12 - Electric Potential - 2022-23 - 220526 - 131453

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ELECTRO STATICS
Electric Potential
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Electric Potential Page 1 of 30
Electric Potential
Electrostatic potential of a body represents the degree of electrification of the body. It
determines the direction of flow of charge between two charged bodies placed in contact with
each other. The charge always flows from a body at higher potential to another body at lower
potential. The flow of charge stops as soon as the potentials of the two bodies become equal.
Electrostatic potential is characteristic of electric field associated with a given charge
configuration.
To make this characteristic independent of the magnitude of test charge, we define -
Electric potential difference between two points B and A in an electrostatic field as the
amount of work done in carrying unit positive test charge from A to B (against the
electrostatic force of the field) along any path between the two points.
Figure shows that work done on a test

charge q by the electrostatic field due to any
given charge configuration depends only on
the initial point A and final point B. Work
done is independent of the path chosen in
going from A to B.
If VA and VB are the electrostatic potentials at A and B respectively, then from eqn. (2),
𝑈𝐵 − 𝑈𝐴 𝑊𝐴𝐵
∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 = =
𝑞 𝑞
Work done by external force in moving the test charge + q from A to B is

𝐵
𝑊𝐴𝐵 = ∫𝐴 𝐹⃗ . ��⃗
𝑑𝑙
𝑒𝑥𝑡
𝐵
= − ∫𝐴 𝐹⃗ . ��⃗
𝑑𝑙
𝐸
𝐵
��⃗
= − ∫𝐴 𝑞0 𝐸�⃗ . 𝑑𝑙
𝐵
��⃗
𝑊𝐴𝐵 = − 𝑞0 ∫𝐴 𝐸�⃗ . 𝑑𝑙
This work done against electrostatic force gets stored as potential energy.
𝑊𝐴𝐵 𝐵
= − ∫𝐴 𝐸�⃗ . ��⃗
𝑑𝑙
𝑞𝑜
𝐵
So, ∆V = − ∫𝐴 𝐸�⃗ . ��⃗
𝑑𝑙 ……… (i)
Thus, potential difference is negative of the line integral of electric field from one point
to another.
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Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
The dimensional formula for potential difference –

𝑊𝐴𝐵 [𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −2 ]
∆𝑉 = = = [M1 L2 T −3 A−1 ]
𝑞 [𝐴𝑇]
SI unit of potential difference is volt (V)
1J
1V = = 1 JC −1 = 1 Nm C −1 .
1C
Definition of 1 volt
Potential difference between any two points in an electrostatic field is said to be one volt
when one joule of work is done in moving a positive charge of one coulomb from one
point to the other against the electrostatic force of the field.
We can, however, define electric potential at a point by choosing the potential to be zero at
infinity. If we take point A at infinity, VA= 0. From (4),
𝑊∞𝐵
Hence, 𝑉𝐵 = …………(5)
𝑞
Electrostatic potential at any point in a region of electrostatic field is the minimum work
done in carrying a unit positive charge (without acceleration) from infinity to that point.
Electrostatic potential at a point is a scalar quantity. Its SI unit is volt.
ELECTROSTATIC FORCES ARE CONSERVATIVE

To prove that electrostatic forces are conservative in nature,
we show that work done in moving a unit positive test charge
over a closed path in an electric field is zero. We know that
along any path L, work done in carrying unit positive charge
from A to B.
𝑊𝐴𝐵
= 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴
𝑞0
Similarly, work done in carrying unit positive charge from B to A along any other path L'
𝑊𝐵𝐴
= 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵
𝑞0
𝑊𝐴𝐵 𝑊𝐵𝐴 𝑊𝐴𝐵𝐴

Adding the two, we get + = = (𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 ) + (𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 ) = 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
𝑞0 𝑞0 𝑞0
Hence no work is done in moving a unit positive test charge over a closed path in an electric
field. Hence electrostatic field is a conservative field and electrostatic forces are conservative
forces in nature.
Mathematically, we can write this result as
𝑬 . ��⃗
� ��⃗ 𝒅𝒍 = 𝟎
So, line integral of electric field over a closed path in the electric field is always zero.

Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DUE TO A POINT CHARGE

Suppose we have to calculate electric potential at
any point P due to a single point charge + q at O ;
where OP = r.
By definition, electric potential at P is the amount of work done in carrying a unit positive
charge from ∞ to P.
As work done is independent of the path, we choose a convenient path along the radial
direction from infinity to the point P.
At some intermediate point A on this path, where OA = x, the electrostatic force on unit
positive charge is
1
𝐸= , along OA produced …………….(1)
4 𝜋 𝜀0 𝑥 2
Small amount of work done in moving a unit positive charge from A to B where ��⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑑𝑥��⃗ is
��⃗ = E dx cos 180° = − E dx
dW = 𝐸�⃗ . 𝑑𝑥 ..………….(2)
∴ Total work done in moving unit + charge from ∞ to the point P is
𝑟
𝑊 = ∫∞ − 𝐸 𝑑𝑥
𝑟 1 𝑞
= ∫∞ − 𝑑𝑥
4𝜋∈ 0 𝑥2
𝑞 𝑟
=− ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
4 𝜋 ∈0 ∞
𝑞 1 𝑟
=− �− �
4 𝜋 ∈0 𝑥 ∞
𝑞 1 1
𝑊= � − �
4 𝜋 ∈0 𝑟 ∞
𝑞
=
4 𝜋 ∈0 𝑟
By definition, this is the potential at P due to charge q,

1
𝑉 = 𝑊/𝑞 =
4 𝜋 ∈0 𝑟
When q is positive, potential V is positive and when q is negative, potential V is negative,
i.e., A positive charge produces a positive electric potential and a negative charge produces a
negative electric potential.
𝑞
At 𝑟 = ∞, 𝑉= =0
∞
i.e., electrostatic potential is zero at infinity.
Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
Figure shows the variation of electrostatic potential (V ∝ 1/r) and the

electrostatic field (E ∝ 1/r2) with distance r from a charge q.
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AT AN AXIAL POINT OF A DIPOLE

