compliment paid him of being selected to be the
the tears flowed
their country
guide of the unfortmiate Prince during his approaching expedition, was one Donald Maeleod, a faitlifid and gallant old
Highlander from the Isle of Skye, who was intimately ae'
Jolinstone's Memoirs, p. 208.
PErKCE CHARLES ED"WAED.
1716.]
281
the difEcxilt navigation of the neighbouring seas,

the important missum of money from the Island of
MacBan-a, which had been left there by a French vessel.
leod was at this period at Kinloehmoidart, where a messenger
juainted
-svitli
md who had recently been intrusted with

sion of bringiug off a large
despatched to him, directing him to repair immediately

the Prince at BorrodaOe. He immediately set out on his
he encountered on approaching
ioui-ney; and the fii'st person
Grleubiasdale was the Prince himself, who was walking alone
the old man, and inquirtowards
in the wood. He advanced
ed of him if he was Donald Macleod of Guattergill, in the
ivas
to
Isle
"I am the same man, your Highness," was

"
of Skye?
I am at jowc ser\dce; what is your

me?" " Then," said the Prince, "you see,
I throw myself into your bosom,
am
in
distress
I
Donald,
and let you do with me what you Hke. I hear you are an
"
When Donald," says
bonest man, and fit to be trusted."
Bishop Forbes, "was giving me this part of the naiTative, he
the plain-spoken reply;
pleasm-e with
do-\vn his cheeks, and he

grat sore the tears came running
sic a
said, 'AVTiat diel could help greeting, when speaking on
"
sad subject?'
The first request which Charles preferred to Donald was
;
from him to Sir Alexander IMacdonald and

the Laird of Macleod, who had formerly been the loudest in
their professions of devotion to his cause, but who, as has
to carry letters
been abeady mentioned, had treacherously made then- peace

with the government. This mission, however, Donald posi"
Does not your Excellency
tively refused to undertake.
"
know," he said, that these men have played the rogue to
vou ? and wiU. you trust them agaia ?" He mentioned also
the fact, which as Charles stUl clung fondly to the belief
that they were secretly his well-wishers must have been
extremely painful to him, that both these renegade chieftains
were searching for him with their followers in all directions,
and this within a distance of not more than ten miles from
The Prince then remarked, " I hear, Donald,
Glenbiasdale.
you are a good pilot, and know all this coast well. I hope,
therefore, you wDl carry me safely through the islands, where
The old
I may look for more safety than I can do here."
Highlander immediately assented, adding, that there was no
the
to
insure
risk
which
would
not
he
undergo
personal
safety of his Prince.
THE PEETENDEE3 AND THEIE ADHEEENTa.
282
[l746.
Accordingly, an eight-oared boat having been procured,

Charles, in the dusk of the evening of the 2ith of April, embarked at Lochnanuagh, near the place where he had first
landed in the Highlands. Besides the Prince, there were
twelve persons embarked in the boat O'SuUivan, CJSêal,
Allan Macdonald, Donald Macleod, and eight watermen, of
whom Edward Burke, the Prince's guide from CuUoden,
acted as one. Donald Macleod took the helm, with the
Prince seated between his knees.
One of the watermen, it
may be mentioned, was the son of Macleod, a youth of only
fifteen years of age.
So infected was he with the enthusiasm
of the times, that he had run away from a grammar-school
at Inverness, and having contrived to provide himself with a
broadsword, dirk, and pistol, he arrived on the field of Culloden in tune to share the dangers of the battle. He subsequently found means to trace the road that Charles had
taken and after tracking him from place to place, at length

"
And," said Donald to Bishop
joined him at Grienbiasdale.
"
Forbes, this was the way that I met wi' my poor boy."
Previous to their embarkation, the experienced eye of
Donald Macleod had assured him that a storm was gathering, and he earnestly entreated the Prince to defer his deCharles, however, anxious to
parture tUl the following day.
escape the dangers which threatened him on the mainland,
insisted on putting to sea. They had proceeded only a short
distance, when a storm arose, which Macleod himself though
a sealaring man, and accustomed to the squally tempests
which rage among the Western Islands assures us in his
Narrative was " greater than any he had ever been trysted
with before."' In addition to the lightning and thunder,
and the tempestuous sea, the rain came down in torrents,
and they had no pump with which to hghten their small
vessel the night also was extremely dark, and they were
without a compass to guide them on their way. Charles
now began to perceive his danger, and expressed a wish to
return to the shore but Donald explained to him that the
"
attempt would be a vain one, adding, that it was as good
for them to be di'owned in clean water, as to be dashed in
pieces upon a rock and be drowned too."
Though Little accustomed to the raging element on wliich he was now borne,
Charles exhibited neither fear nor perturbation, but, on the
;
'
1746.]
283
contrary, expressed more than once liis confidence in the

mercy and goodness of Providence, and at other times endeavoured to enliven the sinking spirits of the crew, by singing
them a Highland song.'
Towards morning the storm abated and when the day
dawned, they found themselves on the coast of Long Island,
having undergone eight hours of discomfort and danger.
They landed, with some difficulty, at Eoouish, in the desolate
island of Benbeeula, where they found an uninhabited hut,
in which the Prince took up his quarters.
Having dragged
the boat on diy land, they lighted a fire, at which they di'ied
their drenched garments, and boiled a portion of a cow which
they had caught and killed. As the storm subsequently recommenced with increased violence, Charles was compelled
to take up his quarters in this wretched place for two days
and nights, his only couch being an old sail spread on the
bare ground, and his only food some oatmeal and the boiled
Yet we are told by one of his
flesh of the slaughtered cow.
"
companions in misfortune, that he was very well pleased,
^
and slept soundly."
Though nursed on the lap of luxury, and unaccustomed to
his most trifling depractise self-denial, or to be thwarted in
;
sires, thus did a young Prince (who it might have been expected would have been enervated by the soft air and effeminate
with almost unexpleasures of an Italian climate) endure,
ampled spirit and gallantry, privations and dangers to which

even the most \vretched outcasts are rarely exposed. We
must remember, in addition to his many miseries, that the
whole naval and military force of a powerful nation was emthat he was in
ployed to intercept the hunted wanderer
the power of every individual who surrounded him, each of
whom he might natiu-ally have regarded with suspicion
that the vast sum of thirty thousand pounds was fixed as
and that the mathe price of his capture or of his blood
his secret were
jority of those who were intrusted with
amoug the poor and the needy. Indeed, even had the unfortunate prince been of a disposition to take the most
favourable view of human motives and human actions, could
;
" Narrative of the Several

from the
'
Passages of the Toung Chevalier,
mouths of several persons, who either gave him succour, or assisted him
his escapes," p. 9.
London, 1765.
'
TUE TEETESDERS A^D THEIR ADHEBENTS.
284
[l7
be reasonably have expected that there existed on the face

of the earth a people so loyal and disinterested as not to
number among them a single Judas, -svho could be tempted by
so magnificent a bribe ? And yet such were the gallant and
devoted people, on whom the Duke of Cumberland and the
detestable agents of his cruelty practised horroi-s which were
massacre of St Barthoonly equalled by the authors of the
lomew, or by the priesthood of Madrid
Charles endure all the privations
Gallantly, indeed, did
"
I asked Donald,"
and dangers to which he was exposed.
"
if the Prince was in health all the time
says Bishop Forbes,
that he was with him ? Donald said that the Prince would
never own he was in bad health, though he and all that
were wdth him had reason to think that, during the whole
under some distime, the Prince was more or less sufl'ering
but that he bore up most sm-prisingly, and never
order
!
Donald added, that the Prince, for all the

spirits.
never slept above three or four hours at
fatigue he underwent,
most at a time, and that when he awaked in the morning he
was always sure to call for a cltopin of water, which he never
failed to di-ink off at a di-aught. He said he had a little bottle
in his pocket, out of which he used to take so many drops
the day, saving, if anything
eveiy morning and throughout
he should cure himself, for that he
he
should ail
wanted
him,
hoped
And faith,' said Donald, he
was something of a doctor.
was indeed a bit of a doctor, for Tv ed Burke, happenmg once
to be unco ill of a colick, the Prince said. Let him alane, I
he did so, for he
hope to cm-e him of that; and accordingly
the little bottle, and Xed
gae him sae mony draps out o'
"
soon was as well as ever he had been.'
of the 29th Charles quitted Benbecula
On the
'
'
'
evening
with his attendants, with the intention of setting saU for

Island of Lewis, where
Stomoway, the principal port in the
he hoped to find a French vessel to convey him to France.
were overtaken, however, by another storm, and were
They
small island of Sealpa. or Glass,

compelled to put into the
where they landed before daybreak on the morning of the

to the Laird of Macleod,
furthering the views of the
Government, they assumed the characters of ship^vrecked
merchantmen, the Prince and O'SuUivan taking the names
As this island belonged

who was now actively engaged in
SOth.
174(5.]
283
of Sinclair, the latter playing the part of the father, and the
former of the son. They met, however, with civility and
kindness from Donald Campbell, who i-ented the island from
the Laird of Macleod, and who lent his own boat to Donald
Macleod, to enable him to proceed to Stornoway, to prociu-e
a larger and safer vessel for the Prince.
Charles had been four days a guest of the hospitable Campbell, when he received a message from Macleod, that he had
procured a vessel of the description required. The Prince
immediately put to sea in a smaU. boat, but the wind blowing
right against them, they were compelled to land in Loch
Their way
Sheifort, and to proceed to Stornoway on foot.
led over a dreary moor the night was extremely dark, and
the rain poured down in torrents. The distance from Loch
Sheftbrt to Stornoway was not above twenty miles, but, in
consequence of the ignorance or mismanagement of their
guide, their journey was lengthened to about thirty-eight
;
miles.
As soon as Charles had arrived within sight of Stornoway,

he sent forward the guide to Donald Macleod, who immediand
ately repaired to him with some brandy and bread
cheese, and subsequently conducted him to the house of Mrs
Mackenzie of Kddttn, where he passed the night. On the
return of Donald to Stornoway, he found the whole place in
commotion, and not less than two or three himdred men
under arms. His servant, it appears, had got drunk, and
had blabbed for whom the vessel was hired adding, that the
Prince was in tlic neighbourhood, at the head of five hundred
men. This intelligence was rapidly spread by a cham of
alarms communicated by a clergyman in South TJist to his
father in the Harris, and thence to another clergyman in the
Lewis. In vain did Donald endeavoiu* to expostulate with
They had no intenPrince, nor to molest him in

any way all they asked was, that he should quit the place
without delay. Nevertheless, they refused to allow Donald
to make use of the vessel which he had already hired, and
even declined accepting a large sum of money which he offered to
one who would pilot them to their destination.
them on the absurdity of
their fears.
tion, tliey said, to injure the

:
any
inCharles, it "is said, discovered but little uneasiness, when
formed by Donald of the threatening aspect of his affairs.
"
in
his
Burke
Edward
Narrative, '-only
"We were then," says
2S6
THE PRETENDERS AND THEIR ADHEREKTS.
[l71i
besides the Prince, and we had four hired

men for rowing the barge. Upon the alarm, I advised they
shoukl take to the mountains but the Prince said, How
long is it, Ned, since you turned cowardly ? I shall be sure
of tlie best of them before I am taken, which I hope will
four in
number
'
never be
alive.'
"'
At
this time, the Prince, O'SuUivan, and O'Neal had

only
six shirts among them, and, according to Donald Macleod,
"frequently, when they stripped to dry those that were upon
them, they found those that they were to put on as wet as

the ones they had thrown off." Their crew, which had originally consisted of fom* persons, was now reduced to half
that number, in consequence of two of them having fled
frightened to the mountains, on perceiving the commotion
which the Prince's presence had excited. With this inefficient crew, and in a small boat but little suited to cope with
the sudden squalls and tempests so peculiar to the Western
Isles, Charles put to sea ou tlie Hth of May. doubtful in what
direction to steer his course.
His companions in adversity
were now reduced to O'Sidlivan and O'Neal Allan Macdonald having taken his leave of him at Stornoway, in order to
make the best of his way to South Uist.
The provisions
which they carried with them consisted of some oatmeal,
brandy, and sugar, besides some portions of a cow which
they had slaughtered during the time they were the guests
of ^[rs Mackenzie, and for which that lady had at first refused paymejit.
Charles, however, woidd not be denied, and
positively insisted on her accepting the price of the animal
"
for so long," says Donald Macleod, " as there was any
money among tis, I was positive that the deil a man or woman
should have it to say that the Prince ate their meat for
nought."
The fugitives had advanced only a short distance from the

when thej' came in sight of four vessels of war, which
induced them to put into the small desert island of Eiurn, or
Ift'urt, near the Harris, about twelve miles from Stornoway,
and a little to the north of Sealpa.
happened to be the
land,
temporary resort cjf some fishennen, who, mistaking the

Prince and his companions for a press-gang despatched from
one of the vessels in the offing, fled with the utmost precipitation to the interior of the island, leaving their fish drying
'
PRINCE CHARLES EDWAED.
irW.]
287
"
upon the shore in large quantities.
Upon this desert is"
we found plenty of good dry
land," says Donald Macleod,
iish. of which we were resolved to make the best fare we
could without any butter, not knowing of the junt that Ned
had in his wallet.' As we had plenty of brandy and sugar
along with us, and found very good springs upon the island,
we wanted much to have a little warm punch, to cheer our
hearts in this cold remote place.
We
luckily found an earth-
en pitcher, which the fishers had left upon the island, aud
our purpose very well for heating the punch but
the second night the pitclier, by some accident or other, was
broke to pieces, so that we could have no more warm punch."
"
When Donald," says Bishop Forbes, " was asked, if ever
the Prince used to give any particular toast, when they were
aking a cup of cold water, whisky, or the like, he said that the
Prince very often drank to the Black Eye, by which,' said
Donald, he meant the second daughter of France and I
never heard him name any particular health but that alone.
When he spoke of that lady, which he did frequently, he
"^
Of
appeared to be more than ordinarily well pleased.'
tlie King of France, Charles, during his wanderings,
always
f
poke in terms of gratitude and afleetion, expressing his conviction that that monarch had the cause of the exiled family
and was anxious to do all in his power to
warmly at heart,
"
"
assist them.
But, gentlemen," he invariably added, I can
assure you that a king and his councLl are two very different
this served
'
'
things."
Edward Burke iisually acted as cook and baker; but whenever the Prince lent a hand to prepare the homely repast, we
"
are told that he was reckoned
the best cook of them all."
Perhaps something of the flattery of a court existed even
desert
and
the
inhospitable isles of the Hebrides, in
among
the superiority which was thus awarded to the Prince. Something, indeed, like etiquette was still kept up amongst those
whom misfortune had reduced to a common level; and though
without knives and forks, or the commonest culinarj' uteusd,
and ^vith no other shelter than a ruined hut, with a saU-cloth
" Wlien
she
they were parting with Lady Kildare (Mrs Mackenzie),
Ned aside, and gave him a junt n( butter hetwixt two fardles of bread,
which Ned put into a wallet they had Cur carrying some little baggage."
'
'
called
THE PHETENDEES AND THEIR ADHEEEXTS.
288
[l7ii;.
for the roof, tlie Prince, nevertheless, and the gentlemen of

his party, invariably partook of their meals apart from their
humbler companions. Charles, we are told by one of his
"
deal of tocompanions in adversity, nsed to smoke a great
"
bacco," and would sometimes sing them a song to keep up
their hearts."
On
the 10th of
May,
after a residence of four days
this desolate spot, they again set
sail,
upon
carrying with them
which they found upon the rocky

Previous to quitting the island, Charles had placed
beach.
one
of
the
fish which they left behind, as
some money upon
the price of what they had consumed and taken away. He
was told, however, that either it would be taken possession
of by persons who might accidentally land, and who had no
claim to it, or, what was of stiU more importance, that it
two dozen of the dried
fish
might lead to the discovery of their real rank. Charles, accordingly, wa.s induced to forego his honest intentions, though
apparently not without much violence to his conscientious
scruples.
Passing along the shores of the Long Island, Charles in-on going a short distance out of their way for the purpose of landing once more in Sealpa, in order to thank Donald
Campbell for the civilities he had shown them, and also to
remunerate him for the use of his boat. The rumom-, however, had already gone abroad, that the Prince had been his
a
guest, and the hospitable Highlander had himself become
had
fugitive. They again therefore put to sea, but the wind
now gone down, and they were compelled to row during the
whole night. "V\nien the dawn broke they were without food
or fresh water, and during the whole day their only sustenance consisted of some meal mixed with sea-water and some
brandy. Unpalatable as must have been this fare to the imfortunate Prince, we have the evidence of two of the persons
who were with him in the boat, that he called it " no bad
"
ate of it very heartily."" Xever," says
food," and even
Donald Macleod. " did any meat or ch'ink come wTong to
him; for he could take a share of everything, be it good, bad,
or indifferent, and was alwavs cheerful and contented in
every condition." The Prince himself observed, that should
"
he ever ascend a throne, he should never forget those who
dined with him that day."
But the want of food was not the worst which they had to
sisted
PEINCE CHARLES EDTVAHD.
1716.]
289
As they continued on
their melancholy voyage.

they found themselves suddenly chased by an English vessel
which
of war,
very nearly succeeded in capturing them in-
encoiinter.
deed it was only by the greatest efforts of the crew that they
contrived to escape, Charles all the time animating them to
"
"
fresh exertions.
If we escape this danger," he said,
you
shall have a handsome reward if sot, I will be sunk rather
than taken." Fortunately the wind went down, and the ship
becoming becalmed, they were enabled to conceal themselves
in one of the small inlets formed by the rocks on the dreary
coast of the Isle of Hai-ris.
After a short time, they again
stole out, and were moving stealthily along the shore, when
were
and
chased
they
perceived
by another vessel. On this
;
occasion, however, they
had
less difficulty in effecting their
the calmness of the weather was in their favoiir, and

after undergoing twenty-four hours of thirst, fatigue, and
ajixiety, Charles found himself safely landed at Loch-wiskaway, in Benbecula. He expressed himself highly gratified at
bis numerous escapes adding, that he was now satisfied that
he should never die by water or by the sword.
Carrying with them some crabs which they caught among
the rocks, in capturing which the Prince had shoT\Ti great
eagerness,
they proceeded inland in hopes of finding the
provisions of which they stood so much in need, as well as
shelter for the night. After a dreary walk of two miles, they
came to a vn-etched uninhabited hovel, "a poor grass-keeper's bothy, or hut," as Edward Burke described it to Bishop
"
which had so low a door, that we digged below it,
Forbes,
and put heather below the Prince's knees, he being tall, to let
the
easier into the poor hut."'
him go
Miserable, however,
as it must have been to be confined in this wretched spot, it
stiU offered the advantages of security to the persecuted wanderer, and he determined on remaining there for some time.
Anxious to ascertain the fate of his friends, and to obtain a
supply of money., of which he stood gi-eatly in need, he despatched Donald Macleod to the mainland, with directions to
find out Lochiel and Secretary Murray, who were concealed
among the Western Highlands, proscribed fugitives like the
Prince himself. "With the sagacity of a Highlander, Macleod
traced them to their hiding-places at the head of Loch A rkaig ;
escape
but they had no money to send to their Prince, and after an
290
THE PEETENDEBS AXD THEIE ADHEEEXTS.
[l7ilj.
absence of eighteen days, Donald returned with some brandy

only, wkich perhaps was sufficiently acceptable, and with two
letters from Lochiel and the Secretary, acquainting him with
the complete ruin of his atfairs.
During the absence of Macleod, Charles was cheered by a
visit from Clanranald, to whom he had sent a
message acClanquainting him with his hiding-place and his wants.
ranald, accompanied by his lady, immediately repaired to
him in his wretched retreat. " He found the youth," says
'
who had recently agitated Britain in so extraChambers,

ordinary a manner, and whose pretensions to a throne he
considered indubitable, reclining in a hovel little larger than
an English hog-stye, and perhaps more filthy his face haggard with disease, hunger, and exposui-e to the weather; and
his shirt, to use the expressive language of Dougal Graham,
as dingy as a dish-clout."
To the great satisfactien of Charles,
Clanranald brought with him some Spanish wines and otlier
as
weU
as
some
shoes and stockings, and the acprovisions,
;
'
ceptable present of haJf-a-dozen shirts.
CHAPTEE
II.
Charles removes to the Island of South Uist.

His various narrow Escapes
while resident there. Accepts the profl'ered Services of Flora Ifacdonald.
Plan for his Escape in disguise to the Isle of Skye.
Aftes
a residence of two or three

days in Benbecula,
Charles, by the advice of Clanranald, removed to a secluded
spot in the centre of the neighbouring island of South Uist,
where he was less likely to be hunted out by his pursuers,
and which, moreover, from its vicinity both to the moimtains and the sea, offered a double chance of
escape ia the
event of his retreat being discovered. Scouts were stationed
in all directions to give the earliest notice of the
approach
of an enemy a boat was
always in readiness for him to put
to sea, and guides in the event of his
being compelled to fly
to the mountains.^
The month which was passed by Charles in South Uist was
perhaps the least painful or wearisome of any period of his
;
'
History of the RebeUion of 1745-6,

=
Lockliart Papers, p. 542.
p. 96.
1'16.]
291
wanderings. Though his present habitation was only abetter

kind of hut, and though his bed consisted only of two cow-
upon four sticks, he was nevertheless well

supplied with comforts and even luxiu-ies Clanranald, and
him frequent visits and fi-om
Lady Margaret Macdonald, the wife of his former adherent
and present persecutor, Sir Alexander Macdonald of Sleat,
he received constant supplies of the newspapers of the
day.
South Uist was formerly celebrated for its abundance of
and
Charles
amused
himself
with
game,
frequently
shooting :
we are assured, indeed, that " he was very dexterous at
'
Sometimes he would vary his
shooting fowl on the -niug."
amusements by entering a small boat, and fishing with handlines along the coast.
During his stay in South Uist, an incident occurred,
hides stretched
his brother Boisdale, paid
trifling in itself, very nearly led to serious

and, moreover, as the circumstances connected with
Charles's
character for humanity and good-nature
display
\^lnch,
residts
it
though
in a very pleasing light, it may perhaps be as well to record

He had one day shot a deer, and in the evening was
assisting his chef de cuisine, Edward Burke, in preparing
it.
some collops from it, when a half-starved boy suddenly pushed in between them, and made an attempt to snatch some of
the meat out of the dish. Edward Burke immediately
struck him with the back of his hand, and probably would
have repeated the blow, had he not been stopped by the
"
Prince.
Why, man," he said, do not you remember the
Scripture, which commands us to feed the hungry and
clothe the naked ? you ought rather to give him meat than a
stripe." He then ordered some food and some old clothes to
be given to the boy, remarking, " I cannot see a Christian
perishing for want of food and raiment, if I have the power
to support him." 2 His humanity met with a very indifferent
return.
Having discovered the rank of his benefactor, the
boy sought out a large body of the Campbells, Macleods, and
Macdonalds, who were in search of the Prince, and acquainted them with his hiding-place. Eortunately, however, they
only ridiculed his story, which they regarded as an impudent
"'
falsehood.
At length the period arrived when Charles was again

compelled to change the scene of his wanderings, a step
Lockhart Papers,
p. 543.
Jacobite Memoii-s, p. 396.
THE PHETESDEES AKD THEIR ADHEEESTS.
292
[l746.
wliich was rendered absolutely necessary in consequence of

a large body of militia having; knded in search of him on the
This important information
island of Eriska.
neighbouring
was communicated to the Prince by his kind friend. Lady

Margaret 3Iacdonald, who employed a ga llan t Highland
centleman. Hugh Macdonald, of Balshair in North Uist, to
convey to him the tidings. Balshair has himself left us a
very interesting account of his mission to Charles and his
smaU
court of Gleucoradale
"
"
them before
Being a misty day." he says, I came near
thev discovered ine, which surprised them. O'SuUivan in-
me to the hut. The Prince saluted me very

he was heartily glad to see the face of
kindly, and told me
an honest man in such a remote corner. His dress was then
and
vest of the same, got from Lady
a tartan shori; coat,
troduced
his night-cap aU patched with soot-drops,

hands, and face, patched with the same ; a short kilt, tartan hose, and HighLond brogs his upper coat being English
He called for a dram, bein^ the first article of a
cloth.
he called for
Highland entertainment which being over,
There was about a haK-stone of butter laid on a
meat.
and near a leg of beef laid on a chest before us,
timber
Clanranald
his
shirt,
plate,
all
patched with
notwithstanding
soot-drops,
As soon as we had
enter the hut but Boisdale, who seemed
washed
toties quoties.
its
being
done, who should

to be a very wel-
to the Prince, as they had been together above

once before.
"
Boisdale then told him there was a party come to Barra
He asked what they were ? Boisdale
in pursuit of him.
said they were Macdonalds and ]\racleods.' He then said he
was not" the least concerned, as they were Highlanders, and
I spoke to Boisdale about lea\Tng
more especially such.
Glencoradale, as our stay there would be of dangerous conno
and
of
advantage to him. The Prince told us,
sequence,
as it was but seldom he met -with friends he could enjoy
himself with, he would not on any account part -n-ith us that
in good manners,
night. Boisdale says to me, we could not,
I replied, if he would risk staypart with him that" night.
ing himself, that I would for my part. The Prince advised
come guest
to fill the bowl 'but before we would begiu

with our bowl, Boisdale insisted on his being shaved first, and
then putting on a clean shirt, which he was importuned to
Edward Burke
PEINCE CUAELES EDWAED.
1746.]
293
do and Burke shaved him. Then we began with our bowl,

frank and free. As we were turning merry, we were turning more free. At last I started the question if his Highness would take it amiss if I should teU him the greatest
He said not. I
objections against him in Great Britain.
told him that Poper}' and arbitrary government were the two
chiefest. He said it was only bad constructions his enemies
Do you know, Mr Macdonald,' he says, what
put on it.
;
'
'
'
him I
religion of the
nation they lived in. He told me they had Kttle or no reBoisdale then told him that his predecessor,
ligion at aU.
Clanranald, had fought seven set battles for his yet, after
the Restoration, he was not owned by King Charles at court.
The Prince said, Boisdale, do n't be rubbing up old sores,
for if I came home, the case would be otherwise with me.'
I then said to him, that notwithstanding the freedom we enjoyed there with him, we coiild have no access to him if he
was settled at London and he told us then, if he had never
80 much ado, he would be one night merrj' with his Highland friends.
continued tliis drinking for three days and
He had still the better of us, and even of
three nights.
Boisdale himself, notwithstanding his being as able a bowlsman, I dare say, as any in Scotland."
Previous to his taking his departure from Glencoradale,
Chai'les despatched a letter to Lady Margaret Macdonald,
thanking her for aU the kindness he had received at her hands,
and at the same time expressing a wish that she would throw
Ms letter into the fire when she had read it. According
to the narrative of Captain Eoy Macdonald, who was the
Prince's messenger on the occasion, she rose up when he
placed the letter in her hands, and after kissing it, exclaimed,
"No, I will not burn it I will preserve it for the sake
of him who wrote it to me: and although King George's
forces should come to the house, I hope I shall find a way to
secure it." Then, stepping into a closet, she put it carefuUy
by; but, some time afterwards, when the King's troops actufearful lest a discovery of the letter
ally paid her a visit,
might give a clue to the Prince's movements, she reluctantcommitted
it
to
the
flames; an act which, as no search was
ly
religion are all the princes of
Europe of ?
imagined they were of the same established
I told
'
We
'
'
Lyon
in Mourning,
lion, p. 97.
MS. quoted
in Chambers's History of the Rebel-
THE PEETENDEBS XSD THEIE ADHEEENTS.
29-1
made
ted.
[l74ti.
for papers, she is said to have afterwards deeply regretFrom Lady Margaret Charles received, by means of
Captain Eoy Macdonald, some wearing-apparel and a purse

It was important to the Prince in his
of twenty guineas.
wanderings that he should have as much of his money in silver as possible, lest any display of gold might lead to a susAVith all her endeavours, however.
picion of his real rank.
Lady Margaret could obtain change only for a guinea and a
found
its way in those days into these
so
little
half,
money
It may be mentioned that her husband.
retired regions.
Sir Alexander, was at this period absent in the neighboiirhood of Fort AugustxTs, employed in seareliing for the Prince.
Donald Macleod informs us, that he one day asked the Prince,
should he ever "come to his own again," what he would do
îth Sir Alexander Macdonald and the Laird of Macleod.
"What would you have me do with them?" was Charles's
they not our own people stiU? Segenerous reply; "are
"
sides," he added,
jfihe King were restored, ice should be as
sure of them for friends as any other men whatsoever."^
On the 14th of June, accompanied by O'SuUivan, O'Neal,
Edward Burke, and Donald IMacleod, Charles took his leave
of Glencoradale and South Uist, but whither to proceed appears to have been the doubtful question. His pursuers had
by this time traced him to the Western Isles, and, surrounded and beset on all sides by the royal cruisers and the numerous militia-boats, the fugitive knew not where to seek
The first four nights were
shelter even for a single night.
passed by him in the little island of Wia, situated between
South Uist and Benbecula, where he was kindly received by
one Eanald Macdonald, who chanced to be there grazing his
flocks.
The two next nights were spent at a desolate spot
called Eossinish, and the following one at AikersideaUich,
near Uishnish, where Charles slept in a fissure in the rocks,
with his bonnet drawn over his eyes. In the morning the
to
fugitives again put to sea, with the intention of returning
their old quarters at Glencoradale, but, on approaching South
Dist, they found themselves close to some vessels of war.
They immediately landed in a small loch Charles and three
of his companions flying to the mountains, while the rest
busily employed themselves in concealing the boat.
It was the principal object of Charles, in returning to
;
'
PErsrcE
a746.]
295
chaeles edtvaed.
Ms
old and valued friend Boisdale,

of every place
whose
loyalty and intimate knowledge
of concealment in the Long Island rendered his assistance
South
TJist, to
faitliful
seek out
and advice of the greatest importance. It was, therefore,

with the deepest regret and disappointment, that Charles
learned that the gallant chieftain had lalleu into the hands
of the enemy. "The account of Boisdale's being a prisoner,"
savs Donald Macleod, "distT-essed the Prince and his small
retinue exceedingly much, as he was the person principally
concerned in the preservation of the Prince, and aU along
had been most careful to consult his safety in his dangers
in lamenting the
upon and about the Isles." Lady Boisdale,
husband, did not forget the dangers or discomShe sent him four bottles of brandy,
and during the three days he remained on the island suppUed
him with every comfort she could procure.
On the second day after his landing, Charles learned to
his dismay that there was a body of five hundred regular
and a half of him. It now
troops and militia within a mile
became necessary that he should part from his faithfid comas wiU subsequently be
O'Neal
in
alone,
misfortune;
panions
The seseen, remaining with him for a short time longer.
with those who had shared together
paration, as was natural
have
been
to
so many hardships and dangers, appears
deeply
Edward Burke earnestly entreated to be allowed
aifecting.
to accompany the Prince tiU he should see liim in safety, and
Macleod spoke
Bishop Forbes informs us, that when Donald
to him of the parting, "he greeted sore, and said it was a
the
rowers to be
ordered
Charles
indeed."
woeful parting
attended him, and
paid a sh illin g for each day that they had
loss of her
forts of her Prince.
also presented
Donald Macleod
^vith a
draught on his late
Mr
Hay, for sisty pistoles, which, however, the

secretary,
faithful Highlander appears to have never received.
it raise our estimate of human nature, when we
does
highly
How
any one of these simple and uneducated men, by

walking a mile and a half to the EngUsh quarters, might have
made himself master of the vast reward which was offered for
reflect that
the Prince's capture! And yet of all the numerous individuals to whom he confided his secret.ând by far the majornot one appears
ity were among the humble and indigent,
to have contemplated his betrayal.

Previous to taking leave of his companions, Charles
had
296
THE PEETENDEE3 AND THEIE ADHEEENTS.
[l74G.
arranged tbattliey should take different routes, andreassemble

at a particular place. It was not destined, however, that they
should meet again. O'Sullivan, some time afterwards, eflected
his escape on board a French cutter which made its appearO'Neal was less fortunate, for, after
an<"e ofl;' South Uist
wandering about for some time in Skye and other islands, he
was arrested in Benhecula and sent a prisoner to London.
Donald Macleod, to whom was confided the task of sinking
the boat, was taken on the 5th of July, and, though in his
a
The
sixty-eighth year, was also sent to London as prisoner.
remaining companion of Charles, Edward Burke, after wandering about North Uist for seven weeks with no other food
than tlie shell-fish which he picked up on the beach, at last
found refuge ia a smaU cave, where he was fed by a shoemaker's wife in the night. Finding himself fortunately included in the general act of grace, he subsequently returned
to Edinburgh, and some of his Jacobite admirers having contributed to purchase him a sedan-chair, he continued to follow
his original avocation for the rest of his life.
At the recommendation probably of Clanranald, Charles
had recently attached to his person one Niel Macdonald, or,
as he was more usually styled, Niel Mackechan, who will be
found playing a conspicuous part in the Prince's subsequent
wanderings. This person appears to have been a kind of tutor
in Olauranald's family, and is remarkable as having been the
father of the celebrated IMarshal Macdonald, Duke of Tarentum.
Accompanied by O'Neal and Niel Mackechan, Charles, on
taking his melancholy farewell of his other companions in
adversity, ascended the summit of the highest hill in the viHke
cinity, where he not only found a safe hiding-place, but,
his great-imcle, Charles the Second, when concealed by the
view
in
the
a
clear
of
the
he
also
obtained
oak,
plain
foUage
below of the movements of those who were sent in pursuit
of him.
Here he remained till night set in, when he commenced a toilsome and dreary march in the direction of Benbecula; Charles and O'Neal carrying their ovm scanty allowance of linen, while Niel Mackechan followed with the Prince's
fusee and pistols, besides his own gun and sword.
;
It was at this critical period in the history of the fugitive

Prince, that he was so fortunate as to obtain as a companion
and guide an interesting and beautiful girl, the celebrated
iA
Ml
JG)-KAm-
1746.]
297
PEITTCE CHAET.ES EDWAItB.
Plora Macdonald, whose name has become so intimately associated witli the Prince's romantic wanderings and escapes.
This spu-ited and noble-minded young lady was the daughter
of the late Macdonald ofBIilton; in South Tist, and since his
death had usually resided with her step-father, Hugh Macdonald of Arnadale, in the Isle of Skye. She was intimately
related to, the Clanranald family,
acquainted with, and indeed
on a visit to her brother in South Uist,
and was at
present
within three or four miles of Clanranald's seat of Orraaclade.
The circumstances under which Flora Macdonald was introduced to Charles, and which induced a young and beautiful cirl to become the companion of his wanderings and the
sharer of his dangers and almost unexampled hardships, have
never been clearly explained. It has been affirmed and the
an improbable one that her own
story is far from being
step-father,
Hugh Macdonald, though
command
in
of a com-
in secret so well disposed

towards the cause of the Stuarts, as to induce him, probably
at the instigation of Lady Margaret Macdonald, to allow his
pany of the royal
militia,
was
still
Prince's escape, and even to write

step-daughter to aid in the
a trustworthy messenger, maksurreptitiously to Charles by
Such is the account given in a
ing him the acceptable oifer.
written by one of Charles's companions
very curious narrative
and
has
in adversity, which
only recently been pubHshed,
which there is every reason to believe to be the production
Whatever the cirof his faithful follower, Niel Mackechan.
cumstances may have been, it is certaui that O'Neal (who
with
Miss
Macdonald, and
had been previously acquainted
who is said to have conceived a tender but hopeless attachment for her) was despatched on a mission to her by Charles,
with the object of inducing her either to accompany him in
his flight, or at least to concert measures for his escape. As
it appears also that they met by appointment, there can be
no doubt that she came prepared, either by her father or Lady
Margaret, to listen to O'Neal's persuasions.
The latter has himself left us an account of what took
'
This interesting narrative, which appeared in the Netc Monthly MagaNovember, 1840 (No. 239), appears to the author to bear internal
evidence of its having been written by Niel Mackechan after his return to
at
France, in which country he had been educated at the Scot's College
Prince's
Paris. It supplies a very important desideratum in the story of the
his
he
time
when
the
companions
quitted
wanderings, his proceedings from
in South TJist to his being joined by Flora Macdonald in Eenbecula.
1
zine for
298
[l746.
place at the interview, wliicli is the more curious, as we have

the authority of Bishop Forbes, that it is in accordance with
what he subsequently learnt from Flora Macdouald's ovra
mouth. " At midnight," says O'Neal, " we came to the hut,
where by good fortune we met with JMiss Flora Macdonald,
whom I formerly knew. I quitted the Prince at some distance from the hut, and went with a design to inform
myself if
the independent companies were to pass that way next
day.
The young lady answered me, No and said they were not
to pass till the day after.
Then I told her I had brought a
friend to see her and she, with some emotion, asked me if
it was the Prince.
I answered her, it was
and instantly
;
brought him in. We then considted on the imminent danger the Prince was in, and could think of no more proper
and safe expedient, than to propose to Miss Flora to convey
him to the Isle of Skye, where her mother lived. This
seemed the more feasible, as the yoimg lady's step-father,
being captain of an independent company, would accord her
a pass for herself and a servant, to go and visit her mother.
The Prince assented, and immediately proposed it to the
young lady to which she answered with the greatest respect
and loyalty, but declined it, saying, Sir Alexander Macdonald was too much her friend i'or her to be the instrument
of his ruin.
I endeavoured to obviate this, by assuring her
Sir Alexander was not in the country, and that she could,
with the greatest facility, convey the Prince to her mother's,
as she lived close by the water-side.
I then demonstrated
to her the honour and immortality that would redound to
her by such a glorious action and she at length acquiesced,
after the Prince had told her the sense he would
always retain of so conspicuous a service.
She promised to acquaint
us next day, when things were ripe for execution, and we
parted for the mountains of Coradale."
On approaching Benbecula, Niel Mackechan, having seen
the Prince and O'Neal concealed safely among the rocks,
proceeded to meet Flora Macdonald, in order to arrange
with her the details of the Prince's flight. To his
dismay,
however, when he reached the narrow ford which separates
Benbecula and South Uist, he found himself in the midst of
a large number of the Skye militia, who were maintaining a
'
strict
guard over the
ford,
being drawn up in a line at the
distance of about a gun-shot of one another.
It
was now
PEINCE CHABLES EDTVAED.
1746.]
299
evident that the pursuers of the unfortunate Prince had

traced him to South Uist, and were resorting to every possible expedient to prevent his escape.
The orders of the
were on no account to allovr any one to pass, without

carrying him before their commanding officer. Accordingly, Niel was brought to the guard-house, where, to his
astonishment, he found Flora Macdonald and her maid, who,
militia
first
being unfortunately unprovided with passports, had also

been detained in custody.
The indefatigable and noble-minded girl had already arranged with Lady Clanranald, through the medium of a
trustworthy messenger, the means by which the Prince's
small boat had been secured
escape was to be eflected.
him from
Benbecvila, and it was further settled,

that he should be disguised in female attire, and, under the
name of Betty Burke, act the part of maid to Miss MacThe latter, accordingly, was on her way .to Lady
donald.
Clani'anald's house, in order to get ready the necessary
articles for completing the Prince's disguise, when she was
taken prisoner by the militia. Her first inquiry was as to
the name of the ofiicer in command of the detachment, when,
to her great satisfaction, she learned that it was her own
to carry
stepfather, Macdonald of Armadale, Tv-ho, she was told, was

absent at present, and would not return till the following
morning. Though compelled to pass the night in the guardhouse, she determined to await his revurn, and was rewarded
by obtaining from him passports for herself, Niel Mackechan,
and Betty Burke. He also furnished her with a letter to
her mother, recommending her to take the latter into her
service, in the event of her proving as dexterous a spinster
as their daughter described her.'
Having received Miss Macdonald's directions to convey
the Prince without delay to Eosshiness, where, she added,
she would speedily join them with the clothes and provisions
which were necessary for their expedition, Niel made the
'
" I have sent
The letter was as follows
your daughter from this
country, least she should be any way friojhtened with the troops lying
here.
She has got one Betty Burke, an Irish girl, who, as she tells me, is
a
good spinster. If her spinning pleases you, you may keep her tiU she
:
spins all your lint
or, if
you have any wool
to spin,
you may employ her.
I have sent Niel Mackechan

along with your daughter and Betty Burke, to
take care of them.
I am your dutiful husband,
Hugh Macdonald."
THE PEETETTDEHS
300
A>'D
THEIE ADIIEEESTS.
[l746.
best of his way back to Charles, whom he found still conAs

cealed in his wretched hiding-place among the rocks.
the vigilance of the militia would have rendered it an act of
madness to attempt to pass the fords, their only hope of
To obtain a boat
escape lay in reaching Benbecula by -sea.
appeared almost an impossibility, when fortunately they perceived a small fishing yawl, and easily prevailed upon the
crew to land them upon the nearest rocks. They had before
them a long and painful walk to Eosshiness over a desolate
moor the rain by this time was descending in torrents a,
cold and piercing wind blew directly in their teeth and, to
add to their discomforts, they had no means of obta inin g a
mouthful of food. About the middle of the day, Charles,
who had tasted nothing since the preceding evening, was so
exhausted by hunger and fatigue as scarcely to be able to
walk.
Fortunately, however, when his miseries were at their
and having repreheight, they came to a smaU habitation,
sented themselves as unfortunate Irish gentlemen who had
;
from Culloden, they were welcomed by

the kind-hearted inhabitants vrith the best fare which the
wretched hovel could afford. After resting themselves a
short time, they again set out in the direction of Eosshiness,
and about five o'clock found themselves within three mUes of
As it would have been hazardous for them to
that village.
approach nearer to it by daylight, Charles, who is described
as shivering all the time from the cold and wet, lay himself
down to rest among the high heather, which was all the
AVhen night set in, they
shelter he had from the storm.
again proceeded on their way the wind and rain stiU beatthe
night being so dark, that
ing violentlv in their faces, and
they could not see three yards before them. Another source
of discomfort, in the Prince's fatigued state, was the depth
and shpperiness of the mire. He fell or shpped at almost
his
every step he took, and frequently lost one or other of
effected their escape
companions had great difficulty in recovering.

approaching the hovel which had been fiied upon as
the meeting-place between Charles and Flora Macdonald,
Kiel left the Prince and O'Xeal at some distance off, while
he himself went forward to ascertain if the coast were clear.
To his dismay, however, he learned that twenty of the Skye
militia had landed two days before, and that they were actushoes, wliich his
On
ally in a tent -n-ithin a quarter of a niUe
from the hut.
On
174G.]
PEINCE CHAHI/ES EDWAED.
301
hearing these unpleasant tidings, Charles appeared to he almost broken-hearted. He obtained shelter, indeed, from the
storm for two or three hours but as the militia visited tbe
hut every morning for the purpose of procuring milk, the
unfortunate Prince was obliged to be hurried off before daybreak to the rocks by the sea-shore, where he remained con"
cealed in a small cave during the rest of the morning.
It
is almost inexpressible,"
says the narrative attributed to
"
Mackechan, what torment the Prince suflered under that
unhappy rock, which had neither height nor breadth to
cover him from the rain which poured down upon him so
thick as if all the vrindows of heaven had broke
open, and, to
complete his tortures, there lay such a swarm of mitches upon
his face and hands as would have made any other but himself
faU into despair, which, notwithstanding his incomparable
patience, made him utter such hideous cries and complaints
as would have rent the rocks with compassion.
Niel, who
stood all this time beside him, could be of no more service to
him than to let run to the ground the rain which stagnated
in the lurks of the plaid wherein he lay wrapped.
In this
miserable condition he continued for about three hours, till
their faithful scout came for the last time and told them
they
might return to the house, for that the militia was gone.
Niel helped him to his feet, and they marched away to the
house, where the good dairy-maid took care to make a rousing
"
"
"
fire for their
coming." The faithful scout and the good
"
dairy-maid were the same person. Resisting the splendid
temptation of a bribe of thirty thousand pounds, which she
might so easily have obtained by communicating the Prince's
secret to the militia, she visited him as frequently as she could
in the course of the morning, for the purpose of bringing him
food, and giving him intelligence of the movements of his
enemies.
Thus, almost within hearing of the voices of his persecutors, did Charles pass two miserable days and nights sometimes, indeed, enjoying warmth and shelter in the hospitable
hut, but at another moment hurried off to some wretched
His anxiety for the arhiding-place in the neighbourhood.
rival of Flora Macdonald, who had been
unavoidably detained
by the difficulty which she found in procuring the necessary
;
articles for effecting his disguise, was naturally great ; indeed,

suspense at length became so unbearable, that in order to
ascertain the worst, he determined
on sending O'Neal
to her,
302
THE PEETENDEES AND THEIR ADHEEEffTS.
[17-10.
"
who, we are told, was mighty well pleased to be intrusted
with that embassy
not so much to further the Prince's
attairs as to be in company with Miss Plora, for whom he
;
professed a gi'eat deal of kindness at that time."

At length, on the third day after his arrival in the neighbom-hood of Eosshiuess, Charles, to his indescribable joy, was
informed that the faithfid Flora, accompanied by Lady Clanranald, was approaching by sea.
Forgetting his danger in
his gallantry and delight, he immediately proceeded to the
landing-place, and having handed the ladies from their boat,
gave Lady Clanranald his arm to the small hut, whOe O'Neal
performed the honom-s to Flora Macdonald. The latter
afterwards informed Dr Biu-tou of York that the Prince himself assisted in cooking their dinner, which consisted of the
heart, liver, and kidneys, either of a bidlock or a sheep, and
which were roasted on a wooden
spit.
They all, she said,
dined very heartily, she herself sitting on the Prince's right
hand, and Lady Clanranald on his left.' Wben one of the
party expressed their deep concern at the Prince's altered
"
It would be
fortunes, and his present miserable condition,
well for all kings," he said \\*ith a smile, " if they could pass
the
same
ordeal
of
and
through
privations which
hardships
it has been
my lot to undergo."
AVhile they were still seated at table, a servant arrived
out of breath, vnth the alarming tidings that General Campbell had landed in the neighbourhood with a large body of
troops; and, shortly afterwards, the news came that a Captain Ferguson, with an advanced party, was within two miles
of them, on his way to Lady Clanranald's seat at Ormaclade.
In consequence of
this information,
Lady
Clani-anald
deemed
prudent to retui'n to her own house, where she afterwards

strict examination from Ferguson, who,
however, coidd elicit nothing more satisfactory from her than
that she had been absent on a visit to a sick child. She was
subsequently taken into custody, together with her husband,
and carried to London, where she remained a prisoner till
released in the month of June, 1747.
On the departure of Lady Clanranald, Flora Macdonald
desired Charles to dress himself in his new attire, which we
are told consisted of "a flowered linen gown, a light-coloured
quilted petticoat, a white apron, and a mantle of dun camlet,
made after the Irish fashion, with a hood." His disguise, it
it
had to undergo a
'
303
PRINCE CHAELES EDWAED.
1746.]
is added, was completed "not without some mirth and raillery

and a mixture
passiag amidst all their distress and perplexity,
of tears and smUes."'
Before setting out, Charles took leave of O'Neal, who earnto be allowed to remain with him, but to this
estly entreated
Miss Maedonald would on no account consent. With Niel

Mackechan, therefore, for their guide, they proceeded along
the coast to the spot where their boat was waiting for them,
which they at length reached extremely wet and fatigiied.
As it would have been dangerous for them to sail before night
set m, they lighted a fire among the rocks, which, however,
to extinguish in eonthey were shortly afterwards compelled
towards the shore.
sequence of the approach of some wherries
were
unperceived by any on board, and the
Fortunately they
wherries sailed to the southward without stopping, passing,
however, Tsathin a gun-shot of the spot where Charles and
his
companions lay concealed among the heather.
CHAPTEE
III.
Critical Situation of the Fugitives in an open Boat. They reach the Isle of
Various Expedients for keeping up the Prince's Disguise. Enter-
Skye.
tained hy
Mr
Arrest of
(Maedonald)
Charles proceeds Kingsburgh
Raasay. Parts with
and Mrs Maedonald.
for harbouring the Prince.
to
Flora Maedonald.
Ok
the 28th of June, at eight o'clock in the evening,

MackeCharles, accompanied by Flora Maedonald and Niel
chan, embarked on board the small boat which his friends
and
was
calm
at
first
weather
The
for
him.
had procured
favourable, but in the course of the night, after they had advanced some distance from the shore, a storm arose, and they
were for some time in imminent danger. Perceiving that
not only his fair companion, but that the boatmen also were
"at their situation, Charles did his best to raise their
uneasy
and singing
sinking spirits, by telling them cheerful stories,
ballads, and among others sang them the lively old
song called "The Eestoration."
The storm died away before morning, and shortly before
found themselves close to the point of Water-
them gay
daybreak they
'
Lockhart Papers,
p.
545.
301
nisli.
[l"46.
on the western coast of the Isle of Skye.
They were
when they sud-
about to land at this usually deserted place,

denly perceived that it was in the possession of the militia,
who had three boats dra^vn up on the shore though fortunately they were witliout oars. The rowers in the Prince's
little vessel immediately pulled away from the shore with
their utmost force; the soldiers at the same time raising their
muskets, and shoutincj out to them to land, or thev would
The situation of the fugitives was, at this period, an
fire.
extremely critical one; for, not only had they to fear the fire
of the militia, but there were also several of the royal cruisers
within sight, and consequently escape appeared almost imHeedless, however, of the threats of the solpracticable.
diers, and of the bullets, which presently afterwards whistled
over their heads, Charles incited the boatmen to renewed
exertions, telling them "not to fear the villains." Straining
;
every nerve, they assured him unanimously that they had

"no fear for themselves, but only for him," to which he re"Oh! no fear for me."'
plied with the greatest cheerfulness,
His nest thought was for his fair companion, whom he earnentreated
to
lie down at the bottom of the boat to
estly
protect her from the bullets: she generously, however, insisted
that his preservation was of greater importance than hers,
and positively refused to obey him unless he followed her
example, which with some difficulty he was induced to do.
The weather was now propitious, and as they proceeded on

their voyage over the calm waters. Flora Macdonald, exhausted by the fatigues which she had undergone, fell asleep at
the bot'tom of the boat. Charles, who, during their wanderings, appears to have taken the deepest interest ia her, and
to have consulted her slightest wish, remained seated beside
her, and, while watching her slumbers, displayed the greatest anxiety lest she should be disturbed by any
unnecessary
noise on the part of the rude mariners.

After rowing about twelve miles farther, the little party
landed at Kilbride, in the island of Skye, within a short distance of Mugstat. the seat of the Prince's enemy. Sir Alexander Macdonald, who, as has been already mentioned, was
at present absent on duty at Fort Augustus. Leaving Charles
on the beach. Flora Macdonald. accompanied by Xiel itackechan, proceeded to wait on Lady Margaret Macdonald, and
'
Luckhart Papers,
p. 546.
PRINCE CHAELES EDWAED.
1746.]
305
to acquaint her that the prince was in the neighbourhood.

It happened that one of the guests of Lady INIargaret was a
Ijieutenant Macleod, who commanded a small detachment of
militia which was quartered in the immediate neighbourhood,
and who had at present three or four of his men with him in
the house. With the presence of mind, however, which never
appears to have failed her. Flora Macdonald answered with
he utmost composure the numerous questions which he put

and subsequently they conversed together at dinner
in the most amicable maimer possible, \vithout the suspicions
r.f the militia officer
being iu the least degree aroused.
There was another guest of Lady Margaret Macdonald,
a devoted and noble-minded old man, Alexander Macdonald
of Kingsburgh, who acted as factor to the absent chieftain,
and whom Flora Macdonald well knew to be a wai-m adherent
of theesiledfamily. Finding some difficulty apparently in communicating with Lady Margaret, she seized an opportunity
of confiding her secret to Kingsburgh, desiring that he would
apprize their hostess as soon as possible of the Prince's critical situation.
Accordingly, proceeding to another apartment, Kingsburgh sent for Lady Margaret, whose alarm was
so gi-eat on learn in g the tidings, that, in the excitement and
anguish of the moment, she gave a loud scream, exclaiming
that she and her family were ruined for ever.
It was not
without considerable difficulty that Kingsburgh succeeded in
her
for
his
be
he was an
said,
apprehensions
part,
allaying
old man, and was quite willing to take the hunted Prince to
t
tu her,
his
own house
he had but one
life
to lose,
and
it
mattered
him whether he died with a halter round his neck,

or whether he awaited a natui-al death, which, in the common
course of nature, could not be far distant.
Subsequently, by the advice of Kingsburgh, Lady Margaret sent a messenger for Donald Eoy, who, having been
wounded in the foot at the battle of Culloden, was at present
residing in a surgeon's house about two miles oft", in the hopes
of being cured.
This person has himself lei't us an interesting narrative of what subsequently occurred. On approachhe
found
ing Mugstat,
Lady IMargaret and Kingsburgh holding an earnest conversation together in the garden. "When
he came near," he says in his narrative, "he dismounted, and
Lady Margaret, upon seeing him, stepped aside from Kingsburgh to speak with him, spreading out her hands, and saylittle to
TDK PEETENDERS AND THEIE ADHEBENTS.
306
'O Donald Eoy, we are ruined
[l74,
"
After much
discussion the three councillors at length came to the unanithe
best
means
for
the
Prince's
mous conclusion, that
uisuring
ing,
for ever!'
safety was to convey hmi that night to Portree, by way of

Kingsburgh, and thence by water to the opposite island of
Eaasay. Macleod of Eaasay, to whom the island belonged,
had served in the Jacobite army at the battle of Culloden;

and from his enthusiastic character, the Prince's advisers were
well assiu'cd that he would too gladly otl'er the royal wanderer
an asylum iu his own house, or, in the event of its being
visited by the royal forces, in any of the numerous hidingplaces which the island afl'orded.
Having come to this determination, Donald Eoy proceeded
to tind out the young Laird of Eaasay, in order to prepare
him to receive the Prince for his guest, while Niel Mackechan was at the same time despatched to Charles, for the
From
puj'pose of conducting him to a more retired spot.
Niel Charles learned the natui-e of the precautious which had
been taken for his safety with the additional information
that he might shortly expect to be joined by Kingsbui-gh,
who had been selected to be his guide to Portree.
Carrying with him a bottle of wine, a tumbler, and some bis;
cuits,
Kingsburgh proceeded to
find out the Prince's hiding-
place, which with some difficulty he discovered. During his

search, perceiving some sheep flying from a particidar spot,
as if terrified by the presence of a human being, he proceeded
towards it, and found himself suddenly confronted by Charles

in his female attire. The imfortimate Prince, suspecting perhaps that he was betrayed, advanced towards him with a
thick stick iu his hand, and iuquii'ed of him in a stern manner whether he was Mr Macdonald of Kingsburgh. Being
answered in the afllrmative, he appeared satisfied, and expressed a wish that they should immediately commence their
journey. Kingsburgh, however, persuaded him to take soDie
refreshment before he set out, and having spread their light
repast on a piece of table rock, Charles, who seems to have
enjoyed it extremely, entered into familiar conversation with
his new companion, and di-ank gaily to his health. AVe have
already mentioned more than one instance during the wanderings of Charles, iu which he intimated by some cursory
remark that he believed himself to be imder the especial
guidance and protection of Providence. On the present ocea-
1746.]
Bion, Tvhen Kingsburgli
307
was by
happened
mere accident that he had visited Mugstat that day, and that
"
he could recall no motive for his having done so,
I will
tell
you the cause,"
to observe that
said Charles,
it
"
Providence sent you
there to take care of me."
As soon as Jliss Macdonald could rise from table without

exciting suspicion, she took a formal leave of Lady Margaret,
who affected to part with her with the greatest reluctance.
"When you were last here," she said, "you promised that
the next time you came you would pay me a long visit."
great many entreaties and remonstrances followed; but Miss
Macdonald, to use her own words, "desired to be excused at
that time, because she wanted to see her mother, and be at
home in these troublesome times,"' Lady ]Margaret at length
gave her consent to her departure, adding that slie should
certainly lay an embargo on her the next time she visited
Mugstat, and compel her to pay a longer visit.
The companions of Flora Macdonald duringher journey to
Kingsburgh were Niel Mackeehan, Mrs JMacdonald of Kirkibost, and two servants, the whole party riding on horseback.
They soon overtook the Prince and his companion, whom
they passed in a brisk trot Miss Macdonald urging them to
increased speed, in hopes that the Prince might thus escape
;
His strange appearance, however, and masculine gait immediately attracted the notice of MissMacdonald's
maid. "I think," she said, "I never saw such an impudentlooking woman as Kingsburgh is walking with: I dare say
she is either an Irishwoman, or a man in woman's clothes
see what long strides the jade takes, and how awkwardly she
manages her petticoats." Miss Macdonald did her best to
avert her suspicions, saying that she knew her to be an
Irishwoman, for she had seen her before. Charles, indeed,
appears to have supported his assimied character with more
awkwardness than might have been expected from his natural
tact and graceful person. His strides were unnaturally long
for a woman, and in fording a smaU brook which ran across
the road, he held uj) his petticoats so improperly high as to
induce Kingsburgh to remonstrate with him on the subject.
He promised faithfully to be more careful in future, but in
crossing the next brook he fell into the opposite extreme, by
allowing his clothes to float upon the water. Kingsburgh
observation.
'

X 2
THE PEETENDEES AND THEIE ADHEHENT3.
308
[1746.
greatly alarmed, and therefore quitting the rePrince over the hills to his oivn house,
gular road, he led the
where they arrived, drenched to the skin, about eleven o'clock
at night on the 20th of Jiuie. When they entered the house,
now became
they found that ]Miss Macdonald and her companions had also
made their appearance.
Leading Charles into the haU, Kingsburgh sent up a
servant to his wife, desiriag her to inform her mistress that
he had arrived with some guests, and that they were greatly
Mrs Macdonald, however (or, as
in want of refreshment.
she was usually styled. Lady Kingsburgh), had already retired
and
to rest,
being unwilliug to be disturbed, she sent her
with a request that
apologies to her husband and his guests,
the latter woidd make themselves welcome to whatever was
in the house. Just at this moment, her daughter, a little girl
of seven years old, ran into the room, and exclaimed in a
voice of fright and surprise that her father had brought home
the most "odd, muckle, ill-shaken-up wife she had ever seen,
and had taken her iuto the hall too." Kingsburgh himself
in a hiu-ried
shortly afterwards made his appearance, and
and mysterious manner desired his wife to rise without delay,
and attend to the comforts of their guests.
Though little imagining that the Prince was her guest,
sententious manner, Mrs Macdonald
yet, from Kingsbiu-gh's
seems to have suspected that her husband had brought home
with him some person of rank and importance, who had been
Accordingly, having
deeply implicated in the late troubles.
risen from bed, she sent down her little girl to the haU for
her keys; but the latter soon came nnining back to the
apartment more alarmed than before. She coidd not go ia
for the keys, she said, for tlie "muckle woman" was walking
up and down the hall, and she was afraid of her; and accord-
just
ingly
Mrs Macdonald was compelled
to go
and fetch them
herself.
When
she entered the apartment, Charles was seated at

the end of it. He immediately rose and saluted her, and she
was not a little surprised and alarmed when she felt a man's
rough beard brushing her cheek. Not a word was exchanged
between tliem but her suspicions were now coutirmed, and
hastening to her husband, she expressed her conviction that
;
the pretended female was some unfortunate gentleman who

had escaped fi'om CuUoden, and inquired whether he had
1746.]
309
"
brought any tidings of the Prince ?

My dear," said
Kings"
burgh, taking both his wife's hands in his own, it is the
"
"
The Prince
she exclaimed in the greatPrince himself."
"
then we are all ruined we shall all be hanged
"
now!"
Kêver mind," he replied, we can die but once;
and if we are hanged for this, we shall die in a good cause,
in performing an act of humanity and charity." He then
desired her to get ready as soon as possible some eggs, butter, and cheese, and whatever else the house aflbrded. "Eggs,
butter, and cheese!" she exclaimed, "what a supper is that
"
"
for a Prince ?
Wife," he replied, "you little know how
he has fared of late our supper will be a feast to him besides, if we were to make it a formal meal, it would rouse the
suspicions of the servants, and you must therefore make haste
with what you can get, and come to supper yourself." To
this latter proposal Lady Kiugsburgh made a fresh objection
"
Me come to supper !" she exclaimed, " I ken naething how
"
Tou must come," replied her
to behave before Majesty."
husband ; " for the Prince would not eat a bit without you,
and he is so obliging and easy in conversation that you will
find it no difEcult matter to behave before him."
At supper Charles sat with Flora Macdonald on his right
est terror
"
hand, and Lady Kingsburgh on his left. He appeared in ex"

cellent spirits, and made a plentiful supper
eating," we
"
are told,
four eggs, some collips, and bread and butter, and
drinking two bottles of beer." He then called for a bumper
of brandy, and drank joyously to "the health and prosperity
of his landlord and landlady, and better times to them all."
After supper he produced a smaU pipe, the only one which
he ever made use of, which is described as ha\Tng been " as
black as ink, and worn or broken to the very stump." He
had suiFered much, he said, from tooth-ache during his
wanderings, and tobacco usually alleviated the pain.
After Lady Kingsburgh and Flora Macdonald had retired,
;
Kingsburgh made some punch
in a
smaU China bowl, which
"was several times replenished in the course of the evening.

At length, it being three o'clock in the morning, Kingsburgli
reminded the Prince how important it was that he should rise

early on the following day, and earnestly entreated him to
retire to rest. Charles, however, notwithstanding his fatigues,
and the length of time which had elapsed since he had enjoyed
the luxury of a bed, was so dehghted vdth the conversation
310
[l746.
of his Tvarm-bearted host, and with his excellent punch, that

he insisted on having another bowl. Kingsburgh now became positive in his turn, and even rose to put away the bowl.
Charles, however, stiU good-humouredly, though pertinacidemanded a fresh supply, and in attempting to snatch
the bowl from Kingsburgh's hands, it was broken into two
ously,
the Prince
pieces. The dispute was by this means settled, and
no longer insisted on sitting up.
"
To use Charles's own words, he had almost forgotten
what a bed was," and so grateful was the luxury, that though
he seldom rested more that four or five hours, yet on this
occasion he slept for ten his considerate liost, notwithstanding the remonstrances of ]\Iiss Macdonald, refusing to allow
him to be disturbed till one o'clock on the following day.
Although it had been decided that he should resume his male
attire, yet, in order that the servants at Kingsburgh should
be kept in ignorance of his next disguise, it was determined
that he should quit the house in the same costume in which
he had entered. As soon as he had dressed himself, Lady
Kingsburgh and Flora Macdonald were summoned to his
apartment to put on his cap and apron, and to dress his head.
Tiie former afterwards told her friends that he laughed heartily
during the process, with the same glee as if he had been put"
Oh, Miss," he
ting on women's clothes merely for a frolic.
"
said to Flora Macdonald,
you have forgotten my apron
give me an apron, for it is a principal part of my dress."
Before Miss jNIacdonald put on his cap, Lady Kingsburgh
spoke to her in Gaelic to ask the Prince for a lock of his
hair.
She declined doing so, but on Charles inquiring what
they were talking of, she mentioned Lady Kingsburgh's reHe immediately laid his head on the lap of his fair
quest.
preserver, and told her to cut off as much as she pleased.
She severed a lock, half of which she presented to Lady
Kingsburgh, and the rest she kept herseli'.
From Kingsburgh Charles obtained the acceptable present
of a pair of new shoes. Taking up the old pair which Charles
;
had
east off, Kingsburgh tied them together, and hung them

carefully on a peg, remarking that they might yet stand him
in good stead.
The Prince inquiring of him the meaning of
his words,
"Why," he said, "when you are fairly settled to
St James's, I shall introduce myself by shaking these shoes
at you, to put
you in mind of your night's entertainment
1740.]
311
md
protection under my roof." These relics of the Prince's

.vanderings were preserved with religious care hy Kiugsburgh
IS long as he lived, and after his death were cut to pieces,
md given from time to time by his family to their Jacobite
"
[riends.
It is in the recollection of one of his descendants,"
" that
Jacobite ladies often took away the
jays Chambers,
nieces they got in their
bosoms."
'
for all her kindness,

accepted from her a small "mull," or suuft-box, as a
'keepsake," he proceeded, under the guidance of his host
md Flora Macdonald, in the direction of Porti-ee, where he
loped to find a boat in readiness to convey him to Eaasay.
iVs soon as he had
quitted the house, Lady Kingsburgh
iscended to his bed-room, and taking the sheets which he liad
ised from the bed, declared that they should never again be
ised or washed during her life, and should serve as her windng-sheet when she was dead. She subsequently was induced
ô
give one of them to Flora Macdonald, who carried it with
ler to America, and, agi-eeably with her dying wish, it was
trapped round her in the grave.
Having advanced to a safe distance from Kingsburgh,
Uharles entered a wood, where he changed his female attire
or a Highland di-ess. He then took an affectionate leave of
tCingsburgh, who, as well as himself, shed tears at jjarting.
kVliile they were bidding each other adieu, a few drops of
)lood fell from the Prince's nose, which alarmed Kiugsburgh
or a moment, but Charles assured him that such was always
;he case when he parted from those who were dear to him.
Saving parted from Kingsburgh, the wanderer, attended by
Sîel Mackechan, and with a
boy for their guide, again set
)ut on his journey, leaving Flora Macdonald to proceed to
i'ortree by a different roiite. The clothes which he had taken
)ff were hidden
by Kingsburgli in a bush. He subsequently
eraoved them to his ovâi house, but from fear of their being
liscovered by the militia, he was induced to burn the whole
"
The preservation of the gown," says
except the gown.
Having thanked Lady Kingsburgh
md
Jhambers, "was owing to his daughter, who insisted on keepag it as a reUe of their Prince, and because it was a pretty
>attern. A Jacobite manufacturer, of the name of Carmichael,
'
This
is
much more
probable account than that given by Boswell, in

Eingsburgh's death, "a zealous Jacob-
is tour to the Hebrides, that after

,e
gentleman gave twenty guineas
for
them."
313
TUE PEETENDEHS ASD THEIR ADHERENTS.
at Leith, afterwards got a pattern
made from
it,
[l746.
and sold an
immense quantity of
cloth, precisely similar ui appearance,

to the loyal ladies of Scotland."
For the protection which Kingsburgh aftbrded the unfortunate Prince, he was made to sufl'er severely.
few days
after the departure of Charles from his house, he was arrested
and sent to Fort Augustus, where he was throwoi into a dun-
geon and loaded with irons. During one of the examinations

which he underwent, he was reminded by Sir Everard Pawkener of the " noble opportunity" he had lost of malting his
own fortune and that of his family for ever. " Had I gold
and silver," was the reply of the fine old man, " piled heaps
upon heaps to the bulk of yon huge mountain, that mass
could not afford me half the satisfaction I find in my own

breast from doing what I have done." Again, when an officer
of rank inquired of him if he should know the Pretender's
head if he saw it ? " I should know the liead," he said, "very
"
But what," said the ofwell, if it were on his shoulders."
"
if the head be not on the shoulders: do
ficer,
you think you
"
should know it in that ease?"In that case," replied Kingsburgh, "I \vill not pretend to know anything about it." From
Fort Augustus he was removed to Edinbui-gh Castle, where

he was kept in close confinement till released by the act of
grace on the 4th of July, 1747. His death took place on the
13th of February, 1772, in his eighty-fourth year.
It has already been mentioned, that Donald
Koy had been
despatched in search of young Macleod, of Eaasay, in order
to prepare him to receive a visit from Charles in that island.
Without waiting to connniuiicate with his father, who was
concealed in Ivuoydart, in Glengarry's country, the
chieftain proposed that the Prince shoidd
immediately
be brought to the island, where he might at least remain till
could
communicate
with
and
ascertain
himself,
they
Eaasay
his advice as to what was most expedient to be done. Their
lying
young
great diffietilty consisted in procuring a boat, in which to

convey the Prince from Portree. It might have been fatal
to confide in the common boatmen of that place, and, moreover, all the boats of the island had been carried oft' by the
military with the exception of two, which belonged to Malcobn Macleod, a cousin of yoimg Kaasay, and which he had
concealed they
Such was
knew not where.

when
their dilemma,
a younger brother of young
313
PEISCE CHARLES ED'WAED.
1746.]
from
Eaasay, who was in the house at the tinip, recovering
the wounds which he had received at CuUoden, called to
mind a small boat which was kept on a fresh-water lake in
the neighbourhood. "With the aid of some women, and by
the greatest exertions, the boat in question was dragged over
the intervening country, consisting chiefly of bogs and prethe coast. There was some danger in putting to
cipices, to
sea in so fragile a vessel, but the gallant brothers had their
hearts in the enterprise, and accordingly determined on proceeding at once to Eaasay, in hopes of finding out their couhis
sin, Malcolm Macleod, and obtaining from him one of
larger
and more serviceable
boats.
Fortunately, almost the first person whom they encountered on their lauding was Malcolm himself, who had fought
under the Prince's banner at CuUoden, and was de\otedly
attached to his cause. With the greatest alacrity, be got
ready one of his boats, and at the same time procured the
two sturdy boatmen, John M'Kenzie and Donald

M'Friar, who had also served in the Jacobite ai-my. It was
Malcolm INIacleod, who was an older and more
of
the advice
that as his cousin,
cautious man than the two brothers,
young Eaasay, had hitherto taken no part in the insurrection,
services of
and was consequently at present under no fear of the Government, he should on no account accompany them on their exand myself," he said, "we are alpedition. "As to Murdoch
ready so deeply implicated, that it matters little to us if we

are plunged stiU deeper in the mire."
Toung Eaasay,
however, positively refused to be left behind, adding with an
if
it
cost
him
fortime
and his Ufe.
would
his
he
that
oath,
go
"
In God's name,
rinding him obstinate in his resolution,
then," said Malcolm, "let us proceed." The boatmen, however, now became refractory, positively refusing to move an
As aroar till thev were informed where they were going.
gument would have been useless, they were sworn to secrecy
and they were no sooner assured that they were engaged to
aid in the escape of their beloved Prince, than they displayed
scarcely less delight and alacrity than their employers. After
a short voyage of three miles, they lauded within half a mile
of Portree.
might have excited suspicion if the whole party had

shore, Donald Eoy proceeded alone to the only
pubhc-house which the place boasted, leaving young Eaasay
As
it
come on
THE PRETENDERS AND THEIE ADHERENTS.
314
[l716.
brother, and Malcolm IMacleod, in the boat. He had

waited but a short time, when he was joined by Flora Maedonald, who informed him that Charles was approaching, and
in about half an hour the Prince himself made his
appearance.
and
liis
"He no sooner entered the house," says Donald Eoy in his

interesting narrative, "than he asked if a dram could be got
there; the rain poiu-ing down from his clothes, be having on
a plaid Tvithout breeches, trews, or even phiUbeg. Before he
sat down, be got his dj-am, and then the
company desired
him to shift, and put on a dry shirt. He refused to shift, as
Miss Flora Macdonald was in the room; but the captain'
and Niel Mackecban told him it was not a time to stand upon
ceremonies, and prevailed upon him to put on a dry shirt."
When Donald Roy expressed his concern that the Prince
should have had to encounter such disagreeable weather,
Charles replied,' "I am more sorry that our lady" (for so

be used to style his fair companion) " should have been ex"^
posed to such an evening.
Having partaken of a hearty dinner, consisting of" butter,
bread, cheese, and roasted fish," Charles called for some tobacco, for which the landlord charged him fourpence-halfThe Prince gave him sixpence in payment, not intendpenny.
ing to take the change but Donald Eoy desired him to bring
it, telling Charles that in his present situation he knew not
how soon " the bawbees might be useful to him." As the
room in which they sat was common to aU comers, Donald
Eoy more than once urged the Prince to depart. As soon,
therefore, as the three,
Charles, Donald Eoy, and Niel Machad finished a bottle of whiskey between them,
kechan,
Charles called for the bill, and baring given the landlord a
He then asked for
guinea, received the diflerence in silver.
change for another guinea, but the landlord had only eleven
shi in gs left in the house, which the Prince seemed inclined
to take in lieu of his guinea
but Donald Eoy checked
him, telling him that it might tend to excite suspicion of
;
his real rank.
From
the Macdonalds, notwithstanding the hostility of

their recreant chieftain, Charles had experienced so much
kindness and fidelity, that he expressed the greatest reluctance to part with Donald Eoy, and made use of
ment and entreaty

'
to induce
Donald Roy.
him
'
to
every arguto Eaa-
accompany him
PEINCE CHAELES EDTVAliD.
1716.]
As
315
he had a Maedonald with him, he

say.
should feel himself safe. Donald Roy, however, resisted his
importunities insisting that he would be of more service to
him bv remaining in Skye, and added, that the wound in hia
foot rendered him incapable of travelling, except on horseback, which would attract more attention than would be
long, he
said, as
convenient or
safe.
The moment had now arrived when Charles was forced to

separate from his fair and generous presen'er. Flora Maedonald.
Before parting from her, he reminded her that he
owed her a crown which he had borrowed of her, but she

told him it was only half-a-crown, which he returned her
He then bade her an affectionate farewell,

"
For all that has happened, I
and saluted her, saying
shaU meet in St James's yet." Within
we
hope. Madam,
ten days from this time the noble-minded girl was taken
into custody, and sent to London in order to be dealt with as
with thanks.
the Government might deem proper her adventures are of

At Portree,
sufficient interest to claim a separate Memoir.
also, Charles took leave of his faithful companion, Niel
Mackechan, who it was decided shoidd accompany Flora
IMacdonald to her mother's house at Armadale. Mackechan
:
subsequently effected his escape to France, where he x-ejoined the Prince.