As shown in figure, consider an electric dipole consisting of two point charges – q and + q
and separated by distance 2a. let P be a point on the axis of the axis of the dipole at a distance
r from its centre O.
Electric potential at point P due to the dipole is
𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2
1 −𝑞 1 𝑞
= . + .
4 𝜋𝜖0 𝐴𝑃 4 𝜋𝜖0 𝐵𝑃
1 𝑞 1 𝑞
=− . + .
4 𝜋𝜖0 𝑟+𝑎 4 𝜋𝜖0 𝑟−𝑎
𝑞 1 1
= � − �
4 𝜋𝜖0 𝑟−𝑎 𝑟+𝑎
𝑞 (𝑟 + 𝑎) − (𝑟 − 𝑎)
= � �
4 𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 2 − 𝑎2
1 𝑞 ×2𝑎
= .
4 𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 2−𝑎 2
1 𝑝
or 𝑉= . [∵ 𝑝 = 𝑞 × 2𝑎]
4 𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 2 − 𝑎2
1 𝑝
For a short dipole, 𝑎2 < < 𝑟 2 , so 𝑉 = . 2.
4 𝜋𝜖0 𝑟

Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AT AN EQUATORIAL POINT OF A DIPOLE

As shown in Figure, consider an electric dipole
consisting of charges – q and + q and separated by
distance 2 a. Let P be a point on the perpendicular
bisector of the dipole at distance r from its centre O.
Electric potential at point P due to the dipole is
𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2
1 −𝑞 1 𝑞
= . + .
4𝜋𝜖0 𝐴𝑃 4𝜋𝜖0 𝐵𝑃
𝟏 𝒒 𝟏 𝒒
=− . + . =𝟎
𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 �𝒓𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 �𝒓𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐
POTENTIAL AT A POINT DUE TO AN ELECTRIC DIPOLE

Consider an electric dipole AB having charge − q at point A
and charge + q at point B. Let O be the centre of the dipole
and P be any point at a distance ‘r’ from its centre, where
electric potential due to the dipole is to be determined. Let
∠POB = θ.
The potential at point P due to charge − q,
1 q
V1 = −
4πϵ0 PA
and the potential at point P due to charge + q,

1 q
V2 =
4πϵ0 PB
Therefore, net potential at point P due to the dipole,

1 q 1 q
V = V1 + V2 = − +
4πϵ0 PA 4πϵ0 PB
1 1 1
V= q� − � ……….. (1)
4πϵ0 𝑃𝐵 𝑃𝐴
From right angled ∆AMO, we have

OM OM
cos θ = = ⇒ OM = a cos θ
OA a
In case the length of the dipole is very small as compared to distance r, then
PA = PM = PO + OM = r + a cosθ
Similarly, PB = PN = PO – ON = r − a cosθ

Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
In the equation (i), substituting for PA and PB, we have

1 1 1
V= q �r − a cosθ − �
4πϵ0 r + a cosθ
1 r + a cosθ − r + a cosθ
= q� 𝑟 2 − 𝑎 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
�
4πϵ0
1 2 a cosθ
= q �𝑟 2 − 𝑎2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃�, as p = q (2a)
4πϵ0
1 p cosθ
= �
𝑟 2 − 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
� ……….(ii)
4πϵ0
The equation (ii) gives electric potential due to the dipole at a distance r from its centre in a
direction making an angle θ with the dipole.
Special cases: Let us find the electric potential due to the dipole in the following two cases:
1). When point P lies on the axial line of the dipole. In such a case, θ = 0° and cos 0° = 1.
1 p
Therefore, Vaxial = � �
4πϵ0 𝑟2 − 𝑎2
1 p
If r >> a, then Vaxial =
4πϵ0 𝑟 2
2). When point P lies on the equatorial line of the dipole. In such a case, θ = 90° and cos 90° = 0.
Therefore, Vequi = 0.
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DUE TO A UNIFORMLY CHARGED THIN SPHERICAL

SHELL
Consider a uniformly charged spherical shell of radius R and carrying charge q we wish to
calculate its potential at point P at distance r from its centre O, as shown in figure.
(i) When the point P lies outside the shell. We know that for a uniformly charged spherical
shell, the electric field outside the shell is as if the entire charge is concentrated at the
centre. Hence electric potential at an outside point is equal to that of a point charge
located at the centre, which is given by
1 𝑞
V= [For r > R]
4 𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
(ii) When point P lies on the surface of the shell. Here r = R. Hence the potential on the
surface of the shell is
1 𝑞
V= [For r = R]
4 𝜋𝜀0 𝑅
(iii) When point P lies inside the shell; The electric fieid at any point inside the shell is
constant everywhere inside the shell and its value is equal to that one on the surface.
1 𝑞
Thus, V= [For r < R]
4 𝜋𝜀0 𝑅

Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
Figure shows the variation of the potential V due to a uniformly charged spherical shell
with distance r measured from the centre of the shell. Note that V is constant
(= q/4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅) from r = 0 to r = R along a horizontal line and thereafter V ∝ 1/r for points
outside the shell.
IMPORTANT TO KNOW
1. Electric potential is a scalar quantity while potential gradient is a vector quantity.
2. The electric potential near an isolated positive charge is positive because work has to be
done by an external agent to push a positive charge in, from infinity.
3. The electric potential near an isolated negativity charge is attracted by the negetive
charge.
4. The electric potential due to a charge q at its own location is not defined – it is infinite.
5. Because of arbitrary choice of the reference point, the electric potential at point is
arbitrary to within an additive constant. But it is immaterial because it is the potential
difference between two points which is physically significant.
6. For defining electric potential at any point, generally a point far away from the source
charge is taken as the reference point. Such a point is assumed to be at infinity.
7. As the electrostatic force is a conservative force, so the work done in moving a unit
positive charge from one point to another or the potential difference between two points
does not depend on the path along which the test charge is moved.
EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES
Any surface, which has same electrostatic potential at every point, is called an
equipotential surface. The equipotential surfaces can be drawn through any region, in which
there is electric field. If all the points at same potential in the electric field are joined, an
equipotential surface is obtained.

Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
PROPERTIES OF EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES

1. No work is done in moving a test charge over an equi-potential surface.
By definition, potential difference between two points B and A = work done in carrying unit
positive test charge from A to B, i.e., VB – VA = WAB
If points A and B lie on an equipotential surface, then VB = VA so WAB = VB – VA= 0
Hence, no work is done in moving the test charge from one point of equipotential
surface to the other.
2. The electric field is always at right angles to the equipotential surface.

If dl is the small distance over the equipotential surface through which unit positive charge is
carried,
Then dW = 𝑬�⃗. ��⃗
𝒅𝒍 = 0
i.e. E dl cos θ = 0
∴ θ = 90°, i.e. 𝑬 ��⃗
�⃗ ⊥ 𝒅𝒍
∴ Electric field intensity E is always normal to the equipotential surface, i.e., for any charge
configuration, equipotential surface through a point is normal to the electric field at
that point.
3. The equipotential surfaces help to distinguish regions of strong field from those
of weak field.
dV dV
E=− ⇒ dr = −
dr E
For same change in values of V i.e. dV = constant
1
dr ∝
E
i.e. the spacing between the equipotential surfaces will be lesser in the regions, where the
electric field is stronger and vice-versa. Therefore, the equipotential surfaces are closer
together, where the electric field is stronger and farther apart, where the field is weaker.
4. The equipotential surfaces tell the direction of the electric field.

dV
E=−
dr
The negative sign tells that electric field is directed in the direction of electric potential with
distance. Therefore, direction of electric field is from the equipotential surfaces which are
closer to each other to those which are more and more away from each other, provided such
surfaces having been drawn for same change in value of dV.
5. No two equipotential surfaces can intersect each other.
In case, two equipotential surfaces intersect each other, then at their point of intersection,
there will be two values of electric potential. As it is not possible, the two equipotential
surfaces can not intersect each other.

Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
Shapes of Equipotential surfaces

(a) For a single charge q
q
For a single charge q, the potential is given by V =
4πϵ0 𝑟
This shows that V is constant if r is constant. Hence, equipotential
surfaces of a single point charge are concentric spherical
surfaces centred at the charge, as shown in Fig. (a)
(b) For a uniform electric field
For a uniform electric field, say, along the X-axis, the equipotential surfaces are planes
normal to the X-axis, i.e., planes parallel to the Y-Z plane as shown in Fig. (b)
(c) For an electric dipole

For an electric dipole the equipotential surfaces are shown in Figure. (c).
(d) For two identical positive charges

For two identical positive charges the equipotential surface is shown in Figure. (d).
RELATION BETWEEN ELECTRIC INTENSITY AND ELECTRIC

POTENTIAL
To obtain relation between electric intensity E and electric potential V, let us consider two
equipotential surfaces A and B spaced closely as shown in Fig. Let the potential of A be VA=
V and potential of B be VB = (V – dV) where dV is decrease in potential in the direction of
electric intensity 𝐸�⃗ normal to A and B.

Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
Suppose ��⃗
𝑑𝑟 is perpendicular distance between the two equipotential surfaces. When a unit
positive charge is taken along this perpendicular distance from the surface B to the surface A
against the electric field.
Work done, By definition, WBA = – E (dr)
WBA = VA – VB = V – (V – dV) = dV
– E (dr) = dV
𝑑𝑉
or E=−
𝑑𝑟
Negative sign shows that the direction of electric field E is the direction of decreasing
potential.
Further, the magnitude of electric field is given by change in magnitude of potential per unit
displacement normal to the equipotential surface at the point. This is called potential gradient,
|𝑑𝑉|
�𝐸�⃗ � = − = −(potential gradient)
𝑑𝑟
EXPRESSION FOR ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A SYSTEM OF
CHARGES
The electric potential energy is the energy possessed by a system of point charges by virtue of
their positions. When two charges are infinite distance apart, their fields do not extend upto
each other. Their electric potential energy is zero, because no work is done in moving a
charge at infinite distance where electric field is zero. Hence we may define
Electric potential energy of a system of point charges as the total amount of work done
in bringing the various charges to their respective positions from infinitely large mutual
separations.
(a) Electric potential energy of a system of two point charges

Suppose a point charge q1 is held at a point P1 with position vector 𝑟��⃗1 in space. Another point
charge q2 is at infinite distance from q1. This is to be brought to the position P2 (𝑟��⃗),
2 where
P1P2 = ��⃗
𝑟12 . Fig.
Now, electric potential at P2 due to charge q1 at P1 is

1 q1
V=
4πϵ0 r12

Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
By definition, work done in carrying charge q2 from ∞ to P2,
W = potential × charge
q1
W= × q2
4πϵ0 r12
This is stored in the system of two point charges qi and q2 in the form of electric potential
energy U.
q1 q2
Thus U=W=
4πϵ0 r12
(b) Electric potential energy of a system of Four point charges

It is equal to the total amount of work done in assembling all the charges at the given
positions from infinity.
In bringing the first charge q1, to position P1 (𝑟��⃗),
1 no work is done, because all other charges
are still at infinity, and there is no field.
i.e. W1 = 0
When we bring charge q2 from infinity to P2 (𝑟��⃗),
2 at a distance r12 from q1, work done is
q1
W2 = [potential due to q1] × q2 = × q2
4πϵ0 r12
In bringing q3 from ∞ to P3 (𝑟��⃗),

3 work has to be done against both q1 and q2
W3 = (potential due to ql and q2] × charge q3
1 𝑞1 𝑞3 𝑞2 𝑞3
= � + �
4πϵ0 𝑟13 𝑟23
Similarly, in bringing q4 from ∞ to P4 (𝑟��⃗),

4 work has to be done against q1, q2 and q3.
1 𝑞1 𝑞4 𝑞2 𝑞4 𝑞3 𝑞4
W4 = � + + �
4πϵ0 𝑟14 𝑟24 𝑟34
So, Potential energy of a system of four charges,
U = W = W1 + W2 + W3 + W4
1 𝑞1 𝑞2 1 𝑞1 𝑞3 𝑞2 𝑞3 1 𝑞1 𝑞4 𝑞2 𝑞4 𝑞3 𝑞4
=0+ � �+ � + �+ � + + �
4πϵ0 𝑟12 4πϵ0 𝑟13 𝑟23 4πϵ0 𝑟14 𝑟24 𝑟34
1 𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑞1 𝑞3 𝑞1 𝑞4 𝑞2 𝑞3 𝑞2 𝑞4 𝑞3 𝑞4
= � + + + + + �
4πϵ0 𝑟12 𝑟13 𝑟14 𝑟23 𝑟24 𝑟34

Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
POTENTIAL ENERGY OF CHARGES IN AN EXTERNAL ELECTRIC FIELD
(a) Potential energy of a single charge in an external field

We have already obtained an expression for potential energy of a system of charges. In this
case, the source of the electric field, i.e., charges and their locations was specified.
We have now to determine potential energy of a charge (or charges) in an external field 𝐸�⃗
which is not produced by the given charges whose potential energy we have to calculate. The
sources which produce external field 𝐸�⃗ are often unknown and they are of no interest to us.
The external electric field E and the corresponding external potential V may change from
point to point. If V (𝑟⃗) is external potential at any point P of position vector 1, then by
definition, work done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity to the point P is equal to
V.
Therefore, work done in bringing a charge q from infinity to the point P in the external field
= q.V(𝒓
�⃗).
This work is stored in the charged particle in the form of its potential energy.
Potential energy of a single charge q at 𝑟⃗ in an external field = q .V (𝒓

�⃗).
(b) Potential energy of a system of two charges in an external field

Suppose q1, q2 are two point charges at position vectors 𝑟��⃗1 and ��⃗
𝑟2 respectively, in a uniform
external electric field of intensity��⃗
𝐸.
Work done in bringing charge q1 from infinity to position 𝑟��⃗1 is W1 = q1.V(𝑟��⃗)

1 where V(𝑟 1 is
��⃗)
potential at 𝑟��⃗1 due to external field.
Again, work done in bringing charge q2 from infinity to position ��⃗

𝑟2 against the external field
is W2 = q2.V(𝑟��⃗),
2 where V(𝑟 2 is potential at ��⃗
��⃗) 𝑟2 due to external field.
While bringing q2 from infinity to position 𝑟��⃗2 work has also to be done against the field due
q1 q2
to ql. This is W3 = where r12 is the distance between q1 and q2.
4πϵ0 r12
By the superposition principle, we add up the work done and find P.E. of the system = Total
work done in assembling the charge configuration
U = W1 + W2 + W3
𝐪𝟏 𝐪𝟐
= q1.V(𝒓 𝟏 + q2.V(𝒓
��⃗) 𝟐 +
��⃗)
𝟒𝛑𝛜𝟎 𝐫𝟏𝟐

Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
Frequently Asked Questions

1. Calculate the voltage needed to balance an oil drop carrying 10 electrons when located
between the plates of a capacitor which are 5 mm apart. The mass of oil drop is 3 × 10-16
kg. Take g = 10 ms-2.
Ans. Here q = 10 e = 10 × 1.6 × 10-19 C, d = 5 mm = 5 × 10-3 m, m = 3 × 10-16 kg,
g = 10 ms-2
When the drop is held stationary,

Upward force on oil drop due to electric field = Weight of oil drop
qE = mg
𝑉 𝑉
q. = mg �𝐸 = �
𝑑 𝑑
𝑚𝑔 𝑑 3 × 10−16 × 10 × 5 × 10−3
V= = = 9.375 V.
𝑞 10 × 1.6 × 10−19
2. To what potential we must charge an insulated sphere of radius 14 cm so that the

surface charge density is equal to 1 μ C/m.
Ans. Here r = 14 cm = 14 × 10-2 m,
σ = 1μ C/m2 = 10-6 C/m2
1 𝑞 1 4𝜋𝑟 2𝜎 1
∴ 𝑉= . = . = . 4𝜋𝑟𝜎
4 𝜋 𝜖0 𝑟 4 𝜋 𝜖0 𝑟 4 𝜋 𝜖0
22
= 9 × 109 × 4 × × 14 × 10−2 × 10−6 𝑉 = 𝟏𝟓𝟖𝟒𝟎 𝐕.
7
3. Twenty seven drops of same size are charged at 220 V each. They coalesce to form a bigger
drop. Calculate the potential of the bigger-drop.
Ans. Let radius of each small drop = r
Radius of large drop = R
4 4
Then 3 𝜋 𝑅3 = 27 × 3 𝜋 𝑟 3
𝑅 = 3𝑟
1 𝑞
Potential of each small drop, 𝑉= .𝑟
4 𝜋 𝜖0
∴ Total charge on 27 drops, 𝑄 = 27 𝑞 = 27 × 4π 𝜖0 𝑟 𝑉

Potential of large drop,
1 𝑄 1 27 ×4π 𝜖0 𝑟 𝑉
𝑉′ = .𝑅 = 4𝜋𝜖 . = 9 𝑉 = 9 × 220 = 𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟎 𝑽.
4 𝜋 𝜖0 0 3𝑟

Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
4. Four charges + q, + q, – q and – q are placed respectively at the corners A, B, C and D

of a square of side 'a' arranged in the given order. Calculate the electric potential at the
centre 0. If E and F are the midpoints of sides BC and CD respectively, what will be the
work done in carrying a charge 'e' from O to E and from O to F?
Ans. Let OA = OB = OC = OD = r
Then the potential at the centre O is
1 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞
𝑉𝑂 = � + − − �=0
4 𝜋 𝜖0 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
Again, the potential at point E is

𝑉𝐸 = � + − − �=0
4 𝜋 𝜖0 𝐴𝐸 𝐵𝐸 𝐶𝐸 𝐷𝐸
[∵ 𝐴𝐸 = 𝐷𝐸, 𝐵𝐸 = 𝐶𝐸]
𝑎 2
√5𝑎
Now, 𝐴𝐹 = 𝐵𝐹 = �𝑎2 + � � =
2 2
∴ The potential at point F is

𝑉𝐹 = � + − − �
4 𝜋 𝜖0 𝐴𝐹 𝐵𝐹 𝐶𝐹 𝐷𝐹
2𝑞 1 1
= � − � [∵ 𝐴𝐹 = 𝐵𝐹, 𝐶𝐹 = 𝐷𝐹]
4𝜋𝜖0 𝐴𝐹 𝐶𝐹
2𝑞 2 2 𝑞 1
= � − �= � − 1�
4𝜋𝜖0 √5𝑎 𝑎 𝜋𝜖0 𝑎 √5
Work done in moving the charge ‘e’ from O to E is