Shortly after quitting the public-house, Donald Eoy, happening to look back, perceived the landlord standing at his
door watching them and in order therefore to deceive him,
they were compelled to proceed to the shore by a circuitous
It appears that this person had conceived some susroute.
real rank, for when Donald Eoy repicion of the Prince's
entered the house, he began to question him on the subject :
the other, however, replied, with apparent unconcern, that
;
was only an Irish Jacobite, a Sir John Maedonald, who

had been hiding among his friends in Skye, and who was
now on his way to the Continent. This intelligence satisfied
it
the inquisitive landlord, who, however, remarked, that he

had at first entertained a strong suspicion that it was the
"
he had somethiag about him that looked very
Prince, for
noble.'"
On the 1st of July, after a passage of ten miles, Charles
landed at a spot called Glam, in the island of Eaasay. He
'
Jncobite Memoirs, p. 456.
316
TUE PRETENDEES AND THEIR ADHEBENTS.
[l746.
at other times spoke of

slept a little during the voyage, and
his misfortunes, and of the kindness of those in whom he had
He looked upon those, he
confided during his wanderings.
said, as his true friends, who had shown their friendship for
in adversity, and he trusted that none of them woidd
have cause to repent the good service they had done him.
He still hoped, he added, to end happily what he had begun,
and he was resolved either to succeed or to perish in the
him
attempt.
Fortunately, at this particular period, there were neither
militia nor regular troops in Kaasay ; but even this secluded
island in the Atlantic had not escaped the fury of the Duke
of Cumberland's soldiers, and when Charles landed, he
learned that almost every cottage had been burned to the
ground. After some discussion, it was determined that the
whole party consisting of young Eaasay and his brother
and cousin, Murdoch and Malcolm Macleod should take up
their abode together in a small hut, which had recently been
While the rest of the party embuilt by some shepherds.
ployed themselves in lighting a fire, and spreading a bed of
heath for the Prince, young Raasay set out in search of food,
and in about two hours returned with a young kid, which was
immediately roasted, and, with the aid of some butter, cream,
and an oaten loaf, aflbrded an excellent supper. Charles
gratified the prejudices of his Highland companions by affecting to " prefer oaten bread to wheaten: "whiskey and oathe said, " are my own country bread and drink." '
bread,
"After the little repast was over," says Murdoch Mac"
leod's Narrative, the Prince began to inquire narrowly about
the damages done in the island. Upon his being told of all
the houses burnt, and of the other great depredations in the
island, to which the houses were but a trifle, he seemed much
ali'ected, but at the same time said that, instead of the huts
burnt, he would yet build hoitses of stone. Afterwards, walking on a narrow green near the cottage, he said that this was
a bitter hard life, but he woidd rather live ten years in that
way than be taken by his enemies, and seemed a little surprised himself how he did bear such fatigues; 'for,' says he,
since the battle of CuUoden, I have endured more than
would kill a hundred men sure Providence does not design
this for nothing 1 am certainly yet reserved for some good!'
'
'
Boswell'3 Narrative, Tour to the Hebrides.
PEIXCE CHARLES EDTTAED.
1746.]
317
Thus they passed the day, and after supper he \rent to rest
wth as greiit pleasure, and in outward appearance as little
One of the
concerned, as if in the greatest prosperity."
party asking him in the course of the evening, what he
thought his enemies would do with him, should he have the
"
misfortune to fall into their hands, I do not think," he said,
that they would dare to take away my life publicly but I

dread being privately destroyed, either by poison or assas;
sination."
Nothwithstanding his habitual cheerfulness, the persons

Charles at this period describe his health as
a good deal impaired by hunger, fatigue, and watching. Boswell was told by jMalcolm Macleod, that on the night on
which the Prince landed in Eaasay, though he slept a long
time in consequence of the fatiguing day he had past, his
slumbers were broken ones, and he irequently started in his
"
sleep,
speaking to himself in difi'erent languages, French,
One of his expressions in English
Italian, and English."
"O God! poor Scotland."
was,
there
was
no
period during the wanderings of
Probably
the unfortunate Prince, in which he was safer from the pursuit of his enemies, than during his short stay in Eaasay.
There were no soldiers on the island; the few inhabitants
were devoted to his cause; Donald Eoy was conveniently
stationed in Skye for the purpose of giving him the earliest
notice of the approach of an enemy; and the two faithful
boatmen, M'Kenzie and M'Friar, were placed as sentinels on
difterent eminences, which rendered it impossible for any
person to approach the Prince's hiding-place ^vithout being
seen. One incident, however, occurred, which caused serious
alarm to Charles and his companions, the circumstances connected with which were thus related to BosweU by Malcolm
Macleod. "There was a man wandering about the island
who were with
seUuig tobacco. Nobody knew him, and he was suspected

of being a spy. M'Kenzie came running to the hut, and told
us that this suspected person was approaching; upon which
the three gentlemen. Eaasay, Murdoch ISIacleod, and INIalcolm, held a council of war upon him. and were unanimously
of opinion, that he should instantly be put to death. The
Prince, at once assimiing a grave and even serioiis countenGod forbid that we should take away a man's
ance, said,
life, who may be innocent, wliile we can preserve our own.'
'
THE PEETENDEE3 AND THEIR ADUEEEXTS.
318
The gentlemen, however, persisted
[l71C.
in their resolution, vrhile
he as strenuously continued to take the merciful side. John

M'Kenzie, who sat watching at the door of the hut, and overheard the debate, said in Erse, 'Well, well, he must be
andwiU
shot; you are the King, but we are the Parliament,
do what we choose. The Prince, seeing the gentlemen smile,
told
in
asked what the man had said, and being
English, he
observed, that he was a clever fellow, and, notwithstanding
sit\iation in which he was, laughed loud and
the
'
perilous
that
Luckily, the unknown person did not perceive
there were people in the hut at least, did not come to it,
inHad
the
his
risk."
of
but walked on past it, unknowing
truder approached nearer to the hut, there can be little doubt
that he would have been shot.
Kaasay is said to have had
his pistol in his hand ready cocked for the purpose; and Malcolm Macleod told BosweU, that under the circumstances he
would have shot his own brother. The indindual who had
this narrow escape, afterwards proved to be one of their own
heartily.
from CuUoden, and

party who had made his escape
a proscribed wanderer like themselves.
CILVPTEE
who was
IV.
His consideration for those accomCharles proceeds to the Isle of Skye.

panying him. MalcolruMacleod. Arrival of Charles in the Mackinnons'
His narrow escape. Proceeds to Borradaile, the residence of
country.
Argus Macdonald.
On the 3rd of July, after a residence of two days and a half

in Eaasay, Charles set sail for Skye, in the same small boat
which had conveyed him from Portree, and with the same
party which had accompanied him from that place. His companions would willingly have prevailed upon him to remain
where he was, but he refused to listen to their arguments. It
was hiijhly inadvisable, ho said, for him to contiuue long in
the same place and, moreover, he added that he was extremely
anxious to reach the country of the Mackenzies, where he
expected to find a Erench vessel on the look-out for him in
the neighbourhood of Lochbroom.
The little party had been at sea only a short time, when
the wind blew so violently, and the vessel shipped bo much
;
PEIXC'E
1740.]
CHAELES EDtVAED.
319
water, that his companions strongly recommended Charles

He insisted, however, on proceeding
to return to Eaasay.
'
Providence," he said, "has carried me through so many
dangers, that I do not doubt it will have the same care for
me now." He appeared extremely cheerful during the whole
voyage, and, we are told, "sang an Erse song with much viObserving the great exertions which were made to
vacity."
bale out the water in order to keep the boat from swamping,
"
"
Gentlemen," he said, I hope to thank you for this trouble
yet at St James's."
At eleven o'clock at night, after a dangerous voyage of
fifteen miles, the fugitives eifected a landing on the north
coast of the Isle of Skye, at a place called Nicholson's Great
Eock, near Scorobreck in Trotemish. According to the in"
In
teresting narrative of one of the Prince's companions,
rowing along they found the coast vei-y bad and dangerous
was the third
yet, when they came to the rock, tlie Prince
Take
man that jumped out into the water, and cried ovit,
which was
care of the boat, and hawl her up to dry ground
immediately done, he himself assisting as much as any one of
them. The Prince had upon him a large big-coat, which was
become very heavy and cumbersome by the waves beating so
:
'
'
much upon
it, for it was wet through &nd through.

Captain
Macleod proposed taking the big-coat to carry it, for the rock
was steep and of a veiy uneasy ascent hut the Prince would
not part with the coat, wet as it was, alleging he was as able
to carry it as the captain was." ' After a walk of about two
mQes, they came to a wretched cow-house, which they ap;
great caution, yoimg Eaasay going forward to

proached with
"
What must become of your Eoyal Highness,"
inspect it.
"
if there be people in the house, for
said Murdoch Macleod,
certainly you must perish if long exposed to such weather."
"
I care nothing for it," was Charles's answer, "for I have
been abroad in a himdred such nights." Toiing Eaasay having reported that the coast was clear, they took up their abode
in this miserable place, and having contrived to light a fire,
they sat down and partook of some bread and cheese which
they had brought with them.
The next day, Charles took leave of young Eaasay and his
brother Murdoch, whom he despatched on different missions
over the island. On parting with the latter, he presented him
'
Malcolm Macleod's Narrative, Jacobite Memoirs,
p. 471.
320
THE PBETENDEES AND THEIE ADHEEENTS.
[l746.
witt his silver spoon, knife, and fork, which he desired him to
keep till they met again.' He then set off with Malcolm Macleod.butwithout acquainting him inwhatdirection heintended
to proceed. They had left the cow-house a short distance behind them, when Malcolm made bold to inquire of the adven"
turer where he proposed to go.
"Why, Slalcolm," he replied,
"
I now throw myself entirely into your hands, and leave you
I wish to go to Mackinnon's
to do with me as you please
I hope you wiU
country, and if you can guide me there safe,
assured
him that he could carry
Maeleod
accompany me."
him there safely by sea, but in consequence of the numerous
which were scouring the
parties of militia and regular troops
island, it would be extremely hazardous to proceed by land.
Charles, however, insisted on going by land, adding that "ia
their situation there was no doing anj-thing without running
risks."
"Tou, Malcolm." he said, "must now act the master,
and I the man." He then divested himself of his waistcoat
"
of scarlet tartan with gold twist buttons," which he made
Maeleod put on he himself wearing in exchange his commaterials. His dispanion's vest, which was of much plainer
which he
guise was soon completed. Taking off his periwig,
put in his pocket, he tied a dirty white napkin under his
He then took the
chin, so as nearly to conceal his lace.
buckles from his shoes, and tore the ruffles i-om his shirt,
and taking from Maeleod the bundle which contained his
linen, he desired his companion to walk in advance, while he
himself followed at a respectful distance, in his assumed cha:
'^
Notwithstanding his disguise, or rather

his disfigurement, INIacleod intimated that he still thought he
be
recognised. '""Why," said Charles, ''I have got so
might
racter of a servant.
odd and remarkable a face, that I believe nothing I could do

would disguise it." Bishop Forbes informs us, that he more
than once heard Maeleod speak of the utter uselessness of
the Prince attempting to dissemble the indefinable air which
'"
There is not a person," he said, " who
distinguished him.
knows what the air of a noble or great man is, but, upon see-
"The
case," says Sir 'Walter Scott, "with the silver .spoon, knife, and
by the C'hevaUer to Dr Maeleod, came into the hands of Mary
of Pennycuik, who intrusted me with the honourable commisClerk,
Lady
sion of presenting them, in her Ladyship's name, to his present jMajesty,
upon his visit to Scotland, in 1822." Bosicell's Tour tothe Hebrides, note.
'
fork, given
'
Malcolm Macleod's Narrative, Jacobite Memoirs,
p. 474.
PEINCE CHASLES EDWAED.
1746.]
321
ing the Prince in any disguise he could put on, -would see
something about him that was not ordinary something of
the stately and gi'and." '
The distance to Mackinnon's country was more than thirty
miles, and the journey was rendered particularly harassing in
consequence of the rugged character of the country which
they were compelled to traverse, and also from the scantiness
of their provisions, which consisted only of some mouldy bread
and cheese, a bottle of brandy, and some water. Charles, however, showed no sign of fatigue; indeed, his companion, Malcolm Macleod, assured Boswell, that though himself an excellent walker, even for a Highlander, he found himself
excelled by the Prince. He boasted also to his companion of
the swiftness with which he could run adding tliat if he
should be pursued by the English soldiers, he had little doubt
"
But what," obthat he shoidd outstrip them in the chase.
"
''
served Malcolm, if you should be suddenly surprised ?
"
he said, to be sm-e." " I think,"
Why, I should fight,"
remarked Malcolm, " that if there were no more than four of
"
And I," rejoined
them, I could engage to manage two."
"
would engage to do for the other two." ^
Charles,
A pleasing instance of Charles's consideration for tliose
about him was related by Malcolm ISIacleod to Bishop Forbes.
The bottle of brandy, which they had brought with them, had
been a source of great comfort to them during their painful
but unfortunately tliey had still some mUes to go

was reduced to a single glass. Remarking that Malcolm was more fatigued than himself, Charles desired him to
druilt the remainder.
This, however, Malcolm positively refused to do, and in return attempted to force it on the Prince,
journey
wheu
it
tdl at last,
we
"
"
kind contest rose very high
are told, the
between them. At length Charles showed himself so determined on the subject, adding, " the devil a drop of it he
would di'ink himself." that Malcolm was compelled to obey
him. Having di-ained the bottle, Charles proposed that they

should break it. This, however, was opposed by Malcolm.
'"
So far from breaking it," he said, " I \vill preserve it as a
curious piece, and it may come to di'ink many a cask of whiskey to me yet." Accordingly he hid it among the heather,
and wheu he was afterwards on his return to Skye from his
captivity in London, he told Bishop Forbes that he stiU hoped
'
'
Ascanius, p. 165.
THE PEETEKDEES AND THEIE ADHEEEXTS.
322
[l746.
to find it, unless it should liave been unfortimatelj' trodden

to pieces by the cattle.
During their walk, Malcolm releated to the Prince many
of the frightful barbarities committed by the Dulve of Cumberland after the battle of Culloden. He appeared to be deeply
affected by the narrative, to which, however, he would only
give partial credit, adding that he would not believe any ge"
For himself," he said, " all
neral could be so barbarous.
the fatitrues and distresses he underwent signified nothing at
because he was only a single person but when he reon the many brave feUows who suffered in his cause,
him to the heart, and sink very deep into
him."
After travelling all night, Charles and his companion arrived in the morning at Ellagol, near Kilmaree, in MaekinThe first persons whom they encountered
non's country.
were two of the Mackinnon clan, who had been engaged in
the insurrection. These persons immediately recognised their
beloved Prince in spite of his disguise and so affected were
they at the wretched appearance which he now presented,
so different from the gay and gallant Prince whom they had
more than once beheld at the head of a victorious and devoted
army, that they lilted up their hands in astonishment, and
Malcolm was much concerned at bis cirburst into tears.
cumstance, but having first cautioned them that any display
of their grief might prove fatal to the Prince, he swore them
to secrecy on his naked dirk, after the custom of the Highlanders, and then parted from them, well satisfied that Charles
had nothing to fear at their hands. These men, indeed, may
well have been affected by the wretched appearance of Charles,
all,
flected
it
did indeed strike

'
whose personal discomforts at this period no description coidd

As an instance in point, we may mention the
exaggerate.
following anecdote, which was related by Malcolm Macleod
"
"
Happening," he said, to see the Prince
uneasy and fidgety, he took him to the back of a knowe, and
opening his breast, saw him troubled with vermin, for want
of clean linen, and by reason of the coarse odd way he behoved to live in, both as to sustenance and sleep Malcolm
said he believed he took four score ofl' him.
Tliis," says the
"
serves to show that he was reduced to the very lowBishop,
est ebb of misery and distress and is a certain indication of
to Bishop Forbes.
'
Jacobite Memoii's, p. 476
PEINCE CUAHLES EDWAKD.
1746.]
323
above all misfortunes,

that greatness of soul, which
and bear up, with a cheerfidness not to be equalled in history,
under all the scenes of woe that could happen."
Instead of conducting the Prince at once to the house of
the chieftain, Malcolm, at the wish of Charles, brought him
to the house of his own brother-in-law, John Mackinnon,
who had served like himself as a captain in the insurgent
army. The master of the house was not at home, but the
travellers were kindly welcomed by Malcolm's sister; Charles
the son of a surbeing presented to her as one Lewie Caw.
geon in Crietf, who had served in the Highland army, and
who was now known to be skulking among his relations in
Mrs i\Iackinnon seems to have been much struck
Skye.
with the Prince's appearance, observing that she saw some"Poor man," she said,
thing "very uncommon about him."
"I pitv hLm; at the same time my heart warms to a man of
"
She soon pro\'ided them with a plentiful
his appearance.
Highland breakfast, during which Charles continued to play
the part of a servant, by sitting at a respectful distance from
Malcolm, with his bonnet oif. After the meal was over, an
old woman, as was then the fashion of the Highlands, entered
the room -with some hot water to wash Malcolm's feet. As
soon as she had washed and dried them. INIalcolm pointed to
coiild rise
"Ton
see that poor sick man there; I

it will be a great
charity,
for he" has as much need as I have." To this, however, the
iild woman decidedly objected, adding, in the oriental mode
Charles, observing,
hope you wiU wash
his feet too
"Though I wash
speech, so common in the Highlands
vour father's son's feet, why should I wash Jiis father's son's
Jeet?" At last Malcolm, with some diiScultj-, induced her to
perform the kindly office, which she did, however, with so
much un'R-illingness, and consequently with so much roughness, that Charles, who was probably foot-sore, was more than
once compelled to request Malcohn to intercede for him dur.if
ing the ceremony.
The travellers now laid themselves down to rest, while

their hostess kept watch on the top of a neighbouring hill.
INTacleod slept for some time longer than the Prince, and, on
rising, was surprised to see the Prince dandling and singing
to Mrs Mackinnon's infant, with an old woman looking on.
Expressing some surprise at the circumstance, Charles, who
for a
moment
forgot his assumed character, observed,
''"Who
THE PBETENDER3 AND THEIE ADHERENTS.
324
knows but
[l746.
may be
a captain in my service
yet?" This speech appears to have given no slight oifeuce
to the old woman. Glancing with contempt at the pretended
"
Ton mean," she said, " that you may possibly be
servant,
an old sergeant in his company."
Immediately afterwards, Macleod was informed that his
brother-in-law was approaching the house, and he hiu-ried
out to meet him. Alter theii' first greeting was over,
"
John," he said, pointing to some ships which were hover"
what if the Prince should be on board
ing along the coast,
"
'"
of one of those vessels ?
God forbid " was the welcome
"
"
be
reply.
Supposing," rejoined Macleod, that he should
"
"
I
here ; do you think, John, that he would be safe ?
"
woidd he were," answered Mackinnon, for we should take
care of him, and he would be safe enough."
Malcolm then
informed him, to his astonishment, that the Prince was acof
his
in
his
house.
In
the
joy, he would
tually
transport
but
immediately have rushed into the Prince's presence
Malcolm desired him to compose himself, adding, " Now is
can
discover
your time to behave well, and do nothing that
this little fellow
'
him." Mackinnon faithlYilly promised to keep his emotions

within due bounds; but no sooner was he admitted to the presence of Charles, and beheld the miserable condition to which
his beloved Prince was reduced, than he burst into tears, and
in this state was hurried by Malcolm from the apartment.
In the course of the day, the secret of Charles being in the

neighbourhood was confided to the old chief of Mackinnon,
who, together with his lady, hastened to pay their respects to
the Prince, and in the evening partook of an entertainment
with liim of cold meat and wine, in a cave near the shore. It
was decided that Charles shouhl repair to the mainland, under the giudance of John Mackinnon. Notwithstanding his
advanced age, the old chieftain insisted on accompanjdng
them, and accordingly, about eight o'clock at night, the whole
party proceeded to the sea-shore, where a boat was in waiting
for them.
Before sailing, Charles \vTote a short letter, sub"
scribed James Thompson," informing his friends of his departure from Skye, which he requested might be conveyed assoon as possible to young Eaasay, and his brother Murdoch.
The epistle, which was written on the sea-shore, was as follows,
Ascanius, p. 163.
i.Tie.]
"
325
SlE,
"
me
to
been
HATE parted (thank God)

and thank them
all friends,
as intended.
Eemember
for the trouble they have
at.
"
am.
Sir,
your humble servant,
James Thompson."
"ElUgliml, July 4th, 1746."
This letter Charles delivered to Malcolm Macleod, from

-vhom he parted with the greatest reluctance, and, indeed,
would only consent to their separation at the earnest entreaty
"
For myself," observed the devoted
<if jSI.alcolm himself.
"
afraid."
Highlander, I have no care but for you I am much
He had been so long absent, he said, that the military would
Tobably pursue him on suspicion, and in that case, the Prince
hands. Should he be taken prisoner
light also fall into their
.u his retiu'n, which, he added, would probably be the case,
inasmuch as there would be no one to confront with him,
he should be enr contradict the tale which he might teU,
abled to throw the Prince's enemies on a wrong scent, which
of course was of the utmost importance.
Before parting, Charles presented Malcolm with a silver
stock-buckle, and also placed ten guineas in his hands. Knowhad reserved for
ing how small a stock of mone_y the Prmce
;
own use, the

:iccept the gold;
generous Highlander positively refused to

but Charles so pertinaciously insisted on
"
Ton
iiis
taking it, that he was at last compelled to obey.
'"
and I shall
will have great need of money," said the Prince,
obtain enough when I get to the mainland."
"^laleolm," he
then said, " let us smoke a pipe together before we part."
Accordingly, having obtained a light from the flint of Malcobn's musket, they sat down together Charles smoking his
usual stump of blackened pipe, of which notice has already
been made. This curious relic afterwards fell into the hands
his
of a Dt Burton, of York, who is said to iiave preserved it

with religious care.'
The subsequent history of the faithful INIak-olm may be
told in a few words. Having taken an affectionate farewell
of the Prince, who twice warmly embraced him, he remained
on the side of a bill, anxiously watching the small boat which
contained Charles and his fortunes, till it became lost in the
distance. He then proceeded in the direction of hia own
'
Chambers's History of tlie Kehellion,
p. 109.
THE PEETENDERS AND THEIR ADHERENTS.
323
[l746.
country, where lie had returned only a short time, when, as

he himself had anticipated, he was taken into custody. After
being detained a prisoner for some time on board ship, he
was conveyed to Loudon, where he was kept in custody till

July, 1747. At the same time Flora Macdonald also obtained
her discharge, and being desired to name some person whom
she would wish to accompany her on her retm-n to Scotland,she paid Malcolm the compliment of selecting him to be her
"
I
companion. "And so," he used to say with great glee,
went up to London to be hanged, and returned in a braw
who
with
Miss
Flora
Macdonald."
Boswell,
post-chaise
twent3'-seven years afterwards was introduced to Malcolm,
"
He was now sixty-two years of age,
at Eaasay, observes,
hale and well-proportioned, with a manly countenance, tanned
the
weather, yet having a ruddiness in his cheeks, over a
by
great part of which his rough beard extended. His eye was
quick and lively, yet his look was not fierce but he appeared
at once firm and good-humoured. He wore a pair of brogues;
tartan hose which came up near to his knees a purple camlet
a black waistcoat a short green cloth coat, bound with
kilt
gold cord a yellowish bushy wig and a large blue bonnet,
with a gold thread button. I never saw a figure which gave
a more perfect representation of a Highland gentleman. I
wished much to have a picture of him just as he was. I found
him frank and poUfe, in the true sense of the word."
On the night of the 5th of July, Charles, as has been already mentioned, quitted Skye, accompanied by the old chief
of Mackiunon, and by his kinsman, John Mackinnon. During
the voyage, they met a boat filled -n-ith armed militia, but fortunately the weather was too roiigh to admit of their being
;
boarded and examined, as they would othervrise have been

and, after exchanging a few words, the two vessels parted com;
pany. About four o'clock in the morning, after a tempestuous

voyage of thirty miles, the whole party landed near a place
called Little Mallack, on the south side of Loch Nevis, in the
wild and mountainous district where Charles had first set foot
in the Highlands. He soon discovered that his situation was
changed but little for the better by his removal to the mainland.
The militia were quartered in the immediate neighbourhood in
considerable numbers, and consequently he had no choice but
to remain near the spot where he first landed, and where he
was compelled to pass three wretched days in the open air.
1746.]
327
It was on the fourth day that Charles had a very narrow

escape from falling into the hands of his pursuers. The old
chief, accompanied hy one of the boatmen, had wandered
forth in search of a cave, which might at least shelter the unfortunate Prince from the inclemency of the weather, when
Charles, with John Mackinnon and the three remaining boatmen, entered the boat and began coasting along the shores
of Loch Nevis, probably with the same object in view. They
had proceeded some distance, when, on turning a point, their
oars suddenly struck against a boat which was fastened to a
rock, and at the same time they perceived five men, whom
they knew to be militia by the red crosses affixed to their
bonnets, standing upon the shore. The probability of such
an accident occurring seems to have been foreseen by the fuat the moment was lying at the bottom
gitives, for Charles
of the boat, with his head between John Mackinnon's knees,
and with the plaid of the latter spread over him so as entirely
to conceal his person. The first question of the militia was, from
whence they came? The answer was, "From Sleat." They
were then ordered to come on shore, in order to be subjected to
the usual examination but instead of obeying the summons,
they plied their oars vigorously, on which the militiamen
Charles had
jiunped into their boat and gave them chase.
made a sudden eifort to extricate himself from his hiding-place
and spring on shore, but was forcibly kept down by John
Mackinnon. For a short time the chase was one of intense
interest, both to the pursuers and the pursued. Mackinnon,
muskets
prepared for the worst, desired his men to keep their
close by them, but not to fire them tUl they should hear the
"
"
Be sure," he said, to take a,
discharge of his own piece.
deliberate aim only mark them weU, and there is no fear."
these
The Prince, overhearing
orders, desired that no blood
should be shed without absolute necessity to which ]\Iackiunon acceded, but at the same time added briefly, that if ne;
cessity did require it, not a man should escape. Fortunately,

after a short chase, they reached a part of the lake which was
80 thickly wooded to the water's edge as completely to con-
ceal them from their enemies.

They had no sooner reached
the shore, than the Prince sprang out of the boat, and ran
nimbly up a hill, from the summit of which he could perceive
his pursuers returning siilkily
from their
Having congratulated Charles on
his escape,
fruitless pursuit.
Mackinnon made
THE PEETENDEES AKD THEIR ABHERENTS.
328
[l74G.
an apology to him for having prevented his jumping on shore

when they first encountered the militia, and respectfully
asked him what object he had in making the attempt.
"
"
life
Why," said the Prmce, I would rather tight for my
"
than be taken prisoner. I hope, however," he added, that
God will never so far afflict the King, my father, or the
Duke, my brother, as to permit me to fall alive into the hands
of
my
enemies."
'
Having slept for about three hours, Charles descended the

hill, and having reembarked, crossed the lake to a small island near the iamily seat of Macdonald of Scothouse. From
this place he despatched John Mackiunon to old Clanranald,
who he learned was in the neighbourhood, soliciting his aid
and advice in the present miserable condition to which he
was reduced. The chieftain, however, who was himself a proscribed man, seems to have considered that he had already
sufi'ered suflieieutly in the Prince's cause by the ruin which
he had brought on his family, and positively refused to incur
any further risk. On this JNIackiunon quitted him, and returned in great indignation to the Prince, to whom he related the result of his unsuccessful mission. Charles, we are
"
without any emotion ;" merely remarktold, listened to him
"
Well, Mackinnon, there
ing with his usual cheerfulness,
is no help for it
we must do the best we can for ourselves."'^
Satisfied that it would be useless to press Clanranald further, Charles returned by water to Little Mallack, where he
was rejoined by the old chief of Mackinnon, and thence proceeded to the house of Macdonald of Morar, situated on the
lake of that name, where the}' arrived at an early hour in the
morning, after a walk of about eleven miles. Morar received
him with great kindness, as did also his lady, a sister of the
celebrated Loehiel, who was so affected at witnessing the

wretched condition to which her beloved Prince was reduced,
that she burst into tears.
It was now decided that Morar
should set out in search of young Clanranald, who it was exwould
be
both
able
and
willing to aid in the Prince's
pected
escape. Accordingly he departed cheerfully on his mission,
but on his return the foDowing day, his manner had become
so cold and altered, as to render it evident that he had consulted with others in the mean time, who had succeeded in
John Jlackinnon's Narrative, Jacobite Memoirs, pp. 489, 490.
Kclated by John ilackinnou to Bishop Forbes, apud Chambers, p. 111.
'
'
P2INCE CHAELES EDWAED.
1746.]
329
dissuading him from mixing himself up further in the Prince s

nil'airs.
He had been unable, he said, to meet with joung
'Jlanranald, nor did he know of any person to whose care he
could recommend his Royal Highness.
Charles was much
afleeted by his change of manner, and observed, deprecatingly,
"
this
is
hard
Morar,
W^ly,
very
you were very kind
yesternight, and said you would find out a hiding-place proof
.iiiaiust all the search of the enemy's forces, and now you say
you can do nothing at all for me. Tou can travel to no place,
but what I will travel to also you can eat or di'Lnk nothing,
but I will take a share of them with you and be well content.
A\Tien fortune smiled on me and I had money to give, 1 found
some people ready enough to serve me but now, when fortime fro-nns on me, and I have no pay to give, they forsake
me
in
my
necessity."
Mackionon was extremely incensed at Morar's conduct,

and openly accused him of having allowed himself to be
worked upon by others. At length, it being evident that
neither taimts nor entreaties were of the least avail, Charles
(who knew not what step to take next) gave vent to the
liitterness of his feelings in the following passionate language:
Almighty Grod," he exclaimed, "look down upon my circumstances and pity me, for I am in a most melancholy situaSome of those who joined me at first, and appeared to
be fast friends, now turn their backs upon me in my greatest
need while some of those again who refused to join me, and
rion.
stood at a distance, are now among my best friends for it is

remarkable that those of Sir Alexander Macdonald's following, have been most faithful to me in my distress, and contributed greatly to my preservation." He then added plaint"I hope, Mackinnon, you vriR not desert me too. and
ively,
leave me in the lurch."
The old chief, imagining that these
words were addressed to him, was so afiected as to shed tears.
"I never," he said, "will leave your Eoyal Highness in the
;
day of danger, but wiU, under God, do all I can for you, and
"
_'0 with you wherever you order me."
Oh no," said Charles,
this is too much for one of your advanced years. I heartily
thank you for your readiness to take care of me, and I am
well satisfied of your zeal for me and m}- cause but one of
your age cannot well hold o\it with the fatigues and dangers
must undergo. It was to your friend John here, a stout

young man, that I was addressing myself." "Well then,"
I
330
said John,
"
witli
the help of
God
[l746.
I will go through the wide
world with your Eoyal Highness."

Accompanied by John Mackinnon, and with a sou of Morar's for their guide, Charles proceeded towards Borrodaile,
the residence of Angus Macdonald, where he had passed the
night on his first lauding in the Highlands. At Morar he
took leave of the old chief of Mackinnon, who was captured
the very nest day in Morar's house. He now also bade farewell to the faithful John, who, being satisfied that the Prince
was in the best hands, remained only to drink some wamij
milk, and then proceeded to his own country in Skye.
HeJ
had scarcely reached his home, when he was seized by the!
militia with two of his rowers, and carried before a Captaic
Ferguson, whose detestable barbarities have rendered hisl
name still infamous in the Highlands. Finding it impossiblej
to extract any information from Mackinnon or the rowers,!
either by promises or threats, Ferguson caused one of the!
latter to be stripped and tied to a tree, where he was lashed
till the blood gushed from both his sides. He even threatened
Mackinnon \vith similar treatment, but nothing could extort
a confession from these faithful men. ^ Both John Mackinnon and the old chief were sent on board ship and carried
prisoners to London, where they remained in custody till
'
'
July, 1747.3
CHAPTEE V.
Joined by Macdonald of GlenCharles's Kecfption by Angus Macdoaald.

aladale
by Cameron of Glenpean. Charles and his Party pass between
Halt at Corriscorridale. Loss of the
the "Watch-lires of their Enemies.
" The Seven Men of GlenPrince's Purse the saving of his Person.
Their Hospitality to the Prince.
moriston."
Incident that forwards
Charles's Escape.
By Angus Macdonald
He
Charles was received with the great-
shown some
hesitation on
entering the small hut in which Macdonald was
now residing,
est kindness.
'
'
is
said to have
John Mackinnon's Narrative, Jacobite Memoirs, pp. 492

Chambers,
to 494.
p. 112.
'
John Mackinnon died on the 11th of May, 1762, at the age of fortyeight. The death of the old chieftain was thus noticed in the journals of the
time.
"
May
7,
Died at his house of Kilmaine, in the Isle of Skve,

1756.
oi that ilk, i. e. the old Laird of Mackinnon, in the se-
John Mackijmon
1746.]
331
and, indeed, the fcelmg was a natural one for not only had
the home of the gallant Highlander been burnt to the ground
on account of his adopting the Prince's cause, but he had also
"When Charles
lost a beloved son at the battle of Culloden.
entered the hut, the tears are said to have stood in his eyes
as he encountered the bereaved mother. Advancing towards
her, he asked her if she could endure the sight of one who
had been the cause of so much misery to her and to her family ? "Tes," was the noble reply, "even though all my sons
had fallen in your Royal Ilighness's service." '
Charles remained for three days in a small hut in a neighbouring wood but this place being considered insecure, he
was conducted on the fourth day, by Angus Macdonald and
his son Banald, to another hiding-place on the coast, about
four miles to the eastward.
This place consisted of another
small hut, which had been ingeniously constructed between
two rocks, the roof being covered with green turf so as to give
Here it was hoped that
the appearance of a natural sward.
the wanderer might remain in safety for some time but,
a letter from his
a
Macdonald
received
after
few days, Angus
son-in-law, Angus Mackechan, informing him that it was more
than whispered that tlie Prince was concealed at BoiTodaile,
and at the same time oftering a more secure asylum whicli he
;
had prepared in
INIorar.
In the mean time, Charles had been joined by a faithful

adherent, Macdonald of Glenaladale.
Accompanied by this
person, by Angus Mackechan, and by John Macdonald, a
younger son of his host, he set off in the direction of Glen
Morar. Angus had gone before in search of intelligence, and
when he rejoined them on their route the following day, he
brouglit tidings with him wliich might well have struck them
\vith dismay. ISêver, indeed, had the situation of the unfortunate Prince been more critical than at this moment. His
enemies had traced him from Skye, and were now surroundventy-fifth year of his age, Iciring issue two sons and a daughter, Charles,
Lachlan, aiid Margaret, all born after the seventy-first year of his are. He
used to
he hoped God would not take him off the earth hut on the field
say,
of battle, when fighting for his king and country. He frequently retired to
the cave in which the Prince, and he himself and his lady, dined just before the Pi-ince's leaving Skye in his skulking, and there he would have entertained himself with laying down a plau for the restoration, and vdth the
execution thereof in theory, and then came home extremely well pleased."
'
Chambers, p. 112, note.
332
THE PRETEXDEES AND THEIE ADnERENTS.
ing liim
on
all sides.
Loch Nevis,
fl746.
General Campbell had ancbored near
and a large body of

which he had formed a complete
cordon round the neighbouring disti-ict. Sentinels were placed
within a short distance of each other, who allowed no person
to pass without undergoing a prenous examination and at
night large fires were lighted near the post of each sentry,
so as to render it almost impossible for a person to pass unIn addition to these measures, large bodies of
challenged.
troops were despatched in all directions for the purpose of
the
scouring
country, and with instructions to search every
corner which might possibly afford a hiding-place to the iintroops
-n-ith
several vessels of war,
Avith the latter of
fortunate Prince.
Charles now took leave of
Angus Macdonald and Angus
!Maekechan, and, accompanied onlv by Glenaladale, proceeded

stealtliily through the rugged and mountainous district of
Arisaig, till he reached thfe summit of a hill called Fruighvain.
From this spot he despatched a messenger to Donald
Cameron of Glenpean, who, it was hoped, would lend bis aid
to the royal wanderer in this his utmost need; and who, from
his intimate acquaintance with the wild features of the surrounding district, was calculated to be au invaluable guide.
In the evening, however, whOe anxiously awaiting the arrival of Glenpean, the fugitives were suddenly startled by the
alarming intelligence, that a large body of the Argyllshire
militia were approaching the very hill on which they were
then stationed. The little party immediately broke up their
quarters, and descending the hill, proceeded cautiously in the
direction of Loch Arkaig. About eleven o'clock at night, as
they were passing through a deep ravine, they were surprised
by seeing a man descending one of the bills above them, w^th
the evident intention of addressing them. Desiring the Prince
and John Macdonald to conceal themsehes as much as possible, Glenaladale advanced to encounter the stranger, in order
to ascertain whether he were friend or foe. To the great delight of Charles, it proved to be the person be most wished to
Cameron of Glenpean. He had been desired to bring as
see,
much provisions with him as he could carry (for the fugitives
had found the greatest difficulty in procuring even the smallest
supply of food, and the Prince was half dead \vith hunger),
but all that he had been able to obtain was a small quantity
of oatmeal and butter. This wretched fare, doled out in small
PKIXCE CHAELES EDWAItD.
1746.]
333
only food tasted by tte Prince

quantities, comprised
'
during the four next days of his miserable wanderings.
Under the guidance of Cameron of Glenpean, Charles
was conducted through a series of rugged ravines, and through
almost inaccessible passes choked up with rocks and trees,
tUl, on the morning of the 2J:th of July, he found himself on
the summit of a hill in the braes of Loch Arkaig, called Mamtlie
uan-Callum. He was stdl, it must be remembered, ^^^thiu

the military cordon, and if hitherto he had been sanguine
enough to expect to elude the vigilance of his enemies, the
sight which now met his eye could scarcely have failed to
convert hope into despair. From the eminence on which he
now stood he could jêrceive the enemy's camp, which was
scarcely a mde distant he could see distinctly the whole of
the organised plan which had been contrived to prevent his
escape and at night he could even hear the challenge of the
sentries while the glare of light, emanating from the numerous watch-fires which blazed along the line, showed him that
he had as little to expect from the night as from the day.
As soon as the darkness had set in, Charles and his three
companions (for he had recently been joined by John Macdouald, a brother of Glenaladale) descended the hiU of Mamnau-Callinn, and, about two o'clock in the morning of the
2oth, came to Corinangaid, on the confines of Kuoidart and
Loch Ai'kaig. From hence they proceeded to a convenient
hiding-place known to Glenpean, on the brow of a hill at the
head of Lochnaig, within a mile of one of the military staCharles was lying concealed in this place when two
tions.
of the party, who had sallied forth in search of food, returned
with the intelligence that a party of soldiers was approaching
from the opposite side of the hiU. A short considtation was
then held, and as it was clear that their only hope of a\ oiding discovery lay in concealing themselves as closely as possible, the whole party remained huddled together, Avhile the
soldiers conducted a strict search in every direction aroimd
them. It was not tiU eight o'clock in the evening that they
felt themselves sufficiently secure to emerge from their uncomfortable hiding-place.
Hazardous, and indeed almost desperate, as any attempt
appeared to pass the military cordon unobserved, it was
nevertheless e\"ident, that they ran scarcely less risk by re;
Chambers,
p. 113.
331
THE PRETENDEES AND THEIR ADHERENTS.
[l74B.
maining where tliey -were moreover, the impossibility which

tliey found of procuring provisions, oft'ered an argument
:
scarcely less imperative to induce them at least to make the

Having come to the detennination therefore of advancing at all hazards, it was decided that they should depart
on their pei-ilous enterprise the same night. Their route lay
over a high hill called Drumachosi, in ascending wliieli,
Charles, in consequence of his foot slipping, very nearlj' fell
attempt.
headlong down a steep precipice, and was only saved from

being dashed to pieces by Glenpeau promptly seizing hold of
him by one of his arms, and Glenaladale by the other. On
reaching the summit of the hill, the long line of sentries and
watch-fires lay extended before them, presenting a sight which
made the attempt appear even more desperate than it had
seemed beibre. Still no proposal appears to have been made
to turn back and they advanced,
creeping stealthily along
tiie ground, till
they had come within so short a distance of
the sentinels, that they could overhear them
conversing with
one another.
Anxious that the Prince should run no unnecessary risk,
Glenpean generously volunteered to make the attempt singly
"
in the first instance. " If I
and
get safe through." he said,
also return safe, then
you may venture with greater security,
and I shall be all the better fitted to conduct." During the
time that he was absent on his hazardous
enterprise, the feelings of the rest of the party may be more easily imagined
than described. At length, to their great delight," they could
perceive Glenîean stealthily effecting his return and as the
;
practicability of accomplishing their purpose was now placed

beyond a doubt, they lost no time in putting it into execution. The
was now
and the
morning
breaking,
brightness
of the watch-fires was in some
degree dimmed by the increasing light of day. Accordingly, with Glenpean at their head,
they crawled up a deep and narrow ravine which intersected
two of the fires, and seizing a moment when the backs of the
sentinels were turned towards them, advanced in
deep silence,
all fours, till
they found themselves, to their great
concealed them from the
'oy, at a spot which
and on
completely
observation of their enemies.
In order to place as great a distance as
possible between
themselves and their adversaries,
they pushed forward to
on
the
side
of
the
head of Loch
Corriscorridale,
Glenelg
PEINCE CHASLES
1746.]
mWAEB.
335
Hourn, Tvhere they partook of a scanty meal, consisting of a

Email quantity of oatmeal and water, and part of a cheese,
which Glenpean and Glenaladale's brother had fortunately
been able to obtain on the preceding day. At Corriscorridale
they passed the whole day unmolested but their amazement
may be readily imagined, when, in breaking up their quarters
at eight o'clock in the evening, they found that they had been
for many hours within cannon-shot of two of the enemy's
posts, and that a large party of soldiers was even stiU nearer
to them.
;
Advancing in the direction of the Mackenzie's country

(which, from the inhabitants being well disposed towards the
Government, was unmolested by soldiers), Charles, at three
o'clock in the morning of the 27th of July, arrived at Glenshiel, a wild and secluded vaUey in the estate of the Earl of
Seaforth. It had been his object to obtain a guide to PoUew,
where he hoped to find a French vessel to convey him to the
Continent but information reaching him in the course of the
day, that the only French vessel which had been seen there
;
had long since taken
its
departure,
it
was deemed necessary
to turn their steps in another direction. Fortunately, while

making inquiries respecting a guide to Pollew, Glenaladale
had encountered a Glengarry man, whose lather had been
by the soldiers on the preceding day, and who was

himself flying from his own country, in order to avoid a similar
fate. This person was conducted by Glenaladale to the Prince,
and under his guidance it was decided to advance towards
the south, with the hope of forming a junction with Lochiel
and some other chiefs, who had hitherto succeeded in eluding
the vigilance of the Government.
Accordingly, having taken leave of the faithful Donald
Cameron of Glenpean, who coTild no longer be of service to
him, Charles, as soon as night had set in, commenced his
journey with Glenaladale, John Macdonald, and Glenaladale's
brother, with tlie intention of proceeding to the braes of
Glenmoriston. They had advanced a few miles, when Glenaladale suddenly exclaimed, in a tone of great distress, that
he had lost the Prince's purse. The loss was indeed a serious
one, for the purse contained their whole stock of money,
about forty guineas, and without gold they could not expect to obtain even the commonest necessaries of life.
Glenaladale proposed that he should retrace his steps in
killed
336
TUE PHETENDEES AND THEIE ADHERENTS.
[l7iG.
ohjected with great

earnestness, but having at last pelded to the entreaties of
those about him, he placed himself behind a piece of rising
ground, where he might remain concealed tiU Glenaladale's
return. The loss of the piu'se, which was naturally looked
upon as a very annoying circumstance, subsequently proved
the means, under Providence, by which Charles was saved
from falling into the hands of his enemies. He had remained
concealed only a short time, when he perceived a party of
soldiers defiling along the very path by which he must necessarily have proceeded but for the loss he had sustained.
Shortly afterwards he was rejoined by Glenaladale with the
search of
it,
to
-wliicli
Charles at
first
missing treasure, when both united in hearty thanhs to God,

that what they had regarded as their gi-eatest misfortune
was, in fact, the means of theii" preservation. As usual,
Charles took advantage of the circumstance to express his
conviction that he was under the special gviidance and care of
"
I scarcely believe," he said, " that I could be
Providence.
taken, even though I wished it."
Having travelled all night, Charles, on the morning of the
28th, foimd himself on the side of a hiU above Strathcluanie,
where he remained with his companions in a convenient
hiding-place till three o'clock in the afternoon.
They then
proceeded on then- painful march, but had advanced little
more than a mile, when they were startled by the sound of
several shots, which they discovered to proceed from the
brutal soldiery who were chasing the unfortunate countrypeople who had fled to the hill with theu- cattle. The miseries
of this day could never have been forgotten by Charles. The
rain descended in torrents and without cessation, and not a
mouthful of food passed his lips during the whole day. At
night he found himself on the summit of a lofty hill between
the braes of Glenmoi'istou and Strathglass, where, without food or fire, and wet to the skin, his only shelter was a
small cave, the limits of which were so narrow, and the rocky
floor so rugged, as almost to rob him even of the lusm-y of
sleep.
We
now an'ive at the most remarkable period in the history of Charles's wanderings, his connection with the seven
robbers, or, as they were commonly styled, the Seven Men
of Gleni7ioriston. The enthusiastic devotion of these wild
mountaineers, who, though existing by a life of rapine and
PEIKCE CHAKLES EDWAED.
1746.]
337
plunder, disdained to benefit by the splendid bribe liich

thev migbt have shared by betTaying the Prince who conforms a very cui-ious episode ia the romantic
tided in them,
tale of the Chevalier's escape.
The Seven Men of Glenmoisston had all been actively engaged in the recent insui'rection, and though commonly designated as robbers, must be looked upon less as common
plunderers, than as following, partly from necessity, the predatory habits which formerly distinguished the Highland
character. Their names were Patrick Grant, a farmer, commonly called Black Peter of Craskie John jMacdonneD, alias
Alexander Macdonnell Alexander, Donald, and

Chisholm, brothers and Grigor Macgregor. To these
Campbell
Hugh
an eighth, Hugh MacmiUan, was afterwards added. Proscribed by the Government on account of their having been
in arms in the cause of the Stuarts, they had seen their
homes laid desolate, their kindred slain, and their fellowclansmen sent as slaves to the Plantations. Infuriated by
these circumstances, and rendered desperate by knowing that
the same fate awaited themsel\es should they fall into the
hands of the Government, they seem to have been actuated,
in the marauding life which they led, less bj- the paltry desire of acquisition, than by an ardent longing to retaliate on
their deadly foes. Entering into an association to seize every
opportunity of avenging themselves on the Duke of Cumberland and his soldiers, they were bound by a solemn oath to
stand by each other in every emergency, and never to yieli
up their arms except with life itself. Their lurking-places
were in secret caves, situated among the rugged fastnesses
of the wild district in which they had been bred, from which
they
sallied forth to attack the
detached military parties
which were employed in the neighbourhood pouring down

on them when least expected, and rarely failing to carry off
their cattle and other spoil. At the period when Charles proposed to trust his Ufe in their hands, their acts of prowess
and daring were the terror of the military, and formed the
theme of every tongue. Some time since, four of the Glenmoriston men had attacked a party of seven soldiers, who
were conve^-ing wine and provisions from Fort Augustus to
Glenelg, and had shot two of them dead. On another occasion they had shot an informer, whose head they cut oil', and
placed it on a tree near the high-road, where it long remained
;
THE PEETENDEH3 AND THEIE ABHEEENTS.
338
[l716.
a vrarning to siiniliar oflenders and more recently, they had

performed the daring act of attacking a large body of solon whom they kept up a
diers, headed by three officers
;
running
fire
in a
naiTOw
ravine,
till
fled in confusion, leaving the cattle
at length the
military
which they were escort-
ing to their quarters in the hands of their opponents.

Such were the habits and character of the wild freebooters,
among whom Charles was about to find himself a cherished
negotiation had already been opened with them
guest.
through the medium of the Glengarry man who had guided
the fugitives from the valley of Glenshiel, of which the result
had been that they consented to give shelter to Gleualadale,
and to one or two other gentlemen, who were represented to
them as sufl'erers in the Jacobite cause, and who it was stated
would accompany him. Accordingly Charles and his companions proceeded to a 'wild spot called Coiraghoth, in the
braes of Glenmoriston, where they were met by three out of
the seven freebooters, to whom Charles was formally introduced as young Clanranald. In spite, however, of his ragged
attire, and the miserable condition to which he was reduced,
the men instantly recognised their Prince, and after greeting
him with every demonstration of respect and delight, conducted him in triumph to their cave.
Charles had now fasted no less than forty-eight hours, and
his satisfaction therefore may be readily imagined, when he
found himself a welcome guest in the robbers' stronghold,
enjoying a hearty meal of mutton, butter, and cheese, with
the additional luxury of some whisky. The foui- othpi men,
who had been absent on a foraging party, returned the following day, and these also recognised the Prince. Under
these circumstances, Gleualadale, at the request of Charles,
administered an oath to the whole of them, in the avv-ful terms
of which, as was then customary in the Highlands, they invoked on themselves, " That their backs might be to God,
and their faces to the Devil that all the curses the Scriptures did pronounce might come upon them and all their
posterity, if they did not stand firm to the Prince in the greatest dangers, and if they should discover to
any person, man,
woman, or child, that the Prince was in their keeping, till
once his person should be out of danger." This oath they
kept with such religious exactness, that not one of them
mentioned that the Prince had been their guest until a
fcwelvemoBlli
330
PEINCE CHAELES EDWAED,
1746.]
had elapsed
after
he had effected his escape to
the Continent.
The three next weeks were passed by Charles in difierent
caves and hiding-places known to the Glenmoriston men, with
the single exception of an expedition which he made in the

direction of the sea-coast, in the hope of finding a foreign
vessel to convey him to France.
Nothing could exceed the
kindness, devotion, and attention, which Charles received
from the wild children of the mountain and the mist, although
their care and attachment for him were sometimes exhibited
Distressed at the coarseness
in rather a singular manner.
and tattered condition of the Prince's dress, two of the party
on one occasion waylaid some servants who were traveling
to Fort Augustus with their master's baggage, and, having
killed one of them, seized a portmanteau, which they carried
in trivimph to their cave, and presented its acceptable contents to Charles.' On another occasion, on the return of one
of the Glenmoriston
had proceeded
men from Fort Augustus, whither he
in disguise in search of intelligence, he pre"
sented the Prince with a

pennyworth of gingerbread,"
which, in the singleness of his heart, he believed would prove
a dainty of the first order.
Charles was exactly the person to win the devotion of these
rude but warm-hearted mountaineers. Their respect he obtained by his superiority in all manly exercises, and by his
powers of enduring fatigue and their love by identifying
himself with their interests, and the winning ease with which
he associated viith them. He compelled them to wear their
bonnets in his company, and at meals they all sat down toCharles occagether in a circle, their food upon their knees
;
improvements in their simple cookery,

and sometimes even assisting in the preparation of their
homely repast. The influence which he obtained over them
was, at least on one occasion, turned to a laudable purpose.
"
Glenaladale," said Patrick Grant, "was interpreter between
the Prince and us and it was agreed upon that we shovJd
sionally suggesting
" He
Prince's costume at this period is thus descrihed hy Home.
had a bonnet on his head, a wretched yellow wig:, and a clouted handkerchief about his neck. He had a coat of coarse, dark-coloured cloth, a Stirling tartan waistcoat much worn, a pretty good belted plaid, tartan hose,
and Highland brogues, tied with thongs, so much worn that they would
was of the
scarcely stick upon his feet. His shiit (and he had not another)
colour of saffron."
History of the Rebellion,
'
The
Z 2
3 10
[l746.
say nothing but what the Prince should be made to understand, and that the Prince should say nothing but what we
likewise should be made to understand.
By this means the
Prince discovered that we were much addicted to common
swearing in our conversation, for which he caused Glenalaand at last the Prince, by his repeated
dale to reprove us
reproofs, prevailed on us so far that we gave that custom of
;
Charles, we are told, used to withdraw

swearing quite up."
himself every morning and evening, for the purpose of perin
devotions
private.
forming his
About this period, there occurred a remarkable instance
of enthusiastic devotion in the Prince's cause, which had no
One Eoderick Mackenzie,
slight eftect in aiding his escape.
the son of a goldsmith of Edinburgh, happened to be lurking
in the braes of Grlenmoriston he had served as an officer in
the Prince's Life Gruards, and was thought to bear a strong
resemblance to Charles, both in. features and in person. Un'
fortunately, his hiding-place was discovered by the military,

and a party was despatched to seize his person. He defended
himself' as long as he could with great gallantry, but at length
in
receiving a fatal thrust, he di'opped his sword, exclaiming
"
Villains
his last agony,
you have kUled your Prince."
His design completely succeeded. The soldiers, believing

that they had obtained the great prize for which they had so
long panted, cut off his head, and carried it in triumph to
Port Augustus, li'om whence it was forwarded to Loudon as
"
The depositions of several persons,"
that of the Prince.
"
who affirmed that this
says the Chevalier de Johnstone,
was the head of Prince Charles, had the good efiect of rendering the English less vigilant, and less active in their pursuits.
Mr Morrison, his valet-de-chambre, was then iu the
prison of Carlisle, condemned to death and the Government
despatched a messenger to suspend the execution of the sentence, and bring him to London, to declare upon oath
whether this really was the head of Prince Charles but Mr
Morrison having been attacked on the road with a violent
fever, accompanied with deUriiun, remained in bed in the
messenger's house, where he continued a prisoner for fifteen
redays after his arrival iu London and when he began to
cover, the head was in such a putrid state, that it was judged
;
Information given by Patrick Grant, one of the Seven

Bishop Forbes. Chambers, p. 117.
riston, to
Men of
Glentno-
PBIjrCE
743.]
CHAHLES EDWAED.
341
Luuieoessary to examine him, as it was uo longer possible to

listiuguish any of the features."
Being desirous of forming a junction -iA-itli Lochiel and
'
Mac Pherson, who were believed to be lurking in the

of Badeuoeh, Charles, on the 21st of August, took an
ift'ectionate leave of the Seven Men
of Glenmoriston, who accompanied him some distance on his way to a wood at the
foot of Loch Arkaig. It was
-s^-ith the
only
greatest difficulty
that these faithful and affectionate men would
permit their
beloved Prince to leave them.
-ndth us,"
"Stay
they said;
"
the mountains of gold wliieh the government have set
upon
head
induce
some
to
your
may
gentleman
betray you, for he
can go to a distant coimtiy, and Live on the price of his dishonour but to us there exists no such temptation.
can
Cluny
R'ilds
We
speak no language but our
owa
we can
live
nowhere but
in this country, where, were we to

injure a hair of your
head, the very mountains would fall do\vii to crush lis to
death."
Patrick Grant alone remained with the Pi-ince a
few days longer and on taking his departure was presented

by Charles with twenty-ibur guineas, to be divided between
himself and his companions.^
;
CHAPTER
VI.
Charles joined by the Fugitives Macdonald of Lochgarry and Cameron

of Chines.
Secreted in the Wood of Auchnacarry.
Jleeting between
Termination of his Wanderings. Embarks on
Charles and Lochiel.
board L'Heureux for France. Arrival and Keception by the King and
and Arrest. Transported

at Liberty. Takes up
to Avignon, where he
Residence at
de
Visits
London
in 1750. Supposed
Montgomerie.
Lidge as Baron
have been an eye-witness at the Coronation of George IIL Abjures
Queen. Ordered
to quit Paris. His Eefusal,

is
set
his
to
the Catholic Religion
and becomes a Protestant.
Charles had recently been joined by Macdonald of Lochgarry and Cameron of Clunes, who were fugitives lilje himself, and with these gentlemen he took up his abode in a small
hut which had been constructed for him in a wood between
'

For an interesting account of the Seven Men of Glenmoriston, see a
Mr Chambers's valuable History of the EebeUion of 1745, p. 119.
acta to
312
THE PEETENDERS AND THEIE ADIIEEEXXS.
[l746
Auclinasual and the end of Loch Arkaig. From tliis place

he sent a messenger to his beloved Lochiel, expressing a strong
wish that, it' circumstances permitted, he would join him as
soon as possible in his retreat. In the mean time, however,
having learned that the Prince had efl'ected his escape from
Skye to the mainland, Lochiel had despatched his two brothers, Dr Archibald Cameron and the Eev. John Cameron,
in different dh-ectious, in order to obtain intelligence respecting him. After wandering about for some time, the two brothers again fell in with each other at Auchnacarrj, the ancient seat of their family, which had recently been laid in
ruins by the soldiery.
From hence they proceeded along
Loch Arkaig in a boat, and, in the course of their voyage,
had the good fortune to encounter some of Climes's retainers,
and subsequently the chieftain himself, who forthwith conducted them to the presence of Charles.
At th e m oment when they were approaching the hut, Charles
was fast asleep, and his consternation may be easily imagined
when he was suddenly roused by Patrick Grant ndth the
startUng information that a body of men, apparently militia,
were close Tipon hmi. He was advised to fly instantly to the
mountains but he rejected the proposition, adding, that it
were tar better to take the enemy by surprise, and after taking a steady aim at them from their ambuscade, to trust to
Providence for the rest. Accordingly Charles and Patrick
Grant, Avith a son of Clunes, who was in the hut at the time,
rested then' guns along the stones, and were on the point of
firing, when, to their great joy, they suddenly recognised
Climes at tlie head of the advancing party. The dehght of
Charles was greatly increased, when the two brothers of Lochiel were presented to him, and he learned from them that
the chief was in good health and rapidly recovering from his
woimds. He expressed "uncommon joy," we are told, at the
circumstance, and "thrice returned God thanks," for the
"
The
safety of liis friend. In the words of John Cameron,
Prince was at this time bare-footed, had an old black kilt coat
on, philabeg and waistcoat, a dirty shirt, and a long red beard,
a gun in his hand, and a pistol and dii-k by his side. He was
very cheerful and in good health, and, ia my opinion, ftxtter
than when he was at Inverness. They had killed a cow the
day before, and the servants were roasting some of it with
spits. The Prince knew their names, spoke in a familiar way
;
PRINCE CHAKLES EDWAED.
1746.]
343
and some Erse. He ate very heartily of the roasted

beef and some bread v;e had from Fort Angustus, and no man
could sleep sounder in the night than he."
On the following day, the 20th of August, Charles removed
to a wood near Lochiefs ruined seat of Auchnaearry. He had
remained in this wood about four days, residing sometimes
LU one hut, and sometimes in another,
when one morning,
about eight o'clock, John Cameron, who had been absent
in search of intelligence, suddenly returned, and awoke the
Prince with the information that a large body of soldiers were
advancing in their immediate neighbourhood. As they bad
liitherto received no intelligence of anv military detachment
baving marched from Fort Angustus, Charles, as well as his
3ompanions, seems to have been fully impressed ^rith the
:on\-iction that treachery was at work, and that they were
surrounded on all sides. The Prince, however, not^vithstanding his imminent peril, betrayed neither perturbation nor
"
ilarm.
I awoke him," says John Cameron, " and desired
lim not to be surprised, for that a body of the enemy was in
He, with the utmost composure, got up, called for
sight.
lis gun, sent for Captain ilacraw and
Sandy, Climes's son,
s"ho, with a servant, were doing duty as sentries about the
ivood."
There still remained the hope of escape, but in the
5vent of iinding their retreat cut off, the whole party, which
low consisted of eight persons, expressed their determination
;o die like men of honour, and to sell their lives as
dearly
IS
Charles carefully esamiued all their guns, addpossible.
"
I have been bred a good shooter, can charge
ng cheerfully,
[uick, and can make pretty sure of my aim."
Fortunately, under the cover of the wood, they were ento them,
ibled to reach the top of a neighbouring hiU -ithout

being
jerceived, and from thence commenced a toilsome march to
;he summit of another hiU, called Mullantagart. Here Charles
from Clunes. that at night he would meet

lim with pro^^sions, at a particular spot which he named ia
;he moimtains.
The groimd which they had to traverse was
lerhaps as craggy and rugged as any in the Highlands, and,
IS
toUed
in
the
dark up one difficult mountain-path after
they
-eceived a message
mother, their flesh, as well as their clothes, were constantly

;orn by the stumps of trees and jutting rocks ^\-ith which they
âme in contact. The Prince, on this particular occasion.
vas the first to give way from exhaustion.
They had found
SM
THE PKETEXDERS AND inEIE ADUEEEXTS.
[iTlO.
impossible to procure a mouthful of food during the whole

day, and they had still some distance to proceed, when Charles
expressed his inability to advance any further. By the assistance, however, of the Highlanders, who supported him by
his arms on each side, he was able to totter through the rest
of the journey, and he was at length cheered by the sight of
Clunes and his sou, who had succeeded in k illin g a cow, and
were engaged in cooking a part of it for supper. Here Charles
toolt up his quarters for a day or two, till the removal of some
of the troops from the passes enabled him to advance nearer
to Lochiel.
The Prince's next move was to a hiding-place in the wood
of Auchnacarry, where, to his great delight, he received a
message from Lochiel, stating that he and his kinsman, Macpherson of Cluny, were safely concealed in Badenoch, and
recommending that Charles should join them there -ndthout
delay. IVotbing coidd be more grateful to him than this proposition. Without waiting for the arrival of jMaephersou of
Cluny, who was on his way to conduct him to Badenoch, he
set out immediately, and at night found himself at a
place
called Corineuir, at the foot of the great mountain Benalder.
The next day he ai-rived at jMellaneuir, also situated on Benalder, where Lochiel was residing in a small hut with his two
companions in adversity, Macpherson of Cluny, and Maephcrson the younger, of Breakachie. It is remarkable, that
though their residence in this district was known to a number of jsersons, and although there was a large military post
at Sherowmore, within the distance of a few miles,
yet they
had continued to reside in this retired spot for more than four
months witiiout suspicion not only well provided with proit
visions by their friends, but also comfortably tended

many as three servants.
by
as
The meeting between Charles and Lochiel was one of evident joy and satisfaction on both sides.
On being informed
that the Prince was approachmg his
place of concealment,
the chieftain went fortii to meet him, and would have
paid
his respects on his knees had he not been checked
by Charles.
"
"
Jly dear Lochiel," he said, you don't know who may be
looking from the tops of yonder trees if any be there, and
;
if
they see such motions, they will conclude that I
am
here,
which may prove of bad consequence." Lochiel then eonducted the Prince to the interior of his hovel, who, " upon
PEixcE chahles edwaed.
1746.]
345
"
are informed, took a hearty dram, -which he
pretty often called for thereafter to drink his friends' healths."
Charles now sat down to an excellent dinner of minced colLops, together with other luxuries, to which he had recently
been little accustomed. He was in an excellent humour, and
his entry,"
we
"
Now,
expressed himself highly delighted -with his fare.
"
gentlemen," he exclaimed, I live like a prince."
The next day Cluny returned from his unsuccessful expedition in search of the Prince.
On entering the hut, he
attempted, like Lochiel, to pay his duty to his young master
on his knees hut the ceremony was interdicted by Charles,
who, taking Cluny in his arms, kissed him aifectionately.
"
I am sorry, Cluny, that you
Shortly afterwards he said,
and your regiment were not at CuUoden I did not hear till
that
were
so
near
us
that day."
lately
you
The day after Cluny's return, it was deemed advisable for
some reason to shift their quarters, and, accordingly, the
whole party removed to another hut in. the wild recesses of
Benalder, which, we are told, had the character of being
;
and smoky.
superlatively bad
"
From hence
they removed to
very romantic and comical habitation," called the Caê,

also on Benalder, which had recently beenconstructedby Cluny
for the purpose of concealment. " The Cage," says Donald
"
Macpherson, was only large enough to contain six or seven
a
persons, four of which number were fi'equently employed in

playing at cards one idle, looking on one baking and
another firing bread and cooking."
The story of the Prince's wanderings and escapes is now
fast drawing to a close. Two vessels, L'Heureux and La
Princesse de Conti, had been fitted out by a Colonel "Warren,
who had been promised a baronetcy by the old Chevalier in
the event of his succeeding in carrying ofl'the Prince. These
vessels sailed from St Maloes at the end of August, and arrived in Lochuanuagh on the 6th of September. There lauded
from them four gentlemen, among whom were Captain
Sheridan, a son of Sir Thomas, and a Mr O'Beime, a beutenant in the French service, who were received by Macdonald of Glenaladale, who had taken his station on the
coast for the purpose of commimicating to Charles the arrival of a.nj friendly vessel. The channel of communication
between the Prince and Glenaladale was Cameron of Chines,
but in consequence of an alarm which he had received at the
;
316
THE PEETENDEES AND THEIE ADHEEEST9.
fl746.
approacli of the military, Clunes had been compelled to quit

his old quarters, and, to the annoyance of Grlenaladale, it was
some time before his present place of concealment could be
At length, however, Glenaladale found means to

commimicate with him, when Clunes immediately despatched
a faithful messenger to convey the important intelligence to
Macpherson of Cluny, and through bun to the Prince.
Charles, it is needless to remark, lost no time in availing
himself of so favourable an opportunity for escape. He set
out the same night (September the 13th), and before daybreak foimd himself in his old quarters in the smoky hut on
Benalder. He arrived at Corvoy on the 14tb, where he
rested a short time, and on the 16th slept at Lochiel's seat
discovered.
at Auchnacarry. The following day he arrived at a place

called Glencamger, and on the 19th was cheered with the
sight of the vessels which were to bear him from the power
and persecutions of his enemies. He generously remained upwards of a day on the coast, for the purpose of allowing any
of his sufleriag followers, who might be lurking in the neighbouring
districts, to avail
themselves of the opportimity of
eflecting their escape.
On Saturday, September the 20th, Charles took his last

leave of the Highlands, and proceeded on board L'Heureux,
accompanied by Lochiel, Loehgarry, John Eoy Stuart, and
Dr Cameron. There were
in all, embarked with him on board

the two vessels, twenty-three gentlemen and one hundred
and seven common men the former including young Clanranald, Glenaladale, Macdonald of Dalely, and his two brothers. Before going on board, Charles took an aflectionate
leave of Macpherson of Cluny, who preferred remaining
among his own people, to purchasing safety as an exile in a
foreign land. The same deeply-implanted love of country and
kindred affected more or less every individual on board "the
"
gentlemen, as well as commons," we are told, icere seen to
weep, though they boasted of being soon back with an irre;
sistible force."
The
and melancholy story of the expedition of

to Scotland, and of his romantic escapes and
has
now
been brought to a close. AVbether we
adventures,
reflect on the extraordinary fact of his landing in Scotland
an almost friendless adventurer, without arms, money, or resources of any kind, and his having subsequently led a vieCharles
striking
Edward
PEINCE CHAELES EDITAItD.
1746.]
347
army T\athm a few days' march of the meh'opolis of

whether we identify ourselves with the romantic
England
tale of his imminent dangers, his hair-breadth escapes, his indomitable fortitude, and his cheerfulness under the severest
trials
or whether we pause to pay our tribute to those
generous and devoted individuals, who, scorning the sj^lendid
reward which they might have obtained by betrajdng him,
preferred rather to work out his deliverance, at the imminent
torious
in whatever point of
hazard of their lives and fortunes
view we regard the story of Charles Edward up to this period,
we must admit that it forms one of the most remarkable and
;
interesting episodes in the annals of any country.

On turning his back on the Highlands, Charles left behind
him the tears, the prayers, and best wishes of the generous
people who had so long befriended him, and who seem to
have loved him the more enthusiastically for the sufterings

"
He went," says Lord
wliich they endured in his cause.
"
IMahon, but not with him departed his remembrance from
the Highlanders. For years and years did his name continue
enshrined in their hearts and familiar to their tongues their
plaintive ditties resoimdiug with his exploits, and inviting his
return. Again, in these strains, do they declare themselves
ready to risk life and fortune for his cause and even maternal fondness the strongest, perhaps, of all human feelings
"
yields to the passionate devotion to Peince Cuaelie.'
On the 29th of September, after a prosperous voyage,
Charles landed at Eoscoft', near Morlaix, in France, from
whence he proceeded to Paris, where the Government had
ordered the Chateau St Antoine to be fitted up as his residence. On approaching the French capital, he was met by a
gallant band of the young nobility, headed by his brother
Henry, who no sooner recognised him, than he flung his
arms roimd his neck and kissed him with the greatest
:
'
aftection.
A few
days after his
arrival,
the Prince paid a ^^sit to the
French King and Queen at Fontainebleau. Unwilling to give

more ofl'ence than necessary to the Court of St James's,
Louis declined to receive him openly as Prince of Wales, but
at the same time added, that it would give him the greatest
pleasure to embrace him as a friend. The state and magnificence vidth which Charles proceeded to Fontainebleau must
have formed a striking contrast to the ragged and dirty ap-
THE PKETENDEES AND THEIR ADHEEENTS.
34S
[l74.
pearance which he had presented scarcely a fortnight hefore.

The journey was performed with a hirge suite in several carriages Charles himself, who was magnificently dressed, proin a
ceeding with his master of the horse, the elder Lochiel,
in the livery of the
splendid equipage ten footmen, di'essed
Prince of AVales, walking on each side of it. Lords Elcho and
of the gentlemen of
Ogilvie, his secretary Kelly, and three
his hedchamhcr, followed in the other carriages while the
younger Lochiel, with a hand of gentlemen, on horsehack,
the rear. Charles was received with great cor;
hrought up
After warmly embracing him,
diality by the French King.
"Mon )'.? cJier Prince" said Louis, "je rends grace au del,
me clonne le plaisir extreme de vous voir arrivi; en honne

Yous avezfait voir
sante, apres tani de fafujues et de dangers.
se
que ioutes les grandes qualitcs des Jiiros et des philosophes
en
et
reunies
tro'ivent
vows;
fespere qu'un de ces jours vous
qui
After
reccvrez la recompense d'lin merite si extraordinaire."
his interview with the King, Charles was conducted to the
apartments of the Queen, who also received him with great
In the evening he supped with the Eoyal Family;

and both on this and on other occasions, their Majesties are
kindness.
said to have listened ^îth the deepest interest to the particidars of his adventures and escapes.
It was greatly to the credit of Charles, that, after his
return to France, he exerted himself in every possible manner to alleviate the distresses of his faithful followers, and to
repair the losses which they had sustained by embracing his

He told the French minister, D'Argeuson, shortly
cause.
after his arrival in Paris, that he would never ask anji^hing
for himself, but that he was ready to go down on his knees
to obtain any favour for his brother exiles. In a letter also
to his father, dated the 19th of December, 1740, he wTites
"
I suppose O'Brien has already given an account to you of
what pains I am at, and what has been done concerning the
poor Scotch. I told the ]\Iarquis d'Argenson the other day,
how sensible I was of the King's goodness for what he has
done for them, but that I would never ask anything for myself for I came only into this country to do what I could
for my poor country, and not for myself." Among the
Scottish officers who had served in the Prince's army, and
who were now
in France, the French government had distributed already thirty -fom- thousand livres; and subsequently
849
PEIKCE CHAELES EDWAED.
1747-8.]
the additional si.mi of tweuty-uiue thousaud li\Tes was divided, according to their rank, among those officers who had
learn also from Charles's own
landed with the Prince.
in the hahit of constantly transbanliing account, that he was
his
own purse not only to permitting large sums out of
sons who had private claims on him, s\ieh as Lord 'N'airn,
Clanranald, and Ardshiel, but also to many individuals of in-
We
ferior rank.
From the period when he returned to the French capital,

to the hour when all hope deserted him, Charles ne\er ceased
to importune the government for that aid, with which he
hoped to rekindle the war in the Highlands, and to recover
the throne of his ancestors. He imagined also that Spain
miffht be induced to assist him in his views and accordingly,
in the mouth of January, 1747, we find him paying a secret
;
hopes of persuading Ferdinand the Sixth

to furnish him vnth the means of fitting out a second exwere met only
pedition. His repeated applications, however,
with immeaniug promises and evasive replies, tiU at length,
of no avail, he refinding all his arguments and entreaties
visit to Madi-id, in
turned to Paris in the month of March, and commenced befresh memorials and
sieging the French Government with
who was now bent on obtaining a peace
appeals but Louis,
with England, proved even more obdurate than the Spanish
Monarch. The temper of Charles was ah-eady sufficiently ir;
by these repeated disappointments of his darling

it was formally
hopes but when, three months afterwards,
anjiounced to him that his brother Henry was about to become an ecclesiastic, with the entire approbation of their
thus tacitly admitting that his family abandoned all
father,
the Prince's
hopes of regaining the throne of Great Britain,
distress and indignation exceeded all boimds.
ritated
Li the course of the following year, a last blow was given

to the Prince's hopes, in consequence of the treaty of peace
which was signed between the Courts of St James's and
Versailles, by one of the articles of which it was stipulated
that Charles should be banished from the French territories.
"WhUe the treaty was in progress, it had been anticipated

that Charles would have made a merit of necessity, and, by
have spared the
quietly withdrawing to some other country,
French King the disagreeable alternative of resorting to
forcible measures to insure his removal. Whether it was his
350
ohject, however, to embarrass the
[l748.
French Court, of whose
towards him he bitterly complained, or whatever

his motive, certain it is that he adopted a line
of policy very difterent from what had been expected.
In order to prove to the world how little intention he had
of quitting Paris of his own accord, he commenced furnishing
a new house, which he hired on the Quai Thâtin. Alarmed
at this conduct on the part of the Prince, Louis sent the
Cardinal de Tencin to him in the first instance, and subsequently the Due de Gresores, Governor of Paris, who, in addition to using every argument and entreaty to induce him
to listen to reason, laid before him a carte hlanche, which he
was told he was at liberty to fill up with any sum he might
be pleased to demand as a pension, in consideration of his
Neither the dread of
yielding to the wishes of the King.
consequences, however, nor the dictates of reason or interest
not even the urgent entreaties of the Pope's nuncio, nor
an autograph letter addressed to him by the King himself,
had the least eflect on the mind of the exasperated Prince.
The treaty had now beeu signed for some time, and the Enginjustice
may have been
Government began naturally to exhibit some impatience

one of the most important of its conditions not having been
fulKlled. Still, Louis was unwilling to proceed to extremities
without making another elfort and accordingly, as a last resource, lie wrote to the old Clievalier, entreating him to exercise his influence and authority over his son, to induce him
to take the required step.
In consequence of this commulish
at
nication, the Chevalier addressed a strong letter to his sou,

under a flying seal, commanding him to quit Paris without
delay but even this final measure proved of no avail, and

Charles appeared quite as obstinate as before.
The King
now summoned a Council of State, at which it was determined
to arrest the Prince the same night, and carry him by force
"
out of the French dominions. ''Ah, pauvre Prince !
said
Louis as he was signing the order for his arrest, " qiCil est
"
;
pour un roi crftre un veritable ami!

was three o'clock when the order was signed, and before
night the news had spread all over Paris, where it excited
the most extraordinary sensation.
Charles alone appeared
calm and indifferent, and when urged to quit Paris immediately, in order to avoid the fate which awaited him, he not
difficile
It
only treated the advice with contempt, but, turning to one
851
PRINCE CHASIES EBWABD.
1748.]
of his retinue, he ordered him to procure a box for him at

the Opera the same night. Charles had long been the idol
At the time, indeed, when he had
of the French people.
to proceed on his Scottish expedition, his perquitted Paris
son was scarcely known to the Parisians neither do they
interest in his history or
appear to have taken any particular
his fate. But when he returned to them after his memorable
the
beheld
when
young and graceful Prince,
they
campaign
who had t^vice vanquished the royal forces of England on the
field of battle, and who was the hero of so many romantic
adventures and escapes he at once became an object of general interest and paramount attraction. If any circumstance,
moreover, could have added to this feeling of enthusiasm, it
was the opposition which he had shown to the absolute power
of the French Monarch, and his "brave answers to the King's
orders to him to quit the French dominions." This conduct
"
observed
is said to have rendered him more than ever the
of ^11 observers ;" the company followed him whenever he
and recently the French
appeared on the public promenades
Government had been much alarmed and irritated, by the fact
;
of the whole audience having risen to applaud him when he

entered the theatre.
It was probably therefore with the view of displaying the
from any apprehenstrength of the Government, rather than
sion of a rescue, that it was determined on arresting the

Prince in as public a place, and with as much parade as was
As many as twelve hundred of the Eoyal Guards,
possible.
under the Duke de Biron, were drawn up in the court of the
armed
PalaisEoyal; a great number of sergeants and grenadiers,
with cuirasses and helmets, were posted in the passage of the
in
Opera House the City Guard lined the difterent streets
while large bodies of troops patrolled the road
the
;
vicinity
whither it was inleading to the state-prison of Vincennes,

tended that the Prince shoidd be conducted. The excitement
which pervaded Paris was intense, while Charles alone apformidable
peared apathetic and unmoved. Being told of the
"
Well, be it
preparations "which were made for his arrest,
we will not make them wait for us." Having
so," he said,
of
alighted from his carriage, attended by three gentlemen
his household, he was in the act of entering the Opera House,
when he was suddenly seized by eight sergeants dressed as
him
tradesmen, with cuirasses under their coats, who carried
352
THE PRETENDEES AND THEIK ADHERENTS.
[l748-9.
by force iuto the court-yard of the Palais Royal, while the

soldiers kept ofi' the crowd with their bayonets. His person
was then searclied, and his arms, consisting of a sword, a small
dagger, and a pair of poclcet-pistols, having been taken away
from him, he was bound hand and foot witli a silken rope,
and hurried into a coach drawn by six horses, which immediately di'ove off surrounded
by a strong guard.
During the joiu'ney to Viucennes, Charles conversed cheerwith
the
three
officers
who
guarded him in the coach,
fully
and on reachiug the prison, liappening to recognise the Go"
Mon ami," he said, alluding to the
vernor as an old friend,
"
cords which bound him, veiiez done m'emhrasser, puisque je,
ne puis pas vous embrasser." He was then unbound and eoH'
ducted to a small upper room, about ten feet square, lighted
by a small wndow in the roof. His eye glanced displeased
for a moment round this uncomfortable-looking apartment,
but directly afterwards he remarked cheerfidly, " I have
1
m
seen worse in Scotland."

Collected and even cheerful as Charles had been in the
presence of the French officers, they no sooner quitted him
than his manner is said to have undergone a complete change.
His sole companion in captivity was the faithful Niel Mackechan, who has been so often mentioned as the Prince's guide
during his wanderings with Flora Macdonald. According to
the account of this person, Charles, on being rid of his jailors,
threw himself iuto a chair, and, bin-sting into tears, exclaimed,
"All, my faitliful mountaineers! you would not have treated
me tluis! would I were still with you!" Having been detained
in prison five days, Charles on the 15th of December. 1748, was
removed under a strong guard to the Papal city of Avignon,
where he once more found himself at Liberty. He made a
public enti-y iuto that to'mi on the 2ud of January, 1749, in
a coach and six, preceded by a troop of the Pope's horseguards. The carriages of the nobility followed behind, and at
night he was entertained with a magnificent supper and ball
in the Archiepiscopal palace
After a residence of ouly a few months at Avignon, Charles
quitted that place, almost secretly, and with Colonel Goring
only for his companion, repaired to Liege, where, under the
name of the Baron de Moutgomerie, he lived in compara-
tive privacy for several years.

It was during his residence
at Liege, that he put into practice a favourite but dangerous
PH1NCE CHAELES EDVTAED.
1750-54.]
<353
The partia \'isit to London in disguise.

project of paying
"In
culars of this curious fact are thus related by Dr King:
"
a
note
from
received
I
he
1750,"
my Lady
says,
September,
Primrose,
desired to see me immediately. As soon as I

me into her dressing-room, and preto the Prince. If I was surprised to find him there,
who
waited
on her, she led
sented
me
more astonished when he acquainted me with the

motives which had induced him to hazard a journey to England at this juncture. The impatience of his friends who
were in exile had formed a scheme which was impracticable
but although it had been as feasible as they had represented
it to him, yet no preparation had been made, ncff was anyHe was soon conthing ready to carry it into execution.
vinced that he had been deceived, and therefore, after a stay
in London of five days only, he returned to the place from
"
whence he came. As to his person," adds Dr King, he is
tail and well-made, but stoops a little, owing, perhaps, to the
in his northern expedition.
great fatigue which he underwent
He has a handsome face and good eyes. I think his busts,
which about this time were commonly sold in London, are
more like him than any of his pictures which I have yet seen.
He came one evening to my lodgings and drank tea with me.
that he thought
servant, after he was gone, said to me,
my new visitor very like Prince Charles.' 'Why,' said I, 'have
Charles?'
ever seen Prince
'No, sir,' repHed the fellow,
you
'
but this gentleman, whoever he may be, exactly resembles
the busts of Prince Charles.' The truth is, these busts were
taken in plaster of Paris from his face." The name adopted
by Charles, during his visit to England, was Smith, the
same name which his great-grandfather, Charles the First,
had assumed during his romantic journey to Madrid in 1623,
to woo the Infanta of Spain.
With the exception of a short visit to Stockholm, we have
little record of the Prince's movements till we find him paythe years
ing another hazardous secret visit to Loudon about
'
That this unfortunate man," says Thieknesse, in
1753-4.
his Memoirs, "was in London about the year 175i. I can
He came hither contrary to the opinions
positively assert.
of his friends abroad but he was determined, he said, to see
the capital of that kingdom over which he thought himself
horn to reign. AJ'ter Ijeing a few days at a lady's house in
Essex Street in the Strand, he was met by one who knew his
I was
still
My
'
'
'
Dr King's Anecdotes
of his
Own
1
Time, pp. 196, 199 and note.
35i
TUE PRETENBERS AND THEIR ADHERENTS.
[l751.
Hyde Park, and who made an attempt to kneel to

This circuinstauee so alarmed the, lady at whose house
liim.
he resided, that a boat was procured the same night, and he
returned instantly to Franca Monsieur Massac, late secreto treat with
tary to the Due de xôailles, told me he was sent
person, iu
the Prince relative to a subsequent attempt to invade EngM. Massac dined with him, and had much conversaland.
tion on the subject but observed, that he was rather a weak
man, bigoted to his religion, and unable to refrain from the
bottle, the only benefit, he said, he had acquired by his ex;
among his countrymen iu Scotland. INIr Segrave,

Irish officer with only one arm, formerly well known at
the Cufi de Condi, at Paris, assured me that he had been with
the Prince in England between the years 17-15 and 1756, and
pedition
an
that they had laid a plan of seizing the person of the King
(George the Second), as he returned from the play, by a body
of Irish chairmen, who were to knock the servants from behind his coach, estinguisli the lights, and create a confusion
while a party carried the King to the water-side, and hurIt is certain that the late King
ried him away to France.
often returned from the theatres in so private a manner, that
such an attempt was not impracticable for what could not
a hundred or two desperate villains effect, at eleven o'clock
at night, in any of the public streets of London ? Ten minutes' start woidd do it
and they coidd not have failed of a
much greater length of time. He also told me that they had
more than fifteen hundred chairmen, or that class of people,
who were to assemble opposite the Duke of Newcastle's
house in Lincoln's Inn Fields the instant they heard any
I cannot vouch
particular news relative to the Pretender.
but it may be right to relate it,
for the truth of this story
to prevent such an attempt, shoidd any other Pretender start
up for I have the best authority to say such a thing is practicable, and that a person was taken ofl^ in broad daylight,
and in the middle of a large city, though nntler the protection
of an English major, and seven old French women and that,
There are many people now living at
too, by an individual.
who remember that transaction. It was not a
;
Southampton
but
king, it is true, who was taken off, nor was it a man
before the surprise of the major and his female party wad
over, the lady ^vas far out of tlieir reach.'
This visit of the Prince to England appears to be the same
;
'
Memoirs
of Philip Thicknessc.
355
1753.]
alluded to by Hume, the historian, iu the following

that
extract of a letter to Sir John Pringle, dated the 10th of
the visit
February, 1773. It will be seen, that Hume places
"
That the
at a somewhat earlier period than Thicknesse.
in
the
year 1753, I know
present Pretender was in London
with the greatest certainty, because I had it from Lord Marechal, who said it consisted with his certain knowledge.
Two or three days after his Lordship gave me this information, he told me, that the evening before he bad learned
several curious particulars from a lady (who I imagined to
be Lady Primrose), though my lord refused to name her.
The Pretender came to her house iu the evening without giving her any preparatory information, and entered the room,
is
where she had a pretty large company with jier, and was herHe was announced by the servant
self playing at cards.
she thought the cards would have
under another name
dropped from her hands on seeing him but she had presence
enough of mind to call him by the name he assumed, to ask
him when he came to England, and how long he intended to
After he and aU the company went away, the
stay there.
servants remarked how wonderfidly like the strange gentleman
was to the Prince's picture, which hung on the chimney-piece
in the very room in which he entered.
My lord added (I
think from the authority of the same lady), that he used so
little precaution, that he went abroad openly in daylight in
his own dress, only lajong aside his blue ribbon and star
walked once through St James's, and took a turn in the
;
MaU.
"About five years ago," adds Hume, "I told this story to
Lord Holdernesse, who was Secretary of State in the year
1753 and I added, that I supposed this piece of intelligence
had at the time escaped his Lordship. 'By no means,' said
he, 'and who do you think fii-st told it me?' It was the King
himself, who subjoined, 'And what do you think, my lord, I
should do with him ? Lord Holdernesse owned that he was
;
'
his real sentiments,

puzzled how to reply for, if he declared
The
they might savour of indifference to the Eoyal Family.
him from
extricated
and
his
embarrassment,
King perceived
and
it by adding, 'My lord, I shall just do nothing at all
when he is tired of England, he will go abroad again.' I think
more
to
be
this story, for the honoiu" of the late King, ought
Lord
generally known. But, what wiU surprise you more,
2 A 2
;
THE PRETENDEES AND THEIR ADHERENTS.
356
[1753-62.
Mardchal, a few days after the coronation of the present

King (George the Third), told me that he believed the
young Pretender was at that time in Loudon, or at least
had been so very lately, and had come over to see the show
I asked my
of the Coronation, and had actually seen it.
lord the reason for this strange fact ?
Why, says he, a
gentleman told me so that saw him there, and that he even
spoke to him, and whispered in his ears these words 'Tour
Eoyal Highness is the last of all mortals whom I should
expect to see here.' 'It was curiosity that led me,' said the
but I assiu-e you, added he, that the person who
other
is the object of all this pomp and magnificence is the man I
the
least
Tou see this story is so nearly traced i'rom
envy
the fountain-head, as to wear a great face of probability.
What il' the Pretender had taken up Dymock's
Query
'
'
'
'
gauntlet ?
"
I find that the Pretender's visit in England, in the year

1753, was known to all the Jacobites and some of them
have assured me, that he took the opportunity of formally
renouncing the Eoman Catholic religion, under his own
name of Charles Stuart, in the jSTew Church in the Strand,
;
and that this is the reason of the bad treatment he met with
Court of Eorae. I own that I am a sceptic with re-
at the
'
gard to the last particulars."

With the exception of some short visits which he occasionCharles
ally paid to Germany, Venice, and other places,
continued to reside chiefly at Liege till 1757. In that year
he removed to Bouillon, in the Duchy of Luxemburg, where
he lived privately for several years. During his residence
at Bouillon, his time seems to have been principally occupied in hunting bears and wolves, in the wild and vast forest
of Ardennes.
Notwithstanding the doubts which Hume throws on the
the Prosubject, it is now certain that Charles embraced
testant religion, although the exact period is not known. To
his partisans in Scotland he writes on the 12th of August,
176'2,
"Assure my friends in Britain, that I am
in perfect
They may be assured that I shall live and die in the

religion of the Church of England, which I have embraced."^
According to Dr King, he was certainly "free from all
health.
'
Nichols's Literary Anecdotes of the 18th Century, vol. in. p. 401.

'
Bishop Forbes's MSS. Chambers, p. 141.
1760-66.]
PEINCE CHAULES EDWAED.
357
bigotry and superstition," and ready to conform to the estab"

lished religion of Great Britain.
With the Catholics," he
"
he was a Catholic, and with the Protestants he was
says,
a Protestant." It seems to have been at an early period that
he was in the habit of carrying an English Common Prayer
Book in his pocket, and it is known that he caused his first
illegitimate chUd by Miss "Walkenshaw to be christened by
a Protestant clergyman. A medal, bearing date the 23rd of
September, 1752, ^^'ith the head of Charles on one side, on
the reverse, the words Ltetmnini Cives, is by some supposed
to have reference to his having declared himself a Protestant
in that year.
CHAPTER
VII.
Death of the old Pretender.

Prince Charles fails in obtaining a Recognition of his Claims by France and Spain.
Another Invasion of England contemplated.
Reasons for abandoning it.
The Prince takes up
his abode at Florence as Count d' Albany.
His Habits at this Period
of Life.
His Marriage.
From
the period of the Prince's visit to England in 1760,

there is every reason to believe that he witnessed the
coronation of George the Third, as mentioned by Hiune,
there is little of importance in his history till the death of
the old Chevalier in 1766, when he hastened from Bouillon
to Home, under the name of the Chevalier Douglas,
the
same name which, in his days of youth and romance, he had
adopted during his residence at Gravelines on the eve of his
Highland expedition.' He shortly afterwards "assumed the
title of King of England, but to his bitter disapointment he
failed in obtaining a recognition of his claims from the Kings
of France and Spain, and, notwithstanding his grandfather,
James the Second, had lost three kingdoms in upholding the
religion of the Church of Home, even the Pope declined to
acknowledge his pretensions. Notwithstanding the equanimity with which he usually bore his misfortunes, the latter
circumstance seems to have irritated him beyond measure.
"He told the Pope's nuncio," we are informed, ''that the
loss of Culloden gave him more real concern than any loss
when
See ante, p. 107.
358
THE PKETENDEES XSD THEIR ADHEHESTS.
he could
whatever
[l770.
by any orders from his Holiness, and that

titles he would take, neither Pope nor conclave
could have nor had any right to take from him." "This,"
"
I had from a gentleman
says Mr Farquharson of Ardlerg,
who was present."'
suffer
After the death of the old Chevalier, Charles took up his

residence at the seat of- his late father at Albano, where he
contLuued to reside in comparative seclusion, chiefly, it is
said, on a pension which he received from his brother, CarHe stdl, however, kept up a constant cordinal York.
respondence with his Jacobite friends in Great Britain.
new
no
Indeed,
disappointment, no fresh imkindness of fortune, could eradicate from his mind the sanguine conviction
that he was still destined to ascend the throne of his ancestors.
Providence, he said, in 1767, had conducted him
safe through so many dangers, that he was certain he was
under the peculiar care of Heaven, and that it destined him
for some great end.
At length, in 1770, the commercial difliculties under which
England was labouring, added to the tumults fomented by
Wilkes, and the xmpopularity of George the Third at this
period, re\dved once more the drooping spirits of the Jacobites, and induced them seriously to contemplate a second
invasion.
"I know," says Wraxall, "from high authority, that as
late as the year 1770, the Due de Choiseid, then First Jlinister of France (not deterred by the iU success of the attempts made in 1715 and in 1745), meditated to undertake
a third effort for restoring the House of Stuart. His enterprising spirit led him to profit by the dispute which arose
between the English and Spanish Crowns, respecting the
possession of the Falkland Islands, in order to accomplish
this object.
As the first step necessary towards it. he despatched a private emissary to Home, who signified to Charles
Edward the Duke's desire of seeing him immediately at
Paris.
He complied, and arrived in that city with the utmost pri^feey. Having announced it to Choiseul, the Minister
fixed the same night, at twelve o'clock, when he and the
Marshal de Broglio would be ready to receive the Pretender,
and to lay before them their plan for an invasion of England.
The H6tel de Choiseul was named for the interview, to which
1
Bishop Forbes's
MSS. Chambers,
p. 141, note.
PEIXCE CHABLES EDWABD.
1770.]
359
place he was enjoined to repair in a hackney-coacn, disguised,

and without ,any attendant. At the appointed time, the Dnke
and the Marshal, furnished with the requisite papers and instructions, drawn up for his conduct on the expedition, were
ready hut, after waiting a full hour, expecting his appearance every instant, when the clock struck one, they x-oncluded that some unforeseen accident must have intervened
;
to jjrevent his arrival.

Under this impression they were
preparing to separate, when the noise of wheels was heard
in the courtyard, and a lew moments afterwards the Pretender entered the room in a state of such intoxication as to
be utterly incapable even of ordinary conversation. Disgusted, as well as indignant, at this disgi-aeeful conduct, and
well convinced that no expedition undertaken for the restoration of a man so lost to every sense of decency or selfinterest could be crowned with success, Choiseul without
hesitation sent him next morning a peremptory order to
AVraxall informs us that he
quit the French dominions."
learned these particulars from a nobleman, who, in 1J70,
whilst walking with the Duke of Gloucester through the
streets of Genoa, met the Chevalier, then on his way bacjc
to Italy from a visit which he had been paying to France.
In consequence of the repeated refusals of the Pope to acknowledge him as King of England, Charles retired in disgust to Florence, where, under the title of Count d' Albany,
he resided for several years.
Dr Moore, the author of
"Zeluco," who was at Florence -ith the young Duke of
"
Soon after our arrival, in one of the
Hamilton, observes
avenues we observed two men and two ladies, followed by
four servants in livery one of the four wore the insignia of
the Garter.
were told this was the Coimt Albany, and
that the lady next to him was the Countess.
yielded the
The gentleman along with
walk, and pulled oft' our hats.
them was the Envoy from the Eing of Prussia to the Court
of Turin. He whispered the Count, who, returning the salutation, looked very earnestly at the Duke of Hamilton.
have seen them almost every evening since, either at the
Opera or on the pviblic walk. His Grace does not aflect to
shun the avenue in which we happen to be and as often as
we pass them, the Count fixes his eyes in a most expressive
manner \ipon the Duke, as if he meant to say our ancestors
were better acquainted.'"
Of the Duke's ancestors, one bad
We
We
We
3G0
on the
[l770.
for his attachment to Charles the Pirst;

another perished of the woimds which he received at the
battle of Worcester, in the cause of Charles the kSecond; and
(lied
sccaffold,
a third had twice sufl'ered imprisonment in the Tower, for

Under
maintaining his allegiance to James the Second.
these circumstances, can we wonder that Charles should
have glanced with a deep and moumfiil interest on the
young Duke of Hamilton, whose forefathers had been so
closely connected by their allegiance and misfortunes with
his own unhappy race ?
Unfortunately, the latter days of Charles Edward present
a strong and melancholy contrast to the brilliancy of his
early career. Widely difierent, indeed, was the selfish voluptuary, as he is painted in his closing years, from the highspirited youth who had nearly won for himself the crown of
Great Britaiu
who had rendered himself the darling hero
of the gallant Highlanders;
whose courage, energy, and
made him the theme of every tongue
had
perseverance
;
and who had alike borne prosperity with moderation, and

the most afflicting distresses with almost unexampled equanimity.
It is a paioful but well-known fact, that Charles had
contracted, while yet young, a taste for the bottle, which
increased fatally as he advanced in life, and after he had
become enfeebled by years and irritated by constant disappointments. In perusing the tale of his wanderings in
the Highlands, the frequent occasions on which he sought
solace from ardent spirits can scarcely have failed to strike
the reader.
It seems, therefore, to be .the more charitable
as well as reasonable supposition, that the taste was imbibed
by him at this period, when the general example of those
about him, and the almost imparalleled hardships and privations to which he was exposed, rendered the temptation
almost irresistible. As early as the year 1747, this pernicious habit is commented upon in a contemporary letter
;
and
it
seems gradually to have gained
force, till in his latter
many of those disgraceful scenes of intoxiyears

cation, which lowered him in the estimation of all about
In 17G9 we find
him, and did great injury to his cause.'
it
led to
" that Charles

" It is
generally acknowledged," says Sir Walter Seott,
Edward, the adventurous, the g.allant, and the handsome, the leader. of a
race of pristine valour, whose romantic qualities may be said to have died
'
aismissina
..o^ fit
"^
3G1
PBINCE CHAELES EDWAED.
1770.]
all
bis Seottisli attendants,
to the same
Those who have never been exposed
T,
motto
IZ -Bevivre
was-
et
series ot
de
pas vivre, est beaucoup plus que
conshould not place imphcit
^^^^'.v l^
Tented bvtbose
haucbee-be
who approached
hi.n as tbe
is
jf
^t
Pa^^^^^^ttsTeTs^descSStt^^^^^^^
as""
visitea
'^rr'.
who had rlent?vv"ued
iêcentiy
the Chevalier's court

tne
enjoj-mg
^^^^ ^^^^
habits
,
,J
v;- uttPr.lT.vs fielded to those humiliating
mth t^^ll^'i
recollection
als seek to drown the
Jf, V^^^'TaLst^mrr
*"
which
unthe
"'"Si^^
of intoxication,
such circumstances,
and'=?''X
who had
f their disappointments
misenes^ ^^^to e faithM foUowers
Prince lost the
along
t^d^
"^^.~,
^f
happy
most devoted themselves
to hi.
honourable exceptions, by
'
'^'r^.'/l,criDtion, regardless
of the
con-
It is a fact
'"fj'no ^î^Y^'birto protec
himself
character which he was
unentitled to and
l';g"/''2JXllv
that
sistent
with the author:s
kn^ledge
person^ôt^^^^^
Sl^-S^t^-i^ftfi^^^
^^.^^^^
THE PRETENDERS AND THEIE ADHERENTS.
362
Bras happily
attended witli one good effect
to
[l770.
make him
think more' seriously upon -n-hat had happened and no man

could he of a firmer and more determined resolution than he
was known to he. Kot a blot, not so mueli as a pimple, was
in his face, though maliciously given out by some as if it
were aU over blotted but he is jolly and plump, though not
;
to excess, being still agile, and tit for undergoing toU."

are described at a rather
Again, his habits of life, as they
later period, are very different from those of a coniirmed
"
He is a great economist," -nTites a Jacobite
drunkard.
"
and pays all accounts once
to Eishop Forbes,
t>
gentleman
He gets up in the morning about
farthest.
at
a month
four o'clock, takes breakfast about seven, dines at twelve
on the plainest dishes, drinks tea at four, sups betnixt

seven and eight, and is in his bedchamber by nine, or before it."'
in his curious Anecdotes of his o^vn Times, presome grave charges against Charles of ingratitude and
to be the most deobstinacy, of which the following appears
Dr King,
fers
"
There is one pai-t of his character which
serving of credit
I must particularly insist on, since it occasioned the defection of the most powerful of his friends and adherents in
blasted
England, and by some concurring accidents totally
"When he was in Scotland he
tJl his hopes and" pretensions.
sister
and
whose
had a mistress, whose name is ^'alkenshaw,
was at that time, and is still, housekeeper at Leicester
House.^ Some years after he was released from his prison,
and conducted out of France, he sent for this girl, who soon
that she was acquainted
acquired such a dominion over him,
with aU his schemes, and trusted with his most secret cor:
was known in England, all

respondence. As soon as this
those persons of distinction who were attached to him were
had been
they imagined that this wench
greatly alarmed
the English Ministers; and, conplaced in his family "by
some
to
have
seemed
sidering her sister's situation, they
a
ground for their suspicion wherefore they despatched
the Prince then was, who had ingentleman to Paris, where
structions to insist that Miss Walkenshaw should be removed
But her gallant absolutely
to a convent for a certain term.
and although Mr
refused to comply with this demand
:
The
'
Bishop Forbi's's MSS. Chambers, p. 142.
residence of Frederick Prince of Wales, in Leicester Square.
PKIN"CE
1770.]
CHAELES EDWARD.
363
]M'Na-mara, the ;entleman who was sent to him, and who

lias a natural
eloquence and an excellent imderstandiDs;,
urged the most cogent reasons and nsed all the arts of persuasion to induce him to part with his mistress, and even
proceeded so far as to assure him, according to his instructions, that an immediate interruption of aU correspondence
with his most powerful friends in England

and, in short,
that the ruin of his interest, which was now daily increasing,
would be the infallible consequences of his refusal, yet he
^(intinued inflexible,
and aU
Mr
ISI'lSTamara's entreaties
and
remonstrances were ineftectual. M'Namara staid in Paris

some days beyond the time prescribed him, endeavouring
to reason the Prince into a better temper but, finding him
obstinately persevere in his first answer, he took his leave
with concern and indignation, saying as he passed out
WTiat has your family done, sir, thus to draw down the
\
engeance of Heaven on every branch of it through so many
It is worthy of remark, that in all the conferences
ages ?
Avhich M'Namara had with the Prince on this occasion, the
latter declared, that it was not a violent passion, or indeed
:iny particular regard, which attached him to Miss Walkenshaw, and that he could see her removed from him without
any concern but he would not receive directions in respect
to his private conduct from any man alive." '
As it is certain that about this period a remonstrance was
made to Charles by his friends in England in regard to his
general conduct and the life he was leading, there is probably a good deal of truth in Dr King's statement. Still, it
is natural that Charles should have felt
highly indignant at
being dictated to by persons whom he regarded as his own
we
must
receive the whole of Dr
subjects and, moreover,
King's violent tirade with great caution, not only as being a
mere cx-parfe statement, but because the writer is evidently,
i'or some reason,
highly prejudiced against the unfortunate
Prince, of whom he had formerly been the most zealous adherent. It must be mentioned, also, that in the written remonstrance made to Charles, there is no mention of Miss
Walkenshaw. The remonstrance seems to have originated
chiefly in the repprt of an English Jacobite abroad to the
Prince's friends in Britain, in which he was represented to
be leading a dissolute life, to be ungrateful and violent in
Dr King's Anecdotes of his Own Time, pp. 204208.
;
'
'
'
364
[l772.
and too prone to take the advice of evil counWhat degree of justice there may have been in these
his conduct,
sellors.
now
it is certain, howdifBcult to ascertain

were treated by Charles with great scorn and
"Gentlemen," he writes, "I some time ago
indignation.
received a very surprising message, delivered in a still more
Keason may, and I hope always shall,
surprising manner.
charges,
it
is
ever, that they
prevail but my heart deceives me if threats or promises

ever can. I had always determined to await events in silence
or patience, itad believed the advances which to your know;
ledge I have already made were as great as could be reasonably expected on my part. Tet the influence of well-wishers,
of whose sincerity I am satisfied, has made me put pen to
paper in vindication of my character, which, I understand
by them, some unworthy people have had the insolence to
attack, very possibly to serve some mean purpose of their
own. Conscious of my conduct, I despise their low malice
and I consider it to be below my dignity to treat them ia
the terms they merit."
Although the French and Spanish monarchs had refused
to acknowledge the Prince's title of King of England, they
were nevertheless desirous, from political motives, that the
line of the Stuarts should be continued, and accordingly, in
AprU, 1772, he was induced to marry the Princess Louisa of
Stolberg-Gtedern, whose story v^-ill form the subject of a
Charles was at this period in his fiftyseparate memoir.
second year, and the Princess more than thirty years hia
Their
union
was in every respect an unihappy one
junior.
and from this period it is to be feared that the conduct and
habits of Charles changed considerably for the worse, 'and
that he sought more than ever for solace from his miserable
reflections in the adventitious excitement aiforded by the
;
bottle.
From the pages of different writers, who visited Italy in

the life-time of the unfortunate Prince, we occasionally find
some interesting particulars of him in his later years. Among
others, a Mrs Sillier, the authoress of a work entitled"Letters
from Italy," thus describes an interview which she had vsith
"
were seated on a
him at Eome about the year 1775
sofa, when one of the gentlemen in waiting announced the
rooms
to
As
there
were
pass before this permany
King.
sonage could appear, the lady of the house seized that oppor:
We
3G5
PBINCE CUAllLES EDWAKD.
1775.]
tunity to desire
me upon no
account to speak to or take the
least notice of him, as it was not only what she insisted upon
in her house, but that it was the Pope's desire that no stranger,
particularly English, should hold any conversation ^\^th him.

I assured her my principles were diametrically opposite to
those of the Stuart family, and their party adding more of
the like sort but I concluded with saying, that if he spoke
to me, I could not, as a gentlewoman, refrain from answering
him, considering him only in the light of a gentleman, and
should treat him, as I would do any other foreigner or native, with that general civility requisite on such occasions.
She still insisted upon my not answering, should he speak to
me, with which I refused to comply. I thruk I was right
my reasons were these I knew before, that no gentlemen
of the British empire make themselves known to him, but, on
;
the contrary, avoid it, except such as declare themselves disaffected to the present royal family at least, so it is understood at Eome. I had also heard, that he politely avoided
embarrassing them bv throwing himself in their way but as
I am not a man, it struck me as very ridiculous for me, a
woman, not to reply to the Pretender if he spoke to me, as
such a caution would bear the appearance of passing myself
for being of political consequence. Added to these considerations, I had great curiosity to see him, and hear him speak.
But to return. He entered, and bowing very politely to the
company, advanced to the indindual sofa on which I was
placed with the Duchess of Bracciano, and seated himself by
me, having previouslv made me a particular bow, which I
returned with a low curtsey. He endeavoured to enter into
conversation with me, which he effected by addressing himAt
self equally to the Duchess, another lady, and myself.
last he addressed me in particiJar, and asked me how many
and
I
should
arrival
in
how
since
Kome,
stay,
long
days
my
several such questions. This conversation passed in French.
AVliat distressed me was, how to style htm. I had but a moment for reflection. It struck me that mon Prince would
not come well from me, as it might admit of a double sense
in an uncandid miud.
Highness was equally improper, so I
hit upon what I thought a middle course, and called him mon
a
Seigneur. I wished to shorten the conversation, for all on
sudden he said,
Speak English, madam.' Before I could
me
and
the
came
Duchess
of
Libretti
ilonte
pulled
iip
reply,
;
'
TUE PEETE.NDERS AND THEIK ADHEHENTS.
366
[1775.
at which she
by the sleeve. I went with her to a card-table,
was going to play. I declined playing, not being perfect in
the games besides, you know I hate cards. At my deparI took leave of "the Duchess of Bracciano, agreeably to
;
tiu-e,
the custom and the Chevalier, who played at her table, offiand wished me a good night.
ciously civd, rose up
"
He is naturally above the middle size, but stoops excesbloated and red in his face his counsively he appears
tenance heavy and sleepy, which is attributed to his ha\'iiig
man he
of
excess
driiiking but when a young
given in to
must have been esteemed handsome. His complexion is of
the fair tint, his eyes blue, his hair light brown, and the contour of his face a long oval. He is by no means thin has a
noble presence, and a graceful manner. His dress was scarlet,
laced ^vith a broad gold lace. He wears the blue riband outside of his coat, from which depends a cameo as large as the
same garter and motto as
palm of my hand and wears the
those of the noble order of St George in England. TJpon the
mortified
appearance. Two gentlewhole, he has a melancholy,
men constantly attend him they are of Irish extraction, and
Eoman Catholics, you may be sure. This evening, after quitwere at the Princess Palestrine's conting the Cardinal's, we
as poUtely
versazione, where he was also. He addressed me
Princess desired me to sit by her.
The
before.
as the evening
She played with him. He asked me if I understood the game
I answered
of tarrochi, which they were about to play at ?
in the negative upon which, taking the pack in his hands,
I reodd
cards.
such
seen
he desired to know if I had ever
;
were very odd indeed. He then, displaying

plied, that they
in
them, said, 'Here is everything in the world to be found
these cards; the sun, the liioon, the stars; and here,' says he,
is
there
is the Devil
showing me a card, 'is the Pope here
but one of the trio wanting,' he added, 'and you know who that
I was so amazed, so astonished, though he spoke

this last in a laughing, good-humoured manner, that I did not
know which way to look; and as to a reply, I made none, but
avoided cultivating conversation as much as possible, lest he
should give it a poUtical turn. "What passed afterwards was
relative to some of the English manners and amusements; such
as whether whist was infashion at London, the assemblies
should
be.'
numerous. &c. I was heartily glad when my visit was finished."

us
Wraxall, also, who visited Florence in 1779, has left
1779.]
307
some interestLag particulars respecting Charles, who was then

"
resident in that city. " In 1779," he says,
Charles Edward
exhibited to the world a very humUiating spectacle. At the
theatre, where he appeared almost every evening, he was conducted by his domestics, who laid him on a species of sofa in
the back part of his box while the Countess of Albany, his
;
onsort, occupied the front seat during the whole performance.

(Jount Alfieri, a man singularly eccentric in hia mind, habits,
and manners, whose dramatic productions have since rendered
I
him known, her
cavaliero servente, always attended on her in

public, according to the established usages of society throughout Italy.
As, for obvious reasons, English subjects could
not be presented to a man who still laid claim to the British
crown, no opportunity of distinctly seeing the Chevalier St

George oflered itself, except across the theatre and even
there he lay concealed, as I have ah-eady observed, on account
of his infirmities, rarely coming forward to view.
'
Being desirous, therefore, to obtain a more accurate idea
of his face and person than could be acquired at such a distance, I took my station one evening at the head of a private
staircase, near the door by which, when the performance
Previous to my lea\Tng
closed, he quitted the playhouse.
England in 1777, his Majesty had been pleased, at the application of Lord Robert Jlanners, who then commanded the
third regiment of dragoon-guards, to give me a lieutenant's
commission, and Lord Robert had allowed me to wear his'
uniform, which I had on at the time. The present General
Manners, now First Equerry to the King, then a cornet in
his father's regiment, dressed in the same uniform, and actuated by a similar curiosity, accompanied me. As soon as
the Chevalier approached near enough to distinguish the
English regimentals, he instantly stopped, gently shook oft'
the two servants who supported him, one on each side, and,
taking ofi" his hat, poHtely saluted us he then pas,sed on to
his carriage, sustained by the two attendants.
As he descended the staircase, I could not help, as I looked at him,
recollecting the series of dangers and escapes wliich he underwent or effected, for successive months, among the Hebrides
after his defeat at Culloden.
On the occasion just related,
he wore, besides the decorations of the Order of the Garter,
a velvet great-coat, which his infirm health rendered necessary,
even
summer, on coming out of the theatre and a cocked
;
THE PEETENBEES AND THEIR ADHEHENTS.
3G8
[l783.
were half drawn up with gold twist.

paralytic and debilitated, presented the ap-
hat, the sides of -which
His whole figure,

pearance of great bodily decay."
It was a redeeming trait in the character of Charles, that
in the wars between England and France, though it was of
the utmost importance to his interests that the latter should
triumph, yet he always appeared to rejoice at any victory
obtained hj the other. In the navy of England he took the
When the Prince de Conti once made him
greatest pride.
a sneering speech in consequence of his hav-ing caused a medal to be struck on which was some shipping with the words
AMOE ET SPES BEITANNI*, " Mon Prifice," he said, '[je suis
rami de la Jlotfe cTAngleterre conire tons ses ennemis; comme
'
je regarderai ionjours la gloire

ef sa gloire est dans sajlotte."
It
dÂngleierre comme la mienne,
was another redeeming circumstance
in the Prince's cha^
racter, that nearly forty years after the battle of Culloden, his
eye lighted up when he spoke of his Highland campaign and
the chivalrous companions of his youth, and that his emotion

was even painful to behold when he reverted to the dreadful
miseries they had suffered in his cause. A ]SIr Grreathead, a
personal friend of Charles Fox, used to relate the particulars
of a very curious interview he had with Charles Edward about
the year 1783.
By degrees he had induced the Prince to
speak of his expedition to Scotland, but the recollection
seemed to occasion him so much mental distress, that the
"
At
other deeply regretted he had introduced the subject.
"
the Prince seemed to shake
length, however," we are told,
off" the load which
his
his
oppressed him;
eye brightened;
face assumed unwonted animation, and he entered upon the
narrative of his Scottish campaigns with a distinct but somewhat vehement energy of manner recounted his marches,
;
his battles, his victories, his retreats, and his defeats

tailed his hair-breadth escapes in the "Western Isles
inviolable
and devoted attachment of
his
Highland
de-
the
friends
;
and
at length proceeded to allude to the dreadful penalties

with which the chiefs among them had been visited. But
'
'WraxaU's Historicil Memoirs, vol. i. p. 304, cSrc. As early as the year
1770, Howard, "the philanthropist," writes from Rome to a friend on the iOth
" The Pretender I
of June,
meet in the streets
he looks very stupid
hends double, and is quite altered since I saw him at Paris twenty, years
Gentleman's
for
298.
ago."
Magazine
1816, p.
PEUfCE CHAEIES EDWAED.
1783.]
1
369
here the tide of emotion rose too high to allow him to

go on
his voice faltered, his eye became fixed, and he fell convulsed
on the floor. The noise brought into the room his daughter,
the Duchess of Albany, who hapjaened to be in an
adjoining
Sir
she exclaimed, what is this ? you have
apartment.
been speaking to my father about Scotland and the
Highlanders No one dares to mention these
subjects in his pre;
'
'
'
sence.'
"
'
The incident
an affecting one, that to the last Charles, in

was in the habit of playing on the Highland bagjjipe those thrilling and inspiriting airs, to the sound
of which he had dashed forward with his
gallant chieftains
at Preston and Palkirk, or danced the
gay strathspey in the
old halls of Holyrood. Mr Chambers informs us, that a beautiful set of pipes which
belonged to him "having the joints
bound with silver, and the bag covered with silk tartan"
is
his sensual solitude,
was
lately in the possession of a gentleman residing in the

south of Scotland.
Music had always been a passion of Charles. Domenico
Corri, the musician, observes in his Life of himself," With
Prince Charles I lived two years, during which time he
kept
entirely private, not seeing any one whatever, it being in the
of
the
who
had
refused
to
reign
preceding Pope,
acknowledge
the title he assumed. In his retired life. Prince Charles employed his hours in exercise and music, of which he was remarkably fond. I usually remained alone with him every evening,
the Prince playing the violoncello, and I the harpsichord, also
composing together little pieces of music; yet these iete-awere of a sombre cast. The apartment in which we sat
was hung with old red damask, vrith two candles only, and
on the table a pair of loaded pistols (instruments not at all
congenial to my fancy), which he would often take up, examine, and again replace on the table yet the manners of
this Prince were always mild, affable, and
pleasing."
When the separation took place between Charles and his
the
anxious
to
some
have
consort,
former,
one, connected
with him by the ties of blood, to share his comfortless solitude,
and who would do the honoiu's of his establishment, sent to
Paris for his natural daughter. Miss Walkenshaw, who, since
her childhood, had been residing in a convent in that cajiital.
In order to insiu-e her a proper reception on her arrival in
tetes
'
Episcopal M.igazine, apud Chambers, p. 143.
2 B
370
[l788.
Italy, be created her Duchess of Albany, by which title he

induced the Court of Versailles to receive her, and also to
award her the distiuctiou of the droit de tabouret, or privilege
of sitting on a stool iu the presence of the Queen of France.
Accordingly, on her arrival at Florence, she was treated with
great distinction she was attended in public by her lady of
;
honour, and was everywhere announced and received as

Duchess of Albany.
person who saw her at Rome in the
"
She was a tail, robust woman,
winter of 178G, observes,
of a very dark complexion and coarse-grained skin, with more
of masculine boldness than feminine modesty or elegance; but
easy and unassimiiug in her manners, and amply possessed
of that volubility of tongue, and that spirit of coquetry, for
which the women of the country where she was educated
have at all times been particularly distinguished. Her equipage was that of the Pretender, with servants in the royal
livery of Great Britain, and with the royal coronet and
cypher of C. E. upon the carriage and she usually wore in
public the magnificent jewels of the Stuarts and Sobieskis,
which had been given to her by her father and his brother,
the Cardinal of York, whose conduct towards her was said to
be fidl of aflectionate attention. Although the Pretender was
at that time in the last stage of a life embittered by disappointment, made comfortless by infii-mity, and shortened by
intemperance and debauchery, he stiU loved to show his once
noble but then enfeebled and melancholy figure at the operas
and assemblies, and to see
his palace frequented by strangers

of every country, with which, iu times of peace, Rome usually
abounds in winter and as the English were received by the

Duchess with the most marked attention, there were few who
had any scruples about partaking in the gaieties of a house,
whose master was become an object of compassion rather than
of jealousy, and whose birth and misfortunes entitled him to
;
a sort of melancholy respect."
During the
'
last years of his life,
Charles resided principally

at Florence, in a palace in the Via Bastiano.
Some time,
his
before
he
i-etvu-ned
to Rome, where he
however,
death,
died in his sixty-eighth year, of an attack of palsy and apoplexy, on the 30th of January, 1788, the anniversary of the
His
execution of his great-grandfather, Charles the First.
remains were interred with considerable pomp in the Cathe'
Gentleman's Magazine for 1797,
p.
1000.
178P.]
dral Chiircli of Frescati, of wliicli his brother

but were afterwards removed to St Peter's at
371
was Bishop,
Eome, where
a monument by Canova, raised, it is said, by the munificence

of George the Fourth, bears the names of James the Thied,
Chaeles the Thied, and Heket the Ninth, Kings of

England. " Often, at the present day," says Lord Sfahon,
"
does the English traveller turn from the sunny height of

the Pincian, or the carnival throngs of the Corso, to gaze in
thoughtful silence on that sad mockery of human greatness,
and that last record of ruined hopes! The tomb before him is
of a race justly expelled; the magnificent temple that enshrines
it is of a faith wisely reformed
yet who at such a moment
would harshly remember the errors of either, and might not
ioin in the prayer even of that erring church for the departed
"
An urn, containing the
exiles
Eequiescant in Pace
heart of Charles Edward, was deposited in the Cathedi-al
Church of Frescati, with some lines inscribed on it from the
pen of the Abbate Felice.
By his Princess Charles had no issue. He was the father,
however, of more than one illegitiniate child by his mistress,
Miss AYalkenshaw,^ one of whom only, the Duchess of Albany, appears to have survived him. By a deed, executed a
short time before his death, and which is recorded in the
Parliament of Paris, he legitimated her and constituted her
The Duchess, who is described as an amiable
his sole heir.
and accomplished person, died at Bologna, in 1789, when on
a visit to the Princess Lambertine, of an abscess in her side,
occasioned by a fall from a horse, about the fortieth year of
her age.
;
Clementina Walkenshaw, created Countess Alberstorf, was a lady of a

good family in Scotland. She was alive as late as September, 1799, in
which year she is mentioned in a letter fi-om Cardinal Borgia to Sir John
Hippisley as being still in receipt of an allowance of three thousand crowns
was bui-dened.
a-year, with which the personal estate of Cardinal York
'
2 B 2
LOUISA, COUNTESS OF
ALBAM.
Her Manners and

Eelationship of the Countess to the English Nobility.
Unkind Beha-viour of her Husband towards her. Aliieri's
Disposition.
Sonnet to her. Escapes to a Nunnery. Takes up her Residence with
Wraxall's Character of her. Her Death.
the Cardinal York.
Louisa Maximiliana Caeolixa, Princess
of Stolberg Gae-
dern, was born at Mens in 1752, and at the age of twenty

became tlie wife of Charles Edward. She was granddaughter
of Thomas Bruce, second Earl of Aylesbury, by which means
she was nearly connected by blood with the Duke of Chandos,
the Duchess of Eichmond, and some of the first families in
England. Lord Aylesbury, after his release from the Tower,
in 1688, where he had been confined for his allegiance to
James the Second, had proceeded to Brussels, where he married Charlotte, Countess of Sannu, of the ancient house of
Argenteau, by whom he had an only daughter, Charlotte

Maria, who was married, in 1722, to the Prince of Home,
one of the Princes of the Empire. The issue of this marriage
were five children, of whom the youngest the subject of the
present memoir became the wife of Charles Edward.
Beautiful in her person, engaging in her manners, and lively
in her disposition, Louisa of Stolberg possessed all those engaging and endearing qualities which would probably have
conferred happiness on a Prince whose years and tastes at all
assimilated with her oTvn.
With Charles Edward, however,
she had no feeling in common. It is possible that, before
her
marriage,
imagination may have been inflamed by the tale
of his ehivab'ous exploits and romantic adventures, and that
consequently she bestowed her hand -with, less reluctance on a
man so many years older than herself But the Charles Edward
of 1772 had little in common with the young and adventurous
hero of 17J:5.
Old enough to be the father of his blooming
bride, and with a mind soured by disapjjointmeut, and a body
enl'eebled
by debauchery,
it is
natural that a young and high-
spirited Princess should Lave witnessed with disgust the de-
LOrrSA, COUNTESS OF ALBANY.
"2.]
373
of her sensual lord, and that she should have

grading
sighed, in their seclusion at Albano, for those pleasures and
pursuits in which she was of an age and temperament to take
liabits
a keen delight.
If we are to believe the statement of Dutens, nothing could
be more brutal than the Prince's treatment of his young wife.
Painfully jealous of her, he is said not only to have kept her
constantly in his sight, but to have locked her up whenever
he was unavoidably absent from home, and even to have frequently struck her in moments of his ungovernable rage.
Harsh and unfeeling as the Prince's conduct unquestionably
was towards his wife, the statement of Dutens must nevertheless be received with some caution. Charles, there can be no
doubt, was an ardent admirer of liis wife's beauty; and if the
acts of violence referred to by Dutens were reaUy committed,
it was
probably after she was kno^vn to have listened with
favour to Alfieri's passionate protestations of love, and when
the jealousy of Charles had consequently become painfully
awakened.
Louisa and Alfieri are said to have first met about the year
On this occasion,
177S, in the Great GraUery of Florence.
while standing near a portrait of Charles the Twelfth of Sweden, she happened to remark that she thought the costume
very far from being an unbecoming one. Alfieri the most
passionate and indiscreet of poets overheard the words, and
two days afterwards, to the astonishment of the Florentines,
appeared publicly in the streets in a dress exactly similar to

that in which the Swedish monarch was represented in the
It was shortly afterwards that he celebrated the
picture.
Princess in a sonnet, entitled " ADescription of my Mistress,"
which has been thus translated
:
"
Bright are the dark locks of her braided hair ;

Grecian her brow ; its silken eyebrows brown
Her
oh lover, to describe forbear

eyes
Life can their glance impart, and death their frown
!
Her mouth no
May
A voice
rosebud, and no rose her cheek.

emulate in freshness, fragrance, hue
so soft and sweet, to hear her speak
:
Inspires delight and pleasures ever new

smile to soothe all passions save despair ;
a neck of snow
slight and graceful form
:
A soft white band, and polish'd arm as fair

A foot whose traces Love delights to show.
;
374
THE PEETENDEES AXD THEIR ADHEEENTS.
[1780.
And with these outward charms which all adore,

A mind and heart more pure and perfect iven;
For thee thy lover can desire no more,
Adoru'd by every grace and gift of Heaven."
'
The attentions paid by Alfieri to the Princess, and the

enamoured poet's undisguised admiration of her beauty, led
to fresh acts of harshness, if not of cruelty, on the part of
Charles, and to his watching her movements with increased
At length, eager at all hazards to escape from
vigilance.
the miserable mode of life she was leading, she applied to

her lover and her friend
to devise the means for
The persons whom the poet selected
effecting her release.
to be his accomplices were the Signior Orlandini and his
wife, who appear to have cheerfully entered into his views.
On the 9th of December, 1780, at the suggestion of Alfieri,
the Signora invited the Princess to inspect the works of
some nuns in a neighbom-ing convent. The invitation was
accepted and while Charles, whose progress was retarded
by his bodily infirmities, ascended at his leisure the flight of
steps which led to the door of the building. Orlandini escorted
the Princess and his oife to the entrance, where, as had
previously been arranged with the nuns, they were immeOrlandini then returned to meet the
diately admitted.
"
These nuns,"
Prince, whom he found panting up the stairs.
"
said the former,
are very unmannerly
they shut the door
in my face, and would not let me enter with the ladies." To
this Charles replied unconcernedly, that he would soon make
them open it. However, he soon found himself mistaken.
After knocking at the door for some time, the Abbess at
length made her appearance, and coldly informed him that
the Princess had taken refuge there, and could not be
disturbed.
On receiving this intimation, Charles is said to
have flown into a violent paroxysm of rage but at length,
finding all his clamours and entreaties of no avail, he was
induced to withdraw himself, and never saw his wife again.
After a short residence in the convent, the Princess sought
and foimd an asylum in the house of her brother-in-law.
Cardinal Tork, at Eorae, where she resided for some time
under the protection of the Pope. Alfieri, notwithstanding
the frequent remonstrances of Charles, was allowed by the
Cardinal to have free access to her, for which the latter was
AJfieri
Chambers,
p. 142.
1787.]
LOUISA, COUNTESS OF ALBANY.
much blamed
at the time.
As
375
impossible, however, to
believe that so virtuous and right-minded a prelate could
have consented to become an accessory to his brother's
shame, we must come to the conclusion, either, as has been
it is
confidently a.?serted, that there was nothing of criminality

in the intercourse between Louisa and Alfieri, or else that
the lovers had succeeded in duping the Cardinal into that
belief.
Wrasall has bequeathed us the follo\ving interesting notice

of the Princess, with whom he -nas personally acquainted
"
"
merited a more agreeable
Louisa of Stolberg," he says,
When I
partner, and might herself have graced a throne.
at
she
had
been long married, she
saw her
Florence, though
was not quite twenty-seven years of age. Her person was
formed on a small scale she had a fair complexion, delicate
Born
features, and lively as well as attractive manners.
Princess of Stolberg- Gsedern, she excited great admiration on
her first arrival fi'om Germany but ia 1779, no hope of
issue by the Chevalier could be any longer entertained and
their mutual infelicity had attained to such a height, that
she made various ineffectual attempts to obtain a separation.
The French Coiu^ may indeed be censured, in the eye of
:
not having earlier negotiated and concluded the

Pretender's marriage, if it was desired to perpetuate the
Stuart line of claimants to the English Crown. WTien Charles
Edward espoused the Princess of Stolberg, he had passed his
fiftieth year, was broken in constitution, and debilitated by
excesses of many kinds. Pre\aous to his decease she quitted
In the year
Italy, and finally estabUshed herself at Paris,
1787, I have passed the evening at her residence, the Hdtel
de Bourgogne, situate in the Eauxbourg St Germain, where
she supported an elegant establishment.
Her person then
still retained many pretensions to beauty
and her deport-
policy, for
ment, unassuming but dignified, set off her attractions. In

one of the apartments stood a canopy, with a chair of state,
on which were displayed the royal arms of Great Britain
and every piece of plate, down to the very teaspoons, were
ornamented in a similar manner. Some of the more massive
pieces, which were said to have belonged to Mary of Modena,
James the Second's queen, seemed to revive the extinct recollections of the Eevolntion of 1688. A numerous company,
both English and Erench, was assembled under her roof, by
;
376
[1821.
of wliom she was addressed only as Countess d' Albany but

her o\\Ti domestics, when servdng her, invariably gave her
the title of Majesty. The honours of a queen were in like
manner paid her by the nuns of all those convents in Paris
which she was accustomed to visit on certain holidays or
all
festivals."
'
After the death of her husband, in 1788, there is every

reason to believe that the Princess was secretly married to
Alfieri, with whom she lived till the death of the poet in
1803.
Her residence was chiefly in Paris, till the breaking
out of the French Eevolution, when she repaired to England,
where she not only found protection, but had a pension of
two thousand a year conferred on her by George the Third.
Some years after the death of Alfieri, Louisa is said to have
formed a secret marriage with his friend, Francis Xavier
Fabre, a French historical painter, whom she constituted
her sole executor some doubt, however, has been thrown
on the foot.
Tlie Princess passed the last years of her life at Florence,
where she died on the 29th of January, 1824, at the age of
:
seventy-two.
'
Historical Memoirs, vol.
i.
p. 311.
AST
S!1I'J
377
HENRY STUART, CARDINAL YORK.

Gray's early Character of him.
Receives the Cardinal's
Hat
at the
age of
twenty-three. His Conduct at the breaking out of the French RevoluHis Villa plundered by the French 'Troops. George the Third's
tion.
Kindness to the Cardinal. Correspondence between the English Minister
and the Cardinal.
His Character and Death. Bequeaths the Crown
Jewels to the Prince of Wales.
The
life of a cliurchmaii, and more

particularly of one who
gave the preference to virtue and seclusion over the intrigues
of courts and the bustle of politics, is likely to present but
few incidents of importance or interest nor does the subject of the present memoir form a veiy remarkable exception
to the general rule.
Henry Benedict Maria Clement the last of the Stuarts,
and one of the most amiable of that unhappy race
was the
second and youngest son of James Frederick Edward Stuart,
commonly called " the old Pretender, " and was born at
Eome on the 'iGth of March, 1725. The little that is known
of his earl}' history affords sufficient proof that his adoption
of the ecclesiastic robe was neither attributable to pusillanimity of character, nor to his being disqualified to struggle
with the ills or to discharge with credit the active duties of
public life. Gray, the poet, in a letter from Florence, dated
July 16th, 1740, speaks of the future Cardinal, then in his
sixteenth year, as dancing incessantly all night long at a ball
"
"
given by Count Patrizzii, and as having more spirit than
;
In 1745, we find him hastening to

for the purpose of jo inin g the troops which were
in
that
town, to support his brother's operations
assembling
in Scotland and moreover, when Charles was a fugitive in
his elder brother.'
Dunkirk
the Western Islands, on more than one occasion, he is said

to have spoken enthusiastically of the high spirit and activity
of his younger brother, adding that he considered him " in
"
all respects as one preferable to himself.
Charles, indeed,
1
Works,
vol.
ii.
p. 89.
THE PEETENDEES AXD THEIE ADHEEENTS.
378
[l796.
appears to have been most sincerely and affectionately attached to his yoimger brother. To their father, the old
"I
Chevalier, he -writes on the 19th of December, 1746,
shall always love him, and be united with him.
"Whatever
he does to me, I will always tell him face to face what I
think for his good, let him take it well or ill. I knorc him to
be a little lively, not much loving to be contradicted but I
also know and am sensible of his love and tenderness for me
in particular,
beyond expression, and of
his
good heart
in
general.'
when
In 1747,
only in his twenty-third year, Henry, or,
as he was usually styled, the Duke of York, received a Cardinal's hat from Benedict the Fourteenth, and was subsequently appointed Bishop of Frescati, and Chancellor of
the Church of St Peter.
Cheerful, temperate, and humane,
"
"
he sought consolation," we are told, for the misfortunes
of his predecessors in a scrupulous observance of the duties
of his religion apparently secured, in his retirement, from
the storms and vicissitudes but too often dependent upon
On the death of his brother Charles, in
political life."
17S8, the only step which he took to assert his right to
the British throne was to cause a pajjer to be di-awn up,
in which his rightful claims were insisted upon while at
the same time he ordered a medal to be struck, with the in;
scription Heneictjs Nonus, AifGLi.i; Eex, on one side, and

the words Dei geatia sed non toluntate homintjm, on
the other.
The virtues and unambitious character of Cardinal York
seemed to promise him an existence happily exempt from
the cares and sorrows which afl>ct the majority of the human
race.
The curse, however, which had hung over his devoted
family for so many centuries was destined to persecute the
last of that ill-fated line, and. moreover, at a period of Hie
when age and its attendant infirmities rendered it a hard
task to struggle with misfortune and almost positive want.
The first blow which he received was on the breaking out of
the French Eevolution, when he lost his two rich livings in
France, the Abbeys of Auchiu and St Amand, and also a
large pension which he had hitherto enjoyed from the court
of Spain. Nevertheless, in 1796, in order to aid Pope Pius
the Sixth to make up the sum of money demanded of him
'
Lord JIaUon's History of England,
vol.
iii.
p. 35,
Appendix.
HENET STrABT, CAEDIIfAL TOEK.
1798.]
379
by Napoleon, we
among which was
find liim disposing of his family jewels,

a ruby valued at 50,000, and esteemed the
and most perfect in Europe. Though his comforts

and resources were thus diminished, he contriyed still to
largest
reside at his favourite sdlla near
Eome
French revolutionary troops attacked

his valuable collection of manuscripts
compelled him to fly for his life.
till
1798,
when the
his palace,
and
plundered
antiquities, and
Infii'm, and almost destitute, the last male descendant of

a long line of kings flew in the first instance to Padua, and
subsequently to Venice. For a short time he supported
himself and his household by the sale of a small qiiantity of
silver plate, which he had saved from the wreck of his property but this fund was soon exhausted, and his condition
at length became pitiable in the extreme.
On the 14th of
Borgia vsrites from Padua to Sir
September, 1792, Cardinal
"
John Coxe Hippisley,
Among the other Cardinals who
have taken refuge in Padua, is also the Cardinal Duke, and
it is greatly afllicting to me to see so great a personage, the
last descendant of his Royal House, reduced to such distressed circumstances, having been barbarously stripped by
the French of all his property. If they deprived him not of
;
was through the mercy of the Almightj% who

protected him ia his flight, both by sea and land the miseries of which, nevertheless, greatly injured his health at
the advanced age of seventy-five, and produced a very grievous sore in one of his legs. Those who are well informed
of this most worthy Cardinal's domestic affairs have assured
me that, since his flight, having left behind him his rich
and magnificent moveables, which were all sacked and plunhe has been supported
dered, both at Eome and Frescati,
by the silver plate he had taken with him, and which he beat
Messina
and
I imderstand that, in
to
of
gan
dispose
order to supply his wants a few months in Venice, he has
sold all that remained.
This picture," adds the Cardinal,
"
which I present to your friendship, may well excite the
of
one
who
wiU reflect on the high birth,
compassion
every
the elevated dignity, and the advanced age of the personage
whose situation I now sketch, in the plain language of
'
truth, without resorting to the aid of eloquence."
life also, it
'
Letters from the Cardinal Borgia and the Cardinal of York.
printed.
Privately
380
On
[I8OO.
return to England, Sir John Hippisley lost no

time in laying before the Ministry of the day a statement of
the miserable condition to which the last of an illustrious
line was reduced. His generous eflbrts met with the desired
eflect, for no sooner was George the Third made acquainted
with the merits of the case, than he immediately ordered the
Earl of Minto, then ambassador at Vienna, to make the
Cardinal, in as delicate a manner as possible, an otfer of
a pension of 4000 a year.
Accordingly, on the 9th of
Eebruary, 1800, we find Lord Miuto -nTiting to the aged
"I
have
received
the
orders of his Majesty, the
prelate:
King of Great Britain, to remit to your Eminence the sum
of 2000, and to assui-e your Eminence that, in accepting
this mark of the interest and esteem of his Majesty, you
I am at the same time
will give him sensible pleasure.
ordered to acquaint your Eminence with his Majesty's intention to transmit a similar sum in the month of Jxily, if
the circumstances remain such that your Eminence continues
In executing the orders of the King,
disposed to accept it.
"
my master," adds Lord Minto, your Eminence wUI do me
the justice to believe, that I am deeply sensible of the
honour of being the organ of the noble and touching sentiments with which his Majesty has condescended to charge
me, and which have been inspired into him on the one hand
by his own virtues, and on the other by the eminent qualities of the august person in whom he wishes to repair, as far
as possible, the disasters into which the universal scourge of
our times has dragged, in a special manner, aU who are most
worthy of veneration and respect."
The kindness of George the Third was gratefully acTo Sir John
knowledged by the venerable Cardinal.
Hippisley also he immediately addressed a letter from
'"the bosom of the conclave," thanking him most fervently
for the share which he had ui relie^Tng him from his pressing
Ilia
The following correspondence, which passed

on the occasion, may possibly prove of some interest to the
necessities.
reader.
HENET STUART, CARDINAL YORK.
1800.]
CARDINAL TORE TO SIB JOHN
381
COXJE HIPPISLET.
(written in the CONCLAVE.)

Venice, 26th February, 1800.
Tour
me
of the cordial interest you

take in all that regards my person, and I am happy to acI
to your friendly efforts,
owe
knowledge that priacipaUy
and to those of your friends, the succour generously granted
to relieve the extreme necessities into which I have been
I cannot
driven by the present dismal cu'cumstances.
sufBcientiy express how sensible I am to your good heart,
and write these few Unes, in the first place, to contest to you
these my most sincere and grateful sentiments, and then to
inform you that, by means of Mr Oakley,' an Enghsh gentleman who arrived here last week, I have received a letter
from Lord IMinto from Vienna, advising me that he had
orders from his Court to remit to me at present the sum of
2000, and that in the month of July next I may again
letters fully convince
draw, if I desire it, for another equal sum. The letter is

written in so extremely genteel and obHging a manner, and
with expressions of singidar regard and consideration for me,
that, I assure you. excited in me most particular and lively
sentiments, not only of satisfaction for the delicacy with
which the affair has been managed, but also of gratitude for
the generosity which has provided for my necessity. I have
answered Lord Minto's letter, and gave it on Saturday last
to Mr Oakley, who was to send it by that evening's post to
Vienna, and have written in a manner that I hope wiU be to
his Lordship's satisfaction.
I own to you that the succour granted to
more timely, for without it, it would have
me could not be
been impossible
me
to subsist, on account of the absolutely iireparable

my income the very fimds being also destroyed,
would otherwise have been reduced for the short
I
life to languish in misery and indigence.
remainder of
for
loss of all
so that I
my
would not lose a moment's time to apprize you of all this,

and am very certain that your experimented good heart will
find proper means to make knovm, in an energetical and
proper manner, these sentiments of
my gratefid
acknowledg-
Eldest son of Sir John Oakley, Bart. He was confidentially intrusted

by Lord Minto -with the delicate commission of communicating to the Cardin.il the benevolent intentions of George the Third.
1
382
[18OO.
Mr
Andrew
signal obligatious I am imder to
Stxiart, for all that he has, with so much cordiality, on this
done
to
assist
renders
it
for
me
occasion,
me,
indispensable
The
menta.
you may return him my most sincere thanks

him that his health and welfare interest me extremely, and that I have with great pleasure received from
General Heton the genealogical history of cm- family, which
he was so kind as to send me, and hope that he wiU irom
to desu'e that
assiu-ing
that General have already received my thanks for so valuable

In the last place, if you
a proof of his attention for me.
think proper, and an occasion should ofler itself, I beg you
to make known to the other gentlemen, who also have cooperated, my most grateful acknowledgments, with which,
my dear Sir John, with aU my heart I embrace you.
Tour best of friends,
Henet Caedinal.
To
Sir J. C. Hippisley, Bart.,
London.
SIE JOHN COXE HIPPISLEY TO CAEDIHAL TOEK.^

Grosvenor Street, London, 31st March [1800].
SlE,
I trust your Eminence will do me the justice to believe

that I was not insensible to the honoiu- of receiving so flattering a proof of your gracious consideration as that which
I am favoured with, dated the 26th of last month, from the
bosom of the conclave.

The merciless scourge of the present age, as my friend
Lord Minto has so justly observed, has singled out, as the
first objects of its vengeance, everything that is most worthy
and best entitled to our veneration and respect. The infidels
in religion, but zealots in anarchy, whose malignity pm'sued
the sacred remains of Pius the Great even beyond the grave,
assuredly would not exempt from their remorseless persecution the venerable person of the Cardinal of York.
Severe as liave been your Eminence's suflerings, they
will, nevertheless, find some alleviation in the general sympathy of the British nation. With all distinctions of parties,
with aU differences of communion, among all conditions of
'
This
letter, I believe,
Letters,
has not hitherto appeared in print.
The author
it from a MS. inserted in the copy of the

Borgia and York
which was presented by Sir John Hippisley to the laie Duke of
transcribed
Gloucester.
HENET STrAET, CARDINAL TOEK.
1800.]
men, but one voice
heard
383
breathe one applauding

sentiment
all bless the
gracious act of the Sovereign, in
favour of his illustrious but unfortunate relation.
Tour Eminence greatly overvalues the humble part which
has fallen to my lot, in common with my worthy friend, Mr
Stuart.
The cause of suffering humanity never wants supporters in the country with which I know, Sir, you feel a
generous pride in being connected. The sacred ministers of
religion, exiled and driven from their altars, find refuge and
The unfortunate Princes of the House
security in Britain.
of Bourbon, too, found an asylum under the
hospitable roof
of the royal ancestors of the Cardinal of York and when
every dignified virtue that can stamp worth on human
nature is outraged in the venerable person of the Cardinal
of York himself,
is
all
"
With inward
against such cruelties,

"
consolation recompensed,
here also an inviolable sanctuary is unfolded in the kindred

bosom of our benevolent Sovereign
It is incumbent on me to attest, that in the frequent
communications JMr Stuart and myself have had with the
King's Ministers on this subject, they have uniformly expressed their persuasion, that his Majesty will think himself
happy in repeating the same gracious attention to his royal
relation, and in the same proportion, as long as his unfortimate circumstances have a claim to them. I can also,
with equal confidence, assure your Eminence, that your
reply to my Lord Minto has given as much satisfaction to
the King's Ministers, as it doubtless has excited in the benevolent mind of his Majesty himself.
Mr Stuart unites with me in every heartfelt wish for
your Eminence's health and happiness, equally flattered
with myself, by your Eminence's condescension and gracious
acceptance of oui- humble attentions. "With the most perfect
consideration and profound respect, I have the honour to
J. C. HiPPiSLEY.
be, &c.
!
CAEDINAL TOEK TO SIE JOHN COXE HIPPISLEY.

Venice, 7th
Deae Sie John,
May, 1800.
I have not words to explain the deep impression your

very obliging favour of March the 31st made upon me. Tour
THE rEETENDEES AND THEIE ADHEREKTS.
384
Mr Andrew
[l807.
most friendly and ivarm exertions

the humane and benevolent conduct of your
in my behalf
Ministers your gracious Sovereign's noble and spontaneous
and
Stuart's
the
generosity,
;
continuance of which, you certify me, de-
pends on my need of it, were aU ideas which crowded together on my mind, and filled me with most lively sensations
of tenderness and heartfelt gratitude. What return can I
make to so many and so signal proofs of disinterested benevolence
Dear
Sir
John
I confess I
am
at a loss
how
to
I am sure, however, and very happy

express my feelings.
that your good heart will make you fully conceive the sentiments of mine, and induce you to make known, in an adequate
and convenient manner, to all such as you shall think proper
for me,
my
most sincere acknowledgments.
With
pleasure I have presented your compliments to the

Cardinals and other persons you mention, who all return you
The Canou in particular, now Montheir sincere thanks.
signore, being also a domestic prelate of his Holiness, begs
will
be
of
his constant respect and attachment
you
persuaded
to you.
wishes would be completely satisfied, should I have
the pleasure, as I most earnestly desire, to see you again at
Frescati, and be able to assure you by word of mouth of my
most sincere esteem and afl'ectionate indelible gratitude.
My
Tour
best of friends,
Henet Caedinal.
Sir
John C. Hippisley,
Grosvenor Street, London.
Cardinal York bears the character of an amiable and virtuous Prince, sincere in his piety, of gentle manners, and
His purse was always open
possessed of tolerable abilities.
to the poor, and in him a British subject in distress was sure
His taste for literature
to find a compassionate benefactor.
and the fine arts is evinced by the valuable library which he
collected, and by his fine collection of antiquities and manuin 1798 by the
scripts, all of which were either plundered
Prench and Italian revolutionists at Rome, or confiscated by
French commissaries, and subsequently scattered over the
museums and libraries of Paris.
This venerable and excellent prelate died at Some in June,
1807, at the age of eighty -two. To George the Fourth, then
'
1734.]
AETHUE ELPHINSTONE, LOED BALMEEI^-0.
385
Prince of Wales, he bequeathed the crown jewels, which, one

hundred and twenty years before, his grandfather, James the
Second, had carried off with him in his flight from England
in 1688.
Among these valuable relies, the most interesting
was the " George," which had been worn by the Cardinal's
great-grandfather, the unfortunate Charles the First.
ARTHUR ELPHINSTONE, LORD BALMERIXO.

His early Attachment
to the Stuarts.
Enters the French Service after the
Insurrection of 1715.
Joins the Pretender in 174.3.
His Arrest and
Committal to the Tower. The Trial-Scene, as described by Walpole.
His Fortitude and Cheerfulness after the Sentence. His Execution.
This
gallant
and
ill-fated
nobleman was
bom
in 1688.
In
youth he had served with distinction in the armies of

Queen Anne, but on the breaking out of the insui-rection of
1715, he immediately disclaimed his allegiance to that princess, and flew to array himself beneath the standard of his
The circumstances
proscribed, but legitunate, Sovereign.
under which he deserted to the Stuarts were rather remarkable.
Previous to the battle of Dumblain, his loyally had
been much suspected; but his colonel, the Duke of Argyll,
lulled the suspicious of the Government, by declaring that he
would be answerable for his good conduct. He behaved vrith
gallantry during the action, but no sooner had victory decided in favour of the royalists, than he galloped oft" with his
troop to the opposite party, declaring that he had never
feared death before that day, when he had been induced to
his
fight against his conscience.
Having seen the last blow struck in the cause of the

Lord Balnierino. then Captain Elphinstone, was fortunate enough to eftect his escape to the Continent, where
he entered the French serrice, and remained an exile tiU
IVSi, when his father, without his knowledge or consent, succeeded in obtaiaing a pardon for him from the Government.
Stuarts,
2 c
386
THE PRETENDERS AND THEIR ADHEEENTS.
[l731.
NatiivaUy eager, on the one hand, to retm-n to his country

and his friends, from whom ho had been banished for so manyyears, he was yet unwilling to accept the boon without the
express permission of his legitimate Prince and, accordingly,
he wrote to the old ChevaUer at Home, requesting to be diThe Chevalier immediately
rected by liini on the occasion.
sent him back an answer in his own hand-writing, not only
sanctioning his retui-n to Scotland, but adding, with an amiable consideration, that he had given orders to his banker at
Paris to defray the expenses of his joirrney.
From the period of the suppression of the insurrection of
1715, till tlie landing of Charles Edward in the Highlands,
we know little of the private history of Lord Balmerino.
Like the generality of the Scottish landholders of the last
century, he seems to have contented himself with the amusements and enjoyments obtained by a residence among his
;
own people and on his own estate, and to have been distinguished, even above his neighbours, for his hospitality and
convivial habits.
Although thirty years had elapsed since he had last drawn
his sword in the cause of the Stuarts, the standard of the
young Chevaher was no sooner unfiu-led in the wild valley
of Gleufinnan, than the veteran peer flew, with the fiery enthusiasm which had distinguished him in his youth, to aid in
a cause which he believed to be the holiest and noblest which
"
I might easUy," he says,
could animate the human mind.
''
have excused myself
in his dying speech on the scaflbld,
from taking arms, on accoimt of my age but I never could
have had peace of conscience, if I had staid at home when
that brave Prince was exposing himself to all manner of dan;
gers and fatigues, both day and night."