𝑊 = 𝑒 [𝑉𝐸 − 𝑉𝑂 ] = 𝑒 × 0 = 0
Work done in moving the charge ‘e’ from O to F is
𝑞 1 𝒒𝒆 𝟏
𝑊 = 𝑒 [𝑉𝐹 − 𝑉𝑂 ] = 𝑒 � � − 1� − 0� = � − 𝟏�
𝜋𝜖0 𝑎 √5 𝝅 𝜺𝟎 𝒂 √𝟓
5. Two charges − q and + q are located at points A(0, 0, −a) and B(0, 0, +a) respectively.
How much work is done in moving a test charge from point P (7, 0, 0) to Q (− 3, 0, 0)?
Ans. Points P and Q are located on the equatorial line of the electric dipole and potential of the
dipole at any equatorial point is zero.
:. Work done in moving a test charge q0 from P to Q,
=0

Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
6. ABC is a right-angled triangle, where AB and BC are 25 cm and 60 cm respectively; a

metal sphere of 2 cm radius charged to a potential of 9 × 105 V is placed at B. Find the
amount of work done in carrying a positive charge of 1 C from C to A.
Ans. Potential of the charged sphere is,
1 𝑞
𝑣= .
4𝜋 𝜖0 𝑟
𝑞
∴ 9 × 105 = 9 × 109 ×
0.02
0.02
Or 𝑞= = 2 × 10−6 = 2 𝜇𝐶
104
Potential at A due to charge q is

1 𝑞 9 × 109 × 2 × 10−6
𝑉𝐴 = . = 𝑉
4𝜋 𝜖0 𝑟 0.25
Potential at C due to charge q is

9 × 109 × 2 × 10−6
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉
0.60
Potential difference between A and C is

1 1 1.8 ×7
𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐶 = 1.8 × 10−3 � − �𝑉 = 𝑉 = 0.042 𝑉
0.25 0.60 300
Work done in moving a charge of + 1C from C to A

𝑊 = 𝑞 (𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐶 ) = 1 × 0.042 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟐 𝑱.
7. Three points A, B and C lie in a uniform electric
field (E) of 5 × 103 N/C as shown in the figure.
Find the potential difference between A and C.
Ans. Points B and C lie on an equipotential surface, so VC = VB.

∴ P.D. between A and C = P.D. between A and B
∆𝑉
= − E ∆x �∵ 𝐸 = − �
∆𝑥
= −5 × 103 𝑁𝐶 −1 × 4 × 10−2 𝑚
= −200 𝑉 �∆𝑥 = 𝐴𝐵 = √52 − 32 = 4 𝑐𝑚�
8. Figure shows some equipotential surfaces. What can you say about the magnitude and
the direction of the electric field?
Ans. For the equipotential surface of 60 V,
𝑘𝑞 𝑘𝑞
60 𝑉 = =
𝑟 0.10 𝑚
Or 𝑘𝑞 = 60 𝑉 × 0.10 𝑚 = 6 𝑉𝑚
𝑘𝑞 6
∴ 𝐸= = 𝑉𝑚
𝑟2 𝑟2

Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
Clearly E decreases with r. The direction of electric field will be radially outward because V
decreases with r.
9. Four charges are arranged at the corners of a square ABCD of

side d as shown in Figure. (i) Find the work required to put
together this arrangement. (ii) A charge is brought to the centre
E of the square, the four charges being held fixed at its corners.
How much extra work is needed to do this?
Ans. (i) Given AB = BC = CD = AD = d
∴ AC = BD = √𝑑 2 + 𝑑 2 = √2 d
Work required to put the four charges together = Total electrostatics P.E. of the four
charges
1 𝑞𝐴 𝑞𝐵 𝑞𝐴 𝑞𝐶 𝑞𝐴 𝑞𝐷 𝑞𝐵 𝑞𝐶 𝑞𝐵 𝑞𝐷 𝑞𝐶 𝑞𝐷
= � + + + + + �
4𝜋 𝜖0 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐷 𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐷 𝐶𝐷
1 𝑞2 𝑞2 𝑞2 𝑞2 𝑞2 𝑞2 𝑞2
= �− + − − + − � =− �𝟒 − √𝟐�
4𝜋 𝜖0 𝑑 √2𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 √2𝑑 𝑑 4𝜋 𝜖 0
(ii) Extra work needed to bring charge q0 to centre E
W = q0 × Electrostatic potential at E due to the four charges

𝒒 −𝒒 𝒒 −𝒒
= 𝒒𝟎 � + + + �=𝟎
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 �𝒅/√𝟐� 𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 �𝒅/√𝟐� 𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 �𝒅/√𝟐� 𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 �𝒅/√𝟐�
10. Is it possible to create an electric field in which all the lines of

force are parallel lines and whose density increases gradually in
a direction perpendicular to the lines of force, as shown in
Figure (a)?
Ans. No. This is not possible because the work done in carrying a test
charge along a closed path ABCDA, as shown in Figure. (b), will
not be zero. More work is done along CD, less along AB, zero
along BC and DA. But in an electric field, work done is essentially
zero as it is a conservative field.
11. Figure shows lines of constant potential in a region in which

electric field exists. The values of the potential are indicated.
Out of the points A, B and C, which will be of greatest
electric field strength? Give reason.
Ans. Electric field is the rate of fall of potential i.e.,

Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
𝑑𝑉
E=−
𝑑𝑟
For constant dV, E ∝ 1/dr. The stronger the field, the closer the equipotential surfaces. As
the equipotential surfaces are closed in the neighbourhood of B, so the field is greatest at B.
12. The equipotential surfaces of certain field are shown in Figure. It is
given that 𝑽𝟏 > 𝑽𝟐 . Draw the corresponding lines of force for this
pattern. Also state the region in which the electric field intensity is
highest.
Ans. As shown in Figure, the lines of force are perpendicular to the

equipotential surfaces and directed from higher potential to lower
potential. The electric field intensity is highest in the lower left region
where the equipotential surfaces are closest to each other.
13. Suggest a configuration of three point charges separated by finite distances that has zero
electric potential energy.
Ans. The configuration of three charges − q, + q and + q shown in Figure has zero potential
energy.
𝑞 . 𝑞 𝑞(−𝑞) (−𝑞) 𝑞
𝑈=𝑘 + 𝑘 +𝑘 = 𝟎.
𝑟 2𝑟 2𝑟
14. A test charge 'q' is moved without acceleration from