The military experience and personal gallantry of Lord
Balmerino contributed in a great degi-ee to the earlv successes
obtained by tlie insurgent army while he was no less distinguished by the forbearance and humanity which he invariably displayed towards the royaUst prisoners who feU into
"
his hands.
All this," he says, in his dying speech, " gives
me gi'eat pleasure, now that I am looking on the block on
which I am ready to lay down my head." Having witnessed
the last etforts of the galliuit Highlanders on the fatal field
of Cullpdeu, Lord Balmerino with many of his brave com;
1746.]
AETHTJE ELPHINSTONE, LOHD BALMEEINO.
387
panions in arms, sought safety in concealment and flight.

He was one of the iirst persons, of any rank or importance,
who fell into the hands of the Government and having been
brought by the Grants to Inverness on the 21st of April,
1746, he was shortly afterwards sent by sea to London, in
the same vessel with his friends the Earls of Cromarty and
Kilmarnock.
;
Immediately on their arrival in London, these unfortvuiate

noblemen were committed to the Tower and biUs of indictment having been found by the grand jury of Surrey, they
were brought to trial before their peers in Westminster Hall
on the 28th of July, 1746. The scene was a most impressive
and magnificent one. About eight o'clock in the morning
the prisoners were conducted from the Tower to Westminster
in three coaches, attended by a strong guard of foot-soldiers.
In the first coach was the Earl of Kilmarnock, with General
Williamson, the Deputy- Governor of the Tower, and a captain of the guard
in the nest was the Earl of Cromartie,
attended by a Captain Marshall and in the third came Lord
Balmerino, accompanied by IVIi- Fowler, gentleman-gaoler,
;
with the fatal ase, covered, before him. As soon as the Peers
had assembled in Westminster Hall, proclamation was made
for the appearance of the prisoners. They were then brought
to the bar, preceded by the gentleman-gaoler, who carried
the axe ^vith the blunt part turned towards them. The usual
compliments passed between the prisoners and the peer.s, and
the indictments were then read with all the customary formalities.
The
trial-scene of the insurgent
Lords
is
graphically de-
by Horace Walpole in one of the most interesting of

his charming letters. To Sir Horace Maun he ^vîtes, on the
"
I am this moment come from the con1st of August, 1746
clusion of the greatest and most melancholy scene I ever yet
saw. You will easily guess it was the trials of the rebel
Lords. As it was the most interesting sight, it was the most
solemn and fine a coronation is a puppet-show, and all the
scribed
it idle
but this sight at once feasted one's eyes,
and engaged aU one's passions. It began last Slonday
three-parts of Westminster HaU were enclosed with galleries,
and hung with scarlet and the whole ceremony was conducted with the most awful solemnity and decency, except in
splendour of
the one point of leaving the prisoners at the bar, amidst the
2 c 2
388
[l746.
some crowd, and even with the witnesses

who had sworn against them, while the Lords adjourned to
their own House to consult. No part of the royal family was
there, which was a proper regard to the unhappy men, who
were become their victims. One hundred and thirty-nine
Lords were present, and made a noble siglit on their benches
frequent ami fall! The Chancellor was Lord High Steward;
but though a most comely personage, with a fine voice, his
behaviour was mean, curiously searching for occasion to bow
to the Minister that is no peer,'' and consequently applying to
the other Ministers, in a manner, for their orders; and not
even ready at the ceremonial. To the prisoners he was peevish;
and instead of keeping up the humane dignity of the law of
England whose character is topoint out favour tothecriminal
he crossed them, and almost scolded at any offer they made
towards defence. I had armed myself with all the resolution
I could, with the thought of their crimes and of the danger
past, and was assisted by the sight of the Marquis of Lothian,'
idle curiosity of
'
who feU at Culloden; but the first

their behaviour
appearance of the prisoners shocked me
melted me
"
"
For Lord Balmerino," adds AValpole, he is the most
natural brave old fellow I ever saw the highest intrepidAt the bar he behaved like a solity, even to indifierence.
dier and a man in the intervals of form, with carelessness
and humoiu'. He pressed extremely to have his wife hia
pretty Peggy with him in the Tower. Lady Cromai'tie only
sees her husband through the grate, not choosing to be shut
up with him, as she thinks she can serve him better by her
intercession without she is big with child, and very handsome so are her daughters. Wlien they were to be brought
from the Tower in separate coaches, there was some dispute
in which the axe must go.
Old Balmerino cried, Come,
come, put it witli me.' At the bar, he plays with his fingers
upon the axe, while he talks to the gentlemau-gaoler and
one day, somebody coming up to listen, he took the blade
in weepers for his son,
'
and held it like a fan between their faces. During the trial
a little boy was near him. but not tall enough to see; he made
room for the chdd, and placed him near himself.
'
'
Lord Hardwicke.
Henry Pelliam.
William Kerr, third Marquis of Lothian, whose second son. Lord Rohad been killed at the battle of Culloden. ~
bert Kerr,
AETHUE ELPHTNSTONE, LOED BALMEKINO.
1746.]
389
"
"WTien the trial began, the two Earls pleaded guilty Balmerino not guilty, saying he could prove his not being at the
taking of the Castle of Carlisle, as was laid in the indictment.
Then the King's counsel opened and Serjeant Skinner pronounced the most absurd speech imaginable, and mentioned
the Duke of Perth, who,' said he, I see by the jjapers is
dead.' Then some witnesses were examined, whom afterwards
the old hero shook cordially by the hand. The Lords withdrew to their House, and returning, demanded of the judges,
whether, one point not being proved, though all the rest were,
the indictment was false ? to which they unanimously answered in the negative. Then the Lord High Steward asked
the Peers severally, whether Lord Balmerino was guilty ?
All said, 'Guilty upon honour,' and then adjourned, the j)risoner ha\-ing begged pardon for giving them so much trouble.'
While the Lords were witlidra^-n, the SoUcitor-general Murray (brother of the Pretender's miuister) officiously and in;
'
'
solently went up to Lord Babneriuo, and asked him how he

could give the Lords so much trouble, when his soUcitor had
informed him that his plea coidd be of no use to him ? Balineriao asked the bystanders who this person was ? and being
I am extremely glad to see
told, he said, Oh, Mr Murray
you I have been with several of your relations the good
lady, your mother, was of great use xo us at Perth.' Are you
'
not charmed with this speech ? How just it was As he went

away, he said, They call me Jacobite I am no more a Jacobite than any that tried me but if the Great Mogul had
set up his standard, I should have followed it, for I could not
!
'
starve.'
"
When
the Peers were going to vote," proceeds Walpole,

Lord Foley withdrew, as too well a wisher Lord Moray,*
as nephew of Lord Babnerino, and Lord Stair, as, I believe,
"
'
According to ancient custom, the Lord Steward put the question to
each Peer, commencing with the youngest Baron,
"My Lord of
Arthur Lord Balmerino guilty of High Treason ? " The nobleman, thus
"
addressed, then laid his hand upon his left breast, answering,
GuUly, upon
my- honour, my Lord."
this
in
the
mouth of Lord Balmerino, but it
Walpole places
speech
seems far more likely that it was uttered by Lord Kilmarnock. See post,
in the memoir of that nobleman, where he is mentioned as giving vent to a
similar sentiment, in conversation with the Duke of Argyll.
' James
His mother was Jean ElphinStewart, ninth Earl of Moray.
stone, daughter of John, fourth Lord Balmerino.
is
THE PHETENDEES AND THEIE ADHEBEXTS.
390
[l746.
uncle to his great-grandfather. Lord Windsor very affectedly

said, I am sorry I must say, 'guilty upon my Jioiwur.' Lord
Stamford would not answer to the name of Heurv", having
heen christened Harry: what a great way of thinking on such
an occasion I was diverted, too, with old Norsa, the father
of my brother's concubine, an old Jew, that kept a tavern.
My brother, as auditor of the Exchequer, has a gallery along
one whole side of the court. I said, I really feel for the
Old Issachar replied, Feel for them Pray, if
prisoners.'
they had succeeded, whatwould have become of all tis?' When
my Lady Townshend^ heard her husband vote, she said, I
always knew my Lord was guilty, but I never thought he
'
'
'
'
'
would cwn
it vpon his lionour!'

Lord Balmerino said, that
one of his reasons for pleading not guilty was, that so many
ladies might not be disappointed of their show."
Having been found guilty by the unanimous verdict of
their Peers, the prisoners were recalled to the bar and having been informed by the Lord Steward, that on the day
following the nest, sentence would be passed upon them, they
were reconducted to the Tower, with the edge of the axe turned
towards them. Accordingly, on the 30th of July, they were
again brought to the bar of Westminster Hall to receive
judgment; but in consequence of a technical objection raised
by Lord Balmerino, the court was once more adjourned to the
;
1st of Aiigust, in order to enable him to obtain the assistance

of counsel. On that day, the Peers again assembled in Westminster Hall, when the prisoners were called upon, with the
usual formalities, to state if they had any objection to raise
why sentence of death should not be passed upon them.
Thev aU answered in the negative Lord Balmerino adding,
that his counsel had satisfied him that there was nothing in
the objection which he had raised which could do him service,
and that he therefore regretted that he had occasioned so
much ti'ouble to their Lordships. The Lord Steward then
addressed the prisoners in a pathetic speech, and concluded
by pronouncing sentence in the following words: 'The
judgment of the law is, and this High Court doth award, that
you, William Earl of Kilmarnock, George Earl of Cromarty,
;
Herbert Windsor, second Viscount Windsor in Ireland. He died in

titles became extinct.
Ethclreda Harrison, Viscountess Townshend, so celebrated for her
eccentricities and wit.
'
1758. Tvhen his

'
AETHTJE ELPHINSTOlfE, LOED BALMEEINO.
174R.]
391
and Arthur Lord Balmerino, and every one of you, return to

the prison of the Tower from whence you came; from thence
you must be drawn to the place of execution when you come
there, you must be hanged by the neck, but not till you are
dead for you must be cut down alive then yoxir bowels
must be taken out, and burnt before your faces then your
heads must be severed from your bodies, and your bodies
must be divided each into fom- quarters and these must be
at the King's disposal.
And God Almighty be merciful to
"
Sentence having been passed, the prisoners
your souls
were removed from the bar, when the Lord High Steward,
standing up uncovered, broke his staft', and declared the Com;
mission to be dissolved.
Throughout his trial, and indeed up to the moment when

the fatal axe subsequently fell upon him. Lord Balmerino
displayed the greatest fortitude and cheerfulness apparently
despising death itself as much as he despised those who in"
The first day," writes Gray, the poet, " while the
flicted it.
Peers were adjourned to consider of his plea, Lord Balmerino
diverted himself with the axe that stood by him, played with
the tassels, and tried the edge with his finger."
On his return to the Tower, after sentence had been passed on him,
he stopped the coach, we are told, at Charing Cross, to buy
and again, Hohoney-hlohs, as the Scotch call gooseberries
race Walpole writes to George Montagu a few days after"
wards
Old Balmerino keeps up his spirits in the same
pitch of gaiety. In the cell at Westminster, be showed Lord
Kilmarnock how he must lay his head bid him not wince,
lest the stroke should cut his skuU or his shoulders, and advised him to bite his Hps. As they were to return, he begged
they might have another bottle together, as they should never
and then pointed to his neck. At
meet any more tiU
Take care, or
getting into the coach, he said to the gaoler,
"
you wiU break my shins with this damned axe.'
On the 16th of August, Walpole writes to the same cor"
I have been this morning at the Tower, and
respondent
passed under the new heads at Temple Bar, where people
make a trade of letting out spying-glasses at a halfpenny a
;
'
Old Lovat arrived last night. I saw Murray, Lord

Derwentwater, Lord Traquair, Lord Cromartie and his son,
and the Lord Provost, at their respective windows. The other
two wretched Lords are in dismal towers, and they have
look.
THE PKETENDESS AND THEIE ADHEEENTS.
392
[l746.
stopped up one of old Balmerino's windows, because he talked

to the populace and now he has only one, which looks directly
upon all the scaSblding. They brought in the death-warrant
His wife fainted. He said,
at his dinner.
Lieutenant,
d warrant you ha\e spoiled my lady's stowith your d
a
sensible
letter to the l)uke to beg
He has written
mach.'
his iutercession, and the Duke has given it to the King."
On learning that Lord Lovat had fallen into the hands of
the Government, Lord Balmerino expressed a generous concern that they had not been captured at the same time,
"
For then," he said, " we might have been sacrificed, and
those other two brave men might have escaped." However,
when he subsequently learned that Lords Kilmarnock and
Cromartie had petitioned for mercy, he observed, with a sneer,
"
that
as they had such great interest at court, they might as
About a
well have squeezed his name in with their own."
week after he had received sentence of death, he received a
;
'
visit
ing
"
from a gentleman, who made many apologies for intrudwhich his Lordship had to live.
upon the few hours
"
Oh Sir," he said, it is no intrusion at all. I have done

nothing to make my conscience uneasy. I shall die with a
true heart, and undaunted for I think no man fit to live who
nor am I in any way concerned at what I
is not fit to die
have done."
The 18th of August being appointed for the execution of
Lords Kilmarnock and Balmerino, about six o'clock in the
morning of that day, a troop of the life-guards, another of the
horse grenadier guards, and about a thousand foot-guards,
marched from the parade, opposite the Horse Guards in
St James's Park, through the city to Tower Hill. On arriving there, a large body were posted romid the scaffold, while
the remainder were drawn up in two lines, extending from
the lower gate of the Tower to the scaftbld, leaving a sufficient
!
space between them for the procession to pass through.

About eight o'clock, the Sherifts of London, accompanied
by their Under Sherifis and their officers,- the latter consisting of six sergeants-at-mace, six yeomen, and the execuassembled at the Mitre Tavern, in Fenchurch Street,
tioner,
where they breakfasted aud from thence proceeded to the
house which they had hired for the reception of the prisoners
on Tower Hill, near Catherine Court, opposite to which, at
the distance of about thirty yards, the scaftbld had been
ARTHUR ELPHINSTONE, LORD BALMEEISO.
1746.]
393
At ten o'clock the block, which was covered with

black cloth, was fixed on the scaft'old and, at the same time,
the latter was strewed thickly with sawdust for the purpose
of soaking the gore. The coffins of the respective Lords were
then brought on the fatal stage. They were covered with
black cloth that of Lord Kdmamock having a plate on it
surmounted with an Earl's coronet, with the words under"Gulielmus Comes de Kilmarnock, decollatus 18^ ^neath,
guMi, 1746, j^tat. sued 42." The plate on the coffin of Lord
Balnierino bore the coronet of a baron, with the inscription,
erected.
"
Arthurus Dominus de Balmerino, decollatus 1S Autjusti,

1746, yEtai. suce 58." The coffins of both were ornamented
with gilt nails, and also with six handles, over each of which
was
affixed the coronet appertaiuing to their respective ranks.

At a quarter after ten, the Sheriffs proceeded in procession
to the outward gate of the Tower, and, according to ancient
The warder then asked from
usage, knocked at the gate.
's there."
"The Sheriffs of London and
within,
"Who
Middlesex," was the reply. The warder again inquii-ed,

"
What do you want ? " when the officer answered, " The
bodies of WUliam Earl of Kibnarnock, and Arthur Lord
"
Balmeriao
on this the warder said, " I wUl go and inform
Ten minutes then elapsed
the Lieutenant of the Tower."
before the arrival of the prisoners, who made their appearance
on foot, guarded by several of the warders Lord Kilmarnock
being attended by the Lieutenant of the Tower, and Lord
Balmeriao by Major White. Before quitting the Tower, the
ancient ceremony was performed, of the Sheriffs delivering to
the Lieutenant the proper receipts for the bodies of the
prisoners.
The same flight of stairs in the Tower led to the apartments

of both of these unfortunate noblemen, and in descending
them, in order to proceed to the place of their execution, they
eucoimtered each other. On reaching the foot of the iirst
his
flight of stairs, Lord Balmerino affectionately embraced
"
"
I am heartUy
unfortunate friend.
Lord," he said,
sorry to have your company in this expedition." Lord Balmerino was dressed in a blue coat turned up with red, the
regimentals in which he had so often fought for the gallant
cause in which he was about to die. Previous to quitting the
My
Tower, he called for a bumper of wine,

toast to the health of Xing James.
and di-ank
his last
THE PEETENDEES
394!
THEIE ADHEEENTS.
AJfD
[l746.
During the ceremony of delivering over the prisoners to

the Slierills, the Deputy Lieutenant cried, according to an"
cient custom,
God bless King George " to which Lord
Kilmarnock assented by a bow, but Lord Balmerino, true to
"
his principles to the last, responded,
God bless King
James " The procession then moved forward \'s-ith great
solemnity one of the Sherifts walking with Lord Kilmarnock,
and the other with Lord Balmerino their two hearses and
a mourning-coach bringing up the rear. Lord Kilmarnock
was attended by two Presbyterian clergymen, and Lord Balmerino by the chaplain of the Tower and another minister
of the Established Church.
As the stout old peer moved
along, he heard a person in the crowd inquire with anxious
"
"
"Wliich is Lord Balmerino r

With good-nacuriosity,
tured poUteness, he turned half round, and said, " I am Bal"
merino."
As he walked from his prison to execution," says
Horace Walpole, " seeing every window and top of house filled
with spectators, he cried out,
Look, look, how they are all
"
up like rotten oranges

The scene which presented
piled
'
'
itself to
the insurgent lords, on
their approaching the fatal stage, was such as to strike awe

into any heart but that of the undaunted Balmerino.
large
area was formed by the soldiers round the scattbld, which was
covered with black, as were also the rails of the passage which
led from it to the house which had been prepared for the reception of the insurgent lords, and the rooms in which they
were allowed to offer up their last devotions, and to take leave
of their friends.
Previous to retiring to the several apartments which had
been provided for their reception, the t^vo unfortimate noblemen took leave of each other Lord Balmerino adding afl'ec"
Lord, I wish I could suffer for
tionately at parting,
both."
Lord Kdmarnock was the first who suffered. The
block was then new-covered for the second slaughter the
scaflbld was strewed with fresh sawdust
the executioner
changed his bloody clothes, and a new axe was provided.
These arrangements having been made, the Under Sheriff
proceeded to the apartment of Lord Balmerino. The nature
of the errand on which he came being sufiieiently evident to
Lord Balmerino, he anticipated him by observing, that he
My
supposed Lord Kilmarnock was now no more, and inquired

the executioner had performed his duty. Being informed
how
AETHUE ELPHINSTONE, LOED BALMEEIUO.
1746.]
395
had been expeditiously done, he expressed his satis"

faction, and then, turning to his friends,
Gentlemen," he
"
I will detain you no longer, for I desire not to protract
said,
life."
Before
from
he
them,
my
parting
partook twice of
some wine, with a httle bread, desiring the bystanders to drink
him a safe passport to heaven. He then took leave of them,
with a cheerfulness so touching from its unafTectedness, that
it is said to have drawn tears from every
eye but his own.
"
"
Balmerino," says Walpole, certainly died witli the inthat
it
trepidity of a hero, but with the insensibility of one, too."

This idea, or rather the possibility, that he might be accused
of displaying an unseemly and affected boldness in his last
moments seems to have occurred to the veteran hero himself.
"
As he departed to the scaffold," says Ford, who was the
"
chronicler of his last moments,
he once more turned to his
friends and took his last farewell, and looking on the crowd
think
some
said,
Perhaps
may
my behaviour too bold but
remember, Sir,' said he to a gentleman who stood near him,
'
that I now declare it is the effect of confidence in God, and
a good conscience, and I should dissemble if I showed any
"
signs of fear.'
The appearance of Lord Balmerino on the scaffold, which
he is said to have trodden with the air of a general, his intrepid bearing, his very uniform, the blue turned up with
red, the same which he had worn on the fatal field of Culloexcited the breathless attention and admiration of the
den,
'
populace.
On mounting
several times, occasionally
the scaffold, he walked round it

bowing to the people and twice
;
over read the inscription on his coffin, declaring it to be corHe then examined the block, which he called his
"
piUow of rest," and lying down for "a moment to try it,
had a thousand lives," he said, I would lay them all
down here in the same cause." On rising up, he expressed
great indignation at the manner in which he had been treated
by General Williamson, the Lieutenant of the Tower, adding,
that if he had not taken the sacrament the day before, he
would have knocked him down for his iU-usage of him.'
rect.
"HI
1
In the paper which he read on the scaffold, and whicli he delivered to
the Sheriffs just before his execution, he exclaims strongly against the
cowardly treatment which he met with from the Lieutenant of the Tower.
"Ever since my confinement in the Tower," he says, "when Major White
or Mr Fowler did me the honour of a visit, their behaviour was always so
THE TEETENDEES AND THEIE ADHEEENTS.
396
[l746.
He
then put on his spectacles, and taking a paper from his

pocket, read the contents of it with an audible voice to the
few persons who were within hearing. In this document, he
"
"
spoke of William the Third as a vUe, unnatural usurper
he expressed deep regret at his having been induced to serve
in his youth in the armies of Queen Anne he spoke with
"
so sweet a Prince, that
enthusiasm of Prince Charles, as
"
and then
flesh and blood could not help following him
solemnly denied the infamous report spread by the partisans
;
of the Government, that, jjrevious to the battle of Culloden,

Charles had issued an order that no quarter should be given
to the enemy adding, that it was his firm con^dction, that
it was a mere malicious report industriously spread to excuse
those frightful murders which were aftern-ards perpetrated
in cold blood. Finally, he expressed his forgiveness of all his
enemies, and concluded by a short prayer, in which he solemnly invoked the blessings of Heaven on all the members
of the exiled family, and commended to the fatherly goodness
of the Supreme Being all the faithful adherents of the cause
for which he was about to lay down his hfe upon the block.
;
kind and obliging to me, that I cannot find words to express it. But I am
He has treated
sorry I cannot say the same thing of General Williamson.
me barbarmtshj, but not quite so Ul as he did the Bishop of Eochester
I should
[Atterbury], and had it not been for a worthy dergj-man's advice,
have prayed for him in the words of David, Psalm cix., from the 6th to the
16th verse. I forgive him, and all my enemies." The verses alluded to by
Lord Balmcrino are as follows
and let Satan stand at his right hand.
6. Set thou a wicked man over him
and let his prayer
7. ^\'hen he shall be judged, let him be condemned
:
become sin.
8. J*t his days be few
9.
10.
and
let
another take his
office.
Let his children be fatherless, and his wife a widow.

Let his children be continually vagabonds, and beg;
their bread also out of their desolate places.

11. Let the extortioner catch aU that he hath
and
let
let the
them seek
stranger spoil
his labour.
neither let there be

12. Let there be none to extend mercy unto him
any to favour his fatherless children.
13. Let his posterity be cut off
and in the generation following let their
;
name be
blotted out.
Let the iniquity of his fathers he remembered with the Lord and
not the sin of his mother be blotted out.
them be before the Lord continually, that he may cut off the
Let
15.
memory of them from the earth.
16. Because that he remembered not to show mercy, but persecuted the
poor and needy man, that he might even slay the broken in heart.
14.
let
1746.]
ABTHrE ELPHUfSTOIfE, LOED BALMEEINO.
397
He
then called for the executioner, who requested his for"

"
Friend," he said, you have no need to ask for
giveness.
forgiveness the execution of your duty is commendable."
He then took the axe and felt it, inquiring of the executioner
how many blows he had given Lord Kilmarnock, and gave
him three guineas. " Priend," he said, " I never was rich
I wish it was more and
this is all the money I now have
I am sorry I can add nothing to it but my coat and waistThese he took off, together with his neckcloth, and
coat."
laid them on his coflin for the executioner. He then put on
a flannel waistcoat, and taking a tartan cap from his pocket,
"
put it on his head, exclaiming playfully, that he died a
Scotchman."
Before laying his head on the block, he went to the side
;
of the scaflbld, and, calling for the warder, gave him some
money, and inquired which was his hearse. Being pointed
out to him, he desired that it might draw nearer. He then
tucked down the collar of his shirt and flannel waistcoat,
and good-humouredly exhorting the executioner to perform
his work expeditiously, told him that when he dropped his
arms he was to consider it as the signal for him to strike
the blow. Immediately he knelt down, without discovering
the least symptom of fear, and having fitted his neck to the
"God preserve my friends, forgive my

block, exclaimed,
enemies, restore the King, and have mercy upon my soul."
He then, it is said, gave the sign by throwing up his arm,
"
as if he were giving the signal for battle."
The intrepidity displayed by this unfortvmate nobleman,

as well as the suddeimess with which he gave the signal,
with the natural hesitation which had
contrasting
strongly
seems to have combeen betrayed by Lord Kilmarnock,

The blow which
pletely taken the executioner by surprise.
he struck fell with great force between the shoulders, de
priving his victim, it is to be hoped, of sensation though,

according to contemporary accounts, the contrary was the
case, for he is said to have made an efl'ort to turn his head
towards the executioner; the under jaw falling and returning
very quickly, as if the sufierer were convulsed with mingled
sensations of anger and pain. The second blow fell directly
on the neck, causing the body to fall away from the block
and the third completed the sanguinary work. The head was
received in a piece of red baize, which, together with the
;
THE PEETENDEES
398
A2fD
THEIE ADHERENTS.
[1746.
body, was deposited in the coffin prepared to receive them.

According to Lord Bahneriao's particular request, the coffin
was placed over that of the Marquis of Tullibardine, ia the
Lords Balmeriao, Kibuamoek, and
chapel of the Tower
Tullibardine occup3'ing the same grave.
Thus, ou the 18th of August, 174G, in the fifty-ninth year
of his age, died the dauntless, the devoted, the noble-miuded
'
Balmeriuo
" Pitied
by gentle minds Kilmarnock died.
The brave, Balmerino, were on thy side."
Lord Balmerino married Miss Margaret Chalmers, whom he

"
was in the habit of styHng his pretty Peggy." During the
time that he was in. the Tower, she resided in lodgings in
East Smithfleld, but constantly visited and remained with
him in his confinement.
The day before his execution. Lord Bahnerino wrote to
the old Chevalier, setting forth his ser\-ices, and stating,
"
with great satisfaction and peace
that he was about to die
all that he entreated, he
of mind" in the best of causes
would provide for his widow,
that
the
Chevalier
said, was,
"
so that she shoidd not want bread which otherwise," he
"
she must do, his brother having left more debt on
added,
the estate than it was worth, and he himself having nothing
The Chevalier, shortly afterin the world to give her."
wards, sent her the sum of sisty pounds and it is said that,
at the dying request of the unfortunate nobleman, George
the Second settled a pension on her of fifty pounds a year.The latter fact, however, may reasonably be doubted.
:
Lord Tullibardine had died in the Tower on the 9th of June
Gentleman's Magazine for 1746, p. 394.
399
WILLIAM BOYD, EAEL OF KILMARNOCK.

Attachment of Lord Kilmarnock's Family to the House of Brunswick.
Taken Prisoner at CuUoden.
His Motives for joining the Pretender.
His Trial. Correspondence of the Family. His Execution.
Earl of Kilmarnock was bom in 1705, and in

1725 married Lady Anne Livingstone, daughter and heiress
of James, fifth Earl of Lialithgow and fourth Earl of Callendav, and heiress to her aunt, Mary Countess of Errol, in
William
her
own
right.
The family of Lord Kibnarnock had long been distinguished

for their attachment to the House of Brunswick, and to the
Whig principles which had raised the reigning family to the
In the rebeUiou of 1715, the father of the unthrone.
fortunate lord had enrolled a thousand men in support of
the Grovernment and even Lord Kilmarnock himself, though
a mere child, is stated to have appeared in arms on the ocIn addition to these cu-cumstances, it may be mencasion.
tioned that he had long enjoyed a pension from George the
Second's Government, till he was deprived of it by Lord
Wilmington, probably on account of his loyalty having become suspected.
The motives which induced Lord Kilmarnock to desert
the principles which had been instilled into him in his cradle,
;
for the fatal cause of the Stuarts, have been accounted for in
different ways.
According to Horace Walpole, he was persuaded against his better judgment by the old Countess of
who threatened to disiuherit him unless he complied

with her wishes while Sir Walter Scott and others attribute
it to the iatluence possessed over him by his Countess, who
was known to be enthusiastically devoted to the House of
It is but due, however, to Lady Kilmarnock to
Stuart.
observe that her unfortunate lord, almost with his latest
breath, not only entirely exculpated her from having any
share in urging him to take the step he did, but even endeavoured to dissuade him from joiuing the insiu-gents.
Errol,
'
"Account of the Behaviour of the

Sentence and at his Execution," p. 23.
'
late
Earl of Kilmarnock after his
400
THE PBETENDEES AND THEIB ADHEEENTS.
The
authority
[l746.
and proved by the

of Lord Kilmarnock himself that a
in
real fact
seems to have been
it is
difficulty
procuring even the necessaries of life, and a desire to retrieve a fortune which he had ruined by a career of extravagance and self-indulgence, determined him to set his life
upon a cast, and to risk everything upon the hazard of the
"
Lord Kibnarnock," writes Horace Walpole to Sir

"
is a
INIann,
Presbyterian, with four earldoms in.
so poor since Lord Wilmington stopped a pension
but
him,
that my father had given him, that he often wanted a dinner."
writes to George Montagu a few days afterAgain, Walpole
"
I am assured that the old Countess of Ei-rol made
wards.
Lord Kilmarnock go into the rebellion on pain of disinheriting him. I don't know whether I told you that the man at
the tennis-court protests that he has known him dine with
die.
Horace
'
the man that seUi pamphlets at Storey 's-gate; and,' says he,
he would often have been glad if I would have taken him
home to dinner.' He was certainly so poor, that in one of his
wife's intercepted letters she tells him she has plagued their
steward for a fortnight for money, and can get but three
Can one help pitying such distress ?"
shillings.
But the e^^dence given by the iU-fated nobleman himself,
in regard to the pitiable state of distress to which he was
reduced, is even more curious. After he had fallen into the
hands of the Government, the Duke of Argyll telling him
how sorry he was to see him in such a condition, " My
"
Lord," he said, for the two Kings and their rights, I cared
not a fartliing which prevailed but I was starving, and, by
d, if Mahomet had set up his standard in the Highlands
I had been a good Mussulman for bread, and stuck close to
the party for I must eat." Again, when Forster, the
Presbyterian clergyman who attended him in his last moof
him
for joining the insurgents,
liis
morives
ments, inquired
"The true root of all," he said, "was his careless and dissolute
life, by which he had reduced himself to great and perplexing
difficulties
that the exigency of his affairs was in particular
very pressing at the time of the rebeUion, and that, besides
the general hope he had of mending his fortime by the
success of it, he was also tempted by another prospect of
retrieving his circumstances if he followed the Pretender's
'
'
'
Kilmarnoc'k, Errol, Linlithgow, and Callendar.

'
Gray's Works, vol. iii. p. 5.
1746.]
WILLIAM BOro, EAEL OF KILMAENOCK.
401
he added, " his rebellion was a kind of

lesperate scheme, proceeding originally from his vices, to
xtricate himself from the distress of his circumstances."
tandard."
In
fact,
'
The unexpected success obtained by the Jacobites at

Preston Pans, and the hope that it would be followed by
^h victories, seems to have determined the wavering inlions of Lord Kilmarnock in joining the standard of
During the remainder of the insurrection, he more

once displayed considerable gallantry at the head of his
He was present at the fatal
;iiiop of grenadier guards.
'attle of Culloden, and appears to have been one of the first
[iiTsons of distinction who fell into the hands of the Government. In the speech which he made at his trial in Westminster Hall, he claimed the credit of ha\Tng voluntarily
"
I had not been long with them,"' he
surrendered himself.
"
before I saw my error, and reflected with horror on
said,
the guilt of swerving from my allegiance to the best of
sovereigns; the dishonour which it reflected upon myself;
and the fatal ruin which it necessarily brought upon my
family. I then determined to leave them, and submit to his
Majesty's clemency, as soon as I should have an opportunity.
For this I separated myself from my corps at the battle of
CuUoden, and staid to surrender myself a prisoner." This
statement Lord Kilmarnock, before his death, declared, in
conversation with Mr Forster, to be a false one.
The fact
was, that in the hurry and confusion of the flight after the
battle, half blinded by smoke and snow, he made his way
towards a party of the royal dragoons, which he mistook for
liarles.
lian
Fitzjames's horse, and was immediately captured. On being

brought within the British lines, an aft'ecting incident occurred.
As he was led along by his captors, he passed at
the head of a regiment of infantry, in which his eldest son,
Lord Boyd, then a very young man, held an ensign's com"
mission.
The Earl," says Chambers, ' had lost his hat in
the strife, and his long hair was flying in disorder around his
head and over his face. The soldiers stood mute in tlieir
lines beholding the unfortunate nobleman.
Among the rest
stood Lord Boyd, compelled by his situation to witness,

without the power of alleviating, the humUiation of his father.
When the Earl came past the place where his son stood, the
youth, xmable to bear any longer that his father's head should
'
Forster's " Account of the Behaviour of Kilmarnock," &c.

p. 10.
2 o
402
THE PEETENDEES AND THEIE ADHEEEJfTS.
[l748.
be exposed to the storm, stepped out of the ranks, without
ofl" his own hat,

placed it
respect to discipline, and, taking
over his father's disordered and wind-beaten locks. He then
returned to his place, without haviug uttered a word."
On the 23rd of June, 1746, a true biU for high treason was
found against Lord Kilmarnock by the grand jm-y of Surrey,
and on the 28th of July he was brought up for trial before
his peers in Westminster Hall. On being placed at the bar,
he
guilty to the indictment, and requested that he.
pleaded
might be recommended to his Majesty for mercy. Horace^]

"
Lord
Walpole, who was present at the trial, observes,
Kilmarnock and Lord Cromartie are both past forty, but look
with an exyounger. Lord KUmarnock is tail and slender,
treme fine person his behaviour a most just mixture between
dignity and submission it' in anything to be reprehended,
a Uttle affected, and his hair too exactly dressed for a man in
his situation but when I say this, it is not to find fault with
him, but to show how little" fault there was to be found."
On the 30th, he was brought up to receive sentence, when,
according to custom, he was asked by the Lord High Steward,
"
if he had anything to ofler why judgment of death should
"
His striking figure, his handnot be passed against him ?
some countenance, his engaging manner, and the melodious
tone of voice with which he addressed the assembled peers, in
that last appeal which he could ever make to an eartlily tribunal, excited the deepest commiseration in the bi-easts of the
Even the critical and prevast crowd that Listened to him.
"
he read a very fine speech
judiced Walpole admits, that
with a very fine voice." He expressed the deepest contrition
for his past conduct
he implored the jjeers to intercede with
the King in his behalf; he asserted that he had deeply lamented his defalcation from the paths of loyalty, even while
he was ser\Tng iu the I'ebel ranks, and that he had seized the
and he also inearliest opportunity of retrieving his error
sisted, that by the humanity which he had on all occasions
towards
the
he
had
displayed
royalist prisoners,
greatly lessened the hon-ors of war. '' But, my Lords," he concluded,
"
if all I have offered is not a sufficient motive to youi- Lordships to induce you to employ your interest mth his Majesty
;
clemency in my behalf, I shall lay down my life

with the utmost resignation, and my last moments shall be
employed in fervent prayers for the preservation of the illusfor his royal
403
WILLIAM BOTD, EAEL OF EILMABKOCK.
,46.]
the peace and prosperity of

ôus House of Hanover, and
^
to
accused of endeavouring
Lo*rd^ Omarnock has been
He has been charged
liervetîstence at too high a price.
his peers, but more particuXIrvmty in his addres^ towhich
he
Appeals for mercy
Sy
-^/^lef and the
but to the Prmee of Wales
,ot only to the King,
however
It shovild be remembered,
of Cumberland.
Tit
Ldl;
Ste
hafthe position of
iiiierent
âddition
nobleman -as
^dejy
latter,
Lord Balmermo.
this unfortunate
from that of
his friend
Tl^^ distmwhich
to the constitutional fearlessness
convicthe
iTuished his character,
pleasmg
was supported by
but what îs conscience

t^n tha he had committed no act
of him; he acknowledged
Ind his duty positively demanded
the Second he admitted no
CLhbut
sovereign as George
l^^ looked back mth
those of the unhappy Stuarts
to the
au enviable pride and satisfaction
P^rt^'î
kij
a
to be
himself J^
taken in the recent struggles, and, imagining
his last prayer was breathmirtvr in a gaUant and holy cause,
'rights
both
he demeaned
ed tS-hTs eliled Sovereign, and
^m^êU^
andonthe
HaU
before the assembled Lords inWestmmster
head of
air of a general at the
Htal scaffold, rather mth the
about to pay the penalty
an army thak Uke a culprit who was
the
cir-
however,
'*''theTase of the ill-fated KUmarnock,
o the
cumstances were widely different. Deprived
his rebeUious
mfiuenced
been
had
he
torv reflection that
to his o^t^
acts by a sense of duty, he was, according
djing
tor
a tra
God
his principles and his
onfeslion, an apostate to
to be his rightful
to the Priice whom his heart acknowledged
which he inthe laws and
~la-
rehgion
as to
Sovereign, as weU
to promote the welfare of
wardly believed to be best adapted
Tnder these cu-eninstances,-attached
his fellow-subjects.
the fuU
of hte, and
moreover to existence, in the prime
wonder that the imfor uV .our of ndnd and body,-can we
with awe and terror on his
n.rte lord shoidd have reflected
or was it to be expec ed that one
approaching dissolution?
to
who had ri?shed from scenes of pleasm-e and dissipation
more
the battle-field, and who had been hmried

rapidly
to his own me ancholy
from the battle-field to a dungeon, and
^vlthout shuddering a
have
should
anticipated
reflections,
nor have sought to saê his lile
pubUc death on the scaffold,2 D 2
stdl
ll
THE PEETENDEES AND THEIB ADHEEENTS.
404
[l746.
feelings which he doubtless

really felt, and which he fondly hoped would be accepted as
a claim for mercy from the throne, and as an extenuation of
by expressing those penitent
his
imhappy
oU'ence ?
At an early period of the proceedings against the insurgent

Lords, Lord Balmerino is said to have expressed a fear that
Lord Kilmarnock would betray pusiUanimity in his last moments and only forty-eight hours before his execution, Ho"
Lord Kilmarnock, who has liitherto
race Walpole remarks,
kept up his spirits, grows extremely terrified." This latter
learn from the
statement, however, was not the fact.
very interesting narrative of the Eev. Mr Forster, the Presin
at
Lord
Kilmarnock's
who
was
called
byterian clergyman
own desire to commune with him in his last moments, that
no sooner was the conviction impressed upon him that he had
no mercy to expect iu this world, thau he demeaned himself
with a piety, a resignation, aud tranquillity, which did him
the highest credit.
On the Monday- week before his death, the order for Lord
Kilmarnock's execution was received by General Wdbamson,
the Lieutenant of the Tower, and shortly afterwards the fact
was communicated to him by Mr Forster, in the gentlest
terms and most considerate manner. " Lord Kilmarnock,"
"
received the news with the outward
says that gentleman,
behaviour of a man who knew and felt the importance of the
scene of death, but without any marks of disorder without
"
During the time,"
any unbecoming auxiousness or terror."
he said, " that he had been most unreflecting and licentious
in his conduct, he had never been a libertine in principle ;
but had always believed in the great truths of Christianity,
and had never been infected by the tashionable scepticism of
the times. It was only the consequences of death," he said,
"
which gave him any concern for as to death itself he looked
upon it as a trifle and could not but imagine that the stroke
which must separate his soul from his body was of itself no
more painful than the drawing of a tooth, or the eflect of the
first shock of a cold bath on a wealc and timid constitution."
Two days before his death, Lord Kdmarnock was waited
upon by the Lieutenant of the Tower, who explained to him
the preparations which had been made for his execution, and
the part whicli he wo\dd be called upon to act. At the same
time (probably with the hiunane purpose of preparing the
;
We
.]
405
KILHAKT.OCK.
WILLIAM BOTD, EAEL OF
we are told
'"T^.?p'e^tomal detaUs Lord Kilmarnock,
tS^Tearse would ^^
^^^^^^ ^^^''if'^JZlt.U
when the head was struck ? t'^'^^,the
on J'^ '1^^J^
sooner taken out and brought
Zte
Kil-
tgaUtaeiô^^^^ ^
r^rVtKfffold^'s b^ti
Son^^r ItrvSf th/ga.e
father infonned that the
hiB body wo^dd be

^
of^theWtHude^^
E^^^^^^
-cut.^- ^^^
hlforst
el^^^ncTs ?ridt:fn.entioned.^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^
thxs. I do n't quite
g^7^
^^ a tender n
must
that character, I apprehend,
^^
man. and a rougher and
compassionate
be
per might perhaps
^SelrLd
le.s
cir-
and
sensiwe
fitter for the

purpose^ -rtrd
with the Lieutenant, Loid
clusion of his internew
KUrn^KUmar
THE PKETENBEES AKD THEIH ABHEBENTS.
106
[l746.
uock expressed a wish that, at the moment of execution, four

persons might stand prepared with a red cloth to receive his
as he had been informed was the case
head, in order that
in former executions
might not
it
and be thus mangled and
disfigured.
about the scaffold,

"I could not perceive,"
roll
says Forster, who listened to the foregoing conversation,

"
but that Lord Kilmarnock talked of all these particulars
with ease and freedom although the relation of them, I remember, made me tremble, chiefly because I feared they
;
would produce in him some perturbation and distress of

mind." It was highly to the credit of Lord Kilmarnock,
that when it became generally known that the life of one
only of the insurgent lords was to be saved, and a doubt
arose whether it shoidd be Lord Cromartie or himself, he
generously desired that the preference might be given to his
friend.
By the kindness of the Earl of Errol, the great-great-grand*

son of Lord Kilmarnock, I am enabled to lay before the reader
the following interesting letters connected with the fate of
his unfortunate ancestor
:
THE EAEL OF KILMAENOCK TO THE DTTKB OP HAMILTON,
Mt
Loed Duke,
Tower, Saturday, August 9th, 17i6.
Mr Ross showed me this morning a letter from Lord Boyd,'

which he teUs him that he has applied to Lord Albemarle
come up and see me before I suffered, but that
it was refused him.
I approve much of your Grace's kind
proposition of mentioning this refusal in the Closet, and rethat
leave
questing
may stdl be granted, which will of consequence produce a reprieve, and what may be the good effects
of that nobody knows.
As this may prove the last and only effort to be made, and
as I am fully satisfied of the Duke of Argyll's kind endeavours, I must beg yoiu- Grace would, in addition to all your
former goodness, take the trouble of going out and consultin
for leave to
James Lord Boyd was deprived of tke Earldom of Kilmarnock by the

attainder of his father, but s\iecceded, on the death of his great aunt in
He was distinguished, like his imfor1758, as fourteenth Earl of Errol.
tunate parent, for the beauty of his person and the charm of his manners.
Dr Johnson likened him to the Sarpedon of the Iliad, and Horace Walpole
remarks of him that he was '' the noblest figure he ever saw." He died on
the 3rd of July, 1778, at the age of tifty-two.
'
:'.]
WILLIAM BOYD, EAEL or KILMAKSOCK.
with him to-morrow at "VYhitten.
Tour Grace
407
will
then
an opportunity of discovering his real friendsliip for

by the answer he will make to the request which I
uuibly think j'our Grace may make, of his attending and
I need
:\i-kiug you in this, I may say the last, application.
mention any arguments to your Grace for enforcing the
aility and necessity of seeing my son before I leave this
orld, nor need I mention the son-ow he feels from tJie reusal.
They will all occur to your Grace, and you can put
hem in their proper light, and enforce them, and represent
he inconvenience that will ensue in his private afl'airs from
y not seeing him, as I only can inform him thoroughly of
hem.
The freedom I take in making this proposal to youi- Grace
s a strong evidence of the
great sense I have of the friendship you have shown me, and that I shall always remain, for
what time I have to live,
My Lord Duke,
Tour Grace's most obliged.
And most obedient humble servant.
William Botd.'
i"
',
the duke of hamilton to the countess of taemouth."
Duke
of Hamilton's compliments to the Countess of Taris very sorry he could not do himself the honour
of waiting upon her Ladyship this morning, as he intended.
His Grace is only this moment come to town, being kept
upon the road by an overturn. His Grace begs to have the
honour of waiting upon her Ladyship at any hour most convenient.
mouth.
He
THE COrNTESS OF TAEMOTTTH TO THE BTIKE OF HAMILTON.
Lady Tarmouth fait des compliments au Due d'Hamilton, et qu'eUe serait toujours bien aise d'avoir I'honneur
My
'
Lord Kilmnrnock thus signs himself, in consequence of the act of athim of his family honours.
Amelia Sophia de 'Walmoden, the well-known mistress of George the
tainder having deprived

'
This note is principally curious as having been written within a

but whether it was intended to
plajing-card, the ei^ht of diamonds
have any reference to the celebrated ytine of diamonds, called "the curse of
on which it is said the order was written for the battle of CulScotland,"
there is no means of knowing.
loden,
Second.
split
THE PHETENDEES AND THEIE ADHERENTS.
408
de
le
voir chez elle
[l746.
qu'elle pent I'assiirer qu'elle ne

utility sur le sujet qui lui procure cat
niais
peut lui fitre d'aucune

honneur.
THE EAEL OF KILMAENOCK TO LOED BOYD.

(written the DAT BEFORE HIS EXECUTION
*
Tower of London, August
Deae Botd,
Tou ma)' easily
17th, 1746.
me
a great deal of uneasigave

ness that you did not get leave to come up here, and that I
could not have the pleasure of taking a long and last farewell
believe
it
Besides the pleasure of seeing you, and giving you

of you.
the blessing of a dying father, I wanted to have talked to you
about your
write.
aft'airs
more thau I have strength or spirits to

recommend you to George Menzies
I shall therefore
in Falkii'k, and Robert Paterson in Kilmarnock, as your advisers in them, and to a state of affairs I sent to my wife, of
which you wiU get a copy, which I recommend to you in the
same manner as to her. I desii-e you will consult with her
in all your aftaLrs.
I need hardly recommend it to you, as I
know your good nature and regard for her, to do all you can
to comfort her in the grief and affliction I am sure she must
be in when she has the accounts of my death. She will need
your assistance, and I pray you will give it herI beg leave to say two or three things to you as my last
advice.
Seek God in your youth, and when you are old he
wall not depart from you.
Be at pains to acquire good habits now, that they may grow up and become strong in you.
Love mankind, and do justice to all men. Do good to as
many as you can, and neither shut your ears nor your purse
to those in distress whom it is in your power to relieve. Believe
me, you will find more pleasure in one beneficent action, and
in your cool moments you will be more happy with the retlection of having made any one person so. who, but by your
assistance, woidd have been miserable, than in the enjoj-ment
of all the pleasures of sense (which pall in the using), and of
all the pomp and gaudy show of the world. Live within your
circumstances, by which means you will have it in your power
to do good to others, and create an independence in yourself,
the
surest
Above
all
way
to rise in the world.
things, continue in
your loyalty to his present
WILLIAM BOTD, EARL OF KILMABNOCK.
1746.1
409
Majesty, and the succession to the Crown as by law established.

Look on that as the basis of the civil and religious
in the nation.
Preliberty and property of every individual
fer the pubUe interest to your own, whenever they interfere.
Love your familv and your

but never
let
your
regard for
children, when you have any

them drive you on the rock I
;
when on
that account I departed from my principles,

split on,
and brought the guilt of rebellion and public and particular
desolation on my head, for which I am now under the senUse all your interest to get
tence justly due to my crime.
your brother pardoned,' and brought home as soon as possible, that his circumstances, and the bad influence of those
he is among, may not induce him to accept of foreign service, and lose him both to his country and his family. If money can be found to support him, I wish you would advise
him to go to Geneva, where his principles of religion and li-
berty wlU be confirmed, and where he may stay till you see
if a pardon can be
procured for him. As soon as Commodore
Barnet comes home, inquire for your brother BiUie,^ and
take care of him on my account.
I recommend to you the payment of my debts, particularly
all servants' wages, as mentioned in the state of my affairs. I
must again recommend to you your unhappy mother. Comfort her, and take all the care you can of your brothers and
may God of his infinite mercy preserve, guide, and conduct
you and them through all the vicissitudes of this life, and,
after it, bring you to the habitations of the just, and make
you happy in the enjoyment of himself to eternity, is the
;
sincere prayer of
Tour
affectionate father,
William Botd
the eev. alexandeh home to the duke of hamilton.
Saturday,
1 o'clock.
I shall deliver the letter your Grace sent me last night,

and beg, if there be any answer to the enclosed, that you
will send it to me by the bearer, or, if that does not suit
'
The Honourable Charles Boyd. He had been engaged in the rebellion,
but contrived to effect his escape to France. He died in 1782.
The Honourable William Boyd. He was at this period a midshipman

in the Royal Navy, but afterwards entered the army, and served in the
114th Regiment of Foot.
,
K
410
THE PEETEIfDEES AVD THEIR ADHEEENTS.
your conveuiency, be pleased to send
[l746.
as the last to me, at

I give you the joy to know
it
the British, before four o'clock.

that the beauty of his behaviour, ou losing all hope of life,
appeared to me something more than human.
Sunday morning. I was with our most unfortunate friend
His behaviour continues calm and

several hours yesterday.
resolute, which I am convinced he will support to the last
With the answer to the enclosed, be pleased to send the
sketch of this letter to Lord Boyd. He called anxiously for it
God bless your Grace. I have the honoiir to be,
Tour Grace's very melancholy, humble ser\ ant,
yesterday.
Alex. Home.
About eight o'clock on the morning of bis execution, the

18th of August, Lord Kilmarnock was waited vipon by Mr
who informs us that he found him in " a most calm
and happy temper, without any disturbance or confusion in
his mind, and with apparent marks of ease and serenity in
his aspect."
"He continued." adds Mr Forster, "all the
morning of his eseeution in the same uniform temper, unrufHed, and without any sudden vicissitudes and starts of
He had scarcely concluded his devotions, when
passion."
General Williamson came to inform him that the Sheriffs
waited for him. Even on receiving this awful summons to
the scaifold, he beti-ayed not the slightest trepidation, but,
Forster,
"
"
"
Geturning calmly and gracefully to the Lieutenant,
"
I am ready, and will follow you."
neral," he said,
At the foot of the first flight of stairs, he met and embraced
his fellow-sufferer. Lord Balmerino
and from thence was
;
conducted with the usual ceremonies to the Tower Gate,

to the custody of the
As the clock struck ten. he came forth, supported
Sheriffs.
Mr
Forster
and
his
friend Mr Home, a young clergyman.
by
He was dressed in a complete sxiit of black, his hair impowdered and in a bag. As he passed to the scaffold amidst the
vast masses of human beings which were collected on the
occasion, his handsome and graceful person, the serenity of
his countenance, and his unaffected dignity, excited no less
the commiseration of the spectators, than the soldier-like and
undaunted bearing of Lord Balmerino called forth their admiration and surprise.'
where he was formally delivered over
'
" Pitied
by geulle minds, Kilmarnock died."
Among
other instances
WILLIAM BOYD, EABL OF SILMARNOCE.
1746.]
411
About eleven o'clock, Lord Kilmarnock received a message from Lord Balmerino espressing a wish to be allowed
an interview with him. The latter was accordingly admitted
into Lord Kilmarnock's apartment, when the following conversation took place between them
Balmerino. "
Lord, I beg leave to ask your Lordship
My
one question."
"
Kihnanioch.
To any question, my Lord, that you shall
now think proper to ask, I believe I shall see no reason to
decline giving an answer."
Balmerino.
"A\'Tiy then, ray Lord, did. you ever see or
know of any order, signed by the Prince, to give no quarter
"
at the battle of Culloden ?
Kilmarnock. " No, my Lord."
"
Balmerino.
Nor I, neither and therefore it seems to
be an invention to justify their own murderous schemes."
Kilmarnock. " No, my Lord, I do not think that this inference can be drawn from it
because, while I was a
prisoner at Inverness, I was informed by several officers
that there was such an order, signed George Murray, and
that it was in the Duke's custody."
"
Balmerino.
Lord George Murray
why then, they
should not charge it on the Prince."
The two unfortunate noblemen then embraced each other
again observing,
tenderly for the last time, Lord Balmerino
"
with generous sjTnpathy for his friend,
]\[y dear Lord Kilmarnock, I am only sorry that I cannot pay all this reckouLng
"
alone once more, farewell for ever
The general impression, which existed at the period, that
an order had been issued by the Jacobites to give no quarter
at the battle of Culloden, is now known to have originated
in an infamous invention of the victorious party.
It seems,
in the first instance, to have been sedulously propagated by
them in order to excuse the frightfid scenes of massacre and
desolation which were perpetrated after the action, and afterwards to have been seized hold of as a fortunate expedient by
the Duke of Cumberland, in order to justify him in his harsh
of the deep interest which was excited at the period hy Lord KilraamocVs
line figure and unhappy fate, may he mentiimed the e-xtravagant passion
conceived for him by the celebrated Ethelreda Harrison, Lady Townshend.
For the particulars of this foolish frenzy, see Walpole's Correspondence, vol.
ii.
pp. 151, 155,
412
[l746.
treatment of Lord KDmarnock, when a single word from

him would have delivered that unfortunate nobleman from a
''
'
Take
tiiat the
notice," writes Walpole,
on Lord Kilmarnock, certainly on misman's
this
tVite!"
decided
information,
unhappy
After his conversation with Lord Balmerino, Lord Kilmarnock spent about an hour in devotion, in which he was
joined by Mr Forster and the friends who attended him.
A wish had been expressed by him that Lord Balmerino
might be led first to the scaffold, but being told that it was
impossible, as his own name was mentioned first in the warrant, he appeared satisfied and allowed the subject to di'op.
He partook of a glass of wine and a piece of bread, and
having taken an aft'ectionate farewell of his friends, he
expressed his readiness to proceed to the scaftbld, whither
he proceeded on foot, with the Sherifl's walking in advance
violent death.
Duke's charging
this
of him.
In preparing himself for the last stroke. Lord Kilmarnock

seems to have constantly occupied bis thoughts and conversation in familiarizing himself \\ith the awfid scene in which
he was about to be the principal, with the paraphernalia
of the scafibld, and the frightful apparatus of death. As he
stepped on the fatal stage, his eye suddenly caught the scene of
solemn magnificence, so painfully interesting even to the most
unconcerned spectator, and the few words which he uttered
to the person nearest to him showed that he was deeply alive
"
to the terrors of that awful moment.
When he beheld,"
"
the fatal scafibld covered -nith black
says Sir "Walter Scott,
cloth the executioner with his axe and his assistants
the
saw-dust which was soon to be drenched with his blood the
cofiin prepared to receive the limbs which were yet warm
with life above all, the immense display of human countenances which surrounded the scaffold like a sea, all eyes being
bent on the sad object of the preparation, his natural feelings broke forth in a whisper to the friend on whose arm he
"
leaned.
Home, this is terrible
Neither in tlie bearing, however, of his graceful figure, nor
in the expression of his pale and handsome countenance, was
there discoverable the least outward sjnnptom of panic or
"
His whole beha\ iour," says Mr Forunseemly
timidity.
"
was so humble and resigned, that not only his
ster,
even the
friends, but every spectator, was deeply moved
;
'
WILLIAM BOTD, EAKL OF KILMAKNOCK.
1746.]
413
executioner burst into tears, and was obliged to use artificial

and strenrrthen him." Having offered up
spirits to support
a short prayer, at the conclusion of which he invoifed a blessing on George the Second and the reigning family, he again
took an affecting leave of his friends, whom he tenderly emWith the assistance of these gentlemen, he stripped
braced.
off his coat, turned down his shirt collar, and tucked up his
long hair under a napkin of damask cloth, which was formed
He ^^then addressed himself to the
in the shape of a cap.
executioner, who had been compelled to drink several glasses
of ardent spirits to brace up his nerves, and who burst into
Lord Kilmarnock bade
tears while he asked his forgiveness.
him take courage, and presenting him with five guineas, told
him that he would drop his handkerchief as a signal for him
He then knelt down on a black cushion but, in
to strike.
this act, happening to place both his hands on the block,
either to support himself, or as affording a more convenient
posture for devotion, the executioner requested that he would
remove them, as they might either be mangled or break the
He was then told that the collar of his waistcoat was
blow.
in the way, on which he lose once more on his feet, and with
the help of one of his friends took it off.
His neck being
now bare to the shoulder, he again knelt down, telling the
executioner that he would give him the signal in about two
minutes.
This interval, as appeared by the movement of his
hands and occasionally of his head, was spent in fervent deand then, having fixed his head close upon the block,
votion
he gave the signal by dropping his handkerchief. The executioner at once severed the head from the body, leaving only
a small part of the skin, which was immediately divided by a
The head was received in a piece of red
gentler stroke.
baize, and with the body immediately placed in the coflin.
;
"
Lord Kilmarnock," writes Horace Walpole to Sir
Horace Mann, " remained an hour and a half in the house,
and shed tears. At last he came to the scaffold, certainly
much
terrified, but with a resolution that prevented his behaving the least meanly or unlike a gentleman. He took no
notice of the crowd, only to desire that the baize might be
lifted up from the rails, that the mob might see the spectacle.
He stood and prayed some time with Forster, who wept over
He delivered a long
him, exhorted and encouraged him.
speech to the Sheriff, and -with a noble manliness stuck to
TUE PEETENDEHS AND THEIB ADHEEENTS.
414:
[l746.
the recantation he had made at his trial declarina; lie wished

that all who embarked in the same cause might meet the
same fate. He then took off his bag, coat, and waistcoat,
with great composure, and after some trouble put on a napkin-cap, and then several times tried the block the executioner, who was in white, with a white apron, out of tenderAt last the Earl
ness concealing the axe behind himself.
knelt down, with a visible unwillingness to depart, and after
the signal, and his
five minutes dropped his handkerchief
head was cut off at once, only hanging by a bit of skin, and
was received in a scarlet cloth by four of the undertaker's
men kneeling, who wrapped it up and put it into the coffin
with the body orders having been given not to expose the
heads, as used to be the custom."
Lord Kilmarnock was executed on the 18th of August,
His remains were interred
1746, at the age of forty-one.
among many others of the headless and illustrious dead, in
St Peter's Church in the Tower.
;
GEORGE MACKENZIE, EAEL OF CEOMAETIE.
Joins the Pretender soon after his landing. Taken Prisoner before the
Battle of CuUoden.
Trial.
His address to the Lords on behalf of his
Familv. Lady Cromartie puts a Petition into the King's Hands. Remission of part of his Sentence.
Reduced to the greatest Distress. Believed by the Government.
His Death.
Geoege Eael of Ceomaetie was bom
in 1710.
Shortly
Edward in the Highlands, he
the
Prince's standard, with his eldest son, Lord Macjoined
At the battle of
leod, and about four hundred of his clan.
Falkirk, he fought on foot at the head of his gallant followa circumstance which, as well as his volunteering to
ers
share the same privations and hardships that were endured by
his humblest clansman, is said to have rendered him the object of their almost romantic adoration.
On the l-3th of April, 1746. the day before the battle of
Cullodeu. Lord Cromartie, with fourteen other officers of
the insurgent army, was taken prisoner by a body of Lord
after the landing of Cliarles
GEORGE MACKENZIE, EAEL OF CEOMAETIE.
1746.]
415
Sutherlaud's militia, in the dining-room of Dunrobin Castle.

From Dunrobin he was sent by sea to Inverness, and from
thence to London, where, on the 28th of July, be was tried
his peers in Westminster Hall, \vitli his friends, Lords
Kilmarnock and Balmerino. Walpole, who was present at
"
Lord Cromartie is an indiilerent figure,
trial, observes,
he dropped a
appeared much dejected, and rather sullen
few tears the fi.rst day, and swooned as soon as he got back
by
the
to his cell."
On the 30th Lord Cromartie was again brought to the bar
of Westminster HaU, to receive judgment.
Being asked, according to custom, why sentence of death should not be
passed upon him, he expressed the deepest contrition for the
crime of which he had been guilty
insisting that he had
been seduced from the paths of loyalty in an unguarded moment by the arts of desperate and designing men and declaring himself to be warmly attached to the interests of the
reigning family, and to the principles which had raised them
to the throne. Finally, be addressed himself to the assembled
Peers in a fine appeal for mercy, which even those who were
most inchned to condemn him as a traitor, or despise him as a
renegade, were forced to admire for its eloquence and pathos.
"
"
Nothing, my Lords, remains," he said, but to throw myself, my Dfe aud fortune, upon your Lordships' compassion
but these, my Lords, as to myself are the least part of my
sufl'erings. I have involved an affectionate wife, with an unborn infant, as parties of my guilt, to share its penalties I
have involved my eldest son, whose infancy, and regard to
his parents, hurried him down the stream of rebellion I have
involved also eight innocent children, who must feel their
Let them,
parent's punishment before they know his guilt.
my Lords, be pledges to his Majesty let them be pledges
to your Lordships
let them be pledges to my country for
mercy let the silent eloquence of their grief and tears let
the powerful language of innocent nature supply my want of
;
eloquence and persuasion let me enjoy mercy, but no longer

than I deserve it
and let me no longer enjoy life than I
shall use it to deface the crime I have been guilty of. Whilst I
;
thus intercede to his Majesty, through the mediation of your

Lordships, for mercy, let my remorse for my guUt as a sublet the sorrow of my heart as a husband
let the
ject
anguish of my mind as a father, speak the rest of my misery.
416
But
[l746.
be found inconif,
all, my Lords, my
sistent with that of the public, and nothing but my blood
can atone for my unhappy crime if the sacrifice of my life,
after
safety shall
;
fortune, and family, is judged indispensably necessary

for stopping the loud demands of public justice
and if the
not mine, but thy will,
bitter cup is not to pass from me
my
God, be done!"
The most exti-aordinary exertions were made by the Dukes
of Hamilton and INIontrose, the Earl of Stair, and others of
Lord Cromartie's friends, to obtain a remission of his senThe Prince of Wales also was induced to intercede
warmly in hia behalf; but the most interesting and perhaps
the most powerful mediator was Lady Cromartie, who not
only retained the beauty which had distinguished her in her
earlier days, but was the mother of daughters as lovely as herself, and was now in the interesting condition of being on
the point of giving birth to another oftspring. The child,
then unborn, was afterwards Lady Augusta Mackenzie, who
became the wife of Sir William Slurray of Ochtertyne, and
who, it is said, bore on her neck the evident mark of an ase,
which had been impressed there by the imagination of her
mother, while labouring under the terrors of suspense on actence.
count of her unhappy lord.
Having previously delivered memorials in person
to the
different Lords of the Council, Lady Cromartie, on the Simday after judgment had been pronounced on her husband,
proceeded to Kensington, dressed in deep mourning, and,

seizing an opportunity when the King was going to chapel,
fell on her knees before him, and, clinging to the skirt of his
coat, succeeded in forcing a petition into his hands. She had
scarcely accomplished her purpose when she fainted away.
The King raised her himself, and, delivering the petition to
the Duke of G-rafton. desired Lady Stair, who accompanied
her on her painful errand, to conduct her to a neighbouring
"
apartment, where proper care would be taken of her.
Lady
"
Cromartie," writes Horace Walpole, presented her petition
to the King last Sunday.
He was very civil to her, but
would not at all give her any hopes. Lord Cornwallis told
me that her lord weeps every time anything of his fate is
mentioned to him."
About the same time, we find the afflicted wife making

another and aflecting appeal to the Princess of Wales.
LOED GEORGE MUKEAT.
1715.]
417
"
Lady Cromartie, who is said to have drawn her "husband

into these circumstances," writes Gray the poet,
was at
Leicester House ou Wednesday with four of tier children.
The Princess saw her, and made no other answer than by
bringing in her own children and placing them by her, which,
if true, is one of the prettiest things I ever heard."
These
frequent and urgent appeals, added to the intercession of the
Prince of Wales, had at length the desired efl'ect, and on the
9th of August, two days before the order was signed for the
execution of Lords Kilmarnock and Balmerino, it was notified
to Lord Cromartie that his life would be spared.
At the
same time his estates were sold by order of the Government,
and he was ordered to confine his place of residence to the
The sentence of death, howdistant county of Devonshire.
ever, which had been passed on him, remained virtually unrepealed till the month of October, 1749, when his pardon was
allowed to pass the great seal, and five hundred pounds ayear was settled on him out of his forfeited estate. Previous
to this latter boon being conferred on him. Lord Cromartie
and his large family seem to have been reduced almost to
'
positive distress. Many years afterwards, when his daughter,

Lady Elibank, an elegant and accomplished woman, happened
to be complimented by a friend on the beauty of her hands
and arms, " Ah madam," she replied, " let us never be vain
of such things these hands and arms at one time washed
the clothes and prepared the food of a father, mother, and
seven other childTen." Lord Cromartie died in 1759.
!
LORD GEORGE MURRAY.
In arms against the Government in 1715. Joins the Pretender in 174.5.

nis Character as a Military Oflicer. His Conduct at the Battles of
Preston, Falkirk, and CuUodcn.
Escapes to the Continent. His Death.
This nobleman, whom we have seen plaving so conspicuous

a part in the annals of 1745, was the fifth son of John, first
Duke of Athol. In 1715, he had taken up arms against the
Government, serving as Colonel under his elder brother, the
1
Letter to Wharton, Works, vol.

2 E
iii.
p. 4.
THE PREXEXDEES AND THEIE ADHEEENTS.
41S
[1719-45.
He
was present at the fight of

Grlenshiel, iu 1719, shortly after which period he entered the
of
the
service
of
Sardinia, in which he served
King
mihtary
for some years.
Having at length received his pardon from
the Government, he returned to Scotland, where he married,
in 1727, Amelia, daughter and heiress of James Murray of
Strowen and Glencarse, by whom he was the father of five
Marquis of Tullibardme.
children, of whom the eldest, John, subsequently succeeded

as third Duke of Athol.
Prom the period of his marriage till the raising of the
Chevalier's standard in the Highlands, Lord George Murray

continued to live quietly on his own property in Scotland.
Faithful, however, to the principles for which he had fought
in his youth, on the 5th of September, 1745, he joined the
standard of Charles at Perth with a large body of the vassals
of nis brother, the Duke of Athol, and immediately afterwards
had the compliment paid him of being appointed Lieutenantgeneral of the insurgent army. His appearance in the Highland camp was hailed with the greatest satisfaction, and the
happiest results were anticipated from his military experience
and well-known personal intrepidity. " Lord George Mur"
possessed a natural
ray," says the Chevalier de Johnstone,
genius for military operations, and was a man of surprising
talents
which, had they been cultivated by the study of military tactics, would unquestionably have rendered him one
He was taU and robust,
of the greatest generals of his age.
and brave in the higliest degree conducting the Highlanders
in the most heroic manner, and always the first to rush, sword
in hand, into the midst of the enemy. He used to say when
I do not ask you, my lads, to
we advanced to the charge,
go before, but merely to foUow me.' He slept little, was
continually occupied with all manner of details, and was, altogether, most indefatigable, combining and directing alone
all our operations
in a word, he was the only person capable
of conducting our army.
He was vigilant, active, and diligent his plans were always juiUciously formed, and he car;
'
them promjstly and vigorously into execution. However,

with an infinity of good qualities, he was not without his defects.
Proud, haughty, blunt, and imperious, he wished to
have the exclusive ordering of everything, and, feeling his
Still, it must be
superiority, he would listen to no advice.
owned, that he had no coadjutor capable of advising him, and
ried
1745-6.]
LORD GEORGE MUREAT.
419
having so completely the confidence of his soldiers enabled

him to perform wonders. He possessed the art of employing
men to advantage, without having had time to discipline
his
them but, taking them merely as they came from the plough,
he made them defeat some of the best disciplined troops in
the world. Nature had formed him for a great warrior
;
he did not require the accidental advantage of birth."

The high hopes which were formed of Lord George Murray by his friends, were fully borne out by the skill aud gallantry which he subsequently displayed at the battle of
Preston, where he signally defeated Sir John Cope at the
head of a regular army and a superior force. In the retreat
from Derby, Lord George took upon himself the difficult and
dangerous post of commanding the rear, in which he was
constantly harassed for several days by the enemy's cavalry,
he finally succeeded in repulsing them at Clifton. When
the moment arrived for attacking them. Lord George di-ew
"
"
his broadsword, and exclaiming,
rushed forClaymore
ward at the head of the Macphersons. Between him and the
enemy lay a thick hedge, in dashing through which he lost
till
and wig, and was compelled to fight bareheaded

during the remainder of the fray. So well conducted was the
whole affair, and so impetuous was the onset, that the Duke
of Cumberland very nearly fell into the hands of the Highlanders, and subsequently had a still narrower escape with
"
his life.
The Duke's footman declared," says the Chevalier
de Johnstone, " that his master would have been killed, if
the pistol, with which a Highlander took aim at his head, had
not missed fire." At the battle of Falkirk, which was fought
the next month, and where the insurgents were again comhis bonnet
pletely successful, Lord George displayed his usual skill and

intrepidity, fighting at the head of the Macdonalds of Keppoeh, with his drawn sword in his hand, and his Highland
target on his arm.

On the eve of the battle of Culloden, Lord George Murray
advocated and commanded the famous night-march to Nairn,
which, it will be remembered, was undertaken for the purpose
of surprising the English in their camp. That the enterprise
faded as it did, was certainly attributable to no feult of Lord
George. The Highlanders, it will be recollected, were gi-eatly

harassed and dispirited by the privations and fatigue to which
they had recently been exposed, while the unusual darkness
420
THE PEETEUDEES AND THEIE ADHEEENTS.
[l7tG.
of the night impeded and embarrassed them in their march,

so that, when the hour arrived which had been fixed upon
for the attack, they were still within four miles of the English camp.' Under these circumstances,
the daylight already
beginning to glimmer, and the roll of the enemy's guns anthat
were
on
the
Lord
alert,
nouncing
they
George issued
the order for retreat.
For having taken this step, which it was asserted was in
positive disobedience of orders, Lord George was accused of
treachery by his enemies, and, moreover, rendered himself,
most undeservedly, an object of suspicion to Charles, whose
mind was already sufficiently prepared to receive any unfavourable impression in regard to the conduct of his faithful
Lord George, indeed, by the waywardness of his
general.
temper, and his cold and nnconciliating manners, had contrived to make many enemies in the Highland camp, who
accordingly missed no opportunity of infecting the Prince
with their individual prejudices and dislikes. Whatever cause
of offence, however, he may have given to these persons, it is
certain, that in his public capacity his conduct was unimpeachable that he served his yoiuig master to the last with
unvarying zeal and fidelity and that, more especially as regards the retreat from Nairn, the act was not only that of a
prudent general, but one which existing circumstances rendered imperatively necessary. Lord George subsequently
drew up a paper in vindication of his conduct on this occa;
sion.
Charles, too, at a later period, entirely exculpated his
companion-in-arms and though his account of what
took place differs in some particulars from that of Lord
George, it is nevertheless much to the Prince's credit, that
he acquitted Lord George even more fully than Lord George
in his own account acquits himself.
faithful
At the battle of CuUoden, Lord George Murray headed

the right wing of the insurgent army, consisting ot the Camerons, the Stuarts, and other clans. During the action, he
displayed his usual decision and intrepidity, dashiag forward
at the head of his gallant Highlanders with the same heroic
energy which had distinguished him in more successful fights.
the close of that eventful day, his sole wish appears to
have been to expire on the plains of CuUoden, for, being
thrown from his horse severely wounded, he refused to quit
At
'
See ante,
vol.
i.
p. 2G'2.
FLOHA MACDONALD.
1720.]
421
the field of battle, and was only removed to a place of safety

by the kind force used by his devoted followers. However,
he soon recovered his wonted energy, and by his unceasing
eflbrts to retrieve the past misfortune, and by the sph-it which
he infused into all arouud him, he soon found himself at the
head of a small araiy at Euthven, consisting of the fugitives
from CuUoden, and amounting to about twelve hundred men.
At the head of this gallant band, he still proposed to carry
on the war in the Highlands but already the Duke of Cumberland was approaching with his victorious army supplies
of all kinds were procured only with the greatest difficulty
and, finally, a message was received from Charles, cordially
thanking his adherents for the zeal which tliey had displayed
in his cause, but recommending that each shoidd secure his
safety as he best might. It was then that Lord George took
a last farewell of that devoted band many of whom were
destined, like himself, to pine as exiles in a foreign land ;
many to wander, proscribed fugitives among their native fastnesses, and to behold the ruin of their families and the conwho were perhaps the
flagration of their homes and others,
most to be envied, to expiate their imprudence and their
on
the
seaflbld
gallantry
Lord George effected his escape to the Continent, where
he resided for some time both in France and Italy. He subBequently retired to North Holland, where he assumed the
name of De Yalignid, and where he died on the 15th of October, 17G0.
;
FLORA MCDOXxVLD.
Her
Parentage. Tracked
by Captain Ferguson after parting from the

Arrested on her return to her Mother's House.
Prince.
Carried on
board the "Furnace" Sloop-of-war. Bishop Forbes's Account of her
Entertained by Lady Primrose on her Release.
Her MarCaptivity.
riage. Doctor Johnson's Account of his Entertainment by her. Her
Family emigrate to America, where they afterwards join the Loyalists,
and are consequently obliged to return to Skye. Her Death.
This celebrated and interesting young lady was the daughter of Mr Macdonald, of Milton in South Uist, and was boru
about the year 1720. The romantic story of her wanderings
THE PEETENDEES AND THEIE AUIIEEENTS.
422
[l746.
with Charles Edward among the Western Isles has already

been fully detailed. It merely remains, therefore, to trace
her history from the period wlien, for the last time, she set
where she remained for some time
eyes on Charles at Portree,
to the wild
watching the small boat which was conveying him
but hospitable island of Eaasay.

" Far over yon
hills of the
heather so
gi-cen,
And down by the corrie that sings to the sea,

The bonny young Flora sat sighing her lane,
The dew on her plaid, and the tear in her e'e.
She look'd at a boat with the breezes that swung
Away on the wave, like a bird of the main
;
And
av'e as it lessen'd,
she sigh'd and she sung,
Farewell to the lad I shall ne'er see again!

Farewell to my hero, the gallant and young "
Farewell to the lad I shall ne'er see again
!
of Charies,
grateful acknowledgments
who expressed a mournful hope at parting that they might
" meet at St James's
made the best
yet," the yoting heroine
of her way to her mot"her's house of Armadale, in the district
of Slcat in Skye, which she reached after a very fatiguing
Having received the
and caution which

a
journey of several miles. With secrecy
are supposed but rarely to distinguish her sex, she maintained
a profound silence on 'the subject of her recent extraordinary
which
wanderings, and even resisted the natural impulse
them to her own mother. She
prompted her to communicate
had
secret
soon learned, however, that her
transpired from
another quarter, and that already the house of Kingsburgh,
where she had passed a night with Charles, had received a
visit from the royal troops, who had obtained certain information as to her recent movements, and were even acquainted
with the particulars of the female attire worn by the Princ^.
The officer who headed the party was the notorious Captain
had rendered him
Ferguson, whose acts of inhuman brutality
the terror of the Western Isles. Addressing himself to
INIiss
Macdonald, and the
Kingsburgh, he inquired where
with her in woman's clothes, had lain ?
person who was
Miss
Kingsburgh answered that he knew very well where
Macdonald had slept but as for servants, he never asked
to
turned
then
any questions in such matters. Ferguson
wheLady Kingsburgh, and inquired, with abrupt brutality,
ther she laid the'young Pretender and Miss Flora in the same
;
bed
"
Sir," she repUed,
"
whom you mean by
the young
1746.]
FLORA MACDONALD.
423
Pretender, I do not pretend to gxiess but I can assure you

it is not the fashion in
Skye to lay the mistress and maid in
the same bed together." He then desired to be conducted
to the rooms where they had severally slept, on inspecting
which, he significantly remarked that the room which had
been occupied by the presumed maid was the best of the two.'
Flora Macdonald had returned to her mother's house only
a few days, when she was arrested by an officer and a party
of soldiers, who carried her on board a vessel of war which
was stationed in the ueiglibourhood, without allowing her to
take leave of her friends, or even to carry with her a change
"
of apparel. Tlie vessel in question was the " Furnace
sloopof-war, and as it was commanded by the inhuman Captain
Ferguson, the noble-minded girl seems to have been greatly
alarmed at the prospect of the treatment she was likely to
experience. Fortunately, however, she met with the greatest
kindness from General Campbell, who happened to be on
board at the time. One of the Lieutenant's cabins was set
maid, and about three weeks afterapart for herself and her
"
"
Furnace happening to be cruizing near her
wards, the
mother's house, she was allowed to go on shore to take leave
of her friends in custody of an officer and a party of soldiers.
Two injunctions, however, were laid on her; namel}^ that
she should on no account speak in the Gaelic language, nor
hold any conversation except in the hearing of the officer
;
who accompanied her.

From the " Furnace," Flora Macdonald was removed to
the "Eltham," commanded by Commodore Smith, who treated
her with an almost chivalrous respect, and, by inducing her
to sit for her picture shortly after her arrival in London,
showed how highly he appreciated the romantic heroism
which she had displayed in the cause of an unfortunate
Prince.
On the deck of this vessel, she encountered an old
fi'iend and companion in adversity, Captain O'Neal, who has
been mentioned as playing so conspicuous a part as the associate of Charles in his wanderings, and as having formed a
tender but hopeless attachment for herself She immediately
went up to him, and slapping him playfully on the cheek,
"
To that black
"
I owe all my misfortune."

O'Neal, however, assured her that she had little reason to be
either afraid or ashamed of the part which she had acted, and
face," she said,
'
Ascauius, p. 156.
424
[l746.
had only to glory in it, and to remain true to

her principles, and it would greatly redound to her happiness
and honour.
The noble-minded girl was detained altogether on shipboard for five months. Of this period, nearly three months
were passed in Leith Roads, in the immediate \ricinity of
Edinburgh, during which interval she continued to be regarded
as an object of interest and curiosity by persons of all prinThose, who were well-wishers to the
ciples and all ranks.
cause of the Stuarts showed on every occasion how entirely
they appreciated the heroism and self-devotion which she had
displayed on behalf of their beloved and unfortunate Prince.
The Jacobite ladies of Edinburgh, more especially, vied with
each other in loading her with all kinds of presents, which
were likely either to add to her comforts or to lessen the evils
that in fact
slie
of confinement.
Among others who, at this period, visited Flora Macdonald

from admiration of her character and from a devotion to the
gallant cause in which she was a sutterer, was Bishop Eorbes,
who
has bequeathed us some very interesting particulars re"

In her
specting her during her sojourn in Leith Roads.
"
Miss Macdonald has omitted several
journal,"' he says,
things which she particularly mentioned to those who conversed vrith her when she was lying in the Road of Leith, on
"
"
board of the " Eltham and " Bridgewater ships of war.
She told me that when the Prince put on woman's clothes,
he proposed carrying a pistol under one of his petticoats for
making some small defence in case of an attack but Miss
Macdonald declared against it, alleging that if any persons
should happen to search them, the pistol would only serve to
make a discovery. The Prince therefore was obliged to content himself with only a short heavy cudgel, with which he
designed to do his best to knock down any single person that
should attack him.
"
She used likewise to tell that, in their passage to the Isle
of Skye, a heavy rain fell upon them, which, with former faTo divert her, the Prince sang
tigues, distressed her much.
several pretty songs. She fell asleep, and to keep her so, the
Prince still continued to sing.
Happening to awake with
some little bustle in the boat, she found the Prince leaning
over her with his hands spread about her head.
She asked
;
'
See Jacobite Memoirs, pp. -412
423.
425
TLOEA MACBOlfALB.
1746.]
The Priuce told her that one of the

rowers, being obliged to do somewhat about the sail, behoved
and lest he
to step over her body (the boat was so small)
shoiJd have done her hurt, either by stumbling or trampling
upon her in the dark, he had been doing his best to preserve
bis guardian from harm. When Miss jMaedonald was telling
this particular part of the adventure to some ladies that were
paîng their respects to her, some of them with rapture cried
O !Miss what a happy creature are you, who had that
out,
dear Prince to lidl you asleep, and to take such care of you
with his hands spread about your head when you was sleepwhat was the matter.
'
You are surely the happiest woman in the world

ing
'I could,' says one of them (Miss Mary Clerk), 'wipe your
shoes with pleasure, and think it an honour to do so, when
I reflect that you had the honour to have the Prince for your
handmaid we all en^-y you greatly.' Much about the same
time, a lady of rank and dignity (Lady Mary Cochrane), being on boai'd with Misa Macdonald, a brisk gale began to
blow and make the sea rough, and not so easy for a small boat
to row to Leith.
The lady whispered to Miss Macdonald,
that she would with pleasure stay on board all night, that
she might have it to say that she had the honour of lying in
the same bed with that person who had been so happy as to
be guardian to her Prince. Accordingly they did sleep in one
bed that night.
'
'
"
AVhen Miss Macdonald was on board the Bridgewater
in Leith Eoad, accounts had come that the Prince was taken
prisoner, and one of the oiBcers had brought the news of this
report on board. She got an opportunity of talking privately
to some who were then visiting her, and said, with tears in
her eyes, Alas now I am afraid that all is in vain that I
have done the Prince at last is in the hands of his enemies!'
Though at that time great fear was entertained about the
truth of this account, yet those who were with Miss Macdonald endeavoured all they could to cheer her up, and to
dissuade her from believing any such thing but still fears
haunted her mind, till the matter was cleared up and the
'
'
contrary appeared.
"
When she was in the Eoad of Leith, she never was allowed to set her foot on shore though in other respects the
;
were extremely civil and complaisant to her, and took

exceedingly well when any persons came to visit her.
officers
it
THE PEETENDERS AND THEia ADHEliENTS.
426
[l74C.
Sometimes they were so obliging as to come on s' jre for good

company to attend her, and obligingly declared that if they
knew any person to come on board out of curiosity, and not
out of respect to Miss Macdonald, that person shoidd not
have access to her. This genteel behaviour makes it to be
presumed that their orders were so exceedingly strict that
they coidd not dare to bring her ashore. Commodore Smith,
commander of the Eltham,' behaved like a father to her, and
tendered her many good advices as to her behaviour in her
and Captain Knowler, of the Bridgewaticklish situation
ter,' used her with the utmost decency and politeness. When
she was indulged the privilege by both
came
to
her,
company
these humane and well-bred gentlemen to call for anything
on board, as if she had been at her OT\'n fireside, and the servants of the cabin were obliged to give her all manner of attendance, and she had the liberty to invite an}' of her friends
to dine with her when she pleased.
Her beha\"iour in com'
'
pany was so easy, modest, and well adjusted, that every visitant was much surprised for she liad never been out of the
islands of .South Uist and Skye till about a year before the
Prince's arrival, that she had been in the family of Macdonald
;
of Largoe, in Argyllshire, for the space of ten or eleven
months.
"
Some that went on board to pay their respects to her
used to take a dance in the cabin, and to press her much to
share with them in the diversion but with all their imporShe
tunity they could not prevail with her to take a trip.
told them that at present her dancing days were done, and
she woxild not readily entertain a thought of that diversion
till she shoidd be assured of her Prince's
safety, and perhaps
not tiU she should be blessed with the happiness of seeing
him again. Although she was easy and cheerful, yet she had
a certain mixture of gravity in all her behaviour, which became her situation exceedingly well, and set her ofi' to great
advantage. She is of a low stature, of a fair complexion, and
well enough shaped. One woidd not discern by her conversation that she had spent all her I'ormer days in the
Highlands for she talks English, or rather Scotch, easily, and not
at all through the Erse tone.
She has a sweet voice, and
sings well, and no lady, Edinburgh-bred, can acquit herself
better at the tea-table than she did in Leith Eoads.
Her
wise conduct in one of the most perplexing scenes that can
;
FLORA MACDONALD.
17-16-7.]
427
her fortitude and good sense, are memorable

instances of the strength of a female mind, even iu those
that
are
tender
and inexperienced." '
years
On the 7th of November, ly^G, the Bridgewater set sail
for London, with Flora Macdonald on board as a jjrisoner,
for the purpose of placing her at the disposal of the English
(jrovernment.
In the British capital, however, she had no
reason to complain of the treatment which she received. She
was placed, indeed, under the surveillance of a messenger,
one William Dick, but she was allowed to reside in the house
of a private family, where every attention seems to have been,
paid to her comforts and wishes. According to Lord Mahou,
she was released from her easy thraldom after the lapse of a
twelvemonth, at the intercession of Frederick Prince of
Wales. This, however, was not exactly the case, inasmuch
she was set at
as her confinement lasted only eight months
liberty in the month of July, 1747, by the provisions of the
Act of Indemnity. Still, it is iar from improbable that to
the intercession of the Prince she may have been indebted
for the unusual mildness with which she was treated by the
English Government. Once, when the Princess was inveighing in very strong terms against the lenity shown her by the
(Tovemment, and on the treasonable conduct of Flora her"
"
self,
Madam," was the Prince's creditable rebuke, under
similar circumstances would not you have done the same ?
I hope, I am sure you would."
On her release from captiâty, Flora ]Macdonald vcas received as a welcome and honoured guest in the house of the
Dowager Lady Primrose,'^ of Dunniplace, iu Essex Street iu
the Strand. It was this lady who three years afterwards had
the honour also of entertaining in the same house the unfortimate Charles Edward himself, on the occasion of the first
secret visit which he paid to London. In the house of Lady
Primrose she experienced, during the short period which
elapsed before her return to the Highlands, a homage so universal and so flattering, as to be suflicient to turn the head
of any one less susceptible of vanity, or less right-minded,
than herself. She was daily visited by persons of the highest
I'ank, and on her quitting London she was presented with the
happen iu
lift-,
'
'
Chambers, pp.
.S,e Sh:irpe's
vol. iv. p.
209.
10.5,
106, note.
Peerage, Art. Roseberry, and Boswell's Life of Jolinsoa,
428
THE TEETEKDEES ASD THEIB ADHEEENTS.
[1747-73.
siun of nearly fifteen bundb-ed pounds, whicli had been raised

for ber among tbe Jacobite ladies of the metropolis.'
About three years after ber return to Skye, Flora Macdonald gave her hand to jMr Alexander Macdonald, the
younger, of Kingsburgh, to whom she was married on the
6tb of November, 1 73U, and by whom she became the mother

"
It is remarkable," says Sir Walter
of several children.^
"
that this distinguished lady signed ber name Flory,
Scott,
Her marriage
instead of the more classical orthography.
contract, which ia in my possession, bears tbe name spelled
Flory."
In the
autumn of 1773, Dr. Johnson and his fellow-traJames Boswell, were the guests of Flora Macdonald
"
at Kingsburgh.
I was highly pleased,"
her
husband
and
veller,
to see Dr Johnson safely arrived at Kingssays Boswell,

burgh, and received by the hospitable Mr Macdonald, who,
wth a most respectful attention, supported him into the
house.
There was a comfortable parlour with a good fire,
and a dram went round. By-and-by supper was served, at
which thei'e appeared the lady of the house, tbe celebrated
Miss Flora Macdonald. She is a little woman, of a
genteel appearance, and uncommonly mild and well-bred. To
see Dr Samuel Johnson, the great champion of the English
Tories, salute Miss ]\Iacdonald in the Isle of Skye, was a
striking sight for, though somewhat congenial in their no''
was very improbable they shoidd meet hei-e. Miss

Flora Macdonald (for so I shall call her) told me, she heard
the
main-land, as she was returning home about a fortupon
night before, that Mr Boswell Avas comiug to Skye, and one
ilr Johnson, a young English luck, with him. He was
tions, it
highly entertained with this fancy."

"
''
I slept," adds Boswell,
in the same room with Dr Johnson. Each had a neat bed, with tartan curtains, in an upper
Lord Mahon, vol. iii. p. 471 Talcs of a Grandfather, vol. iii. p. 324.
'
"Kingsburgh," writes Bosivell, in 1773, "was completely the figure of
a gallant Highlander, exhibiting
the graceful mien and manly looks,'
which our popular Scotch song has justly attributed to that character. He
had his tartan plaid thrown about him, a large blue bonnet with a knot of
black riband like a cockade, a brown short coat of a kind of dutiil, a tartan
waistcoat with gold buttons and gold button-holes, a bluish philibeg, and
tartan hose.
He had jet black hair tied behind, and was a large stately
man, with a steady sensible countenance." Boswell' s Life of Johnson, vol.
iv. p. 203.
'
'
FLORA MACDOXALB.
1773.]
429
The room where we lay was a celebrated one.

Dr Johnson's bed was the very bed in which the grandson
of the unfortunate King James the Second lay, on one of the
cliamber.
nights after the failure of his rash attempt in 17-15-6,' while

he was eluding the pursuit of the emissaries of Government,
which had ofl'ered thirty thousand pounds as a reward for
apprehending him. To see Dr Samuel Johnson lying in that
bed, in the Isle of Skye, in the house of Miss Flora Macdonald, struck me with such a group of ideas, as it is not easy
for words to describe, as they passed through the mind. He
*
smiled, and said, I have had no ambitious thoughts in it.'
At breakfast, he said he would have given a good deal rather
than not have lain in that bed. I owned he was the lucky
man and observed, that ^vithout doubt it had been contrived
between Miss Macdonald and him. She seemed to acquiesce
adding, Tou know young bucks are always favourites of the
ladies
He spoke of Prince Charles being here, and asked
'
'
'
Mrs Macdonald WTio was with him ? We were told. Madam, in England, there was one Miss Flora Macdonald with
him.'
She said they were very right
and, perceiving Dr
Johnson's curiosity, though he had delicacy enough not to
question her, very obligingly entertained him with a recital
of the particulars which she herself knew of that escape,
which does so much honour to the humanity, fidelity, and
generosity of the Highlanders. Dr Johnson listened to her
with placid attention, and said, AH this should be written
'
'
'
'
down.'
"
Dr Johnson has himself done full justice to the character

of Flora Macdonald. In his journey to the "Western Islands,
he says, "
were entertained with the usual hospitality by
iSIr Macdonald, and his
lady Flora Macdonald, a name that
will be mentioned in history, and, if courage and fidelity be
She is a woman of middle
virtues, mentioned with honour.
We
stature, soft features, gentle manners,

'
See ante,
p.
and elegant presence."
310.
'
With no
poetic ardour fired,
I press the bed where Wilraot lav

That here he lived, or here expired.
Begets no numbers, grave or gay.
'
From this account, as well as from that of others who were personally
concerned in the escape of Charles Edward, Bo.sweU drew up his narrative
of the escape of the royal adventurer, which is
published iu Ms Tour to the
;
Hebrides.
430
THE PEETENDEES AND THEIE ABHEEENTS.
[1773-90.
"
nrites to Mrs Thrale
Here I
again,
had the honour of sahitina; the far-famed Miss Flora Macdonald. She must then (1746) have been a very )'ouag lady
she is now not old of a pleasing person, and elegant behaviour.
She told me that she thought herself honoured by
my visit and I am sure that whatever regard slie bestowed
on me was liberally repaid. If thou likest her opinions thou
And
Dr Johnson
'
At Kingsbivrgh we were liberally

wilt praise her virtue.'
feasted, and I slept in the same bed in which the Prince reThe
sheets which be used were never
his
distress.
in
posed
put to any meaner offices, but were wrapped up by the lady
of the house,' and at last, according to her desire, were laid
"
round her in her grave. These are not Whigs
!
Shortly after the visit paid them by Dr Johnson, Kingsburgh and his wife, in consequence of their affairs having
become embarrassed, were compelled to emigrate to America,

where they settled on an estate which they purchased in
North Carolina. On the brealdng out of the civil troubles
ill that
country, Kingsburgh sided with the royalist party,
which led to his being arrested as a dangerous person, and
thrown into prison. On his release, he took up arms against
the rejiublicans, and served for some time in a royalist regi-
ment, called the JNforth Carolina Volunteers. When the independence of America was at length acltnowledged, Kingsburgh and his wife detei'mined on refurning to Skye but on
their passage home, they encountered a French vessel of war,
with which they were for some time engaged in a sharp action.
On the approach of the enemy, all the females on board were
immediately ordered below. The heroine of 1745, however,
insisted on remaining on deck, where, by her voice and example, she did her utmost to animate the sailors during the
;
action.
Unfortunately, she was thrown down in the confusion and broke her arm. Her lot, she afterwards observed,
was indeed a hard one, for she had risked her life both for
the Stuarts and the House of Brunswick, and ha,d received
no reward for her pains.
The remainder of her eventful life was passed by Flora
Macdonald in the Isle of Skye, where she died at the age of
seventy, on the 4th of March, 1790. At her particular re-
Mrs Macdonald, of Eingsburgb. She was "buried in one of the sheets

by Charles the other she presented to her daughter-in-law, Flora
Macdonald. See ante, p. 311.
'
slept in
1746. J
TLOEA MACDONALD.
431
quest, her body was wrapped in one of the sheets that had
been used by the unfortunate grandson of James the Second
during the night he rested at Kingsburgh, which, as we have
already mentioned, had been presented to her by her motherin-law, Mrs Macdonald. She was the mother of five sons, all
of whom held commissions either in the military or naval
service of the reigning Sovereign. The eldest, Charles Macdonald, who was a captain in the Queen's Hangers, was a
person highly distinguished for his accomplishments and

graceful manners. When the grave closed upon his remains,
his kinsman, the late Lord Macdonald, paid a pleasing tribute
"There lies," he said, "the most finished
to his worth.
gentleman of my family and name."
Plora Macdonald was also the mother of two daughters,
the last survivor of whom the widow of Major i\lacleod of
Lochbay, in the Isle of Skye I had the pleasure, some years

since, of accompanying in a voyage through a part of the
Western Islands. I had also the additional pleasure of hearing from her own lips the tale of her mother's adventures and
escapes with Prince Charles, and of having some of the scenes
where they occurred pointed out by her own hand. One of
the fii'st questions which she put to me was, where I had
"'
"
"
"
Ah "
When I told her " at Eaasay
been, staj-ing ?
she said, in a tone, which plainly told that she inherited the
"
you saw no red roses at Eaasay."
principles of her race,
This interesting lady was then, I think, in her seventy-fourth
!
she had pleasing, and even polished manners; was full

year;
of anecdote of the past, aud had stiU the remains of beauty.
She remembered the visit of Dr Johnson and Boswell to
Kingsburgh, and had been the companion of her parents
when they emigrated to America. She spoke of her mother
and when I questioned her

as a small but neat figure
whether there was any resemblance between them, she told
me that they were reckoned so alike, that, half a century before, happening to be looking at a print of her mother in the
window of a shop in the Strand, the celebrated General Burgoyne, who chanced to be passing at the time, was so struck
with the resemblance, that he accosted her and taxed her
;
with the relationship. Her mother's escape with Charles

Edward was then an event, she said, sufficiently recent to
render her an object of considerable curiosity, and consequently, had her identity been proclaimed to the bystanders,
THE PEETEKDEES AND THEIE ADHERENTS.
432
[1745-46.
she had little doubt, she added, but that she would have been
followed by an inquisitive and disagreeable crowd. The few
hours which I passed in the society of this interesting lady I
have always looked back ujjon with satisfaction and pleasure.
She died a few years afterwards, at an advanced age.
There remain the names of other actors in the romantic

annals of 1745, whose personal history, after the failure of
theii- darling hopes, presents but few features of
stirring interest or importance, but of whose subsequent fate a passing notice may be acceptable to the reader.
"
The yoimg Duke of Peeth, says Douglas, in spite of a

very delicate constitution, underwent the greatest fatigues,
and was the first on every occasion of duty, where his head
or hands could be of use; bold as a lion in the field, but ever
merciful in the hoiu- of victory." After the battle of Culloden, the Duke contrived to obtain a passage to Prance but
worn out by the fatigues and privations to which of late he
had been constantly exposed, he died before he came in sight
of the French coast, on the 13th of May, 1746. He was the
sixth Earl and the third nominal Duke of his family.
On
board the same vessel with him were O'SuUivan and the
The latter, it is
Prince's old tutor, Sir Thomas Sheridan.
said, on his return to Eome, beiug severely brought to task
the
old
the
life
of his son with
Chevalier, for having risked
by
such slender chances of success, fell Ul and died of the eflects
of the reproof.
;
old ISIaequis or Tullibardine

"high-minded Murthe exiled, the dear!"
having heard the last shot fired
travelled
with
southward
one Mitchell, a servant
CuUoden,
of the Chevalier. Worn out with age, sickness, and fatigue,
he was induced to apply for shelter at the mansion of Buchanan of Drummakill, near Loch Lomond. The lady of the
house was his own relation and a zealous Jacobite. Unfortunately, however, her husband was a devoted partisan of the
The
ray
at
MAEQUrS OF TTJLLIBAEBrNE.
1746.]
433
Government and, being a magistrate and an officer of militia, he considered it his duty to deliver up the old hero of
1715 and 1745 to his enemies. Tor this breach of the laws
of hospitality and honour, Drummakill is said to have been
;
so thoroughly despised by tlie neighbouring gentry, that not

one of tliem would afterwards speak to him, or be in his
company.' The old Lord was carried a prisoner to Diunbar"
ton Castle, from whence he was removed to the " Eltham
man of war, lying in Leith Eoads, in which vessel he was removed to Loudon. Worn out by age and infirmities, and a
prey to disappointment and disease, he died a prisoner in the
Tower, in 1746, and was buried in St Peter's Church in that
fortress. The last wish of the gallant Balmerino was to have
his coffin placed by that of Lord TuUibardine.
AiEXANDEE LoED FoEBES OF PiTSLiGO, whoso virtues and

reputation for prudence and strong sense had induced so
many of the Lowland gentlemen to join the standard of the
Chevalier, had attained the mature age of sixty-five when he
was induced to embark in the fatal enterprise. After the
battle of CuUoden he had the good fortune to escape to
France but, being shortly afterwards attainted, he lost both
The kindness, however, of his friends
his title and estate.
supplied him not only with the necessaries, but with the luxuries of life and, but for the ardent desire which he felt to
breathe once more his native air. it is said that the evening
of his long life would have been a happy one. He died at
Paris about the year 1762.
;
Donald Cameeon, the celebbated Lochiel, the
idol of
most beloved by Prince Charles of all

was so severely woimded at the battle
of Culloden, that he had a very narrow escape from fiilling
into the hands of the enemy, and expiating his loyalty to the
Stuarts on the scafibld. To the daring and intrepid gallantry
of a few of his devoted clan, who bore off their wounded chief
from the field of battle, Lochiel was indebted for his life.
After encoimtering numerous perils in his attempts to
escape, he at length found refuge in a ^^Tetched hut on the
his gallant clan, and the
the Highland chieftains,
'
Jacobite Memoirs, p.
2 P
3, note.
434
[1746.
His reflections were rendered

Benakler.
great mountain of
the more painful, in consequence of the reports which daily
reached him of the remorseless vengeance with which his unforces. "Those ministers
happy clan was visited by the royal
of vengeance," says SmoUett, "were so alert in the execution
of their office, that, in a few days, there was neither house,
beast to be seen in the compass of fifty
cottage, man, nor
At length a
All was ruin, silence, and desolation."
miles.
favourable opportunity oflered itself to the fugitive to escape
to the Continent.
Having been wounded in both heels at
Culloden, be was compelled to travel on horseback to the
vessel as Charles
coast, where he embarked on board the same
Edward, and, after a voyage of nine days, landed in safety
near Morlaix, in Brittany. Lochiel was made a Lieutenantcolonel in the French service, and died a heart-broken exile
in 1758.
Chaeles Eabcliffe had escaped from Newgate in 1716,

and, but for his attainder in that year, would have succeeded
his unfortunate brother as Earl of Derwentwater, which title,
however, he assumed till his death. He was captured at sea, in
November, 1745, on board a French vessel, which was carryBeing
ing arras to Scotland for the use of the insurgents.
brought to London, he was easily identified as the same
share
in
his
for
been
condemned
had
Charles Eadclifle who
the former rebellion, and who had evaded the last penalty of
the law by escaping from Newgate. Accordingly, he was
sentenced to death, and, after having lain in confinement
for a year, was led to the scaflbld on Tower Hill on the 8th
of December, 1746.
In consequence of his high birth, he
was admitted to the melancholy distinction of being beheaded.
About eight o'clock in the morning, two troops of Life
Guards, and another of Horse Guards, marched through the
a
City to Little Tower Hill, where they were joined by
battalion of the Foot Guards, and were then disposed round
the scaffold. About ten o'clock, the block, which was covered with black, was fixed on the fatal stage, and shortly
afterwards the coffin was brought, covered with black velvet,
On the coffinand ornamented with gilt handles and nails.
plate
was the inscription
CHARLES RADCI.IFrE.
1?46.]
435
Carohfs EndÎiJfe, Comes de Dcnrenttrater^

Decollatus die 8 Decembris, 1746,
^tatis 53.
Requiescat in pace.
About eleven o'clock, the Sheriffs of London proceeded to

the Tower, and demanded of the Deputy Governor, General
Williamson, the body of Charles Eadcliffe, which was accordingly surrendered to them with the usual formalities. He was
brought in a landau over the Tower wharf, and, being thence
removed into a mourning-coach, was con\eyed to a temporary
building, or tent, lined witli black, which had been raised at
the foot of the scaffold.
Here, attended by his friends and
a Eoman Catholic clergyman, he spent about half-an-hoiu- in
devotion.
His proud and gallant bearing on the scaffold procured

him the general sympathy of the spectators. He was dressed
in a scarlet coat, laced with black velvet, and trimmed with
gold a gold-laced waistcoat, white silk stockings, and a white
feather in his hat. He took an affectionate and cheerful farewell of the friends who accompanied him to the scaffold and
Laving put on a damask cap, and presented the executioner with
:
a handful of gold, he knelt down to his devotions, all the perHe then divested
sons on the scaffold kneeling with liim.
himself of his coat and waistcoat, and, again kneeling down,
After a lapse of two minutes he
laid his head on the block.
stretched out his hands, which was the signal he had agreed
upon with the executioner, when the axe feU, and his head
was severed from his body at three blows the first stroke
depriving him of life, and the two last completing the work.
Thus fell the last male descendant of the Earls of Derwentwater tlie gallant grandson of Charles the Second, by his
beautiful mistress, Mary Davis. He died, as he had lived, a
;
Roman
Catholic. His remains, accompanied by two mourning-coaches, were conveyed to the church of St Giles' -in-thePields, where they were interred by the side of his brother,
the unfortunate Earl of Derweutwater, who was beheaded
in 1716.
De Aechibald Camerok, brother of the celebrated Lochiel,

was the
last person
imfortunate Stuarts.
who
He
suffered death in the cause of the

fought by the side of his brother at
2 F 2
THE PEETENDEES AKD THEIE ADHEEEKTS.
43G
[l753.
the battle of Ciilloden, and after a long series of adventures

and escapes, had the good fortune to reach the Continent.
He was imprudent enough, however, to return to Scotland
1753 and his person being seized, he was committed to

the Tower, examined before the Pri\y Council, and, being
arraigned on the act of attainder which had ab-eady been
passed against him, he was sentenced to death.
According
to the general opinion which was current at the period,
the object of his returning to Scotland was to obtain restitution of a sum of money belonging to the Chevalier, which
had been embezzled by some of his adherents. In common
charity, however, let lis presume that the Government had
received private intimation of his having embarked in fresh
intrigues for otherwise it seems impossible to reconcile with
our feelings of justice and humanity, that the Government,
after the lapse of so many years, shoidd have condemned a
gallant, an amiable, and high-minded gentleman to a dismore especially, since examples were no
graceful death
longer required to deter others from crime, and consequently
when the carrying out a stern sentence could be attributed
to no other motives than cruelty or revenge.
At ten o'clock on the morning of his execution, Dr Cameron was drawn on a sledge from the Tower to Tyburn. The
in
mournful and trying journey occupied as long as two hours;

the procession moving the whole way through a vast assemblage of people, who are said to have been deeply affected
by his manly bearing and unhappy fate. Brave, amiable,
and of unblemished character the husband of a beloved
wife, and the father of seven children
guilty of no crime
but ha\-ing sacrificed his life to his principles, the sad spectacle (h'ew forth the tears of every spectator who was sus"
The populace," says
ceptible either of pity or admiration.
one who lived at the period, " though not very subject to
tender emotions, were moved to compassion and even to tears
by his behaviour at the place of execution and many sincere
well-wishers to the present establishment thought that the
sacrifice of this victim, at such a juncture, could not redound
either to its honour or security."
After having been suspended for half-an-hour. the body of the unfortunate gentleman was removed from the gibbet the head was then struck
off, and the heart burnt to ashes in the presence of the as-
'
'
Smollett's History of England, vol.
iii.
p.
400.
DE AECHIBAIiD CAMEKON.
1753.]
437
sembled crowd. Horace "Walpole writes a few days after the

"
Dr Cameron is executed, and died ^-ith the
execution,
His parting with his wife, the night begreatest firmness.
he let her stay till the last mofore, was heroic and tender
ment, when, being aware that the gates of the Tower would be
her
so
she
fell
at his feet in agonies he said,
locked, he told
Madam, this was not what you promised me aud embracing her, forced her to retire then, with the same coolness,
looked at the window till her coach was out of sight, after
which he turned about aud wept. His only concern seemed
to be at the ignominy of Tyburn
he was not disturbed at
the dresser for his body, nor at the fire to bum his bowels.
The crowd was so great, that a friend who attended him could
not get away, but was forced to stay and behold the execution but what will you say to the minister or priest that
'
'
accompanied him ? The wretch, after taking leave, went into

a landau, where, not content with seeing the Doctor hanged,
he let down the top of the landau for the better convenience
of seeing him emboweled." '
Dr Cameron was executed on
the 7th of June, 1753.
John MrRSAT of Bhottghtox, a gentleman of good education and of no mean abilities, joined the standard of the
Chevalier immediately after his landing in the Highlands,
and served as the Prince's Secretary throughout the cam-
He was taken prisoner after the battle of Cidloden,

paign.
and, apparently terribly affected at the prospect of death, he
consented to save his own life by supplying the evidence required to ensure the condemnation of his associates. It was
no sooner known that he had fallen into the hands of the
Government, than those who were intimately acquainted
with his character seem to have correctly foretold the line of
conduct which he was likely to pursue. When ^îlneas Macdonald, then a prisoner in London, was asked by Dr Burton
of York, whether he considered it probable that Murray of
Broughton would turn evidence for the Crown, as was commonly reported at the time, "I believe," he said, "Mr Murray to be so honest between man and man, that in private
life he would not be
guilty of a dirty or dishonest action
but then," he added, " I know him to he such a coward, and
Letter to Sir Horace
Maun, 12 June, 1753.
438
THE PEETENDEES
AJfD
THEIE ADHERENTS.
[l746.
to be possessed with such a fear of death, that I am much

afraid, for my part, Mr Murray may be brought the length
of doing anything to save a -nTetched life."'. A\îen confronted before the Privy Council "with Sir John Douglas of
Kelhead, grandfather of the present Marquis of Queensberry,
"
the prisoner was asked,
Do you know this witness ? "
"
Not I," was the auswer of Douglas; "I once knew a person who bore the designation of Murray of Broughton but
that was a gentleman and a man of honour, and one that
could hold up his head."

An existence purchased at the price of conscience and honour was little likely to be a happy one, and in the instance
of Murray of Broughton was still further embittered by the
feelings of contempt and abhorrence ^vith which he is said to
have been regarded by men of all parties.
curious anecdote, illustrative of the light in which his conduct was viewed
Mr
Lockhart in his Life

by his contemporaries, is related by
of Sir Walter Scott.
Murray of Broughton happened to be
a client of Sir AValter's father, who was a writer to the signet
in Edinburgh, a sober and unromantic man, and
strongly op"
Mrs Scott's
posed to the claims of the House of Stuart.
curiosity," says Mr Lockhart, "was strongly excited one autumn by the regular appearance, at a certain hour every
evening, of a sedan chair, to deposit a person carefully muffled
up in a mantle, who was immediately ushered into her husband's private room, and commonly remained with him there
until long after the usual bed- time of this orderly family.
Mr Scott answered her repeated inquiries with a vagueness
which irritated the lady's feelings more and more imtil, at
last, she coidd bear the thing no longer
but one evening,
just as she heard the bell ring for the stranger's chair to
carry him oft", she made her appearance within the forbidden
parlour with a salver in her hand, observing, that she thought
the gentlemen had sat so long, they would be the better of a
dish of tea, and ventured accordingly to bring some for their
acceptance. The stranger, a person of distinguished appearance, and richly dressed, bowed to the lady, and accepted a
cup; but her husband knit his brows, and refused very coldly
to partake of the refreshment. A moment afterwards the visitor withdrew, and Mr Scott, lifting
up the window-sash,
took the cup, which he had left empty on the table, and
;
'
Chambers,
p. 133.
CONCLUSION.
439
out upon the pavement. The lady esclaimed for

tossed
her china, but was put to sOence by her husband's saying,
it
'
can forgive your
little curiosity,
Madam, but you must pay
the penalty. I may admit into my house, on a piece of business, persons wholly unworthy to be treated as guests by
my wife. Neither bp of" me nor of mine comes after Mr
The saucer belonging to BroughINIurray of Broughton's.'
tou's tea-cup was afterwards made a prize of and carefully
preserved, by Sir AValter Scott.
Murray of Broughton survived the memorable scenes in which he had been actor, for
many
years, during
which period he resided principally in
Scotland.
Before closing our Memoirs of the gallant and unfortunate
men who were engaged
in the Insurrection of 1745,
it
be-
comes necessary to say a few words respecting those persons

of minor note or inferior rank who suffered on the scaffold
It might have been exfor their loyalty to the Stuarts.
pected that the vengeance which had been exacted, and the
frightful horrors which had been committed after the battle
of CuUoden the ruin of whole families, the murder of husbands and brothers before their wives and sisters, the violation of women, the ravages which had been committed by fire
and sword, and the almost entire sweeping away, throughout
a large district, of house and cottage, of man and beast
might in some degree have softened the cruel policy of the
ikiglish Government, and have inclined them to show something like leniency to the victims who stiU remained in their
hands. It might have been expected, also, when the thirst
for vengeance had been in some degree quenched, that the
reigning family and its responsible advisers might have been
satisfied with making an example of a few of the more active
and dangerous partisans of the House of Stuart, and, finally,
that they would have dra^vn some line between a herd of
common malefactors and a band of gallant men, who had
risked their lives and fortunes in the cause of duty, and who
were consequently actuated by the highest motives which
can influence the
human mind.
440
[l746.
The principal author aud instigator of the merciless policy

which followed the suppression of the Insurrection of 1745
was unquestionably the Duke of Cumberland, wlio hurried
impatiently from the massacres and conflagrations with which
he had devastated the North to press and insist on legal murders in the South. But, in condemning that memorable monster, we are not necessarily bound to acquit the reigning
monarch, George the Second, of whom, though exclusively
possessing the glorious prerogative of mercy, no single trait
recorded of his having ever sympathised with the many
whom he had made, or of his having volunteered to extend the hand of pity to save a single wretch
from
either
the gibbet or the axe. It may be argued, indeed,
that his position being a novel and insecure one,
feeling
himself to be in the precarious position of a Sovereign of
convenience, and not by legitimate right, and, moreover, contrasting, as he could scarcely fail to do, the lukewarm attachment and unromantic policy which maintained him on the
throne with the impassioned devotion displayed towards the
House of Stuart, it may be argued, perhaps, under these
circumstances, that it was natural he should listen to the
persuasions of his son and his ministers, when they assiu-ed
him that it was only by setting a terrible example that he
could hope to prevent futm-e rebellions, or to transmit his
Still, it must always be a
sceptre undisputed to his heirs.
matter of astonishment and regret that no spark of compassion should have been lighted up in his soul, aud that he
should have betrayed no single feeling of admii-ation for that
all-devoted and all-sacrificing attachment to an exiled race,
which the House of Hanover woidd at any period have given
the brightest jewel in their diadem, had it been displayed towards themselves. When he took up the pen to sign the
order for their execution, did no tear fall on the death-warrants of those gallant men ?
or when he approved of the
expatriation of so many of the hardy children of the North
when he sentenced them to be torn from their native mountains and valleys to wear out a life of
slavery beneath the
scorching tropic had he no thought that the misery which
he inflicted rested not there alone ? had he no care for the
homes which he consequently rendered desolate, the wives
whom he made husbandless, and the children fjitherless ?
Alas it is to be feared that compassion and generosity of
is
widows and orphans
441
CONCLTJSION.
-,
1746. J
not the
deling weve
^^^^^^y^^^'Sl^^!^^,
^^^.
of the House of
HaMêr^
generltion
had their I?^'^
?ay have
^f^*"^ '/c bu of that Ul-fated
mashut
the
crimes;
as that for
<^^\'^'^^y
so i^^^^^'"
a frightful retnrace ever signed
y^^^^'^^^^^Hf ,uch
of the Ins.'
'^l^^t^tZ
EnttatTî^h foUaXlupP-io^
^^te\StLns of inferior -.^^^^^^^
""' '''*
of the
'^^
oe ~^^^^^
^r-^ who rwutreat
't'
to
Chester Eegiment,
i^sû-crent army
the
on
of the
hind at Carlisle
ell m
fj'^^'^,^^-^,^^,
and who
STit
^^^foûnate
Scotland,
.^^quently
The names o
Duke of Cumberland.'
^f
.^ ^^^^^^
who were nine
Thomas
gentlemen,
^^J^^^^gj;;^^ pietcher,
the
Berwick,
;,ho commanded
^^^""^^^^^^Defcon, John
Dawson
Chadwick, Ja>^ês
ThomaBl^â-^^^^^
ana
Southwark,
Andrew Blood, Thomas ^yddal,
i^
Court H--^
fvere tried in the
davs, and were
^^^fX^,g
thiee
the
and
of
on the 15th
July
y^>^^^-^l,g, officers,
ordered for execution
deceived reprieves,
^^ he same
condemned
were
^^J^^^^^^ ^^^
who
rec^
latea
Jme
but lU
of these
3^'^
all
The whole
gallant
principles
with the greatest firmness,
30th o" inly, they
e
About
to the lasl
the New Gaol, Southdies
-'e;j^^Jtom
three
g^
~rfX
im
were conveyed
wark, to Kennington
the fi'-^t
of soldiers. In
hm
Colonels Blood
them holding a drawn
^^^^'^^^^^^^
executioner sittmg by
andBerwick.the
tiie^^^^^^^ S^ ^ ^^^_
been
horrors which
sword. All the
^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^
J^dmn
tor
a
as
pumshment
_,^^^
barous age
this
carried out on
a large heap of
J^
task
Near the gaUows
hangman in his bloody
latter
the former
faggots;
tf
f^'^^J^lr^risoners, and the
and
disemboweling
the
otWhile
prisoners
^^''^^'^8^^''
and
hearts
the
for burning tlên.ledges'into
eutiails^
thewere being
^^^ faggots were
s^^
tran^-e^^^fr';'^
^t'-"^;
Jf
-" f
r'^Jti
'
See ante.
^t^d
442
[l746.
the task of reading prayers, to which the others calmly but

fervently responded.' On rising from their knees, they threw
some written papers among the spectators, which were afterwards found to contain the most ardent professions of attachment to the cause for which they sufi'ered, and a declaration
that they continued true to their principles to the last. They
also severally delivered papers of a similar import to the Sherifl's, and then, throwing do^vn their gold-laced hats, they
submitted themselves to the tender mercies of the hangman.
Their behaviour to the last is said to have been in every way
suitable to their vinhappy circumstances, being perfectly calm
and composed, yet displaying no unseemly indifference to the
awful fate which awaited them. Syddal alone is said to have
been observed to tremble when the halter was being placed
round his neck, though he endeavoured to conceal his agitation from the spectators by taking a pinch of snuff.
While
the executioner was pinioning his arms, he lifted up his eyes,
"
"
Lord, help me
exclaiming,
Every preparation having been made, the executioner drew
the cap of each from their pockets, and having drawn it over
their eyes, the rope was adjusted round their necks, and they
!
were almost immediately turned off". After having hung

about three minutes. Colonel Townly, who still exhibited
signs of life, was the first who was cut do'mi, and having
been stripped of his clothes, was laid on the block, and his
head severed from his body. The executioner then extracted
bis heart and entrails, which he threw into the fire
and in
this manner, one by one, proceeded to the disgusting task of
beheading and disemboweling the bodies of the remaining
;
'
liis
Morgan was a barrister-at-law, of a good family in Monmouthshire. By

own account, he was both a poet and a theologian. In the paper which
" I must make
Shcrifl' on the scaffold, he says,
profession
he handed to the
was baptized, in which I have continued, and

which I sh.all, through the divine permission, die in, which is that of
Church of England, and which I hope will stand and prevail against
malice, devices, and assaults of her enemies, as well those of the
Church of Rome, as those equally dangerous, the followers of Luther and
Calvin, covered under and concealed in the specious bugbears of Popery
and arbitrary power. This my faith I have fully set forth in a poem of
two books, entitled 'The Christian Test, or the Coalition of Faith and
Reason,' the first of which I have already published, and the latter I have
bequeathed to the care of my unfortunate but very dutiful daughter. Misof that religion in which I
in
the
the
tress
Mary Morgan,
not live to see
it."
to be published
by her, since
it
has pleased
God
I shall
1746.]
443
CONCLrsiON.
eight. Wlien tlje heart of the last, which was that of James
Dawson, was thrown into the fire, the executioner cried out,
"God save King George!" to which a part of

the assembled multitude are said to have responded with a loud
shout. Grenerally speaking, however, the fate of these gallant
gentlemen excited a deserved and laudable commiseration
and the same mob, who had hooted and derided them as they
passed to their truils, witnessed their closing scenes at least
with decent sj^mpathy, if not with marks of positive admiration.
As soon as the horrible ceremony was entirely completed, tlie bodies of the sufferers were carried back to the
Three days afterwards, the
prison from whence they came.
heads of Townly and Fletcher were exposed on Temple Bar,
while those of Deacon, Berwick, Chadwick, and Syddal, were
placed in spirits, in order to be afiixed on conspicuous places
in a loud tone,
Manchester and Carlisle.

The name of James Dawson (who, it will be remembered,
was the last of the unhappy sufferers on whom the execuat
tioner performed his barbarous rites) may perhaps recall to

the reader an affecting incident connected with his tragical
fate.
He was a cadet of a respectable family in Lancashii-e
had been educated at St John's College, Cambridge and had
recently formed an attachment for a young lady, with a
handsome fortune, and of a good family like himself. His
passion was returned with more than common ardour, and
had he been either acquitted at his trial, or had the roj'al
clemency been extended to him, the day of his release from
"When at
prison was to have been the day of his nuptials.
length his fate was decided upon, neither the arguments nor
entreaties of her relatives and friends could dissuade the
young maiden, who was the unhappy object of his affections,
from being a witness of the execution of her betrothed.
Accordingly, attended by a female friend, and by a gentleman who was nearly related to her, she entered a hackneycoach, and followed slowly in the wake of the sledge which
was convej-ing to a terrible and ignominious death the object
of her early and most passionate devotion.
Contrary to the
natui'al forebodings of her friends, she beheld, without any
extravagant demonstrations of poignant grief, the contortions of her lover's suspended body, the mangling of his
bloody remains, and the committal of that heart to the flames,
wliich she knew had beat so tenderly for her. But when all
:
THE PRETENDEES AND THEIE ADHEEENTS.
444
[l746.
was over, and when she was no more supported by the excitement of witnessing the dreadful scene, she threw herself
back in the coach, and exclaiming, "My dear, I foUow thee!
Sweet Jesus, receive both our souls toI follow thee
"
she fell npon the neck of her companion, and exgether
the
last word escaped from her mouth. This
as
pired almost
made by Shenstone the subaffecting incident was afterwards
weU-known ballad; but the facts were
ject of a mournful and
too paiufid, and too real, for any poetry to do them justice
" She follow'd

him, prepared to view
The terrible behests of law
;
And the last scene of all his woes.

With calm and steadfast eyes she
saw.
Distorted was that blooming face,

Which she had fondly loved so long
And stifled was that tuneful breath.
Which in her praise had sweetly sung.
"
Ah
sever'd
was that beauteous neck,
Round which her arms had
And mangled was
fondly closed
that beauteous breast,
which her love-sick head reposed

And ravish'd was that constant heai-t,
She did to every heart prefer
For though it could its king forget,
'T was true and loyal still to her.
tn
" Amid those

unrelenting flames.
She bore
And when
'
this constant heart to see
was moulder' d into dust,

Yet, yet,' she cried, I foUow thee
't
'
'
" The dismal scene was o'er and

past,
The lover's mournful hearse retired
The maid drew back her languid head.
And sighing, forth his name, expired.
Though justice ever must prevail.
The tear my Kitty sheds is due
For seldom shall she hear a tale
So sad, so tender, yet so time."
;
On
the 22nd of August following, three of the Scottish

who were captured at Carlisle namely, James Ni-
officers
Walter Ogilvie, and Donald Macdonald ^were also

executed on Kenniugtou Common. They presented a gallant
appearance on the scaflbld in their Highland costume. Having spent about an hoiu- in jirayer, they underwent their
cholson,
CONCLUSION.
1746.]
445
doom subjected to the same circumstances of horror which

had attended the execution of the officers of the Manchester
Regiment, with the single exception, that the Government
relaxed a portion of their brutahty, by allowing the bodies
to remain suspended fifteen minutes instead of three, before
they were mangled and disemboweled.
Again, on the 28th of November, five more gallant gentlemen namely, John Hamilton, who had been Governor of
and who had signed its capitidation Alexander

Leith, an old and infirm man Sir John Wedderburn, Bart.,
acted as receiver of the excise duties exacted by the
insurgents Andrew Wood, a fine and chivalrous boy and
James Bradshaw underwent tlie last sentence of the law on
Kennington Common. It is a horrible fact, that the first notification which they had that their doom was positively fixed
was as late as nine o'clock on the morning of the day on which
they sutfered. xYt that hour, the doors of their apartments
were unlocked by the under-keepers, and they received the
awful announcement, that the Sheriffs were approaching to
attend them to tlie place of execution. On the scalfold they
all
appeared resigned and undaunted, offering up their prayers
for Kinij James the Third with their latest breath.
After
death, their bodies were cut down and mangled, and their
entrails thrown into the fire, as in other cases.
At Carlisle, York, and other places, the slaughter of the
unfortunate Jacobites was even more terrific. There were
at one period huddled together in the gaols of Carlisle alone
as many as 385 prisoners
and as it might have been both
difficult and inconvenient to bring so many individuals to
trial, it was determined to select only a certain number of
Carlisle,
who had
who had played the most prominent part during the

Accordingly, as many as one hundred .and
nineteen persons were selected for trial the great mass of
the remainder being allowed the humane option of drawing
lots, one in twenty to be tried, and the rest to be transported.
those
insurrection.
The number of persons who were eventually brought to

the bar at Carlisle was one hundi-ed and thirty-three. Fortunately, however, the jury brought in a verdict of guilty
against forty-eight only, of whom eleven were recommended
Of the whole number, thirty were ordered for
to mercy.
execution, of whom twenty-two underwent the last sentence
of the law, namely, nine at Carlisle, six at Brampton, and
446
THE PEETEKPEBS AND THEIE ADHERENTS.
[l746.
seven at Peurith. The list of those who suffered at Carlisle

contains the names of five persons of some note. These were
Thomas Coppock, styled " the titular Bishop of Carlisle " '
Francis Buchanan of Arnprior, the chief of his name; Donald
Macdonald of Kiulochmoidart, who had entertained Charles
on his first landing in the Highlands;''' Donald Macdonald of
Tiendrish,^ whom we have seen more than once playing a
conspicuous part in the foregoing history and Johii Macnaughton, who is reported, though it is believed erroneously,
to have been the person at whose hands the lamented Colonel Gardiner received his death-blow at Preston Pans.
In addition to the slaughters at Carlisle,
and
;
Brampton,
Penrith, seventy persons recei\ed sentence of death at York,

of whom twenty -two were executed; and on the 15th of November eleven more suffered at Carlisle. No
mercy was
siiown them by their enemies even in death, and
tliey all
underweut the doom of the law, with all those circumstances
of horror and barbarity which had attended the earlier executions on Kenniugtou Common. The whole of these brave
but ill-fated men are said to have faced death with an undaunted firmness which excited the wonder and
sympathy of
the spectators. "These unfortunate sufferers,"
says Sir "Wal"
ter Scott,
were of different ages, rank, and habits, both of
body and mind they agi-eed, however, in their behaviour

upon the scaffold. They prayed for the exiled family, expressed their devotion "to the cause in which they died, and
;
particularly their admiration of the princely leader whom

they had followed, till their attachment conducted them to
'
Coppock wa.s a young student of theology, of libertine habits, who, according to a popular but absurd rumour, had been made Bishop of Carlisle
by Charles, on
his visit to that city.
During
his
imprisonment in Carlisle
Castle, he very near succeeded in efl'ecting his escape by the

following ingenious means.
"Bishop Coppock, with six more reb"el prisoners in the
Castle, had sawed otf their irons, by an instrument prepared bv a new method.
Thev laid a silk handkerchief single over the mouth of' a
drinkingglass, and tied it hard at the bottom, then struck the edge of a case-knife
on the brim of the glass (thus covered to
prevent noise) till it became a
saw. 'With such knives
cut
their irons, and, when the teeth were blunt,
they
A knife will not cut a handthey had recourse to the glass to renew it.
kerchief when struck upon it in this mamieT." Gentleman' s
Magazine,
for 1746, p. 55.5.
It is recorded of
Coppock, that seeing some of his com"
panions apparently giTuig way to despondency, ' Cheer up
he said " we
shall not be tried
by a Cumberland jury in the next world."
=
a
See ante, p. 127.
ggg ûtj.^ p_ 13q_
!
CONCLUSION.
1746.]
447
may be justly questioned, whether the

lives of tliese men, supposing every one of them to have been
an apostle of Jacobitisni, could have done so much to prothis dreadful fate.
It
long their doctrines, as the horror and loathing inspired by

'
so many bloody punishments."
in calling to mind the barbarities which
To conclude
disgraced the last act of the fatal tragedy of 1745-G, we must
not merely take into account the immolation of the many
true and brave men who fell whether by the axe or by the
rope. Their tate, indeed, constitutes but a single consideration
:
in that terrible system of vengeance and inhumanity which

was pursued by the ruling powers towards the conquered
In order to complete the painful picture, we must
party.
also call to mind the sweeping devastation of the Highland
the vast confiscation
districts after the battle of Culloden
of property the consequent ruin of whole families the
the number of gallant
tears of the -widow and the orphan
gentlemen who were condemned to poverty and exile in foof
the
fate
that
numerous herd of
reign lands, and, lastly,
faithful and hardy clansmen, who were swept from their own
free homes in their native Highlands, to work out a life of
slavery in the far plantations, the victims of fever, of misery
and death.
Such were the effects of that rutliless policy, and such
were the retributive horrors, which were inflicted by the
Duke of Cumberland, his instigators, and his tools, on a
people who, though they may have acted from a false construction of what was demanded of them as citizens and men,
yet whose only crime was that of sacrificing their lives and
fortunes in support of the principles which had been instilled
into them from their infancy, and in a glorious defence of
one
whom
they conscientiously believed to be their rightful
and legitimate Prince.

'
iii.
p. 323.
ORIGINAL CORRESPONDENCE
KELATIVE TO THE
JV
SUPPRESSION OF THE REBELLION.
EonEHT Ckaigie, Esq., of Glendoiek, to wliom the greater

number of the following letters were addressed, was a younger
son of Lawrence Craigie, Esq., of Kilgrastou, by Catherine,
daughter of William Colville, brother of Eobert, second Lord
He became a member of the Faculty
Colville of Ochiltree.
of Advocates in January 1710. and, conquering a strong repugnance which lie felt towards the study of the law, applied
himself with great assiduity to his profession. He married
Barbara, heiress of Stewart of Gary, by whom he left three
sons and two daughters. About the year 1726, his successful practice at the bar enabled him to purchase the estate of
He held the high office
G-leudoick in the Carse of Gowrie.
of Lord Advocate from 1742 to 1746, and that of President
of the Court of Session from 1754 to his death, in 1760.
"
Mr Craigie," says Tytler, in his Life of Lord Kames,
imited to a very profound knowledge of the law, and an
\mderstanding peculiarly turned to the unfolding of the
the most persystematic intricacies of the feudal doctrines,
severiug industry aud intense application to business which,
introducing him to notice in some remarkable causes where
those talents were peculiarly requisite, were the foundation
of a very extensive practice at the bar. His rise to eminence,
however, was slow, as he had none of the exterior accomplishments that attract attention, and, though an acute and able
"
reasoner, his
manner
of pleading
both in grace and energy.
had
was dry,
prolix,
and
In the earlier part of
deficient
his
life,
he
for several years given private lectures in his chambers
SUPPEESSION OF THE EEBELLIOK.
449
to students of the law, before he had any considerable employment as a bai-rister but his industry, and the gradually
prevailing opinion of his deep acquaintance with jurisprudence, overcame at length every obstacle and he rose to the
first rank among the Counsel who were his contemporaries."
The originals of the following letters are preserved in the
The collection was formerly far more
library at Gleudoick.
voluminous, but unfortunately, from feelings of a laudable
but mistaken delicacy, one of the descendants of the Lord
;
Advocate (probably the late Lord Craigie) dreading lest

certain families, who had been concerned in the rising of 1745,
might become implicated by the entire collection seeing the
thought proper
to commit perhaps not the least init to the flames.

Those letters and
which
stUl remain, though far from comdocuments, however,
an
series
of
uninterrupted
correspondence, will neverprising
theless be found highly valuable and interesting, from the
insight which they give into the measures adopted for the
suppression of the Eebellion, and the light which they throw
on the events of a stirring aud memorable period.
[By the kindness of AVilliam BeU, Esq., of Edinburgh, the
light
teresting portion of
descendant of Lord President Craigie, I

lay these documents before the reader.]
lineal
My
am enabled to
Whitehall, 13fh June, 1745.
Loki),
I have received yours of the 6th of June by the post. I
did expect that the noise which would naturally arise on Sir
H. M'Lean, &c., being taken up, would be sufficient adver-
tisement to prevent the appointment at Linlithgow from

taking place. The messenger that I despatched on Tuesday
night will, I hope, have delivered my packet long before this
reaches you, and in consequence of the orders therein contained, the said three prisoners will be brought here safely.
I hope you will not neglect to send me copies of the examinations you have taken, and it will also be of use to me that
Tou make a memorandum of what observations occur to you
'
Secretary of State for Scotland, and the last person who held that office.
2 G
450
THE PEETENDEES AND THEIR ADHEEETfTS.
on the said examinations. I have given proper directions to

have the three letters deciphered, but it is not impossible but
"
"
you may have found out by this time who Pergus and
"
"
Barclay are.
I am glad to find by yours that
Mr Guest has stUl hopes

making some discoveries by means of Mr Drummoiid and
Lieutenant Campbell of the Highland regiment. I shall next
week send do\vn to General Cope leave of absence for the
The depositions sent you
said Lieutenant for two months.
by the messenger will give you no further light into this
afiair. I forgot to tell you that two of the deserters, who are
able to give the best information, are ordered over here, and
of
will be I'eadv to give their evidence in this matter.
1 am very sensible that all these things will occasion you

a great deal of trouble, at a time when for the most part you
are pretty well employed but as this is a matter of the
;
highest consequence to the peace and quiet of his Majesty's

Government, and has a tendency of a much more dangerous
nature than merely recruiting the French army (as the Scotch
regiments in France must in time become a nursery for propagating disaffection, and for training up officers for the worst
purposes), I persuade myself your zeal for his Majesty's service, and the good of your country, will not allow you to
grudge any pains you can take to give a check to this evil in
the beginning and in such cases a little severity now used
may save numbers of poor innocent people from being deluded.
;
I am, with great regard, my Lord,

Tour Lordship's most humble servant,
TWEEDDALE.
P. S. Ton will communicate this to Sir John Cope and
the solicitor, who, I doubt not, will most zealously concur
with yon in everything that may be proper at this time. I
need not caution any of you, that what is contained in the
several informations, &c., sent down, should be mentioned
only to such whose secrecy and zeal for liis Majesty's service
can be relied on. In March last I recommended to the solicitor, that application should be made to the Commissioners
of the Customs, and other officers of the several ports, to have
an eye on what passengers go abroad and if there was reason
to suspect they were going to France, or were engaged in the
French service, that then they should make application to the
;
SUPPRESSIOK OF THE EEBELLIOJf.
451
Sheriff, Justice of Peace, or principal magistrate of the place,
and detain them till further inquiry

should be made concerning them. The like application shoidd
be now renewed, and the Commissioners should write privately to the several Collectors, &c., to give punctual obedience
to such orders.
for a warrant to stop
THE LOKD ADVOCATE TO CAPTAIN CAMPBELL OF IJfVEEAW.

Edinburgh [24th June,
174.5].
Sin,
I have certain informations that
Donald Cameron, younger,

of Lochiel James Graham, alias M'Gregor, of Glengyle
Alexander Macdonald, younger, of Glengarry and the Captain of Clanranald, are officers in the French service, and that
;
that it is thought
they are now in Scotland raising recruits
to be of great importance to the peace and safety of the Gothat
a
check
should
be
to
this
vernment,
j)ut
practice, by securing the persons concerned and that you and the other
gentlemen in the new-raised Highland companies are able to
;
discover these gentlemen and secure them and that neither

the other military officers in this country, nor the civU officers, are able to perform that service.
I have therefore addressed the warrants enclosed to you,
and if you can be so lucky as to be able effectually to execute
them, I dare adventure to assure you it will be looked upon
as acceptable service by his IMajesty and his servants
and I
must o^\Ti, I think it ndll in the event be found to be an act
of real benefit to the gentlemen themselves, as it wiU prevent
their going on in an affair which I believe wiU in the end be
ruinous to them and their families. At the same time, I am
sensible of the difficulties of the undertaking. I think there
is no prospect of
apprehending them by open force, and therefore I must particularly recommend
secrecy to you, that they
may not knoAv that it is intended they should be secured
and I can have no doubt but that you will be cautious in the
choice of the persons you employ to find out their haunts,
and in the methods you take to come at them. However, as
I am fully satisfied of your zeal for his
Majesty's senace, I
think the thing is not impracticable to
gentlemen of your
and
interest
the
knowledge of,
in,
Highlands; since now
;
2 G 2
452
THE PEETENDERS
ATfD
THEIE ADIIEEENTS.
Jolin Cope -n-ill recommend this service to you in the

strongest manner, and will give directions to the other military officers in your bounds, to give you all necessary assistance that you shall desire from time to time.
I am, Sir, &c. &c.
kSir
WAKRANT FOR THE AEEEST OF JAMES GRAHAM,
alias
MAC
GEEGOR, OF GLENOTLE.
BY KOBEUT CBAIUIE,
Wheeeas
am
ESQ.,
HIS MAJESTY'S
ADVOCATE OF SCOTLAND.
informed that James Graham,
alias
Mac
Gregor, of Glengyle, is guilty of treasonable practices, and

that he is enlisting men and raising recruits for the French
These are authorizing
service in the Highlands of Scotland
you to search for, seize, and secure the person of the said
James Graham, alias Mac Gregor, and the persons enlisted
by him, and to deliver him or them to a constable, or other
oiSccr of the peace, and to send him or them respectively to
Edinburgh, under a sure guard, to be examined, and to be
otherwise proceeded against according to law.
Given xinder
my hand
To Duncan Campbell,
and
seal at
Edinburgh.
of Inveraw, Captain in
Lord John
Murray's Regiment.
To Sir Patrick Murray, of Ochtertyne, Captain

To M'Intosh, of M'Întosh. Captain in ditto.
in ditto.
of a "Warrant follows against Alexander Mac Doyounger, of Glengarry, dated 24th June, 1745.]
[A copy
neli,
CAPTAIN CAMPBELL, OF INVEBAW, TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.
Mt
Inverary, 26th June, 1745.
Lord,
I have this morning received your letter and warrants for

securmg the persons of Lochiel, Glengarry, Clam-anald, and
Glengyle, as officers in the French service, and raising recruits
in Scotland for that service
and, as I take it to be absolutely
necessary for that purpose that the gentlemen commanding
;
SUPPEESSION OF THE EEBELLION.
453
the other two Highland companies, and I, sliould meet in the

first place and concert the most secret and
prudent schemes,
I have, upon receipt of letters, run expresses to them, in order to come to the most convenient place for a speedy meeting, in a manner that I think can give no suspicion of our
design.
Tour Lordship ohserves, very justly, that we are not to

expect success by open force. Secrecy and stratagems we
must only have recourse to and I am hopefid we may succeed by that, so as to secure some of them, and perhaps all.
I beg leave to observe to your Lordship, that some of the
warrants are to be executed with greater certainty, and much
less difficulty, than others, particularly Glengyle. Would it
be right to secure him, or any one of them, as opportunities
will ofler, without regard to the danger of alarming the rest?
or shoiild we wait for the execution of some scheme, by which
they may be all attacked as near the same time as possible ?
though, indeed, Clanranald's situation, if he keeps in his own
country, makes it very difficult as to him. In this I shall be
glad to have your Lordship's advice and as my meetiiig with
M'Intosh and Sir Patrick Murray must be in the braes of
;
Perthshire, you wSl please direct by Castle Menzies, where

I purpose to be on Saturday next, on my way to meet them,
and where notice will be had where to find me.
I can assure you, my Lord, for myself, that I shall use all
endeavours, with the utmost diligence and application, to
have all the warrants effectually put in execution, and I make
no doubt the other gentlemen employed will do the same.
I
am,
my
Lord, &c.
DuK. Campbell.
THE MAEQTJIS OF TWEEBDALE TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.
My
Whitehall, June 27th, 1745.
Loed,
am
what you acquaint me, of Sir John Cope

having despatched Lieutenant Campbell for Flanders, since
I acquainted him myself, here at London, upon what account
he was detained in Scotland, and that it is evident, from what
passed with Mr Guest, that Mr Drummond, who was along
I
siu'prised at
THE PBKTENDEES A^D THEIIl ADHEEENTS.
454
the Lieutenant, was not ignorant of some practices going

on in Scotland.
The information I sent down to the solicitor in the winter
"
mentions M'Kenzie, master of the " M'Kenzie
of Alloa,
^vitli
having brought to Holland Mr Drummond, with several

and it is not imothers, who went immediately to France
probable this is the same Mr Drummond, or one nearly reI shall, however, take no notice of this tiU I
lated to him.
hear from Sir John Cope himself, who probably will take
notice of it when he answers my letter, by which I inform
him the Lords Justices having signed leave of absence to the
said Lieutenant, and shall probably write a pretty smart letter
if he does not give good reasons for what he has done.
You know very well I can have no great confidence as to
;
my interest in the Lord Justice Clerk,

and therefore am much of your opinion he is not to be trusted
with secrets, but only to be employed as it shall be thought
anything relating to
necessary for his Majesty's service. I am sure Armistowu

and the Solicitor may see many reasons why some correspondence should be kept up v^dth him in such terms as the
present.
I think Sir John Inglis should be spoken to, to give more

than usual attention to what letters come to the post-house
at Edinburgh. If he wants such a warrant as he had during
the appearances of the last invasion, he shall have it. A
thought has come into my head, which probably, if put into
execution, might procure us better intelligence than we have
ever yet had of what may be passing in the North I mean,
by the Clergy. If Mr Wallace would fix a correspondence
with particular ministers in the several most disaft'ected
:
we might happen
to learn more exactly when any

come amongst them. I wish you would hint
AVaUace, and see if he has any objection to it
this be spoke of to no other person excepting the
countries,
strangers
this to
but
let
Mr
Solicitor.
Complaints being made of great abuse occasioned by the

passes given to the merchants for bringing home their effects
from France, diu'ing the six mouths allowed by treaty, that
several of these passes are still made use of, you will
probably
see in the next Gazette an advertisement, declaring them to
be no longer of any force.
have heard as yet nothing
material from abroad, but are expecting uews every mail.
We
SrPPEESSIO" OF THE EEBELLION.
Tou
455
newspapers an account of Lord George

Graham's success, which I am very glad of.
I am, wdth great truth.
Tour most faithful, humble servant,
will see in the
TWEEDDAIE.
SIE
ANDREW MITCHELL TO THE LORD ABVOCATE.
Mt
Wliitehall, 3rd July, 1745.
Lord,
The substance of the
intelligence about the young Pretender has got iato the printed papers, but it does not greatly
alarm those not concerned in the Government however, it
is to be wished tliat all possible care be taken to
get iatelligence in Scotland, in doing of which, all his Majesty's servants will heartily concur.
There are reports that the Fi-ench have a considerable
squadron at Brest, but we do not hear of any troops on their
western coast, without which no invasion can be effected. It
is said there are some troops gathered on the coast of
Grallicia,
and that there are two or three Spanish men-of-war at Ferrol,
which, it is presumed, are intended to convey them somewhere into the King's dominions. From all that has yet
appeared, I think there is no danger, but some people "are
;
grievously alarmed.
Could France and Spain have foreseen the situation this

nation is ia at this moment, they could never have had a more
favourable time for executing their projects, and
disturbing
the peace of this country. Osteud is now besieged we had
the good fortune to dismount one battery of the French, but
it is since
repaired, and I hear that the entry to the harbour
is exposed to the fire of a
battery they have raised on the
beach, at a little distance from the town. Our army remaias
in the old encampment.
I fear the cunning of the French
if they should slip between them and
Antwerp, it may be of
the worse consequence, for retreat is our only safety.
Tou had formally transmitted to you an examuiation of
John Macleod, taken before Charles Stuart and Captain
"
"
man-of-war. As this ship
Beevor, commander of the Fox
convoys the trade to Leith, the Lords of the Admiralty have,
at my Lord Tweeddale's
request, ordered Captain Beevor to
:
TUE PEETENDEES AND THEIE ADHEEENTS.
456
acquaint you
when
lie
arrives,
and to send Macleod on shore
Lord tliinks you should take

to be examined by you.
his affidavit, which will be a suiiieient ground for committuig
names.
he
any of the persons
I am, &e.
My
Andeew Mitchell.
SIK PATRICK
MUEEAT TO THE LOED ADVOCATE.

OchtertjTe, llth July, 1745.
SlE,
Monday
last,
Captain Campbell, of Inveraw, wrote to Sir
steps we three captains had taken towards

putting in execution the warrants you sent us some time ago.
I wrote to Greneral Guest last week, ia which letter I told
him that I had laid a scheme, and was in hopes of getting
John Cope what
one of the four persons who are suspected. AVTiether it will

succeed or not I cannot tell, but I expect this week to know
If I am so lucky as to get the man, I shall bring
him directly to you at Edinburgh.
I have been iuforraing myself about young Glengarry, who
has not been in the Highlands for some weeks past and I
am very credibly informed that he is just now at Traguegar,
In most things young Glengarry
or in the neighbourhood.
and if he keeps
is advised and directed by Baron Kennedy
its fate.
in the south, I dare say you will fall upon a way to get hold
of him.
If he comes north, we will try, and have him too, I
thiuk.
I am. Sir, &c.
Pat.
CAPT. CAMPBELL, OF I>'TEEAW, TO
Mr
Mueeat.
TUE LOED ADTOCATE.

Inveraw, 15th July, 1745.
LoED,
Tour Lordship's letter of the 13th instant, with the warrant aud Sir John Cope's order and letter, I received this
morning, just as I was setting out for Lochabar after other
game. AH I can do iu the mean time is, to promise my utmost endeavours to execute your last warrant, aud shall lose
no time in going about it.
457
SUPPKESSIOH or THE EEBELLION^.
I think at present of doing is to march my comSir John Cope to wait a repany to Crief, as it" ordered by
view and as we are expected there soon for that purpose,
kind of suspicion. Your Lordthis, I believe, can give no
want is close by Crief, and
ship knows that the person you
as this is the best blind I can at present think of, if I try it,
I hope Sir John Cope will excuse my changing quarters
without orders for though that place is the head-quarters
of Sir Patrick Jtlurray's company, as your Lordship and Sir
with the secret and exeseem to trust me
John
What
;
Cope
solely
cution of this warrant, I choose rather to have my own comwitli me thau call for the assistance of any other, with-
pany
out a greater force be necessary.

I was in that country last week, contriving the execution
of your first commands, when it was an easy matter to make
this efl'ectual, and, without some imlucky accident give alarm,
I shall inform your Lordship from
I hope it will be still so.
time to time of any estraordinaries, and am, with great
Duif- Campbell.
esteem, &c.
SIE
ANDEEW MITCHELL TO THE LOED ADVOCATE.

WliitehaU, 3"*Ji July, 1745.
My
Lord,
It is now so late that my lord had time to v\ rite no more.

As there are copies of the intelligence from Pai is transmitted
make no remarks upon it only

with me that it wiU be proper that these
to very lew, because to be
papers should be communicated
alarmed upon such grounds discovers a weakness, which ought,
I shall say no
for the sake of Government, to be concealed.
more on this head, as your Lordship remembers the last inbut
than
formidable
more
this,
in itself, indeed,
vasion,
rendered dangerous only from our fears and pusillanimity.
The character of IMonsieur Van Hoey, the Dutch Minister
He has long
at Paris, must be known to your Lordship.
to your Lordship, I need
you
will agi-ee
been considered as a slave to France, gained partly by money,

but more by flattery, for he is a vain, weak, mean man, as
and if
his whole transactions at that Court have shown
;
of his capacity, read his

your Lordship desires further proof
letters published about three years ago, which, to have
THE PEETENDEBS AND THEIB ADHEBENTS.
458
written, would disgrace even an old story-teUing woman.