A to C along the path from A to B and then from B to
C in electric field E as shown in Figure. (i) Calculate
the potential difference between A and C. (ii) At
which point (of the two) is the electric potential more
and why?
Ans. (i) P.D. does not depend on the path along which the test charge is moved. Therefore,
𝑑𝑉
𝐸= −
𝑑𝑥
𝑉𝐶 −𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝐶 −𝑉𝐴
= − =
2−6 4
or 𝑉𝐶 − 𝑉𝐴 = 4𝐸 ⇒ 𝑉𝐶 > 𝑉𝐴
(ii) The direction of the electric field is in the direction of decreasing potential, so 𝑉𝐶 > 𝑉𝐴 .

Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
15. Two uniformly large parallel thin plates having charge densities + 𝝈 and − 𝝈 are kept in
the X-Z plane at a distance 'd' apart. Sketch an equipotential surface due to electric
field between the plates. If a particle of mass m and charge '−q' remains stationary
between plates, what is the magnitude and direction of this field?
Ans. Two parallel plates having charge densities +𝜎 and −𝜎 kept in the X-Z plane are shown in
Figure. Also, a plane equipotential surface is shown. The field 𝐸�⃗ acts in the –Y direction. The
upward electric force on charge −q balances its weight mg.
For the stationary particle,

mg
qE = mg or E =
q
16. Find the P.E. associated with a charge ‘q’ if it were present at the point P with respect
to the 'set-up' of two charged spheres, arranged as shown in figure. Here O is the mid-
point of the line 𝑶𝟏 𝑶𝟐 .
Ans. 𝑟1 = 𝑂1 𝑃 = �𝑟 2 + (2𝑎 + 𝑏)2
𝑟2 = 𝑂2 𝑃 = �𝑟 2 + (𝑎 + 2𝑏)2
Potential at point P due to 𝑄1 and 𝑄2 is
1 𝑄1 𝑄2
V= � + �
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟1 𝑟2
P.E. associated with charge q at point P,

𝑞 𝑄1 𝑄2
𝑈 = 𝑞𝑉 = �[𝑟 2 + [𝑟 2 �
4𝜋𝜀0 + (2𝑎 + 𝑏)2 ]1/2 + +2𝑏)2 ]1/2
(𝑎
17. Figure shows the variation of electrostatic potential V with distance 'x' for a given
charge distribution. From the points marked A, B and C, identify the point at which the
electric field is: (i) zero (ii) maximum.
Explain your answer in each case.
Ans. At any point, we have
𝑑𝑉
𝐸 = − = Negative slope of V-x graph
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑉
At point A, =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑉
At point B, <0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑉
At point C, >0
𝑑𝑥
Therefore, (i) E is zero at point A. (ii) E is maximum at point B.

Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
18. The electric potential as a function of distance x is shown in Figure. Construct a graph
of the electric field strength E.
Ans. We know that
𝑑𝑉
𝐸 = − = Negative slope of V-x graph
𝑑𝑥
For 0 < x < 1,
𝑑𝑉
= +ve constant, so field = − E
𝑑𝑥
For 1 < x < 2,
𝑑𝑉
= 0, so field = 0
𝑑𝑥
For 2 < x < 3,
𝑑𝑉
= −ve constant, so field = + E
𝑑𝑥
19. The two graphs drawn here, show the variation of electrostatic potential (V) with 1/r (r
being distance of the field point from the point charge) for two point charges 𝒒𝟏 and 𝒒𝟐 .
(i) What are the signs of the two charges?
(ii) Which of the two charges has a larger magnitude and why?
Ans. (i) Charge 𝑞1 is –ve while charge 𝑞2 is +ve.
1 𝑞 𝑞 1
(ii) As V = . = .
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
1 𝑞
∴ Slope of V vs. graph =
𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0
As the graph for 𝑞1 has a slope of larger magnitude than that for 𝑞2 , so 𝑞1 has a large
magnitude than 𝑞2 .
20. Draw 3 equipotential surfaces corresponding to a field that uniformly increases in

magnitude but remains constant along Z-direction. How are these surfaces different
from that of a constant electric field along Z-direction? CBSE-2019
Ans. The equipotential surfaces corresponding to an electric
field that uniformly increases in magnitude but
remains in a constant Z-direction are planes parallel
to XY-plane shown in Figure. But as field increases,
such planes get closer.
In case of a constant electric field along
Z-direction, the equipotential surfaces are
equidistant planes parallel to XY-planes, as shown
in Figure.

Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
21. A charge Q is distributed over two concentric hollow spheres of radii r and R, where
R > r, such that the surface charge densities are equal. Find the potential at the common
centre.
Ans. Let Qr and QR be the charge distributed over the smaller and the larger spheres, respectively.
Then Q = Qr + QR
The surface charge densities will be
𝑄𝑅 𝑄𝑟
σ= =
4 𝜋 𝑅2 4 𝜋 𝑟2
𝑄𝑟 𝑟2
or =
𝑄𝑅 𝑅2
𝑄𝑟 + 𝑄𝑅 𝑟 2 + 𝑅2
or =
𝑄𝑅 𝑅2
𝑄 𝑟 2 + 𝑅2
or =
𝑄𝑅 𝑅2
𝑅2
or 𝑄𝑅 = � �𝑄
𝑅2 + 𝑟 2
𝑟2
Similarly, 𝑄𝑟 = � �𝑄
𝑅2 + 𝑟 2
Potential due to the charge on the smaller sphere is

𝑄𝑟 1 𝑟2 𝑄.𝑟
Vr = = �
𝑅2 + 𝑟 2
�𝑄 =
4𝜋𝜀0 (𝑅2 + 𝑟 2 )
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
Potential due to the charge on larger sphere is