At the same time I am sensible that no intelligence of this
sort ought to be despised, as it is so much the interest of
France to give a diversion at home, and I have no doubt that
everything wiU be done that is proper for his Majesty's
service but I cannot bear to think, that by the means of a
;
rumour or a foolish and ill-concerted project, it should

be in the power of France to make this nation show symptoms of fear, without which there can be no alarm.
This morning a messenger arrived from Ostend, before
which place the French began to appear. I do not know
that it is yet invested, which I believe cannot be done so
false
The fortificaquickly, as the country about is overflowed.

Ac, are in very bad order but the place is open
bv sea, and may be constantly supplied from hence or from
tions, guns,
HoUand.
General Chandos, the Governor, is now in the town. He
reckoned a good ofiicer, and if he is properly supported I
hope will do his duty. The troops, stores, &c., sent from
hence, arrived last Saturday. It is thought our army wiU
extend nearer Antwerp but as the French have sent a large
detachment to Ostend, besides the men they have in garrison
in the towns lately taken, I think they cannot be much superior to us in number, and if they are not, we are sure they
wiU not attack. I have hardly time to read this over, so you
will excuse every blunder in it from
is
Tours
sincerely,
A. M.
THE
Mt
M.\.BQUIS OF
TWEEDDALE TO THE LORD AUTOC.VTE.

Whitehall, 1st August, 1745.
Lohd,
I have received yours of July the 2.5th.

I am sorry at
the disappointment yon have met with in relation to the
person commonly called Duke of Perth, but there is no help
I
for such accidents, and you cannot be blamed for them.
have wrote to Sir John Cope of this matter, and have given
him orders to inquire strictly into the manner how this person escaped from Captain Campbell.
have received several other intelligences of the same
We
SJJPPRESSIOJf OF
THE REBELLION.
459
nature with those I transmitted to you by express. All of

them positively alfirm that the Pretender's son had sailed
from Nantz on the 15th of last month, N. S., and that he is
landed in Scotland, and mention the Isle of Mull as the place
where he actually is. You will therefore, as I recommended
in my last, make the strictest inquiry into this matter.
I
own I think, if he is in Scotland, the Isle of Uist would be
a likelier place for him to laud in than the Isle of Mull and,
if he is in any other part of Scotland, I think it
impossible
that he should remain long there, without some of his Majesty's servants receiving intelligence of him, either from the
;
officers employed in recruiting, or from those

belonging to
the revenue in those parts.
do not hear that as yet
there are any forces sent from France but it is said that
in case he gathers a number of men together, and makes
some good head, he will then be effectually supported from
We
thence.
Orders are given in the mean time for immediately equipping a strong squadron of men-of-war. I think you should
now lose no time in inquiring after James Drummond, since
the more I think of that matter, the more I am convinced
he knew something of these aftairs and as I hinted formerly,
if he does not discover willingly what he knows, he should be
apprehended and obliged to do it.
I herewith send you down some other papers transmitted
;
from Flanders, relating to the enlisters for Drummond's

regiment, and in case you find any mentioned in these last
which were not in the former, you will issue the proper warrants for apprehending them in case they can be discovered.
There is one Captain Stuart, whom I wish particularly could
be seized. I had almost forgot to take notice to you, that I
don't find in Captain Campbell's letter to Sir John Cope,
that he takes the least notice of his ha\'ing searched in order
to his finding any letters or papers, and therefore particular
care should be taken, that in aU waiTants for apprehending
suspected persons, orders should be given for searching for
papers, which, if found upon them, may be of great conse-
quence.
There is a proclamation ordered to be issued, offering a

reward of 30,000 to any one who shall apprehend the Pretender's son, in case he is landed in Scotland, or should atI am, &c. &c.
tempt to land.
TWEEDDALE.
THE PEETEIfDEES
460
A>"D
THEIE ABHEEENTS.
SIE AJvDEEW MITCHELL TO THE LOED ADVOCATE.
Mt
Lobd,
I wrote to your Lordship by the express of last Tuesday

night, aud though it was then very late, I could not help ex-
pressing my sentiments of an atfaii' which I still t hink is

treated with too much seriousness.
It is now said, that the
person mentioned in the informations is landed in the Isle of
Mull. Is it possible that this can have happened, and none
of his Majesty's servants in Scotland have the least notice of
it ?
Can the now proprietor of that island be ignorant of an
event of this consequence, or would he conceal it if it was
known to him ? It is more probable that all this story is an
invention of the French, in order to divert the naval force of
f
kingdom from being employed against them, and by intimidating with false alarms of domestic troubles, to prevent
the right use of the unfortunate army in Flanders ?
This is my opinion but admitting that the informations,
of which you have copies, were well founded, it is there
aveiTed that he sailed on the 15th N. S. July, in the " Elizabeth," attended by a small sloop and we find that a French
"
ship of sixty-four gims, believed to be the Elizabeth," tothis
gether with a sloop, were roundly mauled by his Majesty's

"
Lion," on the 9th of July, old style, that is, the
ship, the
20th of July, N. S., and he was on "board the " Elizabeth."
I dare say he is still in France. Eead the articles from the
Admiralty Office in the Gazette of the 23rd of July. I hear
of no news from Ostend. I hope our army will be able to
remain where they are, in safety, as so great a part of the
enemy's forces are employed elsewhere.

I am, most sincerely yours,
SIE
Mt
A.M.
ANDEEW MITCHELL TO THE LOED ADVOCATE.

WTuteliaU, 6th August, 1745.
Loed,
The accounts you will find in the papers, of prizes taken
two
by
privateers, the value of which is estimated at 80,000,
is true, and a
convoy is ordered for bringing them to Eng
SUPPRESSION OF THE EEBELLION.
461
probable that Captain Barnet has likewise taken

one French man-of-war, and two Chinese ships of that nation,
valued at 200,000. There are reports of some Manilla ships
being taken by two other privateers, but I do not choose to
believe everything of this kind that is at present reported.
The accounts from Ostend are not favourable, and unless it
be strongly reinforced from time to time, it cannot hold out,
but this can be done only from the army in Flanders.
1 am vours, &c.
land.
It
is
A. M.
OOTEENOB CAMPBELL TO
STE
JOHN COPE.
Fort William, 7th August, 1745.
SlE,
I am sorry I have reason to send you an express sooner
than I expected.
few hours since I had intelligence, that in
the country of Moidart, inhabited by the Maedonalds, all
Eoman Catholics, came in ten or twelve transports, with a
and on board of them, they say,
ship of force, all French
there are two thousand men who are now landed.
The
country gentlemen here supply them with all manner of
if we are atfresh provisions.
for
us
in
this
Unhappy
place
tacked the party that was in Sutherland not being returned,
and the inner gate, which was pulled down some time ago,
not yet rebuilt but all hands are now busy at work to make
it
up.
This day I shall send to the country of Moidart, to know

the certaint}' of what is told me and when he returns, will
run you another express.
I am. Sir, &c.
;
Alexander Campbell.
P. S.
The truth of this I cannot affirm, as the person
that told me saw neither the ships nor people, but was informed of it by a relation of his, who said he was in com-
pany with them.
THE PKETEJfDEES AND THEIR ADHEEEXTS.
4G2
THE MAKQUIS Or TWEEDDALE TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.

(extract.)
Whitehall, 6th August [1745].
We
have been chiefly taken up tliis day in reading intelligences received about the Pretender's son. They all amount
pretty much what was transmitted to you formerly.

i would not say anything to prevent his
Majesty's
servants taking aU the precautions in their power,
yet I own,
in my o^vn private opinion, you will not receive" this visit
to
Though
this
summer.
am
vexed at your being detained so long in EdinI know yovi must be wishing to
go to the
but
country
you must see the necessity of it for some time,
and therefore I hope you will not grudge it much, since
your stay is so much for the sen-ice of your King, country,
and friends.
I know nothing particular from
Germany to Avrite to you.
Our army in Flanders continues near Brussels. Ostend is
and
I
am
the
last
afraid, by
besieged,
accounts, cannot hold
I
burgh,
really
when
;
out long. Tou will see in the

newspapers of a rich prize
being taken by two privateers. It is certainly the richest
prize that has been taken this year. "WTiateverour landmen
Adieu
Believe me
do, the seafaring people grow rich.
!
Sincerely yours,
TwEEDDALE.
SIB
ANDREW MITCHELL TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.
Mr Lord,
My Lord
"Whitehall, 10th August, 1745.
Marquis has gone to the country, but will be in

to\\-n nest
Monday. He desired me to acquaint you that
there is no more intelligence about the Pretender's 'son.
Yesterday we had news from Hanover, that his Majesty
intends to return to Britain forthwith, and orders are
already
given for the yachts to be in readiness. It is expected they
wiU sail for Holland by the beginning of nest week. "We
have no other news but what you will find in the Gazette of
this night.
"l am, &c.
Andkew Mitchell.
SUPPEESSIOTT OF THE EEBELLIOK.
463
CAPTAIN CAMPBELL, OF INTEEAW, TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.

Callander, 10th August, 1745.
My
Lord,
The enclosed note came to
me this day, from a man I used

I have written to the other captains
of our regiment, according to your Excellency's
orders, and shall lay myself out all I can for information, as
to correspond with.
and
officers
you
direct.
I am, with great respect, &c.
Duncan Campbell.
P. S.
Since writing, I have received my orders for marchPrince Charles, the Chevalier's son, is
ing to Inverary.
landed, and General M'Donald is with him. What company
they have is jêt uncertain, but it is sure they will have a
good number very soon.
LORD EOETHOSE TO THE LOBD AJDTOCATE.

Bruan
Mr
Castle, lOth August, 1745.
Lord,
I received your Lordship's of the 5th this morning, and

though I have for several days heard a rumour of an intended
invasion, yet, as I never believed it, I was at no pains to get
However, upon receipt of yours, I have diintelligence.
rectly sent off an express to Alexander Campbell, my factor
in KintaU, to acquaint me if there are any unusual meetings
or commotions in the neighbouring parts.
As soon as I
hear any material news, I shall acquaint you per express, as
none has his Majesty's and royal family's interest more at

heart than, my Lord,
Yours, &c.
FOETROSE.
captain CAMPBELL OF INVEEAW TO THE LORD ADTOCATE.
Mt
Callander, 10th August, 1745.
Lord,
Tour letter and warrant of the 6th instant came to hand

I was, however, ia the braes of Mouteith, upon a double
;
THE PEETENDEES AND THEIE ABHEEENTS.
104!
order to attack Glenbuckie's house, and other

suspected places in that country, for the Duke of Perth,
which I accordingly did this morning before daylight for I
found neither the one nor the other. To my great surprise,
T was told that Glenbuckie was apprized of a warrant being
out against him, not only told it by his lady, but by the
minister of Aberfoile, before I received your letter.
I made the search, as for the Duke; and, as other places
were attacked at the same time, it will take off the suspicion
of my having this warrant, and nobody knows of it from me
but my Lieutenant, so that I believe there will be a better
chance of executing it some little time after this, when the
alarm is partly over.
I am satisfied the Duke of Perth is in this country, if he
has not left it very lately but it is so much his own, that
every man in it is a spy upon us so that while he is so
much upon his guard, there is no gi-eat chance of surprising
him. I have done all in my power, by night and day, to
little pur[iose, and have fatigued my company to a great degree and I do assure your Lordship, I have myself paid sufin the Duke's
ficiently in body and mind for my misfortune
unlucky escape but I hope for amends.
I was not a little surprised to find that gentleman (whom
you mentioned would give me a guide to Glenbuckie's)
and some
fully instructed in all the warrants I knew of,
more. I will not pretend to direct your Lordship in yoiuknowledge of men, but if that man acts the part with you in
his discoveries, that I am sensible he has done with me as to
the Duke of Perth, you will find little faith in him, and I
am not free of suspicion of his discovering the warrant I
went last about, and as likely he may others. AVhatever information your Lordship gets from him, I humbly beg leave
to advise he should get none of your secrets, and am, with
great esteem, &c. &c.
duty, in
Dim. Campbell.
Since writing the above, I
have received Sir John

P. S.
In that
Cope's orders to march my company to Inverary.
to
the
last
I
can
of
no
use
as
warrants. The other
be
event,
two companies may.
srPPBESSIOIf OF THE REBELLION.
465
THE DUKE OF AEGTLL TO THE LOED ADVOCATE.
Mt
Eosneath, August 10, 1745.
Lobd,
I yesterday received your letter without date, but I take

The news from the Highlands vary
it to be of the 7th.
strangely, for having waited till this morning for my letters
from Argyllshire, I find it now believed that a ship landed
men at tlist, an island of the Clanranald family.
Toung Loehiel dined last week at Fort William with the
officers there, and does not seem to conceal himself at all.
I intend to go to Inverary next week, if these rumours blow
If the matter grows serious, I shall not be in safety
over.
there.
I am,
my
Tour most
Lord,
obedient,
humble
servant,
Aegyll.
THE DUKE OF GORDON TO THE LOED ADVOCATE.
Mt
I
Haddo House,
11th August, 1745.
Loed,
have this
me by
moment
express from
received your letter, which was sent to

wife to this place.
my
The express that you sent, I find, has been long detained
on the road, which was occasioned from the excessive rains,
which made the rivers impassable. I thought it was my dut}'
to write to your Lordship as soon as it was in my power, and
to assiu-e you that I shall communicate to you all the intelligence that I can have from that part of the Highlands wherein
I am concerned, and shall act upon this occasion as I have
done all along, in being a faithful subject to his Majesty, and
doing my utmost endeavours to oppose the impending efforts
of all enemies to this kingdom.
The Earl of Aberdeen, to whom I have communicated the
contents of your letter, desires to join with me in his complito your Lordship, and begs leave to let you know that
the people in this country are now quite ignorant of this report, and are seemingly well affected to his present Majesty
and Government. I hope, in the first letter I have the pleasure to write you, to inform your Lordship that the Highlanders in my interest are in the same situation.
I am, my Lord, &c.
Goedon.
2 H
ments
46G
TIIE
P. S.
That
PRETENDERS AND THEIR ADHERENTS.

this letter
I have sent one of
might come the sooner to your hands,

servants express along with it.
my own
THE EAEL OF St/THEELAND TO THE LORD ADTOCATE.
Mt
Dunrobin, 11th August [1745].
Lord,
Your favour is now before me, by which you inform me

that the Lords Justices had intelligence that a report was
current at Paris that the Pretender's eldest son had embarked
with an intention to land in Scotland, where he expected to
be joined by the Highlanders.
This intelligence I have many reasons to apprehend is but
too well founded. I have had private intelligence to the same
purpose within these two days, and have sent to acquauat the
Duke of ArgyU of it and I have several reasons to think
that the Pretender's son expects to be joined by too many in
the Lowlands as well as in the Highlands, and that a general
insurrection is designed of the disaffected party both South
;
and North. It happens greatly amiss,
in such an
emergency,
that his Majesty's firmest friends in the Highlands are destitute of arms and ammunition for their own defence and his
Majesty's service, when his most inveterate enemies are too
well provided, and threaten, as I am certainly informed, in
less than a fortnight's time, to do all the mischief that their
malice, armed with fire and sword, can effect, to such of their
neighbours as are most attached to his Majesty's person and
government.
I and Lord Eeay, with our vassals, could raise eighteen
hundred or two thousand men, and with these could effectually britUe all the public enemies North of us, and do considerable service also against the more numerous enemies on
the other hand of us. But what can we do without arms or
ammiuiition ? I made early application to Sir John Cope for
a proper supply, on the surmises we had of a French invasion
near two years ago but my applications have unhappily been
;
neglected, till now there is danger that a supply will come too
late. I am causing to be gathered in and brushed up all the
arms in this country, which, between me and Lord Eeay, I

doubt will not make above two hundred stand, and we shall
SUPPBESSION OF THE REBELLIOX.

need
at least sixteen
467
hundred more of swords and guns, with
proportional ammunition.
I pray, by all the regard you and others of his Majesty's
ministers have for his lilajesty's service and interest, that you
will instantly order a sloop here witli arms and ammunition
It will be
as above, to be dehvered to me on my receipt.
further necessary, my Lord, that a proper person have a commission directly sent to him, to act as Lord-Lieutenant of the
Northern shires. If I am honoured with that commission, I
shall take the utmost care to fidfil it with equal zeal aud
in the time of the former Kefidelity, as my grandiather did
Tou have enclosed, my Lord, a true copy of a conbellion.
tract of mutual friendship I entered into with Lord Reay, in
prospect of the invasion and rebellion that seems to be on the
point of breaking out.
I again entreat, in the most earnest manner, that a proper
supply may be sent me of arms and ammunition, as above,
without any loss of time. If that supply does not come within
twenty days at farthest, it may cost his Majesty abundance

of men and money to recover the loss his interest may sustain
in the North, which the supply mentioned, coming timeously,
might enable me with Lord Eeay's assistance to pre\ent. I
shall take care, from time to time, to commimicate to you and
others of his JMajesty's servants any motions that maj' be in
the Highlands at this juncture, and take proper measures to
get the best intelligence I can for that purpose.
Sutherland.
I am, with great respect, &c.
I have been lately in a bad state of health, but the

P. S.
discoveries I had of danger to the public tranquillity has
roused my spirits and chased away my illness, so that I hope
to be in a condition directly to act with vigour and resolution

in his Majesty's and my country's serrice.
THE PEOVOST or STIELING TO THE LOEB ADVOCATE.
My
Stirlin?, 11th
August, 1745.
Loed,
Tour Lordship's of the 10th came to my hand this morning

about 9 o'clock.
On receipt thereof I sent for our bakers,
and intimated to them your orders, backed with one from
2 H 2
468
myself, ordering them immediately to fall about baking bread

for the forces, and they are already fallen to work and for
the more expedition, I also have ordered the mills to be set
;
a-going immediately.
Tour Lordship's further
observed by, my Lord, &c.
commands
shall
be punctually
AVii.
Chetstie.
THE DTJKE OF AHGYLL TO THE LOED ADVOCATE.

Eosneatli,
Mt
August
12, 1745.
Loed,
I am very sorry for

I have received yours of the 11th.
bad news Sir John Cope has received, and have little to
true.
If
it is, I have nothing
but
that
I
it
is
not
Bay
hope
the
to do but to return. I ^^dsh it were in

power to give any
issistance to my friends of the Government, or that I could
I shall wait
flatter myself that my advice was of any use.
my
here till I hear from Argyllshire, which wiU determine my

journey one way or other.
Aegtll.
I am, my Lord, &c.
LOED OLENOECHY TO THE LOED ADVOCATE.

Taymouth, 12th August,
174.3.
SlE,
letter of the 5th, I sent to the K'orth
Upon receiving your

an account of what was doing there, which is the reason
I find the intelligence
I delayed acknowledging it so long.
received by the Lords Justices is agreeable to a report spread
in that country but I could not learn any particular circumstances, nor any preparations making publicly, for disfor
turbing his Majesty's Grovernment, though 't is very probable

that if the Pretender's son lands (though with a very small
force), he will be joined by several people who would not stir
though a much greater force lauded without him.
I hope such measures are taking by the Government as
wiU prevent any bad consequences from an attempt of this
nature, and stop the progress of it in the beginning. 1 sliaU
-
SrPPEESSIOX OF THE KEBELLION.
469
be always ready to concur, as far as lies in my power, in

everything that may conduce to that end, and shall let vou
know whatever accounts I receive that may be depended upon.
I received yesterday yours and the Solicitor's
joint letter
of the 10th, with enclosed directions in what manner his
Majesty's forces are to be assisted in their march, and have
I hope, if any
given the necessary orders for that purpose.
considerable body of troops are to pass this way, I shall have
timely notice of it, that everything may be ready for their
accommodation.
I am, Sir, &c.
Gleitoecht.
I am
informed French gold

Northern Highlands.
P.S.
is
very current in the
THE MAEQUIS OF TWEEDDALE TO THE lOED ADVOCATE.
Mt
Wliitehall, 13th August, 1745.
Loed,
Since I wrote to your Lordship I liave received yours of

the 6th instant by post, and of the Sth and 9th by express,
all of which I have laid before the Lords Justices, who entirely approve of your conduct.
Ton were certainly in the right in giving an account immediately to our friends in the Highlands of the intelligence
you had received, as also in giving the like information to the
Lord Provost of Edinburgh, to whom, and the Provosts of
Aberdeen, Dundee, and Glasgow, I have wrote by this exI am very glad to
press, as is usual on the like occasions.
find that Sir John Cope has taken the resolution of
marching
with a body of troops immediately to such parts where danger
is most
and I have wrote to him
likely to be apprehended
that it is the opinion of the Lords Justices, that so soon as
he should receive intelligence of the disaft'ected being gathered
together to disturb the peace of his IMajesty's Government,
he should immediately attack them, since a little vigour shown
in the beginning may prevent their growing to a head, which
may prove more troublesome afterwards.
Tou may easily judge that we shall be very impatient till
we hear again from Scotland for though it does not appear
certain that the Pretender's son is himself actually landed,
;
,'
'
THE PEETENDEES AND THEIE ADHEEENTS
470
accounts lately transmitted bitlier confirm in general

yet
the intelligence first received. In my last of the 6th instant,
I wrote to you in relation to James Drummond, who by the
information he has given you seems to be well disposed to
serve his Majest_y, though at the same time I would not enbut of his betirely trust to him, in case he should mislead
havioiu- you nill be able to judge, as his informations may
agree with others you may receive. I do n't know what to
think of the information given against the Deputy Governor
of Fort WiUiam, but it was certainly right, at all events, to
send an account of it to the Duke of Argyll.
The Lords of the Treasury- have sent a credit to Sir John
Cope, and from him your Lordship will call for whatever
money you may have occasion for in order to proem-e intelligence, and for other necessary service of the Government.
The sloop stationed at Leith will always receive orders from
the Admiralty to follow any directions it may receive from
Sir John Cope, and by it arms may be sent to Inverness, as
tlie
is
suggested.
In the informations lately sent up, there are some persons
as being greatly concerned in the treasonable practices
carrying on and I hope your Lordship wiU not scruple the
issuing proper orders for seizing, at this juuctui'e, any such
persons as may reasonably be suspected to be engaged that
way, without waiting for directions from hence, which per-
named
haps
may sometimes come
too late.
I am, my Lord,
ttc.
TWEEDDALE.
SIE A3'DEEW MITCHELL TO THE LORD ADTOCATE.
My
Whitehall, 13th August, 1745.
Loed,
As my Lord
writes to you by this express, I will trouble

you with nothing only you will receive fifty copies of the
late proclamation, which it has been thought proper to send
to you, to be dispersed as you and Sir John Cope shall think
of it to whom you wiU send some of them, if he is not in
Edinburgh. I make no doubt this proclamation has already
been dispersed by the proper oificers.
I am, &c.
And. Mitchell.
;
SUPPEESSION OF THE EEBELIION.
471
THE DUKE OF GORDON TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.
Mr
Gordon
Castle, 14th August, 17-15.
Lord,
According to promise in my last to your Lordship, I think

it
proper to let you know that I am informed that the people
in my estate iu the Highlands are
very quiet, as I can assure
you they are iu this country. I hope to have the pleasure
of seeing you soon iu
to be there
Edinburgh, being obliged
soon with Lord Braco and my neighbours, when I shall use
the freedom to ask your
Lordship's advice in those matters
as a lawyer.
I am, my Lord, &c.
GOEDOX.
GRANT TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.
My
Castle Grant,
dear Loed,
August 15th, 1745.
I received yours of the 5th instant, on Saturday the

10th,
upon which I immediately despatched an express to John
Grant, Chamberlain of Urquhart, which is an estate we have
ten miles above Inverness, and lies f.pon the side oi' Lock
Ness, betwixt Inverness and Fort Augustus, and desired him

up all the information he could, with regard to the
motions of the Highlanders.
Enclosed you have his return to me.
father and I have
ordered him, upon any motion of the Highlanders towards
that estate, to keep them off as weU as he could, and to assure
the whole people that we hoped they would stand firm, and
unite together and be ready to obey any orders
they should
receive from Major Grant, Lieutenant-Governor of
Inverness,
imtil either my father or I should have time to send them
our directions and that we doubted not of their
exerting
themselves in defence of his Majesty and our
happy Government.
My father and I are determined to act with all the zeal
our family formerly did at the Eevolution, and in the
year
1715 and for that purpose will act in concert with those
whom we know to be firmly attached to his Majesty' and hia
to pick
My
We
came from Grangehill last night,'and liave

royal faiiuly.
had a meeting with all the gentlemen of this
and I
country
472
assure you it gave us both the greatest pleasure to find them

all zealous and
ready to venture their lives and all tliey have
for the service of his Majesty and Government. I am not in
the least surprised that the four hundred vre hear are with
the Pretender's son, who came from France with him, were
said to be ten thousand to the Chamberlain of Urquhart.
The people, no doubt, are alarmed and some, out of fear,
and others, with an intention to spirit up rebellion, will
magnify the numbers but I hojie they will, in the event,
make a more despicable appearance than the Spaniards did
;
at Grienshiel.
My father and I have just now a brother of Glenmoriston's

with
us,
and he
is
positive Glenmoriston will not join the
who are near him, but that he will act in concert

At the same time, he is afraid some of his tenants,
M'Donells, will follow Glengarry. I liave just now
other clans
with us.
who
are
heard that old Glenbucket has gone to Glengarry, and that

Keppoch is convening his men and that most of the recruits
M'Donald of Loch Garrie had got for the Earl of Loudon's
regiment, have deserted. I hope all of us, who profess to be
his Majesty's friends, will now show it by our using our best
endeavours to crush this affair in the beginning. I am every
minute expecting to have some further accounts from Inverness, as I am convinced the President and Major Grant will
let us have what intelligence they have.
My wife joins my father and me in offering yon our sincere
;
compliments.
I am,
my
dear Lord, &e.
LuD. Grant.
P. S.
I shall be ready to receive any commands the Government thinks proper to trust me with, and shall execute
them to the best of my power. From time to time I shall
write to you.
LORD OLENORCHT TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.

Taymouth, 15th August, 1745.
Sir,
I hope the intelligence I have just now received is not

true but it is of so great consequence, that I thought it
proper to acquaint you with it, that you may transmit it to
;
473
srpPEESsioN or the eebellio'.
Lords Justices, if tou think there are grounas to believe

it
it, which you may better judge than I cau, by comparing
with what you receive from other hands.
thousand
ten
that
an
account
A gentleman sends me
French are landed in Moidart and Arsaig, and that they are
He
all
the
Camerons.
adds, that it is reported that
joined by
thev are" to march first to Inverary, in order to give an opto the disatfected in Argyllshire to join them, and
tlie
portunity
that they will be so strong, that th'e Duke of Argyll will not
be able to prevent those who are inclined to that party from
rising.
Tou
intent,
is
vnli obsci-ve that this last part, relating to their
who
groimded only on report, but the gentleman
sends me this account insists that he has received it from
such as he imagines he can depend upon. He likewise adds,
that the Deputy Governor of Fort William has burnt the
close by it.
village of ISlarybourg, which lies
I cannot express how much uneasiness I am under in not
to
the
able
do
Government
any service, for want of
being
arms and ammunition; and I desire you to represent it so as
I
may be
supplied.
I am,
Sir,
&c.
Gle>"orcht.
THE
Mt
EAPlL of
rlNDLATER TO THE LOHD ADVOCATE.

16th August, 1745.
Lokd,
On Jlonday
last I
was alarmed by a
letter
from
my
son-
some French
come to the Isle
ships, with arms, officers, and money, were
of Skye, and that the Pretender's son was said to be amongst
them, and that many of the Highlanders in that neighbourhood appeared determined to join them.
I would immediately have despatched an express to your
Lordship with this account, if I had not known that Major
Grant had sent one to General Cope. The news surprised
me extremely, because I had not the least suspicion of any
disturbance. The Jacobites in this country, though elevated
by the success of the French abroad, have of late had no rein-law, INIr Grant, informing
me of a report
that
'
markable caballings that I have heard of. I immediately

made what inquiries I coidd for intelligence, but have not
heard anything considerable.
THE PBETENDEES AND THEIR ADHERENTS.
47i
In general, the Jacobites want to keep us secure. Their

is, that it was only two privateers, who seized some
victual ships bound for Ireland, and sent their boats ashore
for provisions. But it' the Pretender's son is there with arms
and money, or any officers from him, 1 am well convinced
that great niunbers will soon flock to him and although
some of the Jacobite chieftains should not venture to appear
publicly themselves, they will by their demi-vassals eflectuaUy
send out their men.
My humble opinion is, that aU care
ought to be taken to crush it in the bud, which I imagine
language
may
I
very possibly be eftected.
As all the well-aftected chieftains are now in the country,

am convinced tliey will be zealous to exert themselves; and
some few regiments were immediately sent North, to pursue and bear down the rebels, I tliiuk it would be in their
power to quell the insiu-rection before it can be brought to
if
any great length. Yesterday I went to Gordon Castle, and

found the Duke determined to set out for Edinburgh this
I used, in the most
day, which he has accordingly done.
prudent manner I could, all sorts of arguments to persuade
to
exercise his power
him to stay at home, and eftectually
and interest to restrain his people from going out but he
;
him
to go South.
to restrain
all his Highlanders; but I am really of opinion that his prehome
the
at
and
commands
could
sence
people of Euzie
keej)
and Strathbogy, in which there are near three thousand Paand that he would have great
pists, besides other Jacobites
said his private business necessarily obliged
I think that possibly it is not in his Grace's
power
people of Strathai\'en, Glenlivat, and Badenoch besides, if any of them should disobey him, he could
make them feel tlie weight of his resentment severely. If
any of the Marlschal family is in Scotland, it will certainly
draw great numbers from Aberdeenshire and Mearns.
The state of this corner is, that though many of the commons are very well att'ected, they liave no arms. All the arms
in the country ai-e in the hands of the disaffected, which makes
weight
witli the
my
situation very bad.
Your Lordship may depend on
it,
duty, I shall from time to time write

you all the intelligence 1 can pick up in this neighbourhood.
As to what is material in the Higlilands, you wiU have it
much earlier from Mr Grant, and your other friends there.
I am sure that Mr Grant wUl, with the greatest zeal, exthat, according to
my
STIPPEESBION OF THE EEBELLION.
475
powers and interest of his family for his Majesty's

serrice. I pray God may disappoint, both at home and abroad,
the designs of the enemies of our King and country, and give
good success to the endeavours of his Majesty's servants. As
my anxiety is great, if your Lordship or the Solicitor will be
so good as to drop a line to me sometimes, I shall take it as
a very great friendship and favour.
Since writing what is on the other pages, I am informed
that the Duchess of Gordon, on receiving a letter from the
President to the Duke, has despatched an express with it
after him. I do not know whether that may not induce him
to return.
I am just now told that Glengarry's people, and
several other loose Highlanders, are actually in arms and
that many of the Duke of Gordon's people, imagining themert all the
own inclinations, it is suspected, if the Duke do not soon return, they may take the
son is
opportunity of his Grace's absence for doing it.
selves at liberty to follow their
My
moment
arrived, and it gives me great joy to

that the forces are marching northward.
this
understand
I am, with the most sincere esteem, &c.
FlNDLATEK AND Se AFIELD.
THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE TO THE LOUD ADyOCATE.
Mt
Whitehall, loth August, 1745.
Loed,
This morning I received yours of the 11th instant, with
letters from Sir John Cope by express, aU which I have communicated to the Lords Justices; and they having expressed
some surprise at his having suspended, on such slight intelligence as is contained iu his of the 11th, the execution of
the plan laid down in his of the 10th, of marching immediately towards the forts that form a chain from Inverness to
Fort "WiUiam, as the most effectual method to put a stop to
the progress of his Majesty's enemies who may rise in favour of the Pretender, I have received their directions to
despatch this express forthwith to Sir John Cope, with their
orders that he should immediately march and
put the aforesaid plan in execution,
not\vithstanding any reports he may
have heard of any landing of troops, and even notwithstanding any actual debarkation of troops.
47G
I have not time at present to enter into further particubut thouglit proper to inform you of this that you may
likewise know the opinion of liis Majesty's servants here at
I am, &c.
this juncture.
lars,
TWEEDDALE.
SIR

"WTiitoliall, 1.5th
August, 1745.
My
Lord,
I had not time to write to you by the express sent this
evening to Sir John Cope. My Lord has acquainted you
with the resolution and orders of the Lords Justices, of which
the speedier the esecution is, the easier it wiU be. Most
the
people here imagine that the attempt in the extremity of
island cannot be intended as the principal point the enemies
of this nation have in view, but tliat by this they endeavour
to cover something of a more dangerous nature, and by drawing attention to the extreme parts, to be able, with more
All this I hope is but speculasafety, to attack the vitals.
tion, and tliere are some who seem pleased with what has
it
may occasion the bringing of
happened, because, forsooth,
the troops from Flanders.
The credit sent to Sir John Cope by the express of last
Tuesday was intended for your Lordship's use, as well as
and he is directed to give what money you call for

was judged better to have the credit in the name of
one person, as the account will afterwards more easily be
settled than if several had been concerned, and your Lordship wiU by this means be free of a very troublesome piece
for his,
only
it
I mean settling accounts with the Auditors of

of business.
the Imprest.
have no news. There is nothing remarkable from
Ostend. I hope your Lordship will continue to animate
those that want spirit, for some such there are with you,
and this mad scheme of invading barren mountains, on the
faith of a perfidious race, must soon end in the destruction
I am
of those concerned in it.
We
Your
taithful,
humble servant.
And. Mitcheh.
SUPPEESSION OF THE REBELLIOK'.
477
MR SHERIFF CAMPBELL TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.
My
Inverary, 16th August [17-45], at 9 at night.
Lord,
I received the lionour of your Lordship's letter of the 15th,

upon the subject of seizing the boats in some locks and friths
wthin tliis Admiralty, aud have transmitted a warrant for
that eflect to Captain Campbell of Inveraw this night, who
marched from hence to-day upon another command. I have
no certain account from the JNTorth to-day. I expect soon
to have notices which I may depend on, aud shall transmit
them to the Duke of Argyll, who, no doubt, will communicate
them to you and Sir John Cope.
I am, with the greatest respect,
my
Lord, &c.
Arch. Campbell.
THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.
Mt
Lord,
Yesterday I received yours of the 13th instant, along with

some other letters from Sir John Cope, despatched by express.
I give but little credit to the information sent by Captain
Campbell, Deputy Governor of Fort William, aud much less
to Cadie Hastie's affidavit before the Lord Provost of Edinburgh, of which I am apt to believe you judged perfectly
right.
I own that, nothwithstanding all the informations we have

yet received, I think it still, iu my own private opinion, very
doubtfid if the Pretender's son be actually landed in Scotland but rather incline to believe that those said to be
landed from the frigate are persons that have been sent by
him or the Court of France, with a double view both to alarm
us here, and also previously to feel the pulse and temper of
the people and tliat in case they should meet with any encouragement, and find numbers inclined to rise, that then he
himself" would come over.
But whether this be so, or that
he is actually landed, I can make no doubt but that Sir
John Cope's marching to Fort Augustus with the troops he
has will put an effectual stop to aU attempts, and entirely
disconcert their measures and I hope he has not been di;
478
THE PEETEJfBEES AND TUEIR ADHERENTS.
verted from
it
by auy intelligence he may liave received, for
well that things will be greatly magnified, and endeavours used by the enemies of his Majesty's Government
to alarm the friends of it by false surmises and, indeed,
should he have delayed his march, the Lords Justices here
will not be well pleased, considering the positive orders he
has received from me on that head.
As Sir John Cope, in a former letter, very justly took notice of the very great disadvantage he was under, from the
want of proper officers to act under him, his Majesty's servants here have in view to send down General Blakeney,
an old officer of experience and sernce, to assist him. I have
wrote likewise to the Lords of the Admiralty inibrming them
of the intelligence we had received, and how necessary it was
know
for his Majesty's service to send vessels to cruise on the west

coast of Scotland among the islands, and I make no doubt
but their Lordships will immediately give the proper orders
on that
subject.
I have returned an answer to the letter I received from

the President, which he wi'ote to me in consequence, as he
says, of having taken the resolution, \ipon these reports, of
going sooner towards Invernesshire than he at first intended,
where I am sensible his presence will be of great sernee. He
takes no notice to me of the intelligence to be transmitted
me by Sir John Cope, so I suppose his said letter was

written before he had received that intelligence, nor have I
ever heard the name of the person of consequence in the
Highlands, who is said to have transmitted this and the former
to
intelligence to his Lordship.

Yesterday afternoon we received
an express from Ostend,

find that, it being impossible for that place to
hold out above two or three days at most. General Chandos,
agreeably to opinion of all the officers of the garrison, had
oft'ered to capitulate, and
accordingly had obtained an honourable capitiUation, by which all the troops, English, Dutch,
by which we
and Austrian, are
at liberty to go where they please.

The
are arrived this morning, but as I have not yet
seen the letters, I can wi-ite 3'ou no news; but as I hope the
yaehts are already on the other side of the water, I take it
for granted we shall have the happiness of seeing his Majesty
soon here.
You know I do n't usually deal in compliments, and there-
Dutch mails
SUPPEESSIOIf OF THE EEBELI,IO:S'.
479
fore I
hope you "will believe it to be none, wlien I assure von

that I think your conduct at this critical juncture is
perfectly
right. There is a just medium between being greatly alarmed
and neglecting matters, and that is calmly to take the just
and necessary measures and precautions, and to be
prepared.
I am, with great regard, &c. &c.
TWEEDDALE.
THE EARL OF MORAY TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.
Mt
Culloden, 17th August, 1745.
Lord,
Yesterday, at Bruan Castle, I received your Lordship's

and
Solicitor's letter, with the instructions for the Sheriff Deputies of this
county. I came to Inverness this morn-
Mr
and shall take care to enjoin my deputies to follow the

instructions transmitted by your
Lordship with regard to the
King's troops, but to do their duty in every respect, as becomes loyal and dutiful subjects in" this critical
juncture.
I am extremely glad to find that the vessel with arras is
arrived.
I only wish the number had been
greater, as the
King's friends seem to have few or none, and I am afraid
ing,
the same thing cannot be said with respect of the enemies of

the Government. According to the information hitherto
got,
there is but one frigate that has appeared or landed
any men
upon the west coast, and the number is said not to exceed
As to the conduct of the people in
thirty.
Glengarry and
Lochabar, a very few days will clear it up. Your Lordship
need not doubt of my doing everything in
my power that can
contribute to his Majesty's interest.
I am, my Lord, &c. &c.
MoE.i.x.
LORD GLENORCHY TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.

Tavmouth, 18th August,
17-15.
Sir,
I thought the
intelligence I sent you in my last
letter of the loth wanted confirmation as to the number of
the French landed, yet having received it from one who as-
Though
sured
me
it
came from good hands, I would not omit
ac-
4S0
TUE PEETENDERS AND TUEIE ADHEBESTS.
quaintiug you with it but I am just now informed by a

person, who is come from that part of the country, that tlie
Pretender's son is certainly landed with some gentlemen,
and a few others with him ; that the Pretender was proclaimed, and his standard set up on Saturday the 10th, or
Monday the 12th, of this month, and that a considerable
number of Highlanders were flocking unto him, particularly
;
Sir Alexander M'Douald's men. Glengarry's men, Lochiel's

men, Keppoch and his men, and several others, who wiU be
certainly joined by all the loose, disorderly fellows of that
country, which will soon make up a pretty large body
that a gentleman of the name of M'Donald has been in Badenoch, and can-ied with him several people of that name
who lived there, and that another gentleman of the same
name has been in Strathspey with the same success.
This, I am assured, is the true state of the case, but as the
;
people gather every day, it is impossible to judge how many

they now are, or what number they will be. They are aU
well armed, and the Pretender's son has brought a great deal
of arms and money with him, whilst those who wish well to
the Grovernment have neither ai-ms nor money to serve it.
They give out that they are to be supported very soon by a
great body of troops from France, and that his Majesty's
army is too small to make any resistance, and that the Dutch
have shown such a coolness, that we cannot expect anything
from them. Those who are assembled are in high spirits, and
talk of carrying all before them without opposition.
Though this account is bad enough, I am glad it is not so
formidable as that which I sent you last.
I am, Sir, &c.
GrLEXORCHX.
THE EAKL OF FIXDLATEB TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.
Mt
Cullen House, 20th August, 1745.
Lord,
Although I cannot doubt but your Lordship has fuller
and further intelligence of what is doing in the Highlands
than I can give, yet I think it right for me to let you know
what I learn.
Yesterday I was informed, from pretty good authority,
THE EEBELLIOW.
SlTPPnESSIOJf OF
4S1
that Lords Tullibardine and Marischal, with Lochiel and

several other gentlemen, the number in all about three hunthat Sir Alexdred, were come with the young Pretender
that
ander Macdonald's men have actually joined him
Clanranald, Glengarry, young Lochiel, and the Camerona and
Macleans, were all on foot to join him and that Keppoch is
so sanguine, that when some of the Duke of Gordon's tenants, of the name Maedonald. showed a reluctancy to the
so that
work, lie caused Tiotti/h (hamstring) their cattle
whatever difficulties the Duke's tenants in Loehabar may
have on account of his Grace's not appearing, it is probable
that they vi-ill follow Lochiel and Keppoch.
They say that
Perth and Glenbucket are with them.
I am told that the present way of thinking of the Duke
of Gordon's people, Strathbogy and Enzie, is, that it is not
their business to move unless the Duke were at their head.
I am also told that their present way of talking is, that they
expect no assistance from France, and have but faint hopes
from Spain. But though the attempt be almost desperate,
I do
it was necessary to make it, as being the last push.
not know but this may be a form of speech to please many
of their people, who have got into a habit of saying that they
If they have
are not fond of his coming by foreign power.
money, some people are afraid that they may get considerable
additions to their number from Ireland.
The Duke of Gordon returned to Gordon Castle on SunI am told that he is threatened with a return of his
day.
;
old distemper, which they say makes his motions very uncertain.
Last week, when I saw him, I did indeed think him
more volatile than ordinary. I heartily wish the insurrection
in the bud, and am, wdth sincere esteem,
be
crushed
may
Tour Lordship's most
faithful,
obedient servant,
riNDLATEB
G. 1.
TO TEE LOED ADVOCATE.

Crief,
Mt
Loeb Advocate,
I just steal a moment from
you
AKI) SeaFIELD.
that, after a tedious long

2
20th [August], 1745.
a hurry of business to acquaint
march
I
in
a wet day, we came
482
camp last niglit about ten, and rest all this clay until
LasceUes' regiment join us, and march to-morrow. The
By what I can learn, the
general had an express last night.
M'Donalds have taken prisoners two young companies of St
on
their
march
that
were
to
reinforce Port William.
Clair's,
Captain Thomson was not up, who commanded, but the
other Captain fired three rounds and killed four Highlanders,
and had five killed and the Captain wounded. I know no
more, but they expect the Duke of AthoU here this day, and
to the
my
Lord Glenorchy.
I am, &c.
G. L.
THE MAEQUIS OF TWEEDDALE TO THE LOED ADVOCATE.

WiitehaU, 20th August, 1745.
My
Loed,
Tours of the 15th I received by express on Simday last,
with a copy of the Lord Justice Clerk's letter to you enand they
closed, which I have laid before the Lords Justices
;
approve the orders that you intend to give for stopping boats
may he supposed to be carrying provisions to the
French ship, or their adherents upon the coast, whenever
application shall be made to you for that purpose by the
Commissioners of the Customs, as a necessary measure at
that
this juncture.
I hope I have
wrote so positively and so plainly to Sir
John Cope what the opinion
of his Majesty's servants is

here, as to his conduct in order to the speedy suppressing
any insurrection that may happen, that I am hopeful he
cannot mistake it, and wiU therefore not delay putting it in
execution.
I own I am not a little surprised that we have not received more certain intelligence of what is passing on the
north-west coast of Scotland, since I think it would have
been very proper, upon the first alarm, to have despatched
two or three people on purpose from Edinburgh on that
account.
As I hinted to you in my last. General Blakeney sets out to-morrow for Scotland.
Yon wiW observe, by the capitulation of Ostend, that the
garrison has leave to go where they please whereupon, orders are sent to the North British Fusileers to sail for
;
SUPPBESSION OF THE EEBELlIOIf.

Leitli, whicli will
483
be an additional strength to Sir John Cope
in case of need.
I
am, &c.
TWEEDDALE.
THE LOED JUSTICE CLEBK TO THE MAEQUIS OF TWEEDDALE.

Brunstane, 20th August, 1745.
Mt
Lord,
Since I had the honour to write to your Lordship yesterday by one of the King's messengers, I have from diiferent
quarters received intelligence confirming what I formerly
wrote and further importing, the rebels had actually begun
hostilities, by taking prisoners a corporal and a soldier of the
garrison of luverlocby, or Fort William (with their guides),
who were sent to Glenelg to get intelligence, and sent them
;
to their head-quarters in Moydart.

As also about thirty armed Highlanders have taken post
on the King's highway between Fort

Augustus, where they have stopped all
post, and where they seize and search all
general the Highlanders to the west of
tinue both arming and increasing their
WiUiam and Fort

communication by
and in
passengers
Fort
WiUiam
con-
numbers, and send
their emissaries over all the Highlands to stir vip a general

insurrection by threats and promises.
The King's sloops
from Clyde have got the length of Mull, where everything
continues in peace and quiet. I hope soon to hear of these
sloops of war being of service.
'
I hear, it is probable the French ship is gone away,

which will be a disadvantage to the rebels, as thereby they
were supplied with meal and other provisions out of ships
taken by that French ship, which afforded them other apparent advantages. I concerted with the Lord Advocate
By
all
sending this express.

I am, &c.
Andrew Fletchee.
P. S.
From many instances I observe, that the Highlanders conceal as much as they can what they are doing, or
intend to do.
2
THE PEETENDEES
484
ATfD
TUEIE ADHEEENTS.
LOED GEOEOE MUEEAT TO THE LOUD ADVOCATE.
Mt
Dunkeld, 20th August, 1745
Loed,
I find that there will be an absolute necessity for
me
to
off the Sheriff' of Ar{:;yllshire
by IMartinmass, and as I
have several other demands upon me for some years past, I
could wish your Lordship would pay the heritable debts
owing upon Glencarse, and take assignations to them, in
wliole to make up the sum of 4000 sterling
and whatever
further securities your Lordship mil incline to have upon
that estate, my wife and I will most willingly agree to, and
think ourselves much obliged to your Lordshi]), for there is
nothing on earth more disagreeable than to be continually
pay
dunned. I pray your Lordship have your thoughts upon

and if possible let it be done by Martinmass.
I have been close with the Duke of Atholl for some time
Orders are gone to the Sherift"'8 deputies and substipast.
tutes to attend Sir John Cope in his march.
I do not incline to be the writer of bad news.
By the
accounts this day from the north-west, it is confirmed that
the two companies of the rovals are taken prisoners.
The
stores and com))any at Rutliven coidd not venture to proceed to Fort William, and it is now assiu-ed Fort William is
actually besieged.
My compliments to all your Lordship's
this,
family.
I remain,
my
Lord,
Your Lordship's most obedient humble servant,

Geoege Mdeeat.
MR GEORGE MILLER
Mt
TO THE LOED ADVOCATE.

Perth,
22Bd August, 1745.
Loed,
As
now
confidently reported that the rebels are actuand as no troops are left in this town, where
ally in arms
they may repeat what was done in 1715, and as we have no
arms at all for our people, even to keep guard, our magisit is
trates earnestly entreat, if
your Lordship judges it proper,

that you will procure us soon at least two or three hundred
staud of the Government arms, for which we woidd send im-
SUPPEESSIOJf OF THE EEBELLION.
485
either to restore or
mediately, and give receipt or obligement
to pay for them.
We are every moment alarmed with very bad news from
the north, but as we have no certainty of anything but a
landing of foreigners, and a numerous rising of rebellious
your Lordship with particulars. It

seems hard that there are no arms in this country, and no orders for the well-aflected to take up arms, as, even without the
King's troops, some stand might be made for the defence of
clans, I cannot trouble
Our Provost desires me to

give your Lordship the trouble of the enclosed account,
which is not paid, as the dragoons who made use of all these
notes marched in a hurry. He hopes your Lordship will
advise us if we are to ask payment, or wait the return of
hear that either your
Colonel Gardiner's regiment.
Lordship or the Lord Justice Clerk has written to the mato take up suspected persons.
gistrates of Dundee
I am, with profound respect, &e.
this corner in their absence.
We
George Miliee.
THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE TO THE LOED ADVOCATE.

"Whitehall,
Mt
22nd August, 1745.
Lord,
I have received yours of the 15th instant by post, with

the depositions of Macleod and Fraser, which I have hardly as
Late on Tuesday night I likewise
yet had leisure to read.
received yours of the 17th by express, with letters of the
same date from Sir John Cope and I have this day letters
of the 18th, from Sir John Cope, and of the 18th and 19th
from the Lord Justice Clerk, by a messenger despatched, I
suppose, by the Duke of Argyll" to the Duke of Newcastle,
by whom, as I have no letters from you, I take it for granted
you were not acquainted with his being sent off.
However, I am glad to find by these last letters that Sir
John Cope has begun his march towards the forts in the
Highlands, which I hope will put an end to all the attempts
for by that means he will
of the disaffected in those parts
;
be in a position to prevent them from gathering together.

and also be ready to attack them in case any of them should
be assembled since I can have no notion but even the few
;
48G
troops he has, joined with the Highland companies that are

raised, will be sufficient to give a good account of any numbers that could be got together in so short a time.
Sir John Cope never mentioned to me, whatever he may
have done to others, any apprehensions he was under of want
of cash for answering the payment of his troops and other
incidental expenses.
However, I thought proper to lay before the Lords Justices your letter of the 17th, with the
memorandum to him on that head, since I thought that it not
only tended to show that you are not so greatly alarmed at

Edinburgh as was given out, but also that there were merchants there ready to assist the Government with their credit
and money.
I have this day received a letter from my Lord Harringby which I have the pleasure to acquaint you that the
King has been graciously pleased to agree to my recommendation of your brother to succeed Baron Dalrymple, and
accordingly the warrant for his commission is sent do'nii by
this post to
Thomas Hay. I have not time to write to
your brother myself, but wish both him and you joy of this
mark of his Majesty's favour.
I am, &c.
ton,
Mr
TWEEDDAIE.
MB JAMES DEUMMOXD
My
[Circ]
23rd August,
174-5.
Loed,
am
credibly informed that the enemy encamped on

Saturday last two miles this side of Fort Augustus, with a
full resolution to meet with Sir John
Cope on his passage
through Corrygorage. Their numbers are above three thousand positive, for a good many of the MacLeans have joined
them, and the whole of the Appin Stewarts.
Last week there landed a ship from France, near the
place where the other ship landed, and the Earl Marischal and
young Glengarry, and several other officers, were on board,
and a small number of troops, such as the ship could contain.
Lord John Drummond is supposed to be there likewise, and
his regiment.
They have a good deal of pronsion, ammuniThis information
tion, and stores, and a few large cannon.
is not from one of those thai I have iuti-usted, but from a
1
STTPPEESSION OF THE EEBELLION.
geutleman who gave it

who I believe is a mau
487
ine as a Jacobite, as a great secret,

I am persuaded you will
of honour.
hear of their beiug engaged this day or yesterday.

If the enemy have success, you may depend they will
march south with all expedition, so that I thought proper
At any rate, I beg you will get
to acquaint you with this.
an order from General Guest to allow me some rooms in the
garrison of luversnail for my safety, for depend upon it they
vn.]l have their flying parties to raise men, and seize everything belonging to such as are their enemies. As for my
own part, I am sure they will use all possible severity towards me but I would fain think, if there was ammunition
sent us, that I am able to defend this garrison against any
with the General's
flying party. Please despatch the bearer
order, and you may believe me to be sincerely, &c.
Jas. Dbummokd.
;
BY SIH JOHIf COPE TO THE LOED ADVOCATE AND
QTJEHIES
SOLICITOE-GENEEAL.
Sir John Cope, Commander-in-Chief of all his Majesty's
forces in North Britain, desires the opinion of the Lord Advocate and Solicitor-General, how he is to proceed for his
the followIMajesty's service in this time of emergency, upon
ing heads
1st. If meal, cattle, and other necessary provisions are
rewanting, and the people of the country, who have them,
I'use to part with them at the selling price of the country,
how are the troops to be supplied ?
2nd. Firing for the men's kettles, straw for the tents,
how are the
hay, corn, straw, and grass for the horses,
have
troops to be supjilied with these, if the people who
them refuse parting \\'ith them at the current price of the
:
country
and horses are wantuig for transporting

and other necessaries, how shall
the troops be supplied, if the country people refuse to hire
them at the usual prices ?
4th. If quarters are refused, and ground necessary for
3rd. If carriages
provisions, warlike stores,
encamping, what
is
to be done
TUB PEETENDERS AND THEIE ADHEEENTS.
488
As many other incidents may be necessary, and conquartering, encamping,

tingencies may arise in the march,
and providing the troops in the present juncture, how may
the commanding officers proceed ?
5th.
Jno. Cope.
THE MAEQUIS OF TWEEDDALE TO THE LOED ADVOCATE.

Mt
Loed,
This morning I received yours of the 20th instant by exClerk in his letter to me says was
press, which the Justice
concerted with your Lordship.

The Justice Clerk informs me that the rebels had actually
begun hostilities, by taking prisoner a corporal and soldier
of the garrison of Fort Wilfiam, who had been sent to gain into the head-quarters at Moitelligence, and had carried them
dart as also that thirty armed Highlanders had taken post
on the King's highway between Fort William and Fort Authe
gustus, where they have stopped all communication by
aU messengers. This intelligence,
post, and stop and search
whether true or false, convinces me how necessary it was for
;
John Cope to march towards Fort Aiigustus, since I always thought, and indeed no one ever had the least thought
of it here, that in case this aftair became serious, the first
and only step the disaffected would take that could be of
any consequence to the peace and quiet of his Majesty's
government, would be to endeavour to stop the communication between these forts and the lower parts of the country.
Sir
But the chief occasion of my sending you this express is

on account of two pieces of intelligence I this morning received from Mr Trevor from the Hague by the last mail, an
The one conextract from which I send you here enclosed.
cerns a brother of Vyne Garden, a merchant in Eotterdam,
who I have good reason to believe is an agent for the JacobI believe this brother of his will be found somewhere
ites.
He should he narrowly watched, and it
in the Canongate.
his house should be searched, since
not impossible but something or other might be
might not he amiss that

I think
found.
it
As
to the other piece of intelligence
you wdl
see
489
BPPPEESSION OF THE BEBELLION.
necessary it is that no time be lost in endeavouring to

secure these two persons.
Ton had my directions formerly in relation to Pillans,
who seems to have been a good deal employed in transportTou shall
ing backwards and forwards dangerous persons.
hear again this night from me by the common post.
I am, &c.
how
TWEEDDALE.
THE SIABQrlS OF TWEEDDALE TO THE LOED ADVOCATE.

VHiitehall, 24tli August, 1745.
My
Loed,
This morning I received yours of the 20th instant by exinform me of your having received inpress, by which you
rebels had actually begun hostilities by
telligence that the
and
private soldier prisoners as also that
taking a corporal
taken post on the highway
thirty armed Highlanders had
between Fort William and Fort Augustus. I always imagined that if ever this aifair became serious, the disaffected
would endeavour to cut off all the communication between
those forts and the Low Country, and therefore I have constantly pressed Sir John Cope to march without delay towards Fort Augustus.
It is likewise thought here, that should the disaffected retire into any place of the country where there might be any
with regular troops, the three addidifficulty to get at them
tional companies of Lord John Murray's regiment, and those
raised by the Earl of Loudon, supported by a few of the
able soon to give a good account of
regular troops, wiU be
them. The crushing this insurrection in the beginning is of
I make no
the utmost importance to his Majesty's service.
doubt but when the King's sloops arrive on the coast, they
this
tiine.
I am, &c.
win be of great service at
;
TWEEDDALE.
P. S. I own I am surprised your Lordship is not more
there are
particular as to the young Pretender himself, since
several letters in town absolutely contradicting the accounts
sent from Scotland to the Government here of his ever
THE PEETEKDEES AND TUEIE ADHERENTS.
490
having landed there.
I think
it
iucumbent on
all his
Ma-
jesty's servants in that country to use their utmost diligence

to sift to the bottom the truth of this particular.
SIR
ANDREW MITCHELL TO TUE LORD ADVOCATE.

My
Loed,
Though your Lordship has had no leisure to write to me
of late, I must acquaint you with a report we have here of
Mr IMaule's house, in Edinburgh, having been searched by
your Lordship's order. When I asked my Lord Marquis
about it, he said you had wrote nothing of it to him. The
reason why I take the liberty to mention this to you is, because the story has already been told diiferently and as it
may still gather more circumstances, I think your friends
;
here should
know
the
trutli, in order to silence idle talkers.

SmoUett, who is now at
cousin,
Mr
I have \vrote to my
BonliiU, in Dumbartonshire, to send you whatever intelligence
he can get and I have taken the liberty to promise, in your
name, that he shall never be mentioned, in order to induce
him to be free with you. If he writes to you, or waits on you
about these aflairs, I hope you will give him full assurance to
;
the same purpose, because, luiless that point is seem-ed, I

know he will do nothing.
expect his Majesty next Wednesday. There is nothing
I am, &c.
new.
We
And. Mitchell.
MR DAVID SCOTT TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.
My
I
25th August, 1745.
Loed,
I am much obliged to you for the intelligence you sent us.

am glad that it is tliought the young man did his duty. I
had a surmise of it before I received your letter and this

day I had an express from Pertli to much the same purpose,
and from the same channel, as coming from Glengarry, that
they were attacked for two miles together in the wood that
;
SUPPRESSION OF THE EEBELLION.
491
fired eighteen platoons, and had eighteen wounded,

besides the killed and that there were but seventy men of
they bad
them, the rest being shipped for Flanders in April last. A

little time now must unriddle this affair, and if Sir John
Cope do not drive them back, I doubt we must flit from this
country.
My Lord
Stomiont and
my
Lady, who both are here, send

Mrs Murray's and mine
their compliments to you, so with

to Mrs Craigie,
I continue to be, &c.
Dat. Scott.
My
Wliitehall, 27th August, 1745.
Lohd,
I have received your Lordship's of the 21st, 22nd, and 23rd

I have likewise received two letters from
instant, by express
Sir John Cope, all which I have this day laid before the Lords
Justices and I have by this express wrote to Sir John Cope,
signifying to him that he should march with as much expedition as the nature of things will admit, and I hope he wdl
be able to give a good account of any rebels that may be got
;
together.
are sorry to find the accident that happened to the two
additional companies confirmed, and were not less surprised
at what Su- John writes, of his having no hopes of getting
assistance of men from either the Duke of Atholl or Lord
Glenorchy, notwithstanding their former letters representing
what great things they could do, provided their men were
furnished with arms.
From this it appears that they either
cannot get their men to follow them, which is a proof of how
delicate a nature, as your Lordship expresses it, the distributing of arms in general is, and therefore I have recommended
it to Sir John Cope to be
very cautious how he gives arms to
any but such as are willuig to associate themselves with the
King's troops, and this will be a proper condition in your
answers to any who apply to you for arms.
The Lords Justices have given orders that forty additional
men be immediately raised, to be added to the ordinary garrisons of the castles of Edinburgh and StirHug and they
We
492
hare also under cousideratiou the most eifectual measures for

the security of the kingdom against any invasion either from
France or Spain, or any other accident that may happen. In
the mean time, the Lords Justices have recommended to me
that you should, in concert with his Majesty's other servants
now
in Edinburgh, write circular letters to all the sheriffs of

the counties in Scotland, that they keep a strict eye on what
may he passing in their respective districts as also like letters to the justices of the peace of each county to the same
purpose and that they hold frequent meetings, in order to
be ready to give the proper orders for the security of the
I have not time to add
peace, in case of riots or tumidts.
more, but to assure you that
I am, my Lord, &c.
:
TWEEDDALE.
ANONYMOUS LETTER TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.

Edinburgh, 27th August, 1745.
My
Lord,
Out of regard
my country, and from a conthe hearty well-wishers of its

prosperity, whose interest I do think at stake, I give your
Lordship the trouble of this letter. It is very far from my
ordinary temper to be an informer where transgressions are
Bmall but as this case enters into the vitals of everything
that is dear to the honest part of our nation as men or Christians, I take upon me to be informer for once, and to assure
your Lordship tliat the Pretender's manifesto was printed on
Sabbath night last, in the house of Robert Drummond, in the
Swan Close, Edinburgh, where I think search ought to be
sciousness of
to the cause of
my
duty to
all
made.
A feigned search, as I understand, was made elsewhere

but do you order a search there, and cause examine the master and his servants, three of whose names are David Eoss,
AVilliam Eoss, and William Eowan and likewise cause examine Mr Drummond's neighbours, some of whom say that
they heard his press going on the Sabbath night. You '11
;
please pardon that I do n't sign

I assui-e you that
my name
in this case, while
I am, &c.
SirPPEESSION OF THE EEBELLIOIT.
Your Lordship should
call for
P. S.
of the whiggish printera in this search.
SIR
4it:i
the asaiatance of some
JOHN COPE TO GENERAL GDEST.

Inverness, 29th August, 1745.
Dear Sir,
By making two
forced marchea, we are an-ived here late at

well defended for us to atnight. The Corryarrack was too
tempt the passage, which was the opinion of all the command-
ing officers of the corps here.'

When the enemy were disappointed of meeting us at the
of their
Corryarrack, they sent a detachment of nine hundred
beat men to take possession of Stocknuich, a strong pass, and
have
atto hold that till their main body came up.
They
tended us all day at some distance. "What they or we shall
do next, I believe, is eqiially uncertain. Their numbers are
above three times as strong as we are, but I vrill attack them
unless they keep in passes where it is impracticable for us
to act.
Ton know how
difficult it is for
troops to subsist in this
it necescountry before harvest comes on, therefore I think

for our support.
sary you should send us proper provisions
Though I brought with me three hundred stand of arras, I
have not yet had one man to give them to. I have executed
the orders I had from London, and will do the best I can for
the King's service. I have been on horseback from four in
the morning till now, past nine at night, so you may judge I
am a good deal fatigued. I am very well, and the men are
I am, &c.
in good spirits.
John Cope.
LORD FORTROSE TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.

Bruan
Mt
Castle, 29tli
August, 1745.
Lord,
All the intelligence I got from the Highlands, I sent by

express to Sir John Cope, as I heard then that he was march'
See ante, p.
14-5,
&c.
494
THE PEETENDEES AKD THEIR ADHEEENTS.
inc for Inverness, wliich I knew would answer your end, and
of course be commimicated to you.
If my services are
are very quiet in this country.
to execute
wanted, his Majesty will find me and mine ready
Foeteose.
&c.
I
am,
his commands.
We

(EXTBACT8.)
Wliitchall, 29th
Au^st, 1745.
Mr
LoED,
I hope you do not neglect to transmit to Sir John Cope
any intelligence you may receive, which you may judge he
has not got. I am hopeful Sir John Cope's march will have
good effect, and I cannot but observe all possible endeavours
have been used by some to alarm him, that he might think it
proper to proceed.
am of opinion, that though you were in the right to pay

due regard and deference to the Duke of Argyll when he
was upon the spot, yet I do not think there is the same reason
for doing so, to such onlv who shall make use of his name
I
all
and especially my Lord Provost, of whose great zeal for this

Government we have had yet no great proofs.
Sir John Cope, in his last letter, sent me up the printed
manifesto, without acquainting me how he had got it. There
are two the one printed at Eome, and the other at Paris,
the 26th of INIay, 17-45, signed C. P. E., which I immediately
sent to the King. You were iu the right to cause the search
to be made for it, upon the informatiou you had got.
In one of yours, you rightly suggest that things would be
in great confusion, should Sir John Cope's army meet with
any check and that therefore his Majesty's servants should
not spare expense to pronde for the worst. I wish you had
suggested, at least in a private note, what you would propose
As the vrind is now fair, we
fit to be done at this juncture.
;
have reason to expect to hear of the King's landing every

sensible you have a great deal to do, and but
however, continue as you liave done. You
have the satisfaction of doing your duty and whatever may
be thought at Edinburgh, I assure you that you have gained
a great deal of credit here, and your conduct is approved of.
moment. I am
little assistance
STJPPEESSIOIf OF
Adieu
know
tou
495
be able to read this

scrawl. I hope I need not recommend j-ou to take particular
notice of every person, be they who they will, that are mentioned in Drummond's declaration, or of whom you may
otherwise receive infonnation of haWng joined the Pretender's
son, or of having any correspondence with him, that they
should be seized if they can be discovered.
!
I do not
THE EEBELLIO?r.
if
will
THE DUKE OF ATHOLL TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.
Mt
Dunkeld, 30th August, 1745, past 10 o'clock.
Lord,
This morning, by express from Blair, I hear that the Highlanders are this night at Dalnacardoch, seven miles above
Blair.
I send your Lordship a copy of the letter. I intend
to set out to-morrow morning for Edinburgh. As you may
judge, it is not safe for me to be here any longer.
Being in
a great hurry, I hope you will excuse me not writing this
with my own hand.
Since writing the above, I have another letter, dated half
an hour after six, confirming the enclosed, but with this particular.that mybrother has sent orders to the servants at Blair
to have the house ready for him against to-morrow
and
that it is understood they are to march through Atholl to
Perth. Of this I have sent notice by the bearer to the Provost of Perth.
As it is possible for them to make a quick march to Stirling, I have acquainted the commanding officer of my intelliI am, my Lord, &e.
gence.
'
Atholl.
comllissart blaiu (apparently) to tdk
ddke of atholl.
(extract.)
Blair, 30th
This
August, 5 o'clock, afternoon.
moment
I have an express from Blairpheaty, acquainting me that the Highlanders are this night to be" at Dalnacardoch
that some of their forerunners are there already,
;
'
See ante,
p. 151.
THE PEETENDEE3 AND THEIE A.DHEEENTS.
496
and that Blairplieatj and his neighbourhood have orders upon

sight to send in meal and sheep to their camp immediately.
THE MARQDIS OF TWEEDDALE TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.
Mt
Lord,
I received yours of the 24th instant. Tou are

certainly ii.
the right to endeavour to secure all persons you have reason
to suspect to be making preparations for joining the rebels.
As to Mr Graham of Glengj'le, I can give you no particular
directions as yet, since I do not know what is usually allowed
for State prisoners in Scotland but I think you should follow
the same method that has been observed there on former occasions.
I send this by express, principally to acquaint you that the
;
King, God be thanked arrived in perfect health this day at

Kensington, at one o'clock. As his Majesty passed through
the City, he was welcomed with very uncommon acclamations
!
who expressed the greatest joy, and seemed

I have also vrrote to General Guest, to achighly pleased.
him
that
four battalions of Dutch troops are to come
quaint
to
immediately
England, and are to be followed by more in
case of need as also that a Dutch regiment is to sail forthwith for Leith, and that therefore he should give the necesI have also desired the
sary orders for their quarters.
of the citizens,
General to correspond ^îth me punctually during Sir John

Cope's absence from Edinburgh and that when he has anything material which he shall think necessary to be sent by express, that he should acquaint you in case you have anîrhing
to write at the same time, and I hope you wiU do the same in
regard to him, to prevent the multiplicity of expresses.
I am, &C.
TWEEDDAIE.
;
SIR
Mr

LoED,
I have seen your Lordship's account of the search of Mr

Maule's house, and I am extremely glad that you have ac-
SUPPEESSION or THE EEBELLION.
497
quaiuted your friends witli the circumstances and, as your

conduct in this was reasonable and sensible, when the part
had in it shall be publicly known, it cannot fail to put an
;
you
end to a malicious and absurd misrepresentation, that has
been industriously spread in order to injure you.
Tou wiU receive herewith a letter from my lord to the
Lord Provost of Edinburgh, which is sent, with a flying seal,
If you think that it is expedient to deliver

remember to drop wax under the seal, and to reHay, to be delivered as if it had not passed
for your perusal.

it,
will
you
turn
it
to
Mr
through your hands.

Tour Lordship need not be discouraged by malicious reis generally approved of;
ports. Your conduct and vigilance
but the part some people have acted, and particularly the
sudden return of a certain Duke, occasions some speculation,
and some severe reflections. His motives are too deep, and
me
to conjecture and, therefore, I

to your Lordship's better
the express is just going out, I have time
I am, most sincerely yours, &c.
perhaps too refined, for
shall leave the discovery of
As
penetration.
to add no more.
P.S.
them
The Dutch battalions that are
ordered over are, I
were in Tournay, so that our neighbours are

not weakened by sendiug them, because, by the capitulation,
not
serve.
It will be a grievous disappointment
could
they
to some people, who, ever since these disturbances began,
have been endeavouring to raise the clamour for the necessity
of recalling immediately the army from Flanders, and, of consequence, of breaking at once all communication with the
but this appears to me as absurd as
allies on the Continent
if a man, observing a flea-bite on bis ankle, should immediately throw himself into a salivation, for fear of the consequence of this alarming red spot
bear, those that
THE PKOYOST OF ABERDEEN TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.
Mt
Aberdeen, 31st August,
174.5.
Lord,
Upon receiving a letter from the Marquis of Tweeddale,

intimating the Pretender's son being lauded, or about to land,
2 E
THE PRETENDERS AND TIIEIE ADHERENTS.
498
in Scotland, and ordering me to take care of tlie peace of this

city, and to use all proper methods for that end, the magiswere ordered to take up lists of all the fensible men
from sixteen to sixty years of age, in order to be on our defence from any insurgents or enemies whatsoever and we
do intend to cause all our fensible men to be under a regular
muster for the defence of our town and property, but did not
choose to call them out to muster, till satisfied that we were
acting a legal and warrantable deed, and that we had power
to do, and also to compel recusants, by fining or other puntrates
ishment.
Therefore, I have presumed to trouble your Lordship with this by express, and to beg your advice how far the
magistrates of Aberdeen may proceed in the above affair.
T also must presume to acquaint you, that if we are authorized by law to muster our inhabitants, we have not arms to
supply one-third part of the town, and that, if the Grovernment has ordered arms for Scotland, we should at least need
five hundred stand
otherwise we shall be but in a very defenceless situation, and left at the mercy of a very small force,
and could not at all be capable to make a defence, were we
ever so willing. I would fain hope, in case arms are ordered
for the militia of Scotland, th.it your Lordship would procure
a part of them for us. As this relates to our peace and quiet,
I hope it will plead an excuse.
I have the honour to be, with great regard, <fce.
;
Jaiies Moeison, Provost.
AU our inhabitants have been advertised to give up
P. S.
a true account of what arms or ammunition they are possessed
I should
of, and several have sent up an account thereof.
therefore further beg of your Lordshij^, that you would be
pleased to advise me how to proceed against those that are
possessed of arms, and have concealed them.
mr james
crie, jun.,
to the lord advocate.
Sir,
By advice from Blaii-, which my father found a way of

conveying, and which the bearer had the good fortune to
succeed in delivering, after often searching to conceal, we
learn that the Prince and the whole army lie at Blair,
that
SUPPBESSIOJf or THE EEBELLION.
499
thought thev are to take the Stirling road, and tliat a

servant who was left here by the Duke of Athol (being sent
off with some letters, papers, and advice) was seized on his
it is
way
to Tiillibardine, and carried prisoner to Blair
by Wood-
sheal.
the servant that came down it is told, that their numsomething above five thousand that to-morrow night
amount to six or above it that the Marquis has
they
had the vassals with him, and ordered a man out of every
two marks, or two pleughs of laud that they are aU vastly
well armed with pretty new arms, every man having a gun,
bayonet, sword, pistol of the holster kind, and a target; and
that on a surmise of Sir John Cope's coming south, Loehiel
waited for him all yesterday on the hiU with a thousand men,
and came to Blair with them this day. AU the posts on the
road are guarded, so that we can have hereafter no certain
accounts.
The Prince, &c. stay in Blair Castle, and if any come this
road, it is thought it will only be the Marquis with a few
to see the place.
As after this we can have no certain accounts, and as the roads between this and you are ticklish
By
ber
is
will
(orders being given to seize aU expresses by a certain neighdistinction), and considering the danger that the intercepting of intelligence may be attended with, you will
excuse my Avritiug you no further accounts.
I have ordered the bearer to carry this by a by-road.
bour of
THE EARL OF FINDLATER TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.
Mt
CuUen House,
1st
September, 1745
Lord,
I received only on Friday last your Lordship's letters of

the 21st and 26th of August, for which I beg leave to return
you my most sincere and humble thanks, it being a very
great comfort to me in the present situation to hear from
any of his Majesty's servants, and especially from yoiu- Lordship, for whom I justly have so much esteem.
I have this moment a letter from my son-in-law, ]Mr Grant,
acquainting me that the General, with his army, had on
Wednesday and Thursday last passed through part of Strathspey and the Braes of Dullen, without being attacked in the
2
500
woods and narrow passes by the rebels so that it is certain

lie must have arrived at Inverness on the Thursday night or
Friday morning. I most heartily wish that his being there
may have all the good efleets which I flattered myself would
attend his coming north. Had he come about a week or ten
days sooner, and got to Fort Augustus, I believe he might
have prevented the insurrection's coming to any head, which I
am afraid may now require longer time and more forces to
dissipate it, for Mr Grant writes me that the whole body of
the rebels were expected to be at Eiven on Friday night
that they were using aU diligence to raise the men of Badenoch
that for a considerable time Lord Perth and others
had kept intelligence with the disaflected in Strathawen,
that many in these
Glenlivat, Braemar, and Strathdon
and that now they were
places were engaged to join them
BO near, it was very probable that the junction from these
countries, either through real or seeming force, would be
that the day before, they had
greater than was imagined
despatched a party of two hundred men, who, after taking
attacked
the
barrack
at Eiven
but having
Cluny prisoner,
no cannon, could not make themselves master of it, but were
repulsed with the loss of one man killed, and two deadly
wounded.
He does not tell me whether it was old Cluny or young
Cluny that was taken prisoner. He appears to have been of
opinion that the General's staying at Eiven would have been
more etfectual to prevent the increase of their numbers than
;
a point which I cannot

had been able to make
themselves masters of Inverness before the General's arrival
there, it might have been attended with very great inconveniences.
He was obliged, on the Thursday, to have all his
men in arms, on account of informations he had of an intention of burning and destroying his country and has fortified
Castle Grant in such a manner that he thinks it cannot be
taken without camion. He assures me of his firm resolution
theii-
going to Inverness
presume to determine,
but this
is
seeing, if they
to do everything in his power for his Majesty's ser^dce, and

says he has laid all his sentiments before the General, and
desired, fi-om time to time, to receive such directions as may
be proper, which he will always foUow so far as his power
and the necessary defence of his own country can permit.

I send this by express to Aberdeen, our
posts from this
SUPPRESSION OF THE REBELLION.
501
part of the country being so very slow, and only two of them
in the week.
I am, with the oreatest truth and respect, &c.
FlNDLATER AND SeaEIELD.
SIR
DAVID MONCREIFFE TO THE HON. BARON CRAIGIE.

Moncricffe, 1st September, 1745.
Dear
Sir,
Yesterday we were greatly alarmed, as by this time you

of.
On the first accounts of it, I sent off
as far as Invar, near Dunkeld, to be informed more fully
than I could be even from the Duke of AthoU's letter to
Provost Crie, and late last night the servant inl'oniied me
that the main body of the Highlanders had turned oif at
Dalnacardoch, and only a small party had come along with
Lord Tullibardine to Blair and that orders were sent to
Dunkeld to have provisions on Monday, or this night, for
two hundred men. On Tuesday, it is believed that a small
niunber is to be in Perth, and then to go and join their
main body in Monteith, about the ford of Forth, so that
this country, I hope, will be safe, as they seem to be in
a very great haste. This I thought proper to trouble you
with, being with the greatest regard.
Dear Sir, &c.
would be informed
D. MONCREIFFE.
THE PROVOST OF PERTH TO THE LORD ADVOCATE
My
Perth, 1st September, 174.3.
Lord,
have received yours of the 31st. Upon the news of the

Highlanders' approach to this country, by express from the
Duke of Atholl, we dismissed our guard, not having above
twenty guns in the town fit for use so that our town is
open to the Highlanders whenever they come, which has
occasioned several of our people to leave the town, and
I
to remove their effects.

I had this morning advice from Commissary Bisset at Dunkeld, that he is informed the main body of the Highlanders
many
THE PEETEXDEE8 AXD THEIR ADHEEEXTS.
502
remained on the 30th ultimo in the Braes of Badenoch, but

that the Duke of AthoU's brother, -with two hundred men or
thereabouts, with a design of raising tlie country for recruiting their army, came to the head of the country on the niglit
of the 30th of last month, he having lodged at
Blairpheaty
and he has, under penalties, ordered the whole vassals to attend him, and that he wiU be at Dunkeld this day. My
compliments to your lady and family.
I am, my Lord, &c.
James Ceie.
;
sir
david moncreiffe to the hon. bakon craigie.
Dear
Sie,
servants shall not be neglected, or want
anything fit
servant has ventured too far, and is not returned, so I fear the worst.
;Mr Moncreifle is stiU in the country, but has sehured his
retreat in case of visits, for to-morrow Hickson is to have all
the Highlanders.
The Duchess of Atholl and Lady Mary,
vdih their horses, have taken sanctuary at Moncreifle, vrhere
it is to be
hoped there will be no rudeness committed, but
Tour
for them.
My
everybody must lay their accounts with the worst. The numbers are, by report, greatly increased, but I hope there is no
foundation for the one half. If they stay a week we are all
ruined; but as great preparations are making at Drummond,
we expect a short
young
G-
More Perthshire people are joined,

L. N., and D. P.
visit.
h,
THE PROVOST OF PERTH TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.
My
Perth,
2nd September, 1745.
Lord,
Enclosed is the copy of a letter sent me from Dunkeld,

with intelligence which came from Blair this
morning at five
o'clock, which I think it my duty to communicate to
your
Lordship. I have also sent an account of it to Stirling. Tou
will please let the Duke of Atholl know of
this, and that his
ftraee's letter to Colonel (lardiner was safe delivered
the
Colonel having written to me, and he likewise
says, if the
;
BTJPPEESSIOIf OF
Higlilanders
come
THE EEBELLION.
to Stirling, he will give
them
503
a
warm
re-
ceptiou.
are pleased to hear that a regiment of foot was to be
at Stirling last night.
I am at aU imaginable pains to have
We
certaLQ intelligence from
all
quarters,
I am, &c.
P. S.
and
James Ceie.
]Mr M'Lauren furnishes this express
with a horse
for his Majesty's service.
the marquis of tweeddale to the loed advocate.
Mr
Whitehall, 3rd September, 1745.
LoED,
I have received yours of the 27th of August by post, and

of the 28th and 29th by express, aU which I have had the
honour to lay before the King. I am hopeful the passengers
aboard of Pillan's ship wiU not escape. You will have heard,
long before this, that we were disappointed in the British regiment intended at first to come from Ostend to Leith, as it
was obliged to joia the army iu Flanders but I -nTote to
General G-uest last Saturday by express, that a Swiss regiment was to come immediately from Holland to Leith, which
you may expect with the first fair wind, and I hope care
will be takeu that they be provided with good quarters
More battalions will immediately folagainst they arrive.
;
low this, should circumstances require it. Tou may beUeve

the last express makes us very impatient till we hear again
from Sir John Cope. I think what you write in yours of the
29th of August perfectly right.
I did not receive any particular directions from his Majesty, in relation to the magistrates' raising a number of men
for the defence of the town of Edinburgh and the support of
the Cxovemraent and I did not press it, the rather as the
Lord Justice Clerk, in his letter to me of the same date,
writes that this scheme was not as yet quite ripened. "Whenever it is fully digested and sent up here, you shall not fail
;
to receive immediately his Majestv''s directions thereupon.

Testerday would be a great day at Franlvfort, when it was
not doubted but the great Duke would be chosen Emperor.
I am, &.C.
Tweeddale.
THE PEETENDERS AND THEIE ADHEUE:STS.
504
TUE MABQITIS OF TWEEDDALE TO THE lOED ADVOCATE.

Whitehall, 4th September, 1745.
My
Loed,
This morning I received a letter from Mr Corbett;,
hy order of tlie Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty,
desiring
me
to forward to Scotland packets for the

captains of his
Mahon," and the "Furnace,"
Majesty's ship " the "Port
"
"Terror," and Serpent
sloops, containing orders to them
how to conduct themselves in preventing supplies of men,
or
ammunition
provisions,
being sent to the rebels. I transmit the said packets to you, together \vith the duplicates of
them and you wiU concert with Sir John Inglis, or others,
how they may be most safely conveyed to them without loss
of time.
The duplicates will be of use, in case there is
any
doubt how to direct to the captains, and, in the case of the
loss of the original orders, will
their
supply
place.
Tou will receive, enclosed, a warrant for a thousand stand
of small arms, for the use of a thousand men, to be raised
by
the burgesses of Edinburgh, in case that scheme takes
place,
which, however, is left to your discretion to produce or not,
as you shall thiuk expedient.
One inconvenience -wiU certainly follow, if this warrant is used all the towns in Scotland will apply for arms, and it is certain they will not all
be gratified but this consideration I submit to your Lordship.
Upon receiving the express last night, with the new's
from the Duke of Atholl, it was thought expedient immediately to grant his Majesty's royal license to the Provost,
Magistrates, and Town Council of Edinburgh, to raise a
thousand men, and accordingly it is sent by this packet; but
unless the biu-gesses are of the same mind they were of when
you wrote last, it will be better never to produce it, than to
have it made pubHc without being put in execution. I mention this to you because the scheme is still in
embryo, and the
warrant has been granted without any regular or direct application to the Crown from the citizens of Edinburgh.
The Earl of Stair, on consideration of the state of the
Highlands and the particular situation of the rebels, proposed that twenty independent companies should be immediately raised in that countrv, and his Majesty has been
pleased to agree to it, and blank commissions are accordingly
;
505
S,MB.aiOB or THB EIBIlllOK.

.0 be
.. ., .M, p-et
on.^
di.J4
<!>"
,ho now IB tbew part",
,ith the
,re.le
I .m
eBy, bt I bope
Wbig
mb
ctaB.
power lljff,
Ite
tw S'Se
, ,, ^jH
,
ri.bt >e of Ibi.
l"?3,hio'.
'
Y.
l/hi.
iBipartidity
.hi
*o.^J^" "TboB^^ Bo/wil
ittfTpecwit^-i-snîtr^^^^^^^^^
='^'ff;'S
embark ior l^nglantt
" dTo"7.be
airen-
j-
yooBg Pre.
effectually served
tender shovdd embark to-'^^rj'Xtê expense

than rep.-ud
France, and more
^^J
^^J^l^^^^^^^^^^
of the ex-
and sage
^^^^ ^^._
pedition. Butwhatif,toUtheBejiê^
the High
'^.^^ ,^^ îq,i, of
precautions,
oîlv a th^* ^^J^
he
to
should prove
?
^^^^ i^ the AthoU men
^
TuUibardme, to excate
^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^
oeio ê
Jecomm
and what if feu" John ôpe,
^^ ^^^ ^^_
Wexs
Ly
pa
-^ ^^ ^-^
s.^-TntoV^r^^^^^^^^^^
5?h impunity, and
.ewmnoUa.^^^^^^
repo
day
We are amused ev-ery
^^^^
îtti
^nd
dron, but I
tf sail: the said
was favom-able for ^.^^;^^\;J"^^^ ^^d I hope
the paJ
p allay
Dutch
the
over
would bring
troopsâna
th.^
-zed
^-e
to
seems
that
nic
success in s.u-h a
xo pi^j
that it IS almost impudence
had
state of trepidation.
^^^ satisfaction, as you
Tours ot the ^/tn â'^'' T^^ I
t v,avp akeadv niade use
on that scorn
abused
been greatly
J^^'^^^^Xtând it has
such as
of it, to undeceive
^^^^J^^^^^^^^^ improve it,
i
had the desired e^ffect.
Ig surpasses unY?f/7;'^
scoimdrili y
a long
for the malice and
'^
if
-f-S'Vertn
p^:7L
J^-J
derstandiug
and
^f
safe retreat,
^f^jTe
i hear very
y
is,
ô'^^Y^ffi' Jde
affair and
a"^,fabout^lis
^
singular
-^
it:pi;^;r&r.is,5\-rpe
house,
.Eougbi
506
hear his illness
His followers say be was sent

Others say that a trap was laid to bring
him into a scape, but that his sagacious and
timely retreat
prevented its talcing effect. In general, his behaviour is condemned. It is now past twelve o'clock at
night, and I am
heartily tired, as I believe you wiU be when you have got
for
is
-rery slight.
this is deuied.
this length.
The blank commission could not be sent by this

express,
being made out too late to pass at the Stamp Office. This
early notice will, I hope, be so far of use to your Lordship,
that if you have
any friends in the Highlands "you may easily
provide for them. As the letters to the President and Sir
John Cope contain nothing material, save about the commissions, you may easily either forward them if an opportunity
oft'er, or keep them till the commissions reach
you.
THE PROVOST OF DUNBAR TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.
Mt
Duubar,
4tli
September, 1745.
Lord.
In obedience to your Lordship's orders for

detaining all
boats that may be brought to this harbour for his
Majesty's
service, we shall, to the utmost of our power, endeavour to
to
embrace
discharge our duty in that respect
willing
every
opportunity to testify how much we have the interest of the
We want to be informed
present Government at heart.
whether all boats that come in here accidentally should be
also detained, which
please signify by post.
I have the honour to be, in the name of the rest of the
magistrates,
my
Lord, &c.
C.
POLLOCKE.
THE JIARQDIS OF TWEEDDALE TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.
Mr
LoED,
After I had finished my letter last night, I received
yours
of the 31st by express, ^vith a copy of the intelligence sent
the
Duke
of
wliich
I
laid
before
Atholl,
you by
immediately
the King, who was surprised to find that Sir John
Cope had
given the rebels an opportunity to pass him.
SUPPBESSIOlf OF THE EEBELLIOJT.
507
I hope it has not been neglected, upon any further accounts of the progress of the rebels towards the low country,
to order, as you suggest, aU the passage-boats to the south
side of the Forth
as also that such sloops-of-war and other
armed vessels as may be in that river, be stationed to obstruct and to prevent the passage of the rebels, should they
;
attempt it.
I send you^ down here, enclosed, a warrant, signed by his
Majesty, for raising a thousand men, to be employed for the
defence of the town of Edinburgh and the support of the
Grovernment, as you in your last desired might be done. I
must at the same time observe to you, that it is thought
here, in the case of actual rebellion, there is nothing against
the well-affected arming themselves, and joining witli others
in defence of the Government, without any special license
The Earl of Stair has proposed that a
for that purpose.
number of blank commissions be sent down, to be distributed
among the weU-aflected clans, as the Lord President of the
Such a number, being joined
Session shall think proper.
into regular companies, will be in a condition not only to
hinder more men to rise for the Pretender's service, but a part
of them may go and live at discretion in the countries the
rebels have left
or, if it shall be thought more necessary,
either the whole or any part of them may marcli into the
south country with Sir John Cope, according to the orders
;
they shall receive.

This proposal his Majesty has agreed to, and accordingly
a number of blank commissions go down by this express,
which ought immediately to be despatched to the President.
1 have acquainted Sir John Cope with this, but have mentioned nothing else, as in the present uncertainty of his
situation no orders can be sent to him from hence so that he
must be left to act as he shall judge best for his Majesty's
shall have imservice, till we hear further from him.
mediately a considerable body of troops in Britain, so that
this mad and desperate attempt must end in the ruin of
;
We
those
who embark
in
it.
I am,
&c
TWEEDDALE,
508
THE PEOTOST OF PEETH TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.
Mt
Strathringlo, 4th September, 1745.
Lord,
Last night, about nine o'clock, Lochiel came liere with

about three hundred Highlanders, and promised aU civilities
but as they began this uiorning to press oiu- wrights to make
targets, and our drummers and pipers to go and proclaim
their Prince and manifestos, beginning at the foot, I did not
know but that they might come to the head therefore I
thought fit to leave the town, and am so far on my way for
the East Nook of Fife.
They are very civil, and promise to
pay for everything they have occasion for.
The Prince, with the whole army, is to be in our town
;
this night.
I am,
ME GABEIEL KAPIEE
my
Lord, &c.
James Ceie.
TO THE LOED ADTOCATE.

Stirling, oih
Mt
September, 1745.
Lord,
had the honour of yours of the 4th last night, which I
morning communicated to Colonel Blakeney and Colonel
Gardiner and I assure you the news of the King's arrival
gave great joy to them and to all the well-afl'ected here, who
testified the same by drinking the King's health, and all the
I
this
royal family's, at a table prepared by the magistrates at the

Cross.
Sir James Livingstone was present, who lives with
his father-in-law, Sir James Campbell, at Gargunnoch, which
in the neighbourhood of the fords of Forth
and he says
that the country people in that neighbourhood are willing
and ready to keep guard at these fords if they were provided
with arms, and liave desired me to applj- to j'our Lordship to
prociu-e an order for them.
I have taken upon me to raise two hundred men for
night-guards, and for whom I have, by General Blakeney's
These men are to be
orders, got arms out of this castle.
placed at proper distances round the camp, both for saving
the troops over-much fatigue, and for preventing of alarms,
is
I
'
STJPPEESSION OF THE EEBELLIOK.

of which they have had this
firing in the night-time.
509
week two, by some people's
It is thought, upon good grounds, by several gentlemen

of the peace who have come here this day, and by the magistrates of the burgh, that if five troops of General Hamilton's
dragoons were sent here to assist Colonel Gardiner, it would
strike such a terror into the rebels that they would not venture to cross at the heads of Forth, or, if they did, these
troops would master them, and the sooner they attacked
them passing this way it would be the better. I have communicated this to the General and Colonel Gardiner, who
both approve thereof. The gentlemen and magistrates here
could heartily wdsh that your Lordship would apply to
General Guest to grant our desire.
I am informed, from very good authority, and which may
be relied upon, that on Tuesday's night last, about 11 o'clock,
two hundred and sixty of the rebels, or thereabouts, did take
possession of Perth, and were yesterday joined by their main
body, which consists of about three or four thousand more
and that about noon yesterday the Pretender was proclaimed
at the Cross by Sir Eobert Mercer of Adie, and that last
night some people, who were Hying from Perth and are come
this forenoon here, say that they met IVIr Oliphant of Gask
and about twelve men on horseback along with him, and that
they charged them to go to Perth to the Pretender's standThere
ard, which they said they would do, but retired here.
is another man come in, as I am WTiting hereof, who says
that the rebels apprehended the deacon of the vsrights and
the whole wrights of Perth, and imprisoned them till such
time as they should find caution to work at tent-poles, tarLochiel, the younger, came in at the
gets, &c., for them.
head of the first two hundred and sixty of the rebels, on
;
the Tuesday's night.
I am,
my
Lord, &c.
Gabeiel Napies.
P. S.
Colonel Gardiner desired me to tell you that he
got youi's, and would write you an answer had I not vsTote
to you so fully at this time.
Please let me know if any
Dutch troops be yet landed, or if we are to expect any more
forces here.
THE PEETENDEES
510
ME
A>'D
THEIE ADHEHESTS.
GEIEFITHS TO OENEBAL GUEST.

5tli
[Circ]
September, 1745.
SlE,
Sir
John Cope has brought us all safe to Fort St George.

"We have escaped some interriiptious prepared for us at
CorryaiTack, aud this rooming near Dabrachny, where we
encamped last night. JSlr Grant retm-ned from Fort Augustus this evening, just as we got in, and has brought us
the best intelligence. The Pretender, with his army, marched
from Lochgarry by Fort Augustus yesterday morning for
the CoiTyarrack, and he had a friend in their camp aU night,
who brings them certain intelligence of their strength being
above two thousand men, well armed and resolute. They
despatched nine hundred to dispute the above pass with ua
this morning, and keep us in play till the army got up
but
;
we were
by
too early for them, having got through that defile
six o'clock.
Mr Grant is this morning going to the President with Sir

John's express, so I must beg your pardon that I cannot enbut Mr Grant and I shall write you
large in particulars
everything that we can learn by next express.
;
I received
am,
etc.
your commands
this morning about

the provisions, &c., for Inverness, which has pleased Sir John
very greatly. I fear Brigadier Blakeney will fall into their
hands before he reaches us, for the country is in their posr
P. S.
all
session.
THE MAEQriS or TWEEDDALE TO THE LOED ADVOCATE.
Mt LoEB,
Whiteball,
Ttli
September, 1745.
As most of his Majesty's servants were out of town this

day, and as the intelligence, both in regard to the rebels and
Sir John Cope, seems so very uncertain, it was impossible
for me to give any particular orders, and therefore unnecessary to despatch an express, so that I have only ^vrote by
the common post, and mentioned what occurs to us here.
SUPPRESSION or THE EEBELIION.
511
I have sent my letter to Sir John Cope under a flying seal

to you, that you may read it before it is sent to him, and
that you may at the same time suggest to him what occurs
to you, according as circumstances may alter before this
reaches you. It is true I did write to him to send his letters
to ]Mr Hay, to be by liim transmitted, since I began to observe he endeavoured to divert the channel of his correspondence with me but at the same time, as I think it very
necessary you should be particularly informed of Sir John
Cope's motions, you have full liberty to open and read all
his letters to me, which I expect Mr Hay will bring to you,
that they may be sent up to me under your cover.
I take
it for granted also that General Guest vriU communicate to
what
he
and
hears
of
his
in
his
absence
it will
motions,
you
;
be absolutely necessary you keep a good correspondence with

Guest, and in that view I have submitted to you and him,
wliether it would be proper for the regiment of Dragoons to
march from Edinburgh, which I own I think cannot be done,
tmless you are free of any danger though I think, if they
were at Stirling, they could always come to Edinburgh before the rebels, march what way they woidd, could come
;
there.
But, in short, as a day may make great alterations, the

persons on the spot must determine in cases of necessity
what is proper to be done, without waiting for orders from
a distance. I know and am sensible the difficult part you
have to act, and hitherto I think you have acted with spirit and
prudence. As to the town of Edinburgh, a great deal wdl
depend upon the right choice of persons to command and
the foot they intend to raise for their own defence. I must
at the same time observe that I thiuk their newspapers are
in.some expressions very indecent. " Insurgents," is not a
"
proper name for the rebels," and I think it would be right
for the magistrates to give a caution to the printers of the
newspapers what they write at this time. The Justice Clerk
has not wrote to me of late.
I do not know if he wrote to
anybody by the last express, but by the two former he only
wrote to the Duke of Argyll, whom I have not yet seen.
He keeps his house, not being well. I think your friend,
John Maule, looks a little down upon it.
I do not think, come what will, it will be possible for me
to despatch to you any express with any orders before Mon-
512
since all our great men will

niglit or Tuesday morning,
be till that time out of town. I must acquaint you that the
Earl of Stair and I have perfectly agreed in all our notions
I have shown him all your letsince the first of this alarm.
ters, and you are at present in great favour with him.
Adieu I do not know if I formerly mentioned to you,
that, besides the Dutch that are coming over, there are ten
battalions of our own troops ordered over from Planders.
expect to hear of the Emperor's being over by the nest
mail, and it is unlucky, at this juncture, to be obliged to
send for any of our troops from Flanders.
day
We
THE MAHQUIS OF TWEEDDALE TO THE LOED ADTOCATE.
My
Lohd,
have received yours of the 2nd instant, as also this day

yours of the 3rd, both by express, all which I have laid before the King, who was well pleased with the zeal expressed
I
by the inhabitants of the city of Edinburgh for their own

defence and tlie support of his Government at this critical
junctiu-e, and I hope you would receive in due time the warrant empowering them to levy men according to their desire.
His Ma,jesty was likewise well pleased to find that all the
boats had been brought to the south side of the Forth, which
must necessarily tend to retard the progress of the rebels,
should they attempt to come that way.
I find by Sir John Cope's letter to me, of the 29th of
August, from Inverness, that he does not appear then to
have known that the rebels had gone towards the south, and
had reached Blair and I am apt to believe that they were
forced to take that route on the King's army drawing near
them as they had no other choice but either to do so, or to
What steps Sir
retire to their own camp behind the forts.
John will next pursue I do not know; nor, indeed, is it
to
possible to give him any orders but he must now be left
act 'as he shall be advised by those who are well acquainted
and
as
that
as
with
circumstances occur,
part of the country,
it may be best for his iN'Iajesty's service.
As little can I judge what steps the rebels wiU take but
;
STJPPEESSIO]S OF
THE EEBELLION.
513
I should imagine tliat as the Dutch regiment will prohahly

be arrived before this can reach you, that this regiment, with
the two regiments of dragoons, properly conducted, wUl
probably stop their progress till Sir John Cope, who will be
and when
in their rear with his troops, comes up with them
I had the honour to be with his Majesty to-day, he thought
that
it woidd be
the
now
at Edinof
regiment
right
dragoons
burgh should march to join the other at Stirling, as great danger always attends the dividing of troops into small parties.
This you wiU mention to Mr Gruest, and if it can be done
with security to the peace of the country and the town of
Edinburgh, it ought to be quickly done.
I believe orders would have been sent immediately for another Dutch regiment to have been sent to Leith, had it not
been the opinion of many here, that the rebels might march
directly into England, without coming near Edinburgh.
Yesterday Lord Mark Kerr acquainted his Majesty that he
was determraed to set out to-morrow for Scotland, to take
upon him his command of the Castle of Edinburgli. Orders
have been sent out to Brigadier Eowkes in Yorkshire, to go
immediately to Scotland to be assisting there, which is the
;
more necessary, as probably Mr Blakeney may be with Sir

John Cope and that we know General Guest's state of
health, age, and infirmities will not allow him to take the
;
field.
I observe by yours, that the intelligence Mr Trevor sent

over about passengers aboard of Pillans' ship has not proved
true however, I hope Mr Pillans wiU be strictly examined
;
in relation to
over
Mr
what I formerly wrote you, when he carried
Blair.
I am,
my
Lord, &c.
TWEEDDALE.
SIE JOHJf COPE TO
Mt
THE LOED ADTOCATE.
Banff, 9th September, 1745, 5 in the morning.
Lord,
Yesterday I received yoiu* Lordship's letters of the 3rd

and 4th instant. In the first you are pleased rightly to obI know they have
serve that letters have been intercepted.
been so both going and coming. You are pleased to observe,
514
how necessary it is that you should frequently hear from me. I have nritten too often, since so
of
letters
have fallen into the enemy's hands. I
many
my
have sent them by post, by land, and by sea by officers and
others.
If I had not known the communication was cut off
I should have wondered at my not hearing oftener from
Edinburgh and London. I am greatly concerned that Captain Eogers was not arrived at Edinburgh on the 4th instant,
in your last letter,
his despatches being of consequence.
I do not doubt but you can very soon transport this army
across the Eorth but neither this army, nor any other, can
march a quarter so fast as I find has been expected by those
at a distance from it.
I marched from Inverness without a
;
As yet I have made no

make any, unless necessity
halt from Inverness, nor shaU

require it, between this and
where
I
to
on Wednesday, and there,
be
Aberdeen,
hope
from the intelligence I shall receive of the enemv, I shall
take the most probable resolution for success in following
halt.
them, or possibly getting before them, southerly. The

things I ordered by Captain Eogers to be sent me at Inverness I have taken care shall be stopjêd for me at Aberdeen.
As I know this letter will run a great risk in getting to

your hands, I cannot explain my intentions in the manner I
would do. Military persons, who know the countries I have
gone through, may judge of the difficulties I met with in
executing the strict orders I received to march to the
Your Lordship shall hear from me as often as there
chain.
a probability of letters getting to you.
Though damage
the quickness of the march, which the
are
much
more
able
to
make
than we are,
Highlanders
yet a solid body like ours must effectually get the better of
them in the end. I hope it will be no small comfort to the
King's friends (as it is some to me) that the army has not
been lost, or much distressed, in the several difficult passes
is
may be done by
we have gone
Be pleased
through.
to communicate the contents of this letter to
the Lord Justice Clerk, tlie Solicitor-general, and General
Guest and that I may not swell the packet, I must desire
you to send this, or a copy of it, by express to the Marquis
of Tweeddale. His Lordship will easily conceive the reason
of my not ^mting to him du'ectly, from the folding up oi
this in a narrow compass.
I am, &c.
;
John Cope.
srPPEESSIOS OF THE KEBEI.LIOX.
MR JAMES FEEGUSSON
515

Newington, 9th September,
174.5.
|Mt Lord,
neighbour Robert G-ordon the younger of Logie, who

has spent most part of the summer in this place, intends to
to-morrow to his father's house, which is withm a
north
go
few miles of mine. I beg your Lordship will take the trouble
The bearer, his
to give him a pass for a boat to Kinghorn.
My
servant, will deliver
it.
am
always,
my
Lord, &c.
James FEBatrssoK.
MR GABRIEL NAPIER TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.
Mt
Stirling, 9th
September, 1745.
Loed,
I had yours of the 8th, which I communicated to General

Blakeney, and, according to your directions, the five gentlemen and their two servants are secured in the Castle of
I must also observe to your Lordship, that I have
Stirling.
got further information about Mr Thomas Drummond, of his
being with the rebels, and came only back by the ford of the
Frew to Leckie's house on Wednesday night about twelve,
and set out thence on Thursday morning, for Edinbiu-gh, on
a horse of Leckie's and, it seems, was conductor of the
other four gentlemen back to Leckie's house, and no doubt
to the rebels afterwards.
I am also informed that the horse
which ]\Ir Forbes rode on was got from my Lady Bruce,
who lives in the Citadel of Leith, and the other five horses
are Edinburgh hacks.
Please let me know by your next if
the horses shall be returned to their proper owners, or how
to be disposed of.
I am sorry to tell your Lordship that all here are at a very
;
great loss for the want of intelligence, and nobody will advance a sixpence but what I have done myself; so that if
your Lordship thinks fit to put money in my hand, or any
other person's, for the good of the public service, I assure
your Lordship it shall be faithfully applied. I have the pleasure to tell you, that the hundred men that I procured arms
and ammunition for are of more service to the Government
2 L 2
516
THE PEETElfDEES AND THEIJl ADHEBEIfTS.
'
in keeping guard at proper places, and seizing suspected persons travelling, than as many foot of the regular troops, for
they know the country passes and fords; and as all the boats
are taken off the Forth, they have fallen on a new iuvention
of making floats, by tying trees together, and coming over
about two mUes above this and their very guards have seized
a country fellow that came over this morning for intelligence,
and he now lies in prison.
;
Our friends here are not without great fears for the want
of troops, in case the rebels pass at the head of the Forth,
by which they wUl put the country in the utmost danger
and as it is the opinion of all gentlemen that I converse with,
either of the army or those who knew the rebels' conduct in
1715, that if there were another regiment of dragoons and
one of foot, they would not attempt to pass the Forth and
;
were once safe here, they

would be in a condition even to march north and disperse
never
would stand against
I
am
for
them,
persuaded they
such an army. I thought it my duty to hint this to your
Lordship, and to submit it to your Lordship, and to such as
the Government trust with the conduct and management of
the army, to advise such courses as you may think proper
and I hope you will excuse the liberty I have taken in hinting what I think proper for the public service, which proceeds
from my zeal and good afieetion for the Government.
if
Sir
John Cope, with
his army,
I am not able to bear the fatigues now that I did in 1715,

my good inclination is the same for his Majesty's service.
I beg to know of your Lordship if you received a letter from
me of the 25th of August from Craigannet, with one in it
from old Glengyle, anent his son, because I never got any
answer. I ordered it to be sent yoiu- Lordship by post. I
but
beg your Lordship to run an express to General Blakeney

80 soon as the troops laud, which will give courage to our
friends, and intimidate our enemies, for I am afraid their inteUigence is better than ours. Excuse this long letter from,
Gabriel Napiee.
my Lord, &c.
SUPPEESSIOJf or THE EEBELLIOIT.
517
the marqci3 of tweeddale to the lord advocate,

(exteact.)
10th Septemter, 1745.
His Majesty approves of your providing shipping, according to the General's (Sir John Cope's) desire and if it be
impracticable to come with his army in the low country any
other way, no doubt he must follow his own idea, whatever
objections there may appear to us to it, as he is upon the
what is most
spot, and can best judge from circumstances
;
expedient for his IMajestj^'s service.

If the Dutch troops are not already arrived in Scotland,
it must only be occasioned by the winds being contrary
and orders are despatched for four more Dutch battalions
going there immediately, the arrival of which I hope will
of the rebels.
effectually put a stop to the progress
shall have immediately, in this part of the kingdom, a very
;
We
considerable body of troops drawn together. The manning

two Kinghorn boats, to be assistant in preventing the rebels
from passing the Forth, is approved of here and more may
be employed in the same service, since force ought to be used
to keep the shipping on the south side, in case other means
;
do not prevail.
Eai'ly this
from
my Lord
morning I received yours with the enclosed

President, which you were in the right to open.
I hope you have, long before tliis, got the warrant you have
desired, and I make no doubt the well-affected inhabitants of
the town of Edinburgh wiU, on this extraordinary emergency,
exert themselves with zeal and vigour in their own defence
and that of the Government.
am
surprised I have heard nothing from the town of

who have formerly given such strong proofs of their
I have forzeal, what they are concerting at this time.
to you, that it was not imagined here any warhinted
merly
rant can be necessary, when there is an actual rebellion, for
empowering people to arm themselves iti defence of their
Glasgow,
own
liberties, their king, and country.

This day the City of London and Common Council presented their most loyal address to his Majesty.
THE PEETENDEES AND THEIE ADHEEENTB.
518
SIE
ANDREW MITCHELL TO THE LOBD ADTOCATE.

Whitehall, lOtli September, 1745.
Ml
Lord,
trausmit to you the enclosed letters for tbe President

Sir Johu Cope, into which, after reading them, you wiU
please to di-op some was under the seals, and to forward them.
They are left open that you may know what orders or hints
are given to either of theui, and therehy be enabled to advise
consistently with the views his Majesty's servants have of
that aflair for it is not doubted that you take ever_y opportunity to let the President and Sir Johu Cope know the state
of matters with you, as it may be of great use for the public
1
and
service at this juncture.
The enclosed anonymous paper was given by the Earl of

my Lord Marquis, and is not to be neglected
this time. Yom* Lordship -will take the proper method to
Harrington to
at
I believe Mr
to you. He has a small estate in Aberdeenshire, and is a Eoman Catholic of very moderate principles.
I was fii'st acquainted with him at Paris, and I believe he is
an honest man. I know he was obnoxious to the Jacobites
for his lukewarmness; and I cannot help suspecting that the
examine into the truth of the suggestion.
Young
is
known
information proceeds more from malice, and the resentment

of some secret enemy, than from any desire to serve the Government; and I dare say INIr Toung will, upon the least hint
from you, open every lock he has. He went to Scotland in
April or May last, in comp.any with Mr Hope of EankeiUour.
Sir Jolm Cope's march to Inverness has greatly surprised
everybody here, and the scheme of embarking his troojjs will
not fad to amaze so soon as it shall be publicly known. Many
have doubts whether it would not be better even to march
by the coast-road, than to ventiu'e a sea-voyage at this unHis going by land would have
certain equinoctial season.
this eifect,
to prevent any motion in tlie counties of Murray, Banff, Aberdeen, IMearns, and Angus, if any such is intended; but as this scheme of enibarkiug is his own thought,
he is left at liberty to execute it or not as he pleases.
I mentioned to you formerly what I had heard as
your
opinion I have since had a more distinct account of it, viz.
that is was not lawful to arm the militia and that this
STJPPEES3I0N or THE EEBELLIOy.
519
was not proper to call them forth. Tou

iig
may judge how some people are put to it for a defence of
harvest-time,
it
their conduct, when they lay hold of this to justify their

want of zeal and of action. I do not see what other opinion
cciuld be given, as there are no Lord-Lieutenants to call forth
the militia nor can tliat opinion ever be strained to imply

that in actual rebellion the raising men and joining the King's
troops, and receiving arms from his General, to be made use
of in defence of the established Government, can be high
treason, notwithstaiiding c. 5, Pari. 1st, Charles II., which is
the only act I know of upon which this opinion can be founded.
But it has been artfully spread that the 1st of George I., for
disarming the Highlanders, makes it high treason, &c., though
the penalty in the Act is only pecuniary, and leviable by the
Xing's Judges or Justices of the Peace.
Many and severe are the reflections thrown out by some
people, for not making the Lieutenants of the southern counties of Scotland assemble the militia, which, say they, is the
;
only constitutional force we have though, in my own opinion, I am persuaded that neither the Lord-Lieutenants nor
the militia could be of any real use yet I cannot help wishing tliat a nomination was made, because I fear the clamour
will be raised so high, that supposing any misfortune to happen, and an inquiry to be made in the House of Commons
about it, I do not think it improbable that the whole miscarriage may be imputed to tlie want of Lord-Lieutenants.
Pray write your opinion about tliis freely. I have given
mine perhaps foohshly. I believe this institution of LordLieutenants was borrowed from England. It is said that
Admiral Vernon has despatched Admiral Bvng after some
men-of-war that slipped out of Dunkirk, so I hope there be
no danger from them though they should go northward.
;
A. M.
COPT OF AN ANOKTlIOirS LETTER.

Forest's Coffee House, Charing Cross,
7th Septemher, 1745.
Sib,
As
am
a well-wisher to his Majesty King George's person and family, to my country, and the Protestant succession, I find myself obliged to let you know a thing I am sure
THE PEETENDEHS
520
ATfD
THEIE ABHEEENTS.
which is, that one who resides at present in

Edinburgh, whose name is Peter Young (a Roman Catliolic,
who was formerly in priest's orders in Paris, and was j)re-
and certain
ceptor to
and to
of,
Mr Drummond,
his brother,
commonly
and was
called
lately about the

Staftbrd in London,
Duke
of Perth,
Marquis of Anand went do\\-n,
my Lord
no good, to Scotland the beginning of the summer), I
this
same man is employed by the Pretender's son
Sir,
say,
as one of his emissaries, and has sent
up to Loudon several
of his manifestos, of which there is a great number at his
at
lodgings
Edinburgh, and he employs printers in garrets
there and others to disperse them in London amongst his acquaintance, and they ch-op them down in people's areas of
nandale and
for
This I am morally certain of, for a

proof of
only just information be made of this person, and
his lodgings searched, where will be found what
I have already mentioned.
I do n't know this person as much as by sight, but I am
informed he frequented the Smyrna Coffee-house in Pall
Mall, and was very great with one ]\Ir IMitchell, who I think
they say is Under Secretary of State for Scotland, who no
doubt can give an account of his particular abode in Edinburgh. Though 1 make no scruple of being an informer
where there is question of his Majesty's service, yet I choose
to conceal my name for the present, but shall wait on
you as
soon as this person is seized.
In the mean time, I shall do all I can to learn
every other
thing that may make the project of the rebels prove abortive,
their houses.
which
first
let
of
all
and am, most
sincerely, Sir,
ToTTE TJuKifOwif Seevaut
THE MARQUIS OE TWEEDDALE TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.
My
Loed,
Yesterday mornrag I received yours of the 7th instant,

with the intelligence enclosed, which I laid before the
King.
By it I think it appears that the rebels are not so considerable nor so well armed as was
imagined though, at
the same time, I am sensible
they may be too strong to
be resisted till more troops are got
together, which I hope
;
SrPPEESSION OF THE EEBELLION.
521
of happening soon, as the wind is now fair for

the Dutch troops to arrive in Scotland and that it is to be
hoped Sir John Cope with his army will very soon he in
a situation to make head against them, and the rather as
the rebels seem not yet to have concerted any scheme, nor
in any very good condition to execute one.
I am extremely sorry to find some persons you mention
have joined them, and you may be assured that those who
have, and others who may embark in this desperate, mad
attempt, will sufficiently repent of their folly when they come
to think seriously of it. I send you down, here enclosed, two
warrants for the towns of Aberdeen and Glasgow and I
have at the same time sent the warrant to Sir John Cope,
or, in his absence, to General Guest, for arms, Ac, to these
I was very glad
towns, which he will communicate to you.
to hear of the opinion you and the solicitor had given to the
of
before
the
warrant
for them had
magistrates
Edinburgh
reached you, as it can never be thought that, in cases of extreme danger and actual rebeUion, there can be any penalty
for taking up arms in defence of our properties and the support of the Government on the contrary, such as do, deserve particular marks of his Majesty's favour.
I have this day seen Sir James Grant, who has laid before
me such information against Alexander Grant of Shenglie in
TJrquhart, that a warrant should be immediately issued for
seizing him, and the execution thereof may be put into the
hands of Grant, Deputy- Governor of Inverness. It will be
particularly necessary that it be recommended to him to
make a narrow search for any letters or papers he may have
about him when seized, or iu his house.
I am, &c.
cannot
fail
TWEEDDALE.
The address from the town of Edinburgh
was preDuke of Grafton, the Duke of Argyll, ever

since his arrival here, having been so much indisposed that
he has not yet stirred abroad. I do n't trouble you with
p. S.
sented by the
foreign news, nor have
mind, so
election.
much
as taken
I,
having so
many
other things to
any notice to you of the Emperor's
TKE PEETENDEES AND THEIE ADHEEENTS,
522
MS GABEIEL NAPIEE TO THE LOED ADVOCATE.
Mt
Stilling, I'ith
September, 1745.
Loed,
I wrote to you by express this morning about one o'clock,

in some hurry, we having got an alarm that first a party,
and then the body of the rebels were come to Dumblane.
Town, camp, and castle were all prepared to do their best

for their defence, the whole being under arms all night and
this morning came in three of our soldiers, who had been
;
taken prisoners, who owned they were obliged to take up

with the rebels, which procured them credit, and so took an
opportunity of deserting last night at Dumblane. They are
gone up to the Castle to be examined by the General, so I
cannot write to you by the bearer any pai-tieulars, but that
the deserters told the guard there that the rebels, in aud
about Dumblane, are about four thousand five hundred.
The bearer was sent express from General Cope to Colonel
Gardiner, and by stratagems got through the rebels. I beg
a speedy answer to my last, if not complied with already, for
we expect an attack soon, or that they will march by the
I am in haste, &c.
heads of the Forth.
Gabeiel Napieb.
P. S.
I dm told
last night to
all
the gentlemen in the rebel

as did their Prince.
army camo
Dumblane,
THE PEOVOST OF OLASGOW TO THE LOED ADVOCATE.
Mt
Glasgow,
12tli
September, 1745.
Lord,
I have the honour of your Lordship's of yesterday, and of

this day by express, and am greatly obliged to
you for your
care and concern about our town.
No doubt the King's
troops will retard and harass them on their march, as much
God
grant Sir John Cope were soon on

arrived.
are of ourselves alHeaven send us a deliverance.
together defenceless.
I have the lionour to be, with great respect, &c.
as they are able.
this side,
and the Dutch
We
And. Cocheane.
SUPPRESSION OF THE REBELLION".
523
THE PROVOST OP GLASGOW TO THE LORD ADTOCATE.

Glasgow, 13th September, 1745.
Mt Lord,
We have intelligence
from all quarters that the rebels are

and come this way. I am, iu the
beg your Lordship's interest with
General Guest, that he would order the two regiments of
dragoons to form and march for our relief. We ha\'e a number of inhabitants all hearty for the Government, but without arms. I submit to your Lordship if any could be sent
us, iu which case we could assist the King's troops.
Our case is extremely pitiable, and we rely on your Lordto pass tlie Perth this day,
name of this community, to
ship's protection.
I am, most respectfully,
my
Lord, &c.
Akd. Cochrane.
ADDRESS OF PRINCE CHARLES TO THE PROVOST AND

MAGISTRATES OF EDINBURGH.
13th September, 1745.
NEED not inform you of my having come
hither, nor of
already sufficiently known. All
those who love their country, and the true interest of Britain, ought to wish for my success, and to do what they can
to promote it. It would be a needless repetition to tell you,
that all the privileges of your town are included in my declaration, and what I have promised I wiU never depart from.
I hope this is your way of thinking, and therefore, expect
my
view in coming
that
is
your compliance with my demands.

A sum of money, besides what is due to the Government,
not exceeding 15,000 sterling, and whatever arms can be
foimd in your city, is at present what I require. The terms
offered you are very reasonable, and what I promise to make
good. I choose to make these demands, but if not compHed
with, I shaU take other measures, and you must be answerable for the consequences.
Charles
P. E.
THE PHETENDEES ANB THEIR ADHEEETTTS.
521
SIR
ANDREW MITCHELL TO THE LOED ADVOCATE.

Whitehall,
Mt
Lord,
I had the favour of
yoitr.s
Uth
September, 1745.
of the 10th, which gave
me
great
thorough justification of your

conduct and opinion from the aspersions and misrepresentations of your enemies.
I have he.ard it avowed, and your letter to Lord G. quoted
as a proof of it, that you had given it luider your hand that
it was high treason for subjects to take up arms, even in the
But
case of an actual rebellion, n-ithout the King's leave.
as I see that a certain great man, finding this opinion not tenable, has thought proper to saddle you with it, it would, at
this time be of the greatest importance to know before whom,
and upon what occasions, that great man did declare, "that it
was contrary to law to put arms into the hands of subjects."
AVhat makes something of this sort the more necessary is,
that it has been artfully insinuated here, that the non-activity
of the "Whig flans has been O'ndng to this opinion being pubit is
plain that it has been solely owing
licly known, whereas
to the example set them by one who has been accustomed to
lead, and whose authority has been so great, that it has
hitherto been a crime to differ in opinion only.
We have no news. What I mentioned to you formerly of
some men of war and transports having slipped out of Dunkirk, and been followed by Admiral Byng, is, I find, not true,
so there is nothing to be apprehended from that quarter. The
address of the city of Edinburgh was presented to the King
satisfaction, as it contained a
by the Duke of Grafton,
his Grrace of Argyll not having yet

appeared at Coui't, notwithstanding what you wiU read in
the Gazette of this night.
The address of the Merchant Company, I believe, really

own
pleased his Majesty, for I take it to be agreeable to his
It is of aU misfortunes the greatest to be desentiments.
fended by an unskiful advocate. This I could verify to you in
the case of a great man, to whom you are not much obliged.
His emissary varies and changes his defence, as often as he
does his linen.
I am, my Lord, &e.
Andr. Mitchell.
STJPPBESSIOIf OF
THE EEBELLIO>-.
525
THE MAEQUIS OF TWEEDDALE TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.

Lobd,
This morning I received your Lordship's of the 10th instant, by express, which I immediately laid before the King,
who was very well pleased with the contents of it, and eniJIt
approves your conduct in every particular, especially

in that of bringing all the vessels to the south side of the
tirely
Forth.
As the face of his Majesty's aifairs with you seems to

be greatly altered for the better, and that a laudable spirit for the support of his Government has arisen, I flatter
mvself that upon the appearance of the transports from
Holland, and Sir John Cope's coming round, a speedy end
I formerly
will be put to this mad and desperate attempt.
mentioned both to you and jNIr Guest, that besides the
Dutch regiment that was ordered to come forthwith, more
were to follow them immediately, and therefore I hope General Guest has made the proper disposition for their quarters too, against tlieir arrival, which, if the wind continues
fair, may be daily expected.
The address of the INIerchant Comjjany of the city of Edinburgh I this day laid before the King, and I have myself
wrote a letter to be communicated to the Company.
I am, with great regard, &c.
TWEEDDALE.
Mr
Guest will no doubt communicate to you the

The enclosed meletter he receives from me by this post.
morandum was just now sent me by IMi' Pelham, which, though
it contains nothing new, I transmit to you.
p. S.
(MEHOBANBmi.)
"
one Jolm Stewart, alias John Eoy, who formerly

served, it is said, as Quarter-master in the Scotch Greys.
This man, after quitting the service, went to Eome with a
recommendation from Lord Lovat. He Lived there two years,
and by a recommendation from thence, he got a company in
the French service. He went lately to Scotland is an High
lander.
He and Lord Lovat should both be looked after."
There
is
'
THE PEETENDEES ASD THEIE ADHERENTS.
52G
THE PROVOST OF GLASGOW TO THE LORD AUVCCiTE.

Glasgow, 15th September, 1745.
Mt
Lord,
I had the honour to inform your Lordship yesterday, that
some of our people had heen sent by the inhabitants to treat
with the rebels. They are this morning come back to the
tovra, having been no further than Kilsyth, where they met
with Mr Cope, who dissuaded them from that step, in regard
there was no present force near the town
strong enough to justify treatingin that manner. Theytookhisadviceandeameback.
We are certainly informed that the rebels encamped last
night a mile to the west of Falkirk, and they say (but we
cannot assure this with the same certainty), that they have
six or eight himdred Camerons and M'Donalds still
lying at
the Frow, waiting to join the Atholl men, who are still behind. This party they threaten to march in by Glasgow, in
case we refuse their demands. We therefore beg your Lordship's advice and protection, as far as it can consist with the
We need not tell you the terrible situation
public safety.
we are in I dare say your Lordship feels for us.
I beg leave to commit the town to
yoiu- Lordship's protection, and desire your Lordship's advice with all speed, be;
cause
it is
possible the Highlanders
morrow morning,
if
1 am,
MR
not this evening.

Lord, &c.
mv
ROIiERT,
may be with
us by to-
And. Cochrajte.
DICK TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.

Queensferrv, loth Sept. 1745.
Mt
Lord,
The whole shipping that was in our harbour is now taken
and
lies in the road,
out,
always afloat, and such of them as
did not belong to the place are
gone homewards.
It
is
talked here that the Highlanders are

designed to en-
camp their main body on Seine Muir this night, and a party
of them to be here to-night. A man, who was detained
by
them about two hours yesterday, says that they reckoned
themselves betwixt four and
five thousand strong, but savs

that they are
ill-armed, and most of them naked,
generally
"
I am, &c.
Eob. Dick.
poor fellows.
STTPPEESSION OF THE EEBELLIOy.

,
527
THE MAEQUIS OF TWEEDDALE TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.

(extract.)
Whitehall, SepfemDer U-l'th, [1745].
This morning I received yours, and I am hopeful
this re-
is drawing near to an end.

It will occasion the ruiu
some particular persons, and has thrown great reflections
upon our countrymen, and I am afraid may in its consequences do more real service to France, than the gain of the
hattle at Fontenoy did. However, I am rejoiced to find there
is a right spirit now
beginning to show itself in Scotland
endeavours must be used to keep it alive.
The address of the Merchant Company is perfectly well
worded, and I have thought proper to write a letter myself
to them, which you will cause to be delivered as
you shall
judge proper. I heartily wish Michaelmas could put an end
to our present Provost's administration it would he a
great
hellion
of
point gained could that be efl'ectuated.

Nothing, at this
junctm-e, ought to hinder both you and the Solicitor adding
all
to
effectuate
it.
How
far
it
your weight
might be agreeable to some of my fellow-servants here, I do not know but
I am sure our common master would be
pleased, and it would
;
be for his service.

the good town.
SIB
Mt
Let us have a Whig administration in

Whitehall, 17th Septemher, 1745.
Lord,
Tou
John Cope and the President, which please seal and forward.
Lord has wTote to
the Justice Clerk, in answer to a most
pathetic letter of his,
forth
the
his
setting
agonies
Majesty's subjects are in, for
want of a legal authority to assemble, and arm in their own
will receive letters for Sir
My
and
in the defence of the Government

but as the Justice
has not condescended to say what
authority he thinks would
be proper, my Lord has very
explicitly desired hiui to give
;
his opinion
plainly.
Tour Lordship will observe, in the warrant to the Commander-in-Chief for arms to the towns of Aberdeen and Glaa-
TKE PBETENBEES AND THEIK ABHEEENTS.
528
gow, that your Lordship and the Justice Clerk are to certify
the number needl'ul. This was done to prevent an abuse of
that power, and he was joined with you only t6 prevent imputation of partiality, for you are at present no favourite
with some people.
I am,
my
dear Lord, yom's, &c.
A.
M.
THE HARQDIS OF TWEEDDALE TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.

\Vliiti;haU,
Mt
Lord,
Last Sunday evening I received yours of the 12th current

by express, in which you acquaint me that, the day before,
the rebels had left Perth and marched westward but, as 1
have had uo express since, I flatter myself they have been
;
We
make no
able to
here, as
you
are equally impatieul

great progress.
are in Scotland, to hear of the lauding of the
troops, which aU the accounts from Holland give th

We
strongest grounds to have expected before this time.
likewise flatter ourselves that Sir .John Cope and the troops
will be arrived in your neighbourhood before this can react
Dutch
you.
The Channel is now so well guarded by difierent squadrons

we are imder no apprehensions of a visit either from the
French or Spaniards, should that ever have been their inten.
tion, though nothing can prevent a single ship passing in the
I transmit to you a letter imder a flying seal to the
night.
Provost of Glasgow, in relation to an information which ]
have received, and which I do not know whether you have
heard of or not. I send this by post, having no particulai
that
directions to send.
I am, &c.
TwllEDDALE.
I just now heard that the three battalions of Dutcl

p. S.
are arrived, having missed the sloop that was sent with order!
but I hope that by this time the
for them to go to Scotland
other regiment will be at Leith.
;
SrPPBESSlON OF THE EEBELLION.
SIR
ASDBEW
529
iriTCHELL TO THE LOED ADVOCATE.

Mt Loed,
have made
tlie proper use of yours of tlie 10th.

It has
every caudid man I have met with. It is surprising
soon some people forget what they have said when it
serves their purpose but let the saddle be laid on the right
Tour conduct in general is approved by those
lioise, say I.
invisfied
iiciw
whose approbation you value.

I am in hopes the Highlanders are retreating to their owii
mountaius, as it is now forty-eight hours and upwards since
we heard of their motion from Perth.
I am, dear
Sir,
&e.
A.
M.
THE IIAEQEIS OE TWEEDDAXE TO THE PEOVOST OE GLASGOW.

SlE,
I have received information that, on Saturday the 7th current, an English gentleman came to Glasgow, who had been
with the Highland army, and when he was brought before

you, he prevaricated not a little, and by some letters he had
in his pocket, it appeared that he was a distiller in West
Chester, and by a letter from his sister, which he also produced, she said it was believed by everybody there that he
was gone to the Pretender, and he afterwards acknowledged
that his ciu-iosity led him to see the man they called Prince
Chaiies, and that he had been there and had seen him, and
was going home about his business.

I desire you will forthwith acquaint me with the name of
this English gentleman, not doubting that, if the above information be true, you have secured him, and given notice
to
Lord Advocate, as his Majesty's service requires.
my
I am, Sir, &c.
TWEEDDALE.
2
530
SIE
ANDEEW MITCHELL TO THE LORD ADVOCATE.

19tli
My
September, 1745.
Loed,
As my Lord Marquis
is
this night at a Cabinet

Council,
he has not time to write to you, nor has he any directions tk.
transmit. Tou will easily believe that we are anxious to heat,
of Sir John Cope's arrival at Leith, and of the arrival of the
Dutch regiment there. The three regiments, landed here,

are ordered to march northward immediately, under the command of General Wentworth. The next embarkation are
ordered to sail directly to Newcastle.
Lord wonders that G-eneral Guest does not write to
him, though he has desired he would, and it is so necessary
for liis Majesty's service. Yesterday Mr Blair was committed
to Newgate by a warrant from my Lord Advocate, for
high
treason.
He had been troublesome in the messenger's cusand
there
was
reason
to
believe
that
he would attempt
tody,
to malve his escape.
As he will now take his trial, your
Lordship wiU consider what evidence can be brought against
him.
My
The Parliament
will meet on the 17th of October next.

AVeir arrived this morning from Scotland with a budget
As my Lord wrote to you last Saturday of a certain
magistrate, I hope you will endeavour to make the scheme
eflFectual.
Every step he takes shows the necessity of the
Whigs exerting themselves, or being enslaved by him.
Mr
of
lies.
Past 10 at night.
Just this moment the express is arrived with your letter

of the 10th, from Huntington.
I hope Sir John Cope will
still be time
enough from Dunbar to save the town, and hang
somebody.
THE MAEQnS OF TWEEDDALE TO THE LOED ADVOCATE.
Mt
Loed,
I have received yours of the 14th instant from Edinburgh,

as also, last night, yours of the 16th from
Huntington, with
the disagreeable news of the rebels being within three miles
STJPPEESSIOTf OF
if
THE EEBELLIOJf.
531
Edinburgh, and in all probability in possession of that place

I own, I always did apprehend this event, it' the
hat night.
march to, and could arrive near, Edinburgh before

:he Dutcli troops came, or that Sir John Cope was arrived
witli his army from Aberdeen.
However, it was some satisiliels did
faction to us to hear, at the same time, that Sir John Cope

was so near wdth the army, and we flatter ourselves that as
he is now joined with the two regiments of dragoons, he will
soon be able to drive the rebels from thence.
Probably you will have heard before this, that the Dutch
battalion, first ordered to Leith, had been forced by contrary
winds into Burlington Bay. General Oglethorpe sets out
for that place this evening, to march that battalion northward
in case the winds have proved unfavourable for its proceeding by sea. The second embarkation of Dutch is arrived this
day in the river, not having met the orders sent to them some
time ago, for part of them to go to Newcastle but orders
are despatched to-night for two of the battalions to proceed,
without cbsembarkiug, for Newcastle.
expect, to-morrow
or next day, a large body of our own national
troops here, as
accounts
of
last
all
embarked
and ready
were,
mail,
they
by
to sail with the first wind. I have thus given
you an account
of the disposition making here for the defence of this part of
the kingdom and I pray God we may have better news from
your parts than what we ha\e had of late.
I wish General Blakeney may have found means to have
left Stirling, and to have
Tou wiU
joined General Cope.
easily judge what uneasiness we must be under here from
what already has happened, and may yet happen in Scotland.
I wish I coidd say we had as much reason to be satisfied with
the conduct of all in Edinburgh as with
yours. I think both
you, the solicitor, and others, judged perfectly right in your
present circumstances to leave Edinburgh, rather than to fall
into the hands of the rebels, or shut yourselves up in the
;
We
Castle.
I send this under Sir John Cope's cover, which I direct to

the care of the postmaster at Berwick.
I am, with great truth, &c.
TWEEDDALE.
THE PEETENDEBS
532
SIE
A2^D
THEIE ADHEEENTS.
AUDEEW MITCHELL TO THE LOED ADVOCATE.

Whitehall, 20th Septemher, 1745.
My
Loed,
I have heard with the deepest concern of the shamefid fate

When shall our country be able to wipe off
of Edinburgh.
This is no time to make particular rethis iuiamous stain ?
I shall inform you afterwards of some things that
flections.
will surprise you. In general, it gives me great pleasure that
that
your conduct and behaviour is approved by everybody
is at all informed, or rather by everybody that is not misin-
formed.
My
comMy Lord has wrote you of what is doing here.

all the brethren that are with
pliments most aflectionately to
you, and who are fellow-sutferers.
A. M.
I am ever yours, &c.
SIE
ANDEEW MITCHELL TO ME THOMAS HAT.

Whitehall, 24th September, 1745,
one o'clock in the morniug.
Deab
Sir,
It is hardly to be imagined what a great consternation the

news of Sir John Cope's defeat has occasioned. It is indeed
an event that may have great consequences, and ruinous ones,
to our coimtry but since the people of England will never
suffer themselves to be plundered and enslaved by a handfid
of Highland banditti, what has happened will rouse the lekindle a zeal that shall conthargic spirit of the nation, and
sume the rebels.
Ten battalions are already arrived from Elanders, and some
of them will march directly.
Pray let me know what you
hear of our friends that were in the battle, for I delay writing till we have more particular accounts. I fear this success
will occasion many to declare, who otherwise would have remained quiet. I most heartily sjanpathize with you, and every
honest man of Scotland, who must henceforth bear the imtill the affair of Edinburgh is
putation of guilt, at least
'
I am, dear Sir, &c.
cleared up.
'
At Preston Pans.
A. M.
r.oQ
EEBELLIOK.
SUPPKISSIOK or THE
STB
...BW
LOBB ADVOCATE.
MITCHELL TO THE
1745.
Whitehall, 24th Septemher,
Mt
LoKD,
early this morning,
91 t wliich arrived
Tovu- letter of the 21st,jh [the
^^^ ^^^ êll-^-ishers
trien
'^"^
to all
^^^
the deepest concern
gave
must
Sf his Majesty's G^'^f,,
success of the rebels
i^.^'ecess
that thi^
and
misery
nîsfortune
the distress
.
friends of the G-overnment.

Lord has ^vrote to you
My
m
commanding oificer
will concert
to the
conveying orders
and
^^^^*/^Xr^h
of
that you
but in case any
or
should occur to you
desired
^^^^^
^^^^
Jtohur^^^^^^
that service
Î'^f^Y J^^^^^
tl^ Casjb
with
perhaps
.^^îtoXn^^^^^^ which
l-^f^^^^
fail
,^^ -âte you will not
as the
not
you may
execution
let tne espe

m ".PX\heTxp"whlt
it will,
to
suggest
of the last
be trTed. If
Lrîce
]-^^-^^^;^^'^^,lMi
that all
eneshould fall into the
your Lordship
order to the co"""'^,"'^^''^! ?' oMequence, and therefore
"^
he
can
If
it
very proper.
niy's hands,
having a number
îth Edinburgh,
to put
it
is
P?3Xct
ke
^Sates
they
L...
Se
f^f/lf/^.^cliBg
th.t
is their fate,
-" "
, Seo land
i am sori.y uu
.;,'
t'~l,j^!"/'.
soldiers
the
They
behaved well
tnem to withstand
-\lJ;^;;Xd them
^^^^^
mixed with them would ^f eênabled whose alt
^^^
.^_
furious onset of tt^Highlandrebes
than
I
of the appearance
are from Ireland.
.wfhev
that
but
^-^^se
no
^^
l
dragoons have
r ^^^^
the volunteers
about
uneasiness
am in great
them have been hurt.
0^5
tW^reh
THE PEETENDEES ASD THEIE ADHEEENTS.
534
As
I have observed that some people have varied prodigiously in the numbers they gave out of the Highland rebels,
just as it served their purpose at the time to injure those they
wanted to destroy, I think it will be of very great use to ascertain, as far as possible, the numbers of the rebels at different times.
Commissary Roberts' account of the rebels
when they entered AthoU is exact. The accounts of those
who numbered them in Perth may likewise be depended
upon but then we want to know. First,
many they
How
were when they left Perth ? Second, When they crossed the
fords of Forth ? Third, "When they entered Edinburgh ? and,
Fourth, What was their number at the battle ? I mean of
Highlanders, for I wiU not suppose there were others on that
side. I have mentioned this to your Lordship, because I find
it is a topic made use of against you. and some of your friends
here, with more success tluxn I woidd have imagined and it
is a
pity, when one is acting an honest and sincei'e part, not
to be able to make it appear.
I hope your Lordship has already had fidl proof of the
conduct of the managers of the town of Edinburgh. I can

neither sleep, eat, nor be easy till this stain is wiped off the
nation.
I am ashamed to own myself what I am, for I can
neither deny nor contradict the bold assertions of universal
perfidy, &c., till the guilt is laid on those who ought to bear
it.
I heartily wish you and my country a speedy deliverance
from the present misery and oppression. Tou, my Lord,
have the comfort that yon have acted an honest and a steady
part, and the world is sensible of it.
I ever am, with sincere sympathy and affection,
Yours, &c.
P. S.
25th of September, one o'clock, afternoon. The
Council having sat very late last night, the bearer, Mr Lucas,
one of his Majesty's messengers, could not be despatched till
this day.
He carries packets for Lord Mark Kerr, Greneral
Cope, and your Lordship. When you despatch him to Lonwill
don, you
give them notice to have their letters ready. I
hope your Lordship will be safe at Berwick if otherwise, I
think you should move southwards. Pray employ people, as
you have occasion, to find out the facts and numbers I have
hinted at, and, if possible, let their declarations be of such a
nature, that they may not have it in their power to retract
or deny them.
535
STIPPEESSION OF THE REBELLION.
THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE TO LOED MAEK KERR.

'WTiitchall,
^^
-J-
had the honour of your Lordship's letter from Berwick,

which I have laid before the King.
As the security and preservation of the Castle of Edinburgh is of the utmost importance, I am commanded by his
comMajesty to signify to you that you send orders to the
I
manding officer in the said Castle to declare to the magistrates and inhabitants of the town, that if they do not fiu-uish
him with sucli jirovisions as shall be necessary for the garrison, he will distress and annoy them by all the means in his
power particularly by destroying the reservoir which supeven cannonading the town
plies the town with water, and
from the Castle.
I have desired his Majesty's Advocate and Solicitor to be
;
as they
assisting to your Lordship in conveying these orders,
are well acquainted with the country, and have many connecI am extremely
tions and friends in and about Edinburgh.
to the King's troops, but I hope
for what has
happened
sorry
misfortune.
proper measures will soon be taken to retrieve the
Tweeddaie.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
I know I need not mention to your Lordship the

P. S.
necessity of keeping this order secret.
TltE MAEQiriS
-..
or TWEEDDALE TO THE LOED ADVOCATE.

Yovu-s of the 21st instant from Haddington, which I received early yesterday morning, brought us the first unexpected account of the defeat of the forces under the command
of Sir John Cope by the rebels. The security and preservation of the Castle of Edinburgh being of the utmost importance to his IVIajesty's service at this juncture, I have, in
pursuance of his ilajestv's command, wrote this day to Lord
Mark Kerr, that he send orders to the commanding officer in
Edinburgh Castle, that he declare to the magistrates aud inhabitants of the town., that if they do not furnish him with
such provisions as shall be necessary for the garrison, he will
distress
and annoy them by every means in
his
power
par-
THE PBETENDEES AND THEIE ADHERENTS.
536
by destroying the reservoir which supplies the town

with water, and even by cannonading the town from the
Castle.
Ton and the Solicitor will consult with Lord Mark
Kerr, as to the most proper method for conveying these or-
ticularl_y
ders to the
Commandant
of the Castle, and
more methods
than one shoidd be attempted.
Ten battalions of British troops from Flanders landed here

on the 23rd, and measures are concerting for sending a large
body of troops to the North, and reserving another body here
for security of the Government.
I apprehend the town of
Berwick to be a very proper place for you and the Solicitor
to stay in, till the face of affairs in the North take a better
turn.
I am, with the greatest regard, &e.
TwEEDDALE.
P.S.
Tour Lordship and the Solicitor will easily see that
this order concerning the Castle should be
kept very secret.
SIE
Mt

Whitehall, 2Gth Septemher, 1745.
Lord,
As we bear by letters of the 23rd from Berwick, that Lord

Mark Kerr was set out for London, my Lord desires me to
acquaint you that he hopes, before this comes to hand, that
will have received the order about the Castle of Edinburgh, which you \vill intimate to the commanding officer
there, as an order of his Majesty signified to you by the
Marquis of Tweeddale. Everybody here is anxious about the
fate of the Castle, and reports are
spread that it is but ill
provided with provisions, &c. I hope these reports are not
true, but your Lordship must know what is in this affair.
I take the liberty to send, under your cover, a letter for
Mrs Toung, who is now at Berwick, with tlie Countess of
Stair.
Captain Toung informs me that it contains a letter
of credit for her Ladyship. There are two more letters which
I likewise recommend to yom- care.
The Council has sat very late.
Lord does not write
it is now
past one in the morning.
compliments and
services to all the distressed. I have been in extreme misery
and confusion, since I heard of the fate of Edinburgh.
I am, &c.
A. M.
you
My
My
537
SrPPKESSIOS OF THE EEBEMION.
TO THE LOED ADTOCATE.

THE MAEQTJIS OF TWEEDDALE
Whitehall, 28tli Septemlier, 1745.
to you of the 25th, despatched by

from
received yours of the 23rd,
a mes-
^%incTmy\^^t
sen^r I have
fo;
Ber^ck
onVermarlUri
'TirSIiav
Col"
T.
Ld therefore
iudge,
y, md a
com,.n
Sir
tiat a. th. d.rt ot
qSempec*d
I hope no
to be
pams
hero,
or expense
it
i.
Û
Jolm
. poml
he spaced
in cac
recover possession ot the town,
circunistances
leave it, that must depend upon
town oi
accounts, that the
I am sorrv to find, by some_
in some danger.
be
to
is
itself
thought
Berxvick
J^;"]* Jh^
also, I
that
rebels get possession of
^^*
be
iâce
^PF^^^^'^-jf
it
therefore I
would be a most fatal blow, and
^dl
ôpe
Orders are
de-Ftched
defended to the utmost extremity.
battalions --^
Sanders for bringing over eight
Uf^^^^
some regiments of dragoons. In your l'^!*
shoui
y^^J^^ûld
till you
at Berwick
you and the Solicitor are staymg
is now to
hear from me. As the Parliament
and i shon
to come here ê^t^soon
think it wiU be proper for you
see the
likewise be very glad to
nobody at
^.'j'f^^Xe
be to ba.ê nou
there will
foresee the inconvemency
j,
TUE PBETENDEES AND THEIR ADHEEENTS.
538
Berwdck, or that neiglibourliood, to give me intelligence of

what may be passing in Scotland, or to receive the necessary
orders his Majesty may have occasion to send from hence
;
and, therefore, I
own
woidd advise
as long as he can safely do
it.
his staying at Berwick

I am, &c.
TWEEDDALE.
GENESAl
GTJEST TO
THE LOED ADVOCATE.
Suaday, 29th September [17^5], 12 o'clock.
Sir,
I have yours, with his Majesty's commands, concerning
the Castle and town of Edinburgh. I have not yet had any
occasion to quarrel with the town, for they suffer everything
I was forced, about a
to come in and go out unmolested.
week ago, to let the Provost know, that if they hindered me
from obtaining anything for my money, I shoidd be forced
to treat them in the manner yours mentions.
They threaten
but as I have four
to storm the place with scaling ladders
hundred good men, and we never go to bed, I hope I shall
be able to prevent any surprise, and I think nothing else can
;
hurt me.
Our officers, who were taken prisoners at the battle, were

sent this morning to Perth, and they are to cross the Firth
where the enemy did, four miles above Stirling. They were
ordered last night to set out this morning at six. The private men were sent the day before, and the wounded are left
in the infirmary.
Captain Beaver suffers none to pass nor repass from Leith
to the Queen's Ferry.
I can take any one into the garrison
that comes under the wall from the West Kirk, or that comes
to
the
in the daytime. Depend on it, no
Castle
Gate
straight
care shall be wanting in my doing my duty, as long as bfe
remains
in, Sir,
Tour
faithful servant,
Jos. G-UEST.
THE MAEQITIS Or TWEEDDALE TO THE XOED ADTOCATE.
Mt
Whiteliall, 4th October, 1745.
Loed,
The letters
I have received yours of the 1st of October.
addressed to the Duke of Argyll, the Earl of Stair, and my-
SrPPEESSION OF THE EEBELLION.
539
are all in the same style, and are signed by a committee

of the inhabitants of the town of Edinburgh the 30th of
September, to which I have received no orders to return any
answer, but send you here enclosed a letter to the commanding
officer of the Castle of Edinburgh, which you will endeavour
to get conveyed to him in the safest manner you can, though
I own I am afraid it may be difficult, as I find by the letter
from the committee that all the avenues to the Castle are
self,
guarded by armed men
however,
it
must be attempted
if
possible.
This messenger carries likewise a packet to Sir John Cope,

which contains also a letter in the same style, and which he
has received his Majesty's orders from me to send directly,
by a flying packet, to the commanding officer in the Castle,
however probable it is that it will fall into the hands of the
rebels.
It is now ver_y late, and I have nothing further to
I am, &c.
write at this time but that
TWEEDDALE.
ME OEOUGE DEUMMOJfD TO THE
SOLICITOE-GESEEAL.
Ber^vick, Tth October, 1745.
Mt
deae Sir,
The intelligence
since mine of last night is, that on Friday

evening, under the favour of the smoke of a smart firing
from the Castle, the garrison cut a breach quite across the
hiU, half way down to the houses, sixteen feet deep and
fourteen broad. They finished it by next day. The fije of two
hundred men, who were posted there, cleared the way leading
and gave room for their getting in thirty-nine

nine-gallon brees of two-penny bread, some water from the
Of a detachment, who were
cistern, and twenty cows.
crawling up the south side of the hill from the Castle wind
to dislodge them, three guns from the Castle killed about
twenty of them. Our people retired into the Castle coolly,
without the loss of a man. On Sunday morning they had
withdrawn their guard from the weigh-house, and their sento the hiU,
from the bill.

Glenbucket and Lord Ogilvie came into Edinburgh on
half-aFriday with seven hundi-ed men. They have ordered
crown in the pound, of the valued rents of Edinburgh, to be
tries
5-10
THE PEETEXDEES A^V TIIEIR ADHEBENTS.
paid in to-day, on pain of military execution, and talk of

leaving Edinburgh on their way south to-morrow.
I am, the Advocate's, Sir John Inglis',
and your most humble servant,

G.
Drummond.
THE SOLICITOE-GENEEAL DTJNDAS TO THE LORD ADTOCATE.

Alnwick,
Mt
19tli
October, 1745.
Lord,
was glad just now to hear by Mitchell that
you had got
safe to Loudon.
I wrote last
post to the Marquis that the
rebels had got into Edinburgh, where
they remained when
we got the last accounts, but what they design next we know
not. They gather together
numbers
of horses from
prodigious
all quarters, and I am told
they sent notice to Lady Hopetown
in my Lord's absence, to
prepare for them in two" days no less
than one hundi-ed. There is
something odd in this, and looks
as if they intended a
long journey; but I leave your Lordship and others to conjecture what may be their intentions.
I offer my complimenis to Sir Charles
Gilmour, when yoa
have occasion to see him. Let me know when
you see him.
I
1 am, yoiu" Lordship's, &c.,
Eo. DUNDAS.
THE SOLICITOR-GENERAL DUNDAS TO THE LORD ADTOCATE.
Mt
Berwick, 1st Novombcr, 1745.
Loed,
I have
had the favour of your

Lordship's letters, and I
heartily wish you may all agree in Parliament, for divisions
there at present I find
greatly encourage the common enemy.
The substance of the intelligence that I have
lately got
from Edinburgh is, that the Duke of
Perth, Lord OgUvie,
and Glenbueket's men, with about a thousand who came
yesterday from Atholl and part of the Duke of Gordon's
estate, were all at Dalkeith yesterday ; that
they had likewise
brought there from Mussleburgh the cannon they had taken
from Sir John Cope and that late last
night other sis pieces
of brass cannon (wliich had been landed out of one of the
;
ships that
came to the north country)
wei-e likewise
brought
541
SUPPBESSIOS OF THE EEBELLIO>-.
Frenchmen
them twelve or sixteen

alon<5 with
and Ukewise several loaded
thev caU engineers;
^vxth other
loaded with biscuit, and partly
Srons
there
and
whom
partly
a
helieve that they have got
^'ft'the same time, I cannot
loaaed
because they sent several carts,
srât quantify of arms,
were given
taken in the country, which
^th amistbey had
and l^beie their J^

whole army is to rendezvous,
was expected last night or ^^%'^'^Z^-^^^hlrTllS
'^
cannon
now consists of thirteen pieces of
^'"'l^^^^g^f
the two ,^
the point
in Dalkeith Park, upon
aters^
êtêen
tins
aaanion,
with
A H to their numbers, I am assured that,
and the Low
six thousand Highlanders,
th;y hav not qle
seven thousand
to
them
up
Countrv people wiU not make
thousand horses tor what
Sey hie akeady pressed several tinie
but
teU,
.^îU
that
pSosewe annot%et
'^. ^^'JZ'l^lt
then- men the army
TW leaders carefidly conceal from them
believe ^t bo more
make
l^J:^^llg^Me.u, andwith
a very few regular troops
than a parcel of miUtia,
eaine ^po^
since the men-of-w;ar
They are in vast terror
Jhe
d be landed
alarm lest any people shou
coasl and in a continual
ôê suspicion that this
from on board of them. I have
their
reason of their movmg to Dalkeith^

at
partly the
wnte to your Lordship, Dut
I have several things to
h.
tlie express ^biA
as
find
time,
clôt
I
present
and I would
fs hastening away,
.^"t'?"^^^*"
which ^
of
the inteUigence we have got,
^=^;^^;^^;,
the Marquis, which
copies to
^^
'l^'l^^^l'ôle.
but I
please,
a m^^^^^^^
it^he rebels do
^-^t^<i
I will only say one thing, that
.^ ^^_
Jto the south or north,
either
j;^^.
Edinburgh,
"^f^
that some troops should
solutely necessary
be^^^^^^^^^
is upon the
I
-^
burgh and as your Lordship
P/'^ê [^'
I beg you would consider
these directions must come,
mentioned it already to the Marquis.
^7fêr
Xn
^^
jl
jêtS
/
have
I am, with great
regard,^^J=.
^^^_^^^_
542
THE PEETESDEES AND THEIE ADHEEENTS.
THE LOED ADVOCATE TO THE HON. LATVEENCE CEAIGIE.

London, Saturday,
7 at night.
Deak Beotheb,
I wrote to-day to Charlie the intelligence of yesterday,
but this afternoon it has been believed all over the town,
that the Duke is stUl in pursuit of the rebels, that he has
been joined by Marshal Wade's cavalry, and has come up
with the rear of the rebels, who surrendered without fightI have not been abroad to-day, and thei-efore cannot
ing.
One thing is true, that the
say the intelligence is certain.
Duke is not arrived, as it was expected he would have done
I am yours,
by yesterday's accounts.
EoB. Ceaigie.
THE tOED ADVOCATE TO THE HON. lAWEENCE CEAIGIE.

London, 12th December, 1745.
Deae Beothee,
I have yours of the 5th, and I formerly acknowledged the
receipt of your letters with respect to the Indemnifying Bill,
in which there were several hints of matters omitted by the
Lords of Session. I believe, now that Mr Hume Campbell
has deserted his bill, we shall make it more decent for the
Court, and more useful to the lieges.
I am sorry for the accounts you give of the dismal situation of aflairs in Perthshire, and that even in Perthshire
matters are not in a settled state. I hope they will not turn
out so bad as is apprehended, and that the rebels will not
adventure to pay you another visit.
The accounts of these in England have been very uncertain since Sunday.
His Majesty said yesterday at his levee,
that he hoped his son woidd get up -ndth them.
The uncer-
tainty is easily accounted for.

They march mostly in the
night, and the country through which they pass is in such a
panic, that until they are a good while past them, nobody
ventures to come with intelligence for fear of being abused

These two days past
parties they suspect are following.
it has been the universal
opinion that they were retiring to
Scotland, either to meet their friends assembled in PerthBut to-day I saw a letter from a
Bhtre, or to winter there.
by
StrPPEESSION OF THE BEBELLION.
543
gentleman of Shrewsbury, dated Monday last, bearing tbat

two expresses had arrived there that day in the forenoon
from Newcastle-under-Line, who said that they (the rebels)
came to Newcastle on Sunday about four in the afternoon,
and that on INIonday morning they had set out on the road
to Shrewsbury.
Tlie letter adds, tbat the ladies had left
Shrewsbury on the news, and that everybody was packing up
their effects in order to their being removed.
If so, their intention is for Wales.
I am yours, &c.
EoB. Craicie.
the loed advocate to the hok.
baeolsr craigie.
(extract.)
London, 21st December, 1745.
I have none of yours for some posts. Little now occurs

here except what you have in the daily papers. Yesterday
we had an express from Lord Malton, containing a letter he
had received from the neighbourhood of Appleby, advising
that his Eoyal Highness the Duke had taken the rear of the
rebel army, and tliat he had called out the country in order
to stop the rest, which gave great spirits to everybody. But
I am sorry that we have had no confirmation, nor, indeed,
any fresh intelligence since that time. However, the stocks
are got up considerably, and they still hold.
Yesterday we had advice that the transports had left Dun-
but whether thej' had troops on board, or to what

we were not informed. But this morning the intelligence from Lloyd's is, that two Dover privateers had taken
three, sunk two, and burnt one transport, and driven twenty
more transports on shore, where it is supposed tliey must
be lost, as the wind has blown high from the west for days
kirk,
place,
past.
THE LOED ADVOCATE TO THE HON. BAEOJT CEAIGIE.

London, February
1st,
1746.
Deae Beother,
I have yours of the 25th. As to the work I recommended
to John, it is of some importance that it should be done.
THE PBETEinJEES
544
A2fD
THEIR ADHEEE>'XS.
At tlie same time, it is attended with a good deal of difficulty

to find people that know the rebels, and who at the same time
The difficulty is increased by IMr
are willing to speak out.
Dundas's resignation, which makes it improper for him to act,
and he does not incline that another should act until the acceptance of his resignation is notified to him in form.
Tou will see by the prints, that we have no news other
than retailing in diflerent shapes Avliat we receive from ScotI confess I think the rebellion hath as dangerous an
land.
appearance as it had at any time for, should the army now
under the command of the Duke meet with any check, I
think he is very wise that could foretell the consequences of
so dismal an event.
I pray Grod may avert it, and therefore
I believe you wiU suppose we are in a good deal of anxiety
tiU we hear from Scotland.
compliments to the lads.
I am yours, &c.
;
My
EoB. Ceaigie.
THE LOED ADVOCATE TO THE HON. BAEON CEAIGIE.

London, 22nd February,
Deae Beothee,
1 "-IS.
I have none of yours these two posts, and since

my last
little new here.
All things go as I wrote you in
but
we
to
from
our
adrices
from
my last,
begin
imagine,
Scotland, that the rebellion is not so near ended as we formerly supposed and we begin to be in pain for the Earl of
Loudon, especially that this morning the Admiralty was acquainted by sspress that Commodore Knowles had taken two
French transports with fi^'e hundred men of Coimt FitzJames's regiment of horse on board, with the Count himself,
and some of their generakofficers, with 5000 sterling also
we have
some cannon, stores, &c.. and,, four other ships sailed from
Dunkirk and Ostend with some, more troops for Scotland,
and that some of the King's ships are gone in chase of theni.
We
cannot doubt but
rebels.
tliese embarkations are known to the

I believe I shall accept of thejEacaat-gown in the
session.
am
yours, &c.
EoB. Ceaiqie.
545
srppEESSioN or the rebellion.
DUKE OF ATHOLL.
THE LORD JUSTICE CLEBK TO THE
1746.
Edinburgh, 8th March,
^^ThelrmV
of the rebels being
now
in tbe
northern parte of
of Cumberand his Royal Highness the Duke

I have the honour
land being on his march to disperse them,
to -e ^.y his Grace the
o' Ws MSiesty's command, signified
that it is his
Duke of Newcastle, to acquamt your Lordship
other cml
that your Lordship, and all
this country,
Maiesty'9 pleasure
the best manner that

offiers^ assist his Royal Highness
has commanded me
may be in your power and his Majesty
behaviour of the several civil ofTo traBsmitâccounts of the
;
for
These officers were not created
in this respect.
were mtended
of use in times of peace only-they
times of war also; and
for the support of the Government
but foresee what pernicious conseyour Lordship cannot
of *:s mpor
a failure of duty in matters
i should
unnecessary thatance^-y
Produce and therefore it seems
who may
of
of the danger
every officer
yo'u^ Lordship
so much
depend
bellty of the smkest neglect, when But asmay Lordyour
of his duty.
upol an exact performance
so I
office
of your
kôws it IS the indispensable duty
mclmation as
calot doubt that it is no less your Lordship's
a sure friend of our preaTval subject to his Majesty, and
obeto give a cheerful and ready
sent" happy titution,
a command.
dience to so iust and so necessary
the
particulars
Têed not mention to your Lordship
It is
to his
ficer
Sg
^
Crn
Royal Highness.
therein you may be assisting
that you ought
TufficieS general to tell your Lordship,
in your power for accommolies
that
all
do
you^ stationlo
necessary and
and supplying the army in everything
the rebels; and your Lordship
for distressing, and weakening
or
to or brini his Royal aghness,
properought also to^^send
the earliest and best inteU
officer commanding under him,
their
of the rebels, thenr number,
caS
ênce tha^ôu
procure
^^^^
Sons' or'designs'; and for that end your
to procure such
to use the utmost diligence
"^^d fence.
coramu
all despatch,
Your Lordship must likemse, with
dX'
ôP
commands to
nicit theL liis^Majesty's
J^^^^
^?e
ot the
peace
of regality majristrates of burghs, and.pistices
of them as have continued
ou^-Thfre-at least, to such
-J-
Siu
THE PEETEITDEES AND THEIE ADHERENTS.
546
in their duty and loyalty to bis Majesty, and transmit to

tbem copies of tbis letter and you wiU send me from time
to time accounts of your proceedings in pursuance of these
orders, and give notice to these other civil officers within
me accounts of
your shire, that they in like manner send
their proceedings, that thereby I may be enabled, in obedience to his Majesty's commands, to transmit accounts of
;
the behaviour of the several
civil officers.
And
it
must be
their
satisfactory to all such as shall feithfully perform
of their conduct will be
duty, to know that fuU accounts
I have the honour to be, &c.
laid before his Majesty.
And. Fletchee.
To
the
Duke
of AthoU, Sheriff of Perth.
THE LOED ADVOCATE TO THE HON. BAEON CEAIGIE.

London, 20th Mareli, 1746.
Deae Brothee,
I suppose no alterI have none from you by last post.
That is much our
ation has happened in your situation.
case till this morning, when we had an express from the
Duke [of Cumberland], dated at Aberdeen, the 13th. His
van had marched that morning. The rest of the army was
the rebels went from Inverness to Gordon
to foUow
:
The rebels had blown

the Pretender was at Elgin.
up Fort George at Inverness, and had taken Fort Augustus.
to
a
The Grants had agreed
neutrality, and Lady Seaforth
had joined the rebels. If these accounts hold true, it is
the rebels may give the Duke the slip may march'
Castle
supposed
if joined
through Argyllshire to Dumbarton, and thence,
to Engby French or Spanish succours, advance once more
us
for
a
distress
land and
campaign.
To-morrow we vote the annual subsidy for the King oi
Sardinia, which will finish our affaii-s before Easter: howSir Charles
ever, we do not adjourn tQl Thursday next.
GUmour sets out for Scotland the beguining of next week.
I am, yours, &c.
EoB. Ceaigib.
;
SUPPEESSIOIf OF THE EEBEILION.
547
THE LOED ADVOCATE TO THE HON. BAEON CEAIGrE.

London,
24tli April, 1746.
Deae Beothee,
I congratulate you on the news of the Duke's victory.'
It arrived yesterday at noon by an express from the Lord
Justice Clerk, who sent tlie letters he had received from
Aberdeen, containing the accounts brought from Inverness

by a ganger, and the accounts the Duke of AthoU got from
the minister of Morellin, that he had received from two
gentlemen from Inverness. They are this day confirmed by
Lord Bury, the Earl of Albemarle's eldest son, aid-de-camp
to the Duke. Tou vnll have the particulars more fully than
we. We hear the Duke of Perth is kiUed.
We shall soon resolve on the duration of the Session of
Parliament. Mr Winniugton's death I much regret. I dined
with him the day before be sickened. We have no foreign
mail smce
my
I am, yours, &c.
last.
E. C.
'
At Culloden.
THE END.
INDEX.
Aberdeen, the Earl of, 465.
Acres, the Rev. Joseph, assault
upon, 22.
Act of Setllement, passed, 14
;
distasteful to the Scotch, 16.
Sir Andrew,
deception
practised upon, 253 ; trick played
upon, 254.
Albano, seclusion of the young
Agnew,
Pretender at, .358.

Albany, the Countess
of, 367.
Alberoni, Cardinal, his project for
the invasion of England, 46.
Alfieri,
Count, his eccentric habits,
367.
Alves, Mr, information communicated by, 163 ; committed to
parently) of Commissary Blair to,

ib.
news from, 504.
Atterbury, Bishop, advocates the
cause of the Prince, 21.
Auchnacarry, Prince Charles secreted in a wood at, 343.
Avignon, the Chevalier withdraws
the Prince transported
to, 45 ;
to, and set at liberty, 352.
Aylesbury, Thomas Bruce, second
Earl of, 372.
;
Bailly, Mrs, innkeeper at Inverness,

2.50.
Balmerino, Lord, his encomium of

Prince Charles, 150
troop of
cavalry under, 199
his early
attachment to the Stuarts, 385;
;
prison, ib.
Anderson, Mr, intelligence communicated by, ISO.

Anne, Queen, her accession, 14.
Appeal of the Prince to, 20.
Aquaviva, Cardinal, 107.
Duke of, joined by reinforcements, 31 ; advances' to give

the insurgents battle, 39 ;
repiv
to, 400; his letters to the Lord
Advocate, 465, 468
Argyll,
Army,
British, their loss at
Preston
Pans, 185.
Athol, the Duchess of, takes sanctuary at Moncreiffe, 502.
Athol, the Duke of, 118; his flight
on the approach of the
Royal
army, 151 ; his letter to the
Lord .\dvocate, 495
letter (ap-
enters the French service, after

the insurrection of
1715, ib. ;
joins the Pretender in 1745,386;
his arrest and committal to the
his trial-scene, as
Tower, 387
by Horace Walpole,
his fortitude and cheer;
described
ib.
fulness after the

sentence, 391 ;
his execution, 397
his dying re;
his fearless character,
quest, 398
403
his conversation with the

;
Earl of Kilmarnock, 411.
Balshair, his mission to Prince
Charles, 292.
Bannockbum, advance of Prince

Charles
to,
237.
Barrow, his escape from Falkirk,
549
IKDEX.
Captain,
the
Fox," 455.
"
of
Belleisle, arrival
at,
of
Commander
Beevor,
Brett,
Prince Charles
.
Benalder Mountains,
in the wild
of Prince Charles
345.
û
Benbecula,landingof
Prince Charles
524.
Byng, Admiral,
Bisset.CommissaryatDunkeld
the seat of the

Blair, Castle of,
of Athol, 151; siege ot,
Duke
brother,
his firm bearing, 437.
;
&A;
Blair,
Commissary,
terview of Prince Charles with,

126 ;
125
his letter to the
498.
Blair, advices from,
Blair,
Mr, committed
to
Newgate,
taken prisoner, 295.

assertion
Bolingbroke,Lord,
ot,
Za
William Wyndfrom the

;
ham,
42;
counsels of the Chevalier,
.John
to Sir
Cardinal, his letter
Coxe Hippisley,
3/9.
Charles holds
Borrodaile, Prince
his court at, 124.
of Hora
the
James,
guest
Boswell,
Macdonald, 428.
Charles
Prmce
of
residence
Bouillon,
at,
356.
,,
Bournois, a schoolmaster,
to, 22.
cruelty
.
his father s
Bovd, Lord, witnesses
advice
humiliation, 401; parental
t'
Charles,
332
Cameron of Glenpean,
,_
Bracciano, the Duchess
<
=.
ol, Ai>^.
Braemar, hunting-match of, 29.

455.
Brest, French scjuadron at,
his
334.
hazardous enterprise,
Cameron, John, 343.
Camerons, their desperate charge,
188.
182- reenter Edinburgh,
Campbell,Alexander,ofKintail,463.
of Inveraw, letter
Campbell, Captain,
to, 451 ;
of the Lord Advocate
with the Lord
his correspondence
rebellion,
the
Advocate relative to
451,452,456,463.
respect-
Campbell, General, tidings

anchors near Loch
ing, 302
4Zd.
Nevis, 332 his kindness,
his letter to
Campbell, Governor,
;
^^^-
ot,
Clunes, joins Prince

341 message from, M6,
of
Cameron
4.i.
Prmcess
the
to
message
Cameron, Duncan, adventures
dismissed
of
the Prmce, 344 ;

ib. ; parhis interview with him,
ticulars respecting, 433; ^'arrant
45-J.
for securing his person, 451,
his
his letter to Sir
account of that proceeding,
surprise
ofBcer,478,482;
291, di,
Boisdale, visits the Prmce,
Borgia,
makes
Edinburgh, 166;
167
himself master of the city
wounded, ibb
of, 207 ;
Bologna, arrival
Sobieski at, 57.
particulars respecting,
upon
530.
an experienced
Blakeney, General,
orders to 508
ib.
of the Young
espouses the cause
ot
Pretender, 127 ; his treatment
advances
Captain Scott, 130;
of Athol, 495.
Duke
in-
Cameron, Donald, of Lochiel,
the occasion,
curious incident on
254
the
armament prepared by
4/.
Spanish Government at,
and his
Cameron, Dr Archibald,
342 his execution, 43b ;
Cadiz,
danger, b61
of,
of the, 71.
Bishops, arrest
501.
j,
his
lars respecting, 296.

I
42;
ChLrles, 102.
.,,
breach of hospitality, 433.

his joy on the
Burgundy, Duke of,
7.
birth of Prince James,
the
guide of Prince
Burke, Edward,
Charles, 278, 287, 291 ; particu-
2B9.
in the Island of, 283,
3/8.
Benedict the XlVth,
astonishment,
Berwick, Duke of, his
of Prince
his admiration
Berwick, town
Drummakill,
of
Buchanan
wandermgs
of,
Bridgewater,"
et seq.
114.
recesses
of the
Captain, coujmander
114^
,,
ship of war, 4^24,
"Lion,"
"
Sir
John Cope, 461.
550
INDEX.
Campbell, Lieutenant, 450, 453.

Campbell, Mr Sheriff, his letter to
the Lord Advocate, 477.
Carlisle, arrival of Prince Charles
at, 20-1 ; surrenders to the Duke
of Perth, 205 ; triumphal entry
of Prince Charles into, 206, 226
surrenders to the Duke of Cum;
berland, 227; e.\ecutions at, 445.

Dalziel, Earl of,
particulars relative to, 96, 230.
Carpenter, General, success of, 35.
Castle Dow-nie, life at, 81, 85.
Chalmers, Margaret, the wife of
Lord Balmerino, 398.
Chambers, Mr, his "History of the
Rebellion," 230.
Camwath. Robert
Chandos,
General, Governor of
Ostend, 358.
Charles Edward, youngest son of the
Pretender, and commonly styled
"the Young Pretender," his gallant conduct, 50; his birth and
serves under
early history, 101
;
Noailles at Dettingen, ib. ; his

conduct at the siege of Gaeta, 1 02 ;
hopes and expectations of the

Jacobites from his character, 103
joins the expedition under Marshal Saxe, 104
disappointment
of his hopes, inconsequence of the
dispersion of the French fleet,
&c., 107, 120, 219; his letter to
his father on the eve of his de;
parture for Scotland,
109111
and amusements,
from Belleisle, 114;
his adventures on his voyage, ib.
his diversions
112;
sails
arrives in Scotland, 115; his interview with Macdonald of Boisdale, 116; advised to return to
France, 123; his memorable landanecdotes of, 123,291;

;
his court at Borrodaile,
124 his interview with Cameron
of Lochiel, 125 ; proceeds to
Loch Shiel, 129 ; affection of the
ing, ib.
holds
;
his joy and elation, 147; marches

to Corry Arrack, 148
his
ingra-
tiating
manners, 149
proceeds to
the Lowlands, ib. ; his strength

and hardihood, ib.
his reception
of Macpherson of
Cluny, 151 ;
his visit to Blair, ib. ; enters Perth,
;
152; his reception there, 153;

disciplines his troops, ib. ; recruits his treasury, ib. ; accessions to his cause, 154 ; attends a
Protestant place of worship, 155
reaches
ib.
Linlithgow,
his
march
through the Lowlands,

159; approaches Edinburgh, ib. ;
the town council,

;
deputation to, 165 ; arrives
the capital of his ancestors,
169
his enthusiastic
reception,
reaches the Palace of
169, 189
his
letter
to
164
in
171
cannon-shot
balls given by, 172,
194; places himself at the head of
the Highlanders, 174 marches to
give battle to Sir John Cope, ib. ;
halts with his forces at Tranant,
179 victory obtained by, at Preston Pans, 185; his moderation
and humanity, 186, 190; his conduct after victory, 187 ; proclamations Issued by, 189 ; invites the
clergy to return to their duties,
192 ; holds his court at Holyrood,
193 his habits, 194 ; admired by
Holyrood,
fired at, 171
the Scottish ladies, ib.

his popularity, 195 ; his memorable proclamation, 197 ; visits his camp
;
at Duddingstone,
199 ; his resources augmented, 200 ; his desire to march into England counteracted by his chiefs, 201 ; quits
Edinburgh on his memorable

expedition, 203
strength of his
honours paid to, 204;
army, ib.
continues his march, 205 ; his
triumphal entry into Carlisle,
206 ; his departure from that
;
Highlanders
132; raising his

135 his courtesy
standard, 131
to his prisoners, 138 ; his small
army
for,
reinforced, 139, 148, 234;

for his person, 145 ;
reward offered
visits the Palace of Scocn, ib.

;
marches from Perth to Dumblane,
156; crosses the Ford of Frew,
157; advances to Falkirk, 158;
place, ib
shares the privations
551
IKDEX.
to
his letter
vivialmanners, 293;
subLady Macdonald, ib.;h>s takes
294,
wanderings,
sequent
/aa
,
leave of his companions,
Macdonald to,
services of Flora
3U0
situation,
miserable
299 his
301
his army, 208

aBd fatigues of
reaches Pres
ib.
anecdotes
of,
ton 209
his cordial reception
at
Ma^chester,211;arrivesatDerby,
ol sue
213 ; his sanguine hopes
of marching
cess 216 ; desirous
ib
Loi'idon,
npo;
hi commanders
in a cave
conceals himself
attire, 3U2
dresses in female
reasons
for his retreat
in
critical situation
217 he retowards the North,

his he
th^sfrom Derby, 220;
enters Carn danger, 222, 232;
trait .n his
amiable
Usle 226;
marches to Dumcharacter, 227;
enters Glasgow, Zdl,
fries 229
303 lands m the

304; hiding-place
reply
Isle
his
âppointment,
lb.
troops,
265; his
268; his
of,
Macdonald of Glenaladale,
bitter
his
flight
prevent
269 -precautions
visits Lord Lovat,
escape, 277
concealment,
2?8?
to
himself at Inverdisguises
folhis
writes
279
garry,
t^
280
lowers from Glenbiasdale,
;
ib-, reendurance and privation,

ib.,
offered for his capture,
to
lands at Scalpa, 284; proceeds

of Eiurn, 286
the desert Island
melancholy
takes
voyage,^8,nu
289
of,
shu in
grass-keeper
merous escapes
shelter in a
ib.
cave,
Donald
his
perilous
hini.elt
Macleod^
storm
encounters a territic
281
lands in the desolate
at sea 282
his
Island of Benbecula, 283;^
ward
of, 334; considers

ol probe under the guidance
a
takes shelter in
vidence, 336
ation
his confidence in
ih-
lii
situation, ib. ;
of
fare, 332 ; his place
situ333
critical
wretched
his
to
exchanges
withMalcolm Macleod,
318;
Macleod, 325; na"^,f'='ll'^ ,^'

Macdonald
327 his reception by
of his
of Morar. 328; bitterness
by
his
reception
feelings, 329;
conceals
Angus Macdonald, 3.30;
by
himself in a hut, 331; joined
of
sets sail for the
part
;
piays
takes leave
lefter of, 325;
;
Malcolni
of his faithful follower,
calls a council
261
;remtorced_,
nocturnal march,
ib4 ,
animates the soldiers,
escape
317
Skye,
323
state of hiscommissaria.
of war 260, his
of,
of
ib.
nis
ol
der 257 : threatening aspect
fever,ib. ;
affairs, 258; attacked by
his army at Inverness,
narCv
h^
nis
his clothes
320 ; arrives in the Mackmnons
his wretched state
country, 322;
of a servant,
the
retreat north-
241 continues his

ib.
ward, 247 his indignation,
Loudon s snare
Tcapes from Lord
force unTtake his person, 250;
riisnosition
Skye
263
of
306 ,
307 ,
StWing, 234;
237; his victory
to Bannockburn,
his gallantry,
-at Falkirk, 240;
ib
of,
259; sad
Isle
appearance,
and hilarUv, 31U

good humour
311
takes leave of Kingsburgh,
his
of
generous preserver
and
lands
Flora Macdonald, 315;
noble
ib.
the Island of Raasay,
232; his merevie^-s his troops,

233 retreats to
lancholy aspect,
advances his army
marshals
h^
an open boat,
strange
"sited by ClanBenbecula, ib. ;

to tne isranald, 290 ; removes
ib. ; his con
land of South-Uist,
^vlth the
his connection
337
,
of Glenmoriston
the robbers cave,
his reception in
de-
Seven
Men
instance of
338; remarkable
votion to his cause, 3^0'.'^^';*

mountameers,
leave of the seven
343 ;
secreted in a wood,
341
a
ib.;
his imminent peril
receives
his in
Lochiel, 344,
.
message from
embarks on
terview with him, lb.;
f"' F"'
board "L'Heureux
and ad
escapes
346 romantic
his recepuon by
ventures of, ib.;
ol France,
and
Queen
the King
;
IKDEX.
552
Chrystie, William, Provost of Stirling, his letter to the Lord Advo-
347 ; his consideration for his

Scotch adherents, 318 his secret
death-blow
visits to Madrid, 349
;
cate, 467.
to his hopes, ib.
commanded
to
gomerie,
ib.
visits
disguise in 1750, 353
London
visits Prince Charles

advice of,
Benbecula, 290
warrant for seciu'ing his per-
Clanranald,
his popularity
quit Paris, 350
arin the French capital, 351
rested on entering the Operataken prisoner to
House, ib.
Vincennes, 352
transported to
Avignon, where he is set at
liberty, ib, takes up his residence
at Liege as the Baron de Rlontin
and also
in 1753-54, ib.
supposed to
have been an eye-witness at the
coronation of George the Ilird,
356 abjures the Catholic religion
and becomes a Protestant, ib.
death of his father, 357
fails in
;
obtaining a recognition of his

claims by France and Spain, ib. ;
the Pope declines to acknowledge
his pretensions, ib. ; his seclusion
at Albano, 358
disgraceful conduct of, 359 ; takes up his abode
at Florence under the title of
Count .\lbany, ib. ; his habits of
intoxication, .360 ; dismisses his
Scottish attendants. 361 ; charged
;
with ingratitude, 362

his misMiss Walkenshaw, ib.
tress.
Tindicates his character, 364 ; his
marriage with the Princess Louisa
;
of Stolberg-Gadem. 369
Mrs
Miller's interview with him, .364;
his personal appearance, 366 ;
;
redeeming traits in his character,

368 his recollection of his Scottish campaigns, ib.
his passion
for music, 369
sends to Paris
;
in
ib.
son, 451, 452.
Clanranald, Lady, 302.

Clarendon, Lord, e.\tract from his
diary, 2.
Clergy, Scottish,
225.
vocate, 522, 523, 526.

Colt Bridge, affair at, 161, 163.
Cope, Sir John, commander of the
forces, 142; his march
Highlands, 143; diffiof his situation, 144;
orders received by, 146; fatal po-
King's
into
the
culties
; proceeds to Inverness,
breaks up his camp, ib.
153 ; lands his troops at
Dunbar, 168 ; marches to give
battle to Prince Charles, 172
licy of, ib.
147
letter to,
army under, 175; resumes his

march towards Edinburgh, 177
;
his plans disconcerted, ib. ; prepares for the attack of the Highlanders, 181; defeated at Preston
Pans, 185 ; success of his wagers,
245 ; letter of Governor Campbell to, 461 ; resolution of, 469 ;
his queries to the Lord Advocate
and Solicitor-General, 487 ; his
letter to General Guest, 493
his
;
march
to
Inverness,
Rome,
monument by Canova to
370
his memory, 371 urn containing
Coppock, Thomas,
Walkenshaw,
daughter,
ib.
dies at
his heart, ib.
his address to the
provost and magistrates of Edinburgh, 523.

Due de, Minister of
Choiseul,
France. 358.
Cholmondelev, Brigadier, his gallaiurj', 240'.
pusillaniinvited to
Cochrane, Andrew, Provost of Glasgow, his letters to the Lord Ad-
defeat, 532, 537.
natural
return to their duties, 192.

Clifton, loss of the royal forces at,
.Miss
for his
their
mous conduct, 191
his
518
his
execution,
446.
Domenico, the musician,

369.
Corrisdale, arrival of Glenpean at,
Corri,
.3.35.
Corrv Arrack, arrival
of
Prince
Cliarles at, 148.
Corsan. Mr,
229.
Provost of Dumfries,
55S
IKUEX.
Crawford, the Earl of, 255.

Provost of Perth, his
Crie, James,
letters to the Lord Advocate, 501,
Lord Advocate,
Craigie, Rooert, Esq.,
Lovat
of Glendoick, letter ofLord
relato, 84 ; his correspondence
of the retive to the
502, 508.
suppression
with the Marquis
448
of Tweeddale, 449, 453, 458,
462 469, 475, 477, 482, 485, 488,
489 491, 494, 496, 503, 504, 506,
510' 512, 517, 520, 525, 527, 528,
bellion,
Crie,
with Captain
530, 535, 537, 538
452,
Campbell, of Inveraw, 451,
;
463
466
Mitchell, 455, 457, 460, 462, 470,

476, 490, 496, 518, 524, 527, 529,
of Sir
530, 532, 533, 536 ; letter
repart of his sentence, 417;

duced to the greatest distress,
Patrick Murray to, 456 letters

493 ;
of Lord Portrose to, 463,
;
the Duke of
the Duke of
the Earl of
the Provost
Argyll
to,
Gordon
to,
465, 468
465, 471
Sutherland
to,
466
ib.
;
;
;
Murray at, 420.

CuUoden Papers, e:xtract from
499;
480,
473,
to,
Murray
to,
483;
484
ler
ib.
to,
to,
mond
to,
queries
of Sir
Mr David
John Cope to, 487
Scott to, 490; anonymous letters
;
to,
to',
of Athol
492, 520 ; the Duke
495 the Provost of Aberdeen
;
497 James Crie, jun., to, 498

the Provost of Perth to, 501, 502,
508 ; the Provost of Dunbar to,
506 ; Mr Gabriel Napier to, .508,
to, 513;
515, 522; Sir John Cope
Mr James Fergusson to, 515
;
to',
Cumberland, Duke of, 86; information given to, 211 pushes forward his light cavalry, 223; his
footman taken prisoner, 225 de;
Lord George
Mr George Mil-
Mr James Drum-
486;
;^tlie
Provost of Glasgow to, 522, 523,

526 ; Mr Robert Dick to, 526 ;
the SoliGeneral Guest to, 538
citor-General Dundas to, 540;
feated,
ib.
letter
to
brother, the
Craigie, 542.
Baron, letters of
his
Hon. Lawrence
Craigie, the Hon.
Sir David Moncreiffe to, 501, 502.
letters
Craigie, the Hon. Lawrence,
of his brother, the Lord Advocate,
to,
542.
surrender
Car-
of
recalled to London,
234 ; resumes the command of
the army, 248 arrives at Stirling,
to
ib.
pursues the insurgents
lisle to,
227
Perth, 255;
256
indignity
movements
of,
towards,
ib.
his
ib. ;
birthday, 257 ; force under,
information received by, 262 disbar264
his army,
;
position of
barities of his soldiers, 269, 272 ;
his ferocity and vindictiveness,
" the Butcher," 272 ;
271 ; styled
275, 440.
his terrible
;
policy,
his
the,
87.
Sheriff Campbell to, 477;

G. L.
the Earl of Moray to, 479
Lord Chief Justice
to, 481 ; the
Mr
Clerk
his death, ib.
CuUoden, battle of, 86, 117, 265;

loss of the Highlanders at, 269
which followed
frightful scenes
conduct of Lord George
it, 272
of Stirling to, 467

Lord Glenorchy to, 468, 472, 479 ;
of
L. Grant to, 471 ; the Earl
Findlater
letter to the
Andrew
Sir
with
James, jun., his
Lord Advocate, 498.

Earl
Cromartie, George Mackenzie,
Rosshire, 252 ;
of, his inroad into
soon after his
joins the Pretender
belanding, 414; taken prisoner
fore the battle of CuUoden, 415
his trial, ib. ; his address to the
Lords on behalf of his family, ib. ;
his wife to the king
petition of
in his favour, 416; remission of
Dacre, Mrs,
request relative
226.
to,
,
French
the
D'Argenson, Marquis,
minister, 348.
fa.i.
Davis, Mary,a charming actress,

443
Dawson, James, his execution,
ib.
atlect-
particulars respecting,
occasion, 444.
uig incident on the
554
INDEX.
Derby, arrival of Prince Charles at,

213; retreat of the Highlanders
from, 22U.
James
Derwentwater,
Radcliffe,
and early conamiable characib.

cormected
;
ter,
by blood to
the Stuarts, 62 joins the insurEarl
his
ib.
gents,
his
arrest,
ib.
his
and defence, 63; awful sentence upon him, 64; intercession

and devotion of his wife, ib. ;
trial
on his behalf, 65 ; his

speech on the scaffold, 66 ; his
petition
execution, 67
his issue, ib.
suc-
ceeded by his brother, ib. ; his

burial-place, ib. ; verses on his
fate, 68.
Dettingen, battle of, 102.
Dick, Robert, his letter to the Lord
Advocate, 526.
Dickson, Sergeant, beats up for recruits at Manchester, 209
his
courageous conduct, 210.
;
Donne, prisoners sent

of,
to the Castle
242.
Douglas
Castle, the seat of the
Duke
of Douglas, 231.
"Doutelle,"aFrenchbrig,110, 11.3,
117; a.ssemblv of chieftains on
board, 118, 127.
Dragoons, their cowardice at Preston Pans, 185.

Drumlanrig, the seat of the Duke
of Queensberry, 230.
Drummond, George, his letter to the
Solicitor-General, 5.39.
Drummond, James,
459
inquiry after,
information given by, 470 ;
Lord Advocate,
his letter to the
486.
Drummond, Mr,
goes to Holland,
454.
Drummond, Lord John,

ment of, 241.
Drummuir, Lady, 251.
Duddingstone, camp
Charles
at,
Dumblane,
at, 156,
of
astonish-
Prince
199.
arrival of Prince Charles
522.
Dumfries, tax on the inhabitants

229.
Dutens, statement
of,
373.
birth
of, his
nections, 61
Dundas, Mr, his resignation, 544.

Dundas, Solicitor-General, his letters to the Lord Advocate, 540.
of,
Edinburgh,
Charles
may
of Prince
159 ; terror and dis160; miserable state of
162; preparations for its
approach
to,
at,
the city,
defence, ib. ; consternation of the
authorities at, 164 ; letter of the
Prince to the Town Council of,
ib. ; the Cross at, 167 ; entry of
the rictorious Highlanders into,
188; address of Prince Charles
to the Provost and magistrates of,
523 raising of men tor the defence of, 507 ; address of the
Merchant Company of, to the
king, 525, 527; approach of the
rebels to, 531.
;
for seiz-
Edinburgh Castle, project

ing, 30.
Edmonstone, the Misses,
their at-
tentions to Prince Charles, 157.

Eiurn, the Island of, 286.
Elcho, Lord, troop of cavalry under,
199 ; his particulars relative to
Prince Charles, 202 ; unavailing
entreaties of, 268.
"
Elizabeth," her action with the
"Lion," 114;
"Eltham," ship
state
England,
alarming
lost, 116.
of war, 423, 424.
of affairs in, 1
riots in, 22 ; projected

invasion of, 46, 358.
English, Sir John, 4.55.
Erisca, arrival of Prince Charles at,
115; the property of Macdonald
of Clanranald, 116.
Errol, the Countess of, 399.
Esk, river, crossed by the Highlanders, 227.
Eugene, Prince, remark

Evan, Major, 187.
40.
of,
loss of
Falkirk, the battle of, 240
the royalists at, 242 ; loss of tlie
Highlanders at, 243.
Ferdinand the Vlth, King of Spain,
;
.349.
Ferguson, Captain,
302
his bar-
555
Flora Mac-
330 ; tracks
donald, after her parting from the
Prince, 422.
barity,
Ferguson, James, his letter to the

Lord Advocate, 515.
Findlater, the Earl of, his etters to
the Lord Advocate, 473, 480,
499.
Spanish,
dispersed by a
storm, 48.
Fletcher, AndreWjLordChief Justice
Clerk, his letter to the Lord Advocate, 48.3.
Florence, residence of PrinceCharles
at, 359.
Fontenoy, success of the French at,
Fleet,
110.
Forbes, Bishop, his particulars respecting the landing of Prince

Charles, &c., 123, 284; his account of the captivity of Flora
Macdonald, 424.
Forbes, Duncan, the Lord President, his
140.
letter
to
Mr Pelham,
Forbes, President, his letter to Sir
.\ndrew Mitchell, 258.

Forbin, Count de, squadron under,
17 ; failure of his expedition, 18.
Forster,the Presbyterian clergyman,
400, 404, 406, 410, 412.
Forster, Thomas, Esq., force under,
;
his
movements,
ib.
parti-
culars relative to, 98.
137; defended
Fort William, 136,
by Captain Scott, 252.

Forts in the Highlands, 489.
and England,
peace between, 349.
France
Fraser,
"
dote
of,
355.
George the Ilird, the young Pretender supposed to have been

present at his coronation, 356
his kindhis tinpopularity, 358
ness to Cardinal York, 380.
George the IVth, anecdote of, 227.
Gilmour, Sir Charles, 540.
Glasgow, entry of Prince Charles
;
into, 231.
Glenaladale, his distress at losing

the Prince's purse, 335.
Glenbiasdale, the village of, 280.
Glenbuckie,
warrant
for
his
ap-
prehension, 464.
ford
of,
of
bru-
crossed
by
of,
Gordon, Duchess of, breakfast prepared by, 204

Gordon, Duke of, his letter to the
Lord Advocate, 465, 471
advice to, 474 ; returns to Gordon
Castle, 481.
102.
Garden,Vvne, a merchant
dam, 488.
mander-in-chief of the insurgent
army, 41, 199.

Gordon, Lord Lewis,
particulars
respecting, 200.
Prince Charles, 157
Furnace," sloop of war, 423.
Gaeta, siege
Glenorchy, Lord, his letters to the

Lord Advocate, 468, 472, 479.
Gordon, General, appointed com-
Lieutenant -Colonel,
the
the library at, 419.
Gleniinnan, raising of the Prince's

standard at, 131, 1.34, 135.
Glenmoriston, the Seven Men of,
337 ; their reception of Prince
Charles, 338 ; their noble devotion, 341.
treaty
tally shot, 272.
Frew,
75.
George the Ilnd, project for seizing

creditable anechis person, 354
Glendoick, collection of letters in
Forbes, Lord, of Pitsligo, particulars

relative to, 433.
34
disgraceful flight of his dragoons,

ib. ; his gallantry and death, 184 ;
his funeral, ib. ; alluded to, 508,
509.
George the 1st, his rage at the
escape of the Earl of Nithisdale,
in Rotter-
Gardiner, Colonel, retreat of, 157,

158; military dispositions of, 161 ;
Graliam, James, alias Macgregor,

of Glengyle, warrant for his arrest,
452 ; alluded to, 496.
Graham, Mrs. a Jacobite lady, 246.
Grammont, Count
ambassador,
de,
6.
Grant, Colquhoun, 177.
the French
556
INDEX.
Grant, Sir James, recommendation

relative to, 521.
Grant, John, Chamberlain of Urquhart, 471, 472.
Grant, L., his letter to the Lord
Advocate, 471.
Grant, Major, Lientenant-Governor
of Inverness, 471.
Grant, the Laird of, 80.
Grant, Patrick, present to, .341.
Gravelines, arrival of Prince James
at, 41 ; and of his son, Prince
Charles, 107.
Gray, the poet, his notice of Prince
James, 60 ; describes the early
character of Cardinal York, 377.
Guest, General, letter of Sir John
Cope to, 493; and of Mr Griffiths
to,
510
his
letter to the
Lord Advocate, 538.
Carlisle, 204 ; arrive at Kelso,

their uncouth appearance,
;
2t)5
207
220
222
Duke
from Derby,
;
cess of the, 239

their victory at
Falkirk, 240 ; their loss on that
nocturnal march
occasion, 243
of the, 261 ; privations of the,
264; their intrepidity, 265; totally routed, 266 ; custom of the,
ib.
their loss at the battle of
;
Culloden, 269 ; grief of the, 280 ;

their devotion to Prince Charles,
347.
Highlands, preparations
in the,
29
march of
Habeas Corpus Act, suspended,
32.
359 letter
406; his
correspondence with the Countess
of Yarmouth, 407; letter of the
Rev. Alexander Home to, 409.
of,
of Lord Kilmarnock
their retreat
annoyances on their march,

reach Penrith, 223 victory
;
gained by the, 225 ; cross the
Esk, 227 ; enter Glasgow, 231 ;
reduced by desertions, 232
suc-
Sir John Cope into the,

forts in the, 483, 486, 488.
Hippisley, Sir John Coxe, letter of
143
Hamilton, the
;
;
to,
Harris, the Isle of 289.
Hawley, Lieutenant-General, succeeds the Duke of Cumberland in

command of the army, 234 par;
ticulars respecting, ib.; his brutality, 235 ; extract from his will,
236
; his infatuation, ib. ; foiled in

his attempt, 2.38; defeated, 239;
his reckless conduct 244 ; his mis-
retains the favour

conduct, 245
of his sovereign, 247.
Prince
Henry,
(brother of Prince
Charles), 347 ; determined to become an ecclesiastic, 349.
;
his attachment to
Prince Charles, 171.
Robert, of Keith, his
escape from Newgate, 100 ; his
advice rejected, 262.
Hepburn, James,
Cardinal Borgia
to,
379
and of
Cardinal Y'ork to, 381, 383.

Holdernesse, Lord, Secretary of
State, 355.
Holyrood Palace, arrival of Prince
Charles at, 171; ball given at,
172 court of the Prince at, 193.
Home, the Rev. Alexander, his letter to the Duke of Hamilton, 409.
"
Home, John, tlie author of Douof
Prince
glas," his account
Charles' arrival at Edinburgh,
170 his romantic escape, 24.3.
Home, the Earl of, joins Sir John
;
Cope, 175; services of, 176.

Honeywood, Colonel,wounded, 225.
Hooke, Lieutenant-Colonel, his mission to Scotland, 14 ; returns to
France, 17.
124.
the historian, curious state-
Hugh, Mr,
Hume,
Hepburn,
ment of, 365.

Huske, General,
Highlanders, meet at Glenfinnan,

131
their affection for Prince
Innspruck, the Princess Sobieski

confined in a convent at, 56.
Invergarrv, flight of Prince Charles
to, 2791
Inverness, march of Sir John Cope
to, 147; evacuation of, 251.
Charles, 132; halt before Tranant,

179; dispute among, 181; desof
182
the,
charge
perate
strength of the, 203 ; march to
;
his gallantry, 240.
5&7
IBDEX.
Jacobins, intrigues of the, 22, 55 ;
their plans, 33; their hopes and
expectations from the character
of the Youn? Pretender, 103 ; critical position of the, 221
their
success at Preston Pans, 401.
Jaraes the Ilnd, odium heaped upon,
2 ; anxious to remove doubts
which hung over the birth of his
disaffection among his
heir, 5
sidence at Rome, 51
his
last
moments,
12; his bigotry, 191.

James Frederick Edward Stuart
(only son of James the llnd), born
in St James*s Palace, 1 ; supposed
to be surreptitiously imposed on
the nation,
.3
testimony of those
deprived
present at his birth, 5

of his birthright, 10 ;
history,
11
his early
charac-
towards the close of his life,

his death and fimeral obsequies, 53, 357 ; his reception of
his wife, 58 ; his disagreement
with, and separation trom her, 59.
"
52
*'
of Leith, barbarities on
Jean
board the, 275.
Jedburgh, arrival of Prince Charles
at,
204.
John, King of Poland, 45, 54.

Johnson, Dr, the guest of Flora
Macdonald, 428.
Johnstone, Chevalier de, present at
the battle of Preston Pans, 183,
186 ; particulars related by, 207,
209. 221, 22S, 239 ; character of
Lord George Murray given bv,

418.
proclaimed James
the lUrd, 12
fixes his court at
the Chateau of St Germain-enlaye, 13 ; his proposition to De
Forbin, 18 ; returns to France,
and distinguishes himself at the
battles of Oudenarde and Malpla;
quet, 19; appeals to Queen Anne,

20 hopes of, 23 invited to return
to England, 24
supplied with
;
the French king, ib.
money by
his
ter
subjects,
Keith,
Earl
George,
Marischal,
some account of, 95.

Kenmure, Viscount, some account
of his family, 91
Jacobite song
on his joining the standard of the
Chevalier, ib. ; taken prisoner at
;
Prestun, 92
his trial
and execu-
tion, ib
Common,
Kennington
on, 227, 441.

his intrepidity
executions
adherents in Scotland, 28 ; his

standard raised in the North, 29 ;
Keppoch,
reward offered
Peterhead, 36
Ker, Colonel, of Gradon, his gal-
liis
32
lands at
attacked by the
;
arrives at Scoon, 38 ;
for,
ague, 37
his personal appearance, 39
;
his
apparent dejection, ib. ; arrives

Montrose, 40 ; his flight, 41 ;
reaches Gravelines, ib. ; amiable
at
trail in
his character, ib.
letter
42 imprudent
removal of Bolingbroke from his counsels, 43
withdraws to Avignon, 45 proto his followers,
act of, ib.
ceeds to Rome,
ib.
revolution in
his habits, ib. ; married by proxy

to the Princess Sobieski, ib. ; project of Charles the Xllth, for his
restoration,
46
his visit
to
Ma-
gallant conduct of his

son, Charles
Edward, 50 ; his
personal appearance, ib. ; his redrid, 47
and death,
267.
lantry, 179.
Kerr, Lord Mark, 513, 533535.

Keysler, his sketch of Prince James
in his latter days, 51.
Kilmarnock, Countess of, entertains

General Hawley, 236.
Kilmarnock, the Earl of, his trial
and sentence, 390 his execution,
394; attachment of his family to
the House of Brunswick, .399
his motives for joining the Pre;
tender, ib.
his
distressed situ-
400 ; statement of, 401 ;

taken prisoner at Culloden, ib. ;
Westminster Hall, 402;
expresses contrition for his past
conduct, ih. ; his dismal interview
with the Lieutenant of thn Tower,
ation,
his trial in
405
his
letter
to
the
Duke
of
558
rNDEI.
and to his son

Hamilton, 406
the day before his execution, 408
his devotions, 410
his interview
with Lord Balmerino, 411
his
last moments, 412; his execution,
413; Walpole's account of it, ib.
King, Dr, curious statements of,
;
353, 362.
Kinlochmoidart, a young Highlander, his enthusiasm for Prince

Charles, 120.
Knowles,
Lancashire, executions
at,
in, 99.
22.
his daughter institutes legal

proceedings against her relative, 78 ;
his
atrocious
ib. ;
marriage,
for his arrest, 79 ;
the court of the Pretender,
returns to Scotland as the
accredited agent of the Stuarts,
ib. ; arrested by the French
king
for treachery, 80 ; enters into
flies to
;
holy orders, to effect his release,

ib. ; joins the
Society of Jesuits,
returns to Scotland, and
joins the adherents of the House
of Hanover, ib. ; obtains undisib.
French
L'Heureux," a
346 ; Prince
board the, ib.
ib.
Landlord, an inquisitive one, 315.

Lauzun, Count de, facilitates the
flight of the Queen, 7.
Leicester, riot
warrant issued
French
Commodore,
transports taken by, 544.
"
Wraxall's character of her, 375 ;

376 her supposed marriage with Alfieri, ib.
Lovat, Lord, his early attachment to
the House of Stuart, 77
assumes
the title and claims the estates
of the deceased Lord Lovat, ib.
dies at Florence,
Charles
vessel,
goes
on
puted possession of
Liege, residence of Prince Charles

at, 352, 366.
Linlithgow, reception of Prince
Charles at, 158
the Palace of,
burnt, 244.
"
Lion," a British man-of-war, her
"
action -nith the
Elizabeth," 114,
137.
;
London, consternation
19,
in,
213
riots in, 22.
CuUo-
den, 87 ; his trial, 88 ; executed,

90 interred in the Tower, ib. ;
visit of Prince Charles to, 278.
;
Lovat, Master, his death, 86.

Lowthian, Mrs, present made to,
230.
Luckie, Mrs, tavern kept by, 176.
Lumsden, Miss, her enthusiasm for
Prince Charles,
Loudon, Lord, forces under, 247
his titles, 81;
arrested after the battle of
195.
snare laid by, to entrap Prince

attack upon, 251 ;
Charles, 249
evacuates Inverness, ib. ; takes
refuge in the Isle of Skye, 252.
Louis XIV., his interview with
James II., 12 ; his project of restoring the Stuarts by force of
arms, 14 ; his reception of Prince
Charles, 348 ; orders him to quit
Paris, 350.
Louisa, Countess of Albany, married
to Prince Charles, 372
her re;
lationship to the English nobility,

ib. ; her manners and disposition,
unkind behaviour of her hus;
band towards her, 373 ;" sonnet of
Alheri tu her, ib. ; escapes to a
ib.
nunnery, 374 ; takes up her residence with the Cardinal York, ib.
;
Macdonald, ^neas, narrative of

112,116.
Macdonald, Alexander, of Boisdale,
his interview with Prince Charles,
117
arrested, 118.
Macdonald, Alexander, of Kingsfinds

burgh, 305 advice of, ib.
;
Prince in his liidrng-plaee,
the
306
marries Flora Macdonald,
428 alluded to, 480, 481.
Macdonald, Sir Alexander, of Sleat,
;
121.
Macdonald, Angus, his reception of

the Prince, 330.
Macdonald, Capt. Roy, narrative
of,
293.
Macdonald of Clanranald, IIG.

Macdonald, Flora, the companion of
Prince Charles in his wanderings,
559
INDEX.
297 taken into custody, 299 ; her
endeavours to effect the Prince's
with him
escape, ib. ; embarks
her heroic
in an open boat, 303 ;
of
devotion, 304; her presence
mind, 305 ; averts suspicion,
takes
311
;
307; her dying wish,
leave of the Prince, 315 ; arrested
M'Ghie, a painter in Dumfries,2.30.

his darMacgregor, Captain Evau,
London, ib. ; returns

her parentage,
to Scotland, 326
tracked by Captain Fergu421
son after parting from the Prmce,
422 made prisoner on returnmg
423 takeii
to her mother's house,
"
"
of
on board the Furnace sloop
account
Forbes'
ib.
war
Bishop
of her captivity, 424 entertained
on her release,
by Lady Primrose
Dr
her marriage, 428
427
to
and sent
ing gallantry, 167.

187.
Macgregor, the clan of,

Macintosh, Brigadier, gallantry of,
33 ; his disaster at Preston, 209.
Macintosh, Lady, '&\ 251.
Mackenzie of Fraserdale, 81.^

Mackenzie, Mrs, of Kildun, 285.
Mackenzie, Roderick, his devotion
the cause of Prince Charles,

340.
to
Mackinnon, John, 323
the Prince,
to
his fidelity
his valour
3'',4;
and devotion, 327, 329;
enterJohnson's account of his

tainment by her, ib. ; her family
where they
emigrate to America,
4ciO
;
afterwards join the Loyalists,
ib. ;
returns to the Isle of Skye,
432.
her death,
to the
Macdonald, Hugh, brother
Laird of Morar, 123.

of MacMacdonald, Mr (brother
his exedonald of Keppoch),
Glenaladale, joms
Prince Charles, 331, 345.
Macdonald of Keppoch, Highlandthe royal
ers under, 130; joins
139
opinion given by,
;
173.
takes
Macdonald of Kingsburgh,
308
the Prince to his house,
309
heroism and hospitality,
his
his
the Prince, 311;

noble reply,
arrested, 312; his
his death, ib.
ib.
Macdonald of Lochgarry, joins
Prince Charles, 341.
parting from
;
Macdonald of Morar,
his reception
of Prince Charles, 328.

her
Macdonald, Lady Margaret,
devotion to Prince Charles, 291,
292 ; letter of the Prince to, 293.^
ot
Macdonald, Neil, the companion
Prince Charles, 296 ; his faithfu
services, 300.
taken
330.
matician, 162.
with
Macleod, Donald, meeting of,
Prince Charles, 281; his son's
devotion, 282 ; taken prisoner,
296.
455.
Macleod, John, examination of,
his
Macleod, Malcolm, exchanges
the
Prince,
320;
with
clothes
conducts him to the house of his
takes leave
brother-in-law, 323
his subseof the Prince, 325
;
cution, 244.
Macdonald of
army,
prisoner,
Mackinnons' country, arrival of

Prince Charles in, 302.
Maclaurin, the celebrated mathe-
quent
history, ib.
appearance,
his personal
326.
Macleod of Raasay, search

312; advice of, 313.
Macleod, Svbilla, 77.
Macleod, the Laird of, 121;
letters to government, 122.
M'Namara,
Mr,
with the Young
for,
his
conferences
Pretender, 363.
his
184.
M'Naught, the Highlander,
Prince
Macpherson of Clunv, joins
leave of
Charles, 150, 344 ; takes
him, 346.
Macvicar, a
193
Scottish
clergyman,
Prince
Madrid, secret visit of
Charles to, 349.
two
the
Mahomet and Mustapha,
Turks, 22.
the
on
remarks
his
Mahon, Lord,
106character of Prince Charles,
220.
opinion of,
5G0
in:
Malton, Lord, express from, 513.
Mamnan-Callutn,
hill of,
MoncriefFe, Sir David, his letters to

the Hon. Baron Craigie, .501, 502.
333.
Manchester, arrival of the insurgent
Monro, Sir Harry,
army at, 211.

Mann, Sir Horace, letter of Horace
Walpole 10, 387.
Manners, Lord Robert, 367.
Moore, Dr, the author of "Zeluco,"
his father and

uncle slain at Falkirk, 242.
Montrose, arrival of the Prince at
40.
influence, 24
swears fealty to James the Ilird,
27 ; raises the standard of the
deficient in miliChevalier, 29
Mar, Earl
his
of,
359.
Moray, the Earl of, his letter to the

Lord Advocate, 479.
Morgan, David, determination of,
222 his execution, 442.
Morgan, Mrs, 72.
Morrison, Mr, attacked by fever,
tary experience, 30 ; present at

the battle of Sheriffmuir, 31
withdraws to Perth, 32 created
Duke, 36 his character of the
340.
Morriston, James, Provost of Aberdeen, his letter to the Lord Advocate, 497.
Moy, Castle of, 249.
his flight with him,

Prince, 37
41 ; particulars respecting, 94.
of
consort of James
Modena,
Mary
the Ilnd, gives birth to a prince,
1 ; disbelief in her pregnancy, 2 ;
preparations for her flight, 7 ;
crosses the Thames to Lambeth,
& ; embark.s from Gravesend, and
arrives at Calais, 9.
Massac, Monsieur, mission of, 354.
;
Maule,
Mr,
his
house
Muir, Mr. imprisoned
searched,
Ge-
Ensign (afterwards
neral), anecdote related by, 254.

Miller, George, his letter to the
Charles, 180; humanity of, 213;

remonstrance of, 217, 218; resumes his march, 223; his
bravery, 224 chivalrous expedition conducted by, 252
success-
Lord Advocate, 484.

Miller, Mrs, her mterview with the
Pretender, 364.
ruse of, 25.3 ; lays siege to

Blair Castle, ib. ; retreats to Inverness, 255; advocates a nightattack, 260 ; retreat ordered by,
Mills, Mrs, 72.
Lord,
136.
of,
landers under, 166; evidence of,

196; taken prisoner after the
battle of Culloden, 437
held in
abhorrence, 438 ; his death, 439.
Lord
Murray,
George, espouses the
cause of the Young Pretender,
154; his interview with Prince
Sobieski, 58.
Milton,
Stirling
459, 460.
Mulloy, Terence, letter
490, 496.
Young
of,
Murray, John, of Broughton, High-
Medals, struck in commemoration

of the escape of the Princess
Melville,
in
Castle, 157.
Mull, the Isle
ful
his
correspondence
with the Marquis of Tweeddale,
140, 141, 161.
Minto, Lord, his letters to Cardinal

York, .380382.
Misset, Major, and his wife, 5G.
262 imfounded charge against,ib.;

takes up arms against the Government in 1715, 417 joins the Pre-
Sir Andrew, his correspondence with the Lord Advocate
tender in 1745. 418; his character

his conas a military oflicer, ib.
duct at the battles of Preston,
esFalkirk, and Culloden, 419
capes to the Continent, 421 ; his
bis letter to the Lord
death, ib.
Mitchell,
to
the Rebellion, 455,
457, 460, 462, 470, 476, 490, 496,
518, 524, 527, 529, 530, 532, 533,
536.
reMoidart, the Country of, 461
ported landing of the French in,
473.
relative
Advocate, 484.
of Broughton,
Murray, Mrs,
I
enthusiastic ccnduct, 167:
her
561
INDEX.
his letter to
^lurray, Sir Patrick,
Lord Advocate, 456.
the
389.
Vlurray, the Solicitor-General
S'airn,
to,
Ostend, siege
approach of the royal army
Nairn. Lord, partictilars respecting,

98.
,
,
wounded,
Nairn, Miss, accidentally
189
letters to the
Napier, Gabriel, his
Lord Advocate, 508, 515, 522.
the Duke of, 354.
284, 286, 292, 294

296.
Oxford, riot at, 23.
100.
a letNicholson, Bishop, extract of

ter from, 99.
352.
his
fidelity,
Niel Mackechan,
and
Nithisdale, Lady, her devotion
heroism, 70.
of,
William Maxwell, Earl

connection with the in-
surgents, 69
Tower,
his
ib.
life,
committed to the
intercession to save
ib.
escapes in female
joined in France by
disguise, 70 ;
his wife, 76 ; dies at Rome, ib.
unNoailles, Due de, French army
escape
of,
Patten, the Rev. Robert, amiable

character given by, of the Earl of
Derwentwater, 61.
Paul, the Rev. William, executed,99.
Pembroke, Lord, speech of, 72.
Mrs, anecdote of her
Pennycuik,
infancy. 227.
Penrith, 'arrival of the
at, 206.
Perth, entry of Prince
152 gaiety of the
taken by the rebels,
Perth, the Duke of,
renders to, 205 ;
Duke of, 219.

his dilatory conNorris, Sir John,
duct, 108.
Norfolk,
the standard of
Ogilvie, Lord, joins
the Young Pretender, 154, 198 ;
at
his arrival
Edinburgh, 539, 540.
26.
Oglethorpe, Fanny,
his march to
Oglethorpe, General,
the North, 531.
O'Neal, the companion of Prince
Charles, 286, 294 taken prisoner,
and sent to London, 296.
O'Neal, Captain, 423.
in EngOrange, Prince of, lands
;
Highlanders
Charles mto,
fair at,
154
509.
surdeclares his
Carlisle
animates the sol267 ; particulars respect433; search for, 464.
opinion, 218
diers,
ing,
der, 102.
land, 7.
Orlandini,
its
Palestrine, the Princess, her conversatione, 366.

Paterson, Sir Hugh, 157, 234.
377.
Patrizzii, Count, ball given by,
Newcastle,
Newgate, escape of prisoners from,
his
capitulation, 482.
O'SuUivan, an Irish officer, 113;
the companion of Prince Charles,
259.
Nithisdale,
of,
455, 462, 478
542.
Perthshire, state of affairs in,
94.
Pierrepont, Lady Francis,
Lord, joins Prince Charles,
Pitsligo,
198.
Pollocke,
C,
Provost of Dunbar,
Lord Advocate,
his letter to the
506.
Portrose. Lord, his letters to the
Lord Advocate, 463, 493.
Tower,
Powis, Duke of, sent to the
.32.
Powis, the Marquis

Powis, Marchioness
of,
of,
69.
the Prince's
governess, 7.
Preston, defeat of the insurgents at,
35 arrival of Prince Charles at,
;
Princess
escorts the
_
Louisa to a nunnery, 374.
Ormond, Duke of, sides with the
abandons his enterPrince, 24
prise, 33 named Captain-General
of an expedition, 47 ; his persona!
94.
history, 93; death of
;
2o
209.
,
Preston-Pans, victory of Prmce

Charles at, 185.
the
of
title, 4.
Pretenders, origin
Primrose, Lady, her royal guest,
entertains Flora Mac353, 355
her release, 427.
don'ald, after
.
562
INDEX.
Privateers, prizes taken by, 460.
Duke
Queensberry. the
of,
79.
Raasay. Island of, landing of Prince

Charles in, 316
depredations in,
;
ib.
RadclifTe, diaries
(brother ot the
Earl of Derwentwater), particu434; his execu-
lars respecting,
tion, 435.
Reay, Lord, 466
assistance
of,
467.
Rebellion,
original correspondence
relating to its suppression, 448.
Red
Gauntlet, extract from, 361.
Richmond, Duke
of,
petitign pre-
sented by, to the House of Lords,

G5 ; his execution, ib.
Riva, the Queen's attendant, 9.
Rogers, Captain, 614.
Roman Catholics,
aggressions of the,
of, force under,43.

Segrave, Mr, an Irish officer, curious statenrent of, 354.
Sheridan, Sir Thomas, tutor to
Prince Charles, 102 ; his account

of the battle of Falkirk, 241 ; entreaties of, 268.
SheriH'muir, the battle of, 31.
Skelton, Sir Bevil, envoy-extraordinary at the court of France, 6.
Skinner, Sergeant, speech of, 389.
Skyring, Mrs, presents her purse
to Prince Charles, 213.
Smith, Commodore, chivalrous conduct of, 423, 426.

"
Tears of Scotland,"
Smollett, his
270.
Princess
Sobieski,
Clementina
Maria (daughter of John, King of

married
to
Prince
James, 45 ; disgusted with his
Poland),
habits, she retires to a convent,
2.
Rome, residence
at,
Seaforth, the Earl
of Prince
James
51.
Roome, the undertaker,
65, 66.
Roquefeuille, Admiral, sails up the

British Channel, 107
his disasters from a storm, lOS.
Roy, Donald, narrative of, 305 his
services to the Prince, 314.
;
Saxe, Marshal, expedition under,

104; dispersion of his fleet, 107.
Scalpa, landing of the Young Pretender in, '18-1.
Scoon, arrival of Prince Charles at,
^8 ; his visit to the Palace of,
155.
Scotland, arrival of the Prince in,
37 ; enthusiasm of the poets of,
X95 ; expected arrival of Dutch
troops in, 517.
Scott, Captain, skirmish between
his detachment and the rebels,
130 ; surrender of, ib. wounded,
his treatment by Lochiel,
ib. ;
130.
;
Scott, David, his letter to the
Lord
Advocate, 490.
Scott, Sir Walter, extract from his
Tales of a Grandfather, 27 ; re-
marks
of, 46, 4'J, 80.
46 her ill-treatment by her husband, 51 ; her birth and early

character, 54 ; selected for the
wife of the Pretender, ib.
\Vogan's account of his romantic ad;
ventures to carry the proposal to

her, 55 ; arrested and confined at
a convent at Innspruck, 56 ; stratagem for her release, ib. ; arrives
at Bologna, 57 ; her reception by
the Chevalier, 58 ; medals struck
in commemoration of her escape,
ib.
disagreement with her husband, and separation from him,
59
writes to her sister, ib. ;
Keysler's character of her in her
55t'h year, 60 ; her death, ib.
Spey, river, forded by the royal
army, 257.
Stair, Earl of, his letter to Horace
;
Walpole,
44;
his
proposition,
504, 507.
Standard, raising of the, in the Valley of Glenfinnan, 131, 134, 1.35,

147.
Stewart,
525.
Jolm, advice respecting,

Prince Charles
to,
246 ; evacuated
; siege of,
the insurgents, 248.
by
Stirling, retreat of
234
563
I>-DE5;.
the celeStormont, Lord, brother of
153.
brated Lord Mansfield,
Prmce
of
journey
Stornoway,
Charles to, 285.
Pass of, 49.
Strachells, action at the
reply
to
it,
141
his correspon-
dence with the Lord Advocate

relative to the suppression of the
rebellion, 449, 453, 458, 462,
469 475, 477, 482, 485, 488,
491, 494, 496, 503, 504,

510, 512, 517, 520, 525,
528, 530, 535, 537, 538.
99.
Tyburn, executions at,
life of Lord Kames, 448.
Tytler,
489
the line-engraver,
Strange, Robert,
195.
of CarAndrew,
obligations
Stuart,
dinal York to, 3S2 384.
506,
527,
459.
Stuart, Captain,
,
s
Stuart, Henry.Cardinal York.Gray
of him, 3/7; reearly character
at the age
hat
cardinal's
the
ceives
conduct
of twenty-three, 378 his
breaking out of the French
Prince Charles
Uist, South, stay ot
at,
290.
atthe
revolution, 379
Van Hoey, Monsieur,
his villa plun-
of,
Vanghan, Mr, an English gentle-
man, reply
of,
222.
Vernon, Admiral, 505.

taken
Vincennes, Prince Charles,
352.
prisoner to,
382 ; reply to it,

character and death,
384 ; bequeaths the crown jewels
385.
to the Prince of Wales,
Hippisley
.383;
character
457.
ib.
;
dered by the French troops,
to
kindness of George the Illrd
correspondence behim, 380;
tween him and the English Mmisletter of Sir John Coxe
ter, 381
to,
his
Wade, Marshal,
letter
Sutherland, the Earl of, his
to the Lord Advocate, 466.
of
Sweetenham, Captain, an officer
the
army, 136 information
royal
communicated by, 145.

442.
Svddal, Thomas, his execution,
ter of the
Townley,
cution, 442.
Tranent, arrival of the Highlanders

T
.,
of,
Western
Lady
of
letter
48;
Isles,
es-
49
capes to the
the companion of Prince Charles,
mani113 observation of, 115
festo read by, 134; sumptuous
151
particulars respecting, 432.
his
Tweeddale, the Marquis oi,
141 ;
letter to Lord Milton, 140,
banquet given by,
Young
(natural daugh-
Pretender), 369
3/0
;
created Duchess of Albany,
her personal appearance, ib.
Wallace, Mr, 454.
of the Earl
Walpole, Horace, letter
of
of Stair to, 44; his account
latter
his
in
days,
James
Prince
I'nnce
Thicknesse, his account ot
353.
Charles's visit to London,
the Whigs, 23.
Tories, oppressed by
Colonel, 226; his exe-
at, 175, 179.
5.37,
Walkenshaw, Miss
Tencin, Cardinal de, his elevation,
Traquair, Lady,
Nithisdale to, 70.
TuUibardine, Marquis
force under, 200,
542.
,
,
Waldegrave, Sir Will., knighted.b.
intercedes for
Wales, Prince of,
41/.
the Earl of Cromarlie, 416,
Walkenshaw, mistress of Prmce
Charles, 357, 361, 362.
216,
51- letterof, to Sir Horace Mann,

256 ; describes the trial-scene ot
387 ; and
insurgent lords,
execution of the Earl ot
Kilmarnock, 413.
deep-laid
Walpole, Sir Robert,
the
the
schemes of, 103.

Walsh, Mr, a merchant of Nantes,
the Prince,
110; takes leave of
128.
IIU.
Waters, the Paris banker,
Webb,
Sir John, Bart., 67.
Weir, a spy, taken
prisoner
the Highlanders. 213.
by
564
Wolfe,
force under,
Wentworth, General,
his
noble reply
Wraxall, his particulars respectini

the Voting Pretender, 367, 368
Whigs, seventies of the, 24.

Whitborough, the ladies of, 204.
character given by, of the Prii

cess Louisa, 374.
Widdrington, Lord, particulars relative to, 97.
William the Ilird,
his death,
Wyndham,
14;
General,
Lieutenant
his treatment
Wynne,
of the Tower, 395 ;

of Lord Balmerino, ib. ; his interview with Lord Kilmarnock,
404.
Wills, General, defeated, 35.
Wintoun, George Seton, Earl
particulars respectuig, 96.
letter
to, 25.
Watkin Williams, 219.
of, her cor(

respondence with the Duke
407.
Hamilton,
York, executions at, 446.
York, Cardinal. See Stuart, Hr
of,
JOHN CHILDS
Sir
Yarmouth, the Countess
Young, Mr, particulars respe
Charles, his romantic mission, 65.
Wogan,
Sir William,
Lord Bolingbroke
79.
plots against his government,
Williamson,
Major,
272.
540.
5 is, 520.
A^rD SON, PKINTEr.f.
I,
^SCT. NOV 2 4
DA
814
A1J4.
196/
Jesse, John Heneage

Memoirs of the Pretenders
and their adherents New ed,
1860
PLEASE
CARDS OR
DO NOT REMOVE
SLIPS
UNIVERSITY
FROM
THIS
OF TORONTO
POCKET
LIBRARY

Memoirs of The Pretenders and Their Adherents

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Memoirs of The Pretenders and Their Adherents

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Memoirs of The Pretenders and Their Adherents

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

UNIVERSITY OF

JOHN FIEXEAGE JESSE,

"ySHOlIU OK THE COVET OP RNGLA^ID DUBIFTO TUK RUUN Of THK

COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME, WITH A GENERAL INDEX,

BOHN, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEX.

JOHN CHILDS AND SON, PRINTERS.

FREDERICK EDWARD STUART.

Birth of the Prince. How viewed by the two PAOK

CuAPTER II. Death of James 11. and William III. Hopes

Duke of Argyll. Dejection of

His Death, and Funeral Obsequies

The Pkiscess Clemistisa

ventures to carry the Proposd to her.

Selected for the

hand, and Separation.

Year. Her Death

of her in her Fifty'..

James Radcliffe, Earl of DERWESTyvAiER.

His Birth and early Connections. Howrelated tothe Stuarts.

William Maxwell, Earl of Nithisdale.

His Committal to the

His Connection with the Insurgents.

Simon Lord Lovat.

His early Attachment to the House of Stuart. Assumes the

Daughter institutes legal Proceedings against her Relative.

her Mother. Warrant issued

Titles for his

after the Battle of

William Gordon, Viscount Kenmcee.

Account of the FamOy of Gordon, Viscount Kenniure. Lord

George Keith, Earl Marischal

Robert Dalziel, Earl of Carnwath

George Seton, Earl of Wujtoun

William Widdrisgton, Lord Widdrington

William Murray, Lord Nairn

Thomas Forster, Esq.

PRINCE CHARLES EDWARD.

Birth and youthful History of the Prince.

Chaptf.r TL Arrival of the young Prince in Scotland. His

Cope into the Highlands.

Their Effects on the

Cowardly Retreat of Colonel Gardiner's Troops. Conburgh.

Chapter "VH- Relative Strength of the opposing Armies.

Chapter IX. The Pretender's March into England.

Chapter X. Charles desirous of marching upon London.

Chapter XI. The

Pretender's Retreat to Stirling. The

Character. Surprised by the Reappearance of the Prein

Chapter XII. Charles continues his Rctrpat northward.

North. His Arrival at

Chapter XIII. Charles's Determination to attack the Eng

PEIXCE CHARLES EDWARD,

Chapter Precautions to prevent the Escape of the Che Reward

Charles removes to the

Island of South Uist.

Critical Situation of (he

Chapter IV. Charles proceeds

consideration for those