𝑄𝑅 1 𝑅2 𝑄.𝑅
VR = = �
𝑅2 + 𝑟2
�𝑄 =
4𝜋𝜀0 (𝑅2 + 𝑟 2 )
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅
Total potential at the centre,
𝑸 (𝑹 + 𝒓)
V = Vr + VR =
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 (𝑹𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐 )
22. Three concentric metallic shell A, B and C of radii, a, b and c

(a < b < c) have surface charge densities + 𝛔𝛔, − 𝛔𝛔 and + 𝛔𝛔
respectively, as shown in figure.
(i) Find potential of three shells A, B, C.
(ii) If shells A and C are at the same potential, obtain the
relation between radii a, b, c.
Ans. Charge on the three shells are 𝑞𝐴 = 4 π 𝑎2 𝛔𝛔, 𝑞𝐵 = 4 π 𝑏2 𝛔𝛔, 𝑞𝐶 = 4 π 𝑐 2 𝛔𝛔
The potential at every point inside a spherical shell is constant and is equal to that on its
surface.
Potential of shell A: Any point on the surface of shell A lies inside the shells B and C.
1 𝑞 𝑞𝐵 𝑞𝐶
∴ 𝑉𝐴 = � 𝐴+ + �
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
1 4𝜋𝑎 2 𝜎 4𝜋𝑏 2 𝜎 4𝜋𝑐 2 𝜎

= � − − �
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝜎
or 𝑉𝐴 = (𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐).
𝜀0
Potential of shell B: Any point on shell B lies outside the shell A and inside the shell C.
∴ 𝑉𝐵 = � 𝐴+ + �
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐
1 4𝜋𝑎 2 𝜎 4𝜋𝑏 2 𝜎 4𝜋𝑐 2 𝜎
= � − − �
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐
𝜎 𝑎2
or 𝑉𝐵 = � − 𝑏 + 𝑐�.
𝜀0 𝑏
Potential of shell C: Any point on shell C lies outside the shells A and B.
∴ 𝑉𝐶 = � 𝐴+ + �
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
1 4𝜋𝑎 2 𝜎 4𝜋𝑏 2 𝜎 4𝜋𝑐 2 𝜎
= � − − �
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
𝜎 𝑎2 𝑏2
or 𝑉𝐶 = � − + 𝑐�.
𝜀0 𝑏 𝑐
(ii) If the shells A and C are at the same potential, then 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐶

𝜎 𝜎 𝑎2 𝑏2
∴ (𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) = � − + 𝑐� V.IMP
𝜀0 𝜀0 𝑐 𝑐
(𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏)
or a–b=
𝑐
a+b=c
23. A small sphere of radius 𝒓𝟏 and charge 𝒒𝟏 is enclosed by a spherical shell of radius 𝒓𝟐
and charge 𝒒𝟐 . Show that if 𝒒𝟏 is positive, charge will necessarily flow from the sphere
to the shell (when the two are connected by a wire), no matter, what the charge 𝒒𝟐 on
the shell is.
Ans. The potential of inner sphere (due to its own charge and due to charge on shell) is
1 𝑞 𝑞2
𝑉1 = � 𝑟1 + �
4𝜋𝜀0 1 𝑟2
1 𝑞2
Potential of shell, 𝑉2 =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟2
1 𝑞1
∴ Potential difference, 𝑉 = 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟1
This is independent of 𝑞2 . If 𝑞1 is positive, the potential of inner sphere is always greater than
the potential of shell; so if both inner sphere and shell are connected by a wire, the charge
will necessarily flow sphere to shell.

Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
24. Two charges 2 𝝁𝑪 and – 2 𝝁𝑪 are placed at points A and B 6 cm apart.

(a) Identify an equipotential surface of the system.
(b) What is the direction of the electric field at every point on this surface?
Ans. (a) Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be a point on zero potential surface. Let O (location of charge q = 2 µC) Be
origin of coordinate system.
Distance 𝑟1 = �𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2, Distance 𝑟2 = �(𝑑 − 𝑥)2 + 𝑦 2
Where 𝑑 = 6 𝑐𝑚 = 6 × 10−2 m.
Potential at P due to charges 𝑞1 = +2 𝜇𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞2 = −2𝜇𝐶 is given by

1 𝑞1 1 𝑞2
𝑉= + =0
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟1 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟2
1 2 ×10−6 1 �−2×10−6�
⟹ + =0
4𝜋𝜀0 �𝑥 2+ 𝑦 2 4𝜋𝜀0 �(𝑑−𝑥)2 + 𝑦 2
1 1
Or =
�𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 �(𝑑−𝑥)2+ 𝑦 2
𝑑
⟹ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑑 − 𝑥 )2 + 𝑦 2 ⟹ 𝑥 = = 3 cm
2
So, plane passing through mid point of line joining A and B has zero potential everywhere.
(b) The direction of electric field is normal to surface PCQ everywhere as shown in figure.
25. Two charged conducting spheres of radii a and b are connected to each other by a wire.
What is the ratio of electric fields at the surfaces of the two spheres. Use the result
obtained to explain why charge density on the sharp and pointed ends of a conductor is
higher than on its flatter portions.
Ans. When conducting spheres are connected by a wire, the potential of each sphere will be the
same. i.e., 𝑉1 = 𝑉2
1 𝑞1 1 𝑞2
If 𝑞1 and 𝑞2 are charges on them after connection, then =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑎 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑏
𝑞1 𝑎
Ratio of charges; = …(i)
𝑞2 𝑏

Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
That is, the ratio of charges on two spheres after their electrical contact is the same as the
ratio of their radii.
Electric field strengths on the surfaces of two spheres
1 𝑞1 1 𝑞2
𝐸1 = , 𝐸2 =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑎 2 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑏2
𝐸1 𝑞1 𝑏2 𝑎 𝑏 2
∴ = . 𝑎2 = � � . � � [using (i)]
𝐸2 𝑞2 𝑏 𝑎
𝐸1 𝑏
Or =
𝐸2 𝑎
Thus, the ratio of electric field strengths on their surfaces is equal to the inverse ratio of their
radii. If 𝜎1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎2 are the surface charge densities of two spheres, then 𝑞1 = 4𝜋𝑎2 𝜎, and
𝑞2 = 4𝜋𝑏2 𝜎2
4𝜋𝑎 2 𝜎1 𝑎 𝜎1 𝑏
∴ From (i), = ⟹ =
4𝜋𝑏 2 𝜎2 𝑏 𝜎2 𝑎
A flat portion is equivalent to a spherical surface and a pointed portion that of small radius.
𝜎𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙
∴ =
𝜎𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
Obviously, charge density on flatter parts is very small and on sharp and pointed ends very
large.

Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
Assignment - 1
1. What is the work done by the field of a nucleus in a complete circular orbit of the electron?
What, if the orbit is elliptical?
2. The electric potential is constant in a region. What can you say about electric field there?
3. If the electrostatic field at a given point is zero, must the electrostatic potential be also zero at
that point?
4. A positive charge + q is located at a point at is the work done, if a unit positive charge is
carried once around this charge along a circle of radius ‘r’ about this point?
5. How can you charge a metal sphere positively without touching it?
6. Is the electrostatic potential necessarily zero at a point, where the electric field strength is
zero? Give an example to illustrate your answer.
7. Is the electric potential positive or negative near an isolated positive charge? Why?
8. A hollow metal sphere of radius R carries a charge + Q. Write the expression for
(i) the potential at the surface, and (ii) at a point inside the sphere.
9. What is the work done in moving a 2 μC point charge

from corner A to corner B of a square ABCD, when a
10 μC charge exist at the centre of the square? [Refer
figure – (a)]
10. The intensity of an electric field inside a capacitor is E.

Calculate the work needed to move a charge q along a
closed rectangular path ABCD. [Refer figure – (b)]
11. If a point charge + q is taken first from A to C and then

from C to B of a circle [Refer figure – (c)] drawn with
another point charge + q at centre, then along which
path more work will be done?
12. How much work is done in moving a 500 μC charge between two points on an equipotential
surface?
Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
13. Two protons A and B are placed between two parallel plates having a potential difference V.
Will these protons experience equal or unequal force?
14. What is the amount of work done in moving a charge q from the surface of a metal sphere of
radius R to its centre?
15. A point charge q is placed at O as shown in figure. Is VA - VB positive, negative or zero, if q

is a (i) positive charge? (ii) negative charge?
16. What will be the equi-potential surfaces corresponding to a uniform grid consisting of long
equally spaced parallel charged wires in a plane?
17. An uncharged insulated conductor A is brought near a charged insulated conductor B. What
happens to charge and potential of B?
18. When kept in an electric field, does an electron move from lower to higher potential or from
higher to lower potential?
19. A metal sphere with a charge Q is surrounded by an uncharged concentric thin spherical
shell. The potential difference between them is V. If the shell is now given an additional
charge Q, what is the new potential difference between them?
20. A metal sphere is charged to a potential of 60 V and is placed inside a concentric spherical
metallic shell of potential 100 V. If the two are joined by a metal wire, in what direction will
the charge flow?
21. Three insulated concentric metal spheres A, B and C have radii R1, R2 and R3 respectively
and have charges Q1, Q2 and Q3 What is the potential and intensity of electric field at a point
P between the spheres B and C at a distance r from the centre O of the spheres.
22. When kept in an electric field, does a proton move from lower to' higher potential or from
higher to lower potential?
23. A positive charge is moved in an electrostatic field from a point at high potential to a point at
low potential. How does its kinetic energy and potential energy change?
24. What is the value of electric potential at a point situated at a distance 'r' along the axial line of
a short dipole of dipole moment p?
25. What is the potential difference between two points situated at distances r1 and r2,
respectively along the equatorial line of a short dipole?

Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
26. How does electric potential vary from point to point inside a thin charged spherical shell?
Draw a graph showing variation of potential with distance.
27. Fig. (a) and (b) show the field lines of a single positive and negative charge respectively.
i. Give the sign of the potential difference VP – VQ and VB – VA.
ii. Give the sign of the potential energy difference of a small negative charge between
the points Q and P; A and B,
iii. Give the sign of the work done by the field in moving a small positive charge from
point Q to P.
iv. Give the sign of the work done by an external agency in moving a small negative
charge from point B to A.
v. Does the kinetic energy of a small negative charge increase or decrease in going from
the point B to A?
V.IMP
(a) (b)
28. Find the electric field between two metal plates 3 mm apart, connected to a 12 V battery.
29. A point charge of 8 mC is located at the origin. Calculate the work done in taking a small
charge of −2 × 10−9 C from a point A (0, 0, 3 cm) to a point B (0, 4cm, 0) via a point C (0, 6
cm, 9 cm).
30. Two charges 5 × 10−8 C and −3 × 10−8 C are located 16 cm apart. At what point(s) on the line
joining the two charges is the electric potential zero? Take the potential at infinity to be zero.
31. A regular hexagon of side 10 cm has a charge 5 pC at each of its vertices. Calculate the
potential at the centre of the hexagon.

Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
Assignment - 2
1. Two charges 2 pC and − 2 pC are placed at points A and B, 6 cm apart.
(a) Identify an equipotential surface of the system.
(b) What is the direction of the electric field at every point on this surface?
2. A metal wire is bent into a circle of radius 10 cm. It is given a charge of 200 µC which
spreads on it uniformly. Calculate the electric potential at its centre.
3. Two charges 3 × 10−8 C and – 2 × 10−8 C are located 15 cm apart. At what point on the line
joining the two charges is the electrical potential zero? Take the potential at infinity to be
zero.
4. ABCD is a square of side 0·2 m. Charges of 2 × 10−9, 4 × 10−9, 8 × 10−9 coulomb are placed at
the corners A, B and C respectively. Calculate the work required to transfer a charge of 2 ×
10−9 coulomb from comer D to the centre of the square.
5. A cube of side ‘b’ has a charge q at each of its vertices. Determine the potential and electric
field due to this charge array at the centre of the cube.
6. 60 J of work must be done to move electric charge equal to 5 C from a point, where potential
is +20 V to another point, where potential is V volt. Find the value of V.
7. Two tiny spheres carrying charges 1.5 pC and 2.5 pC are located 30 cm apart. Find the
potential and electric field:
(a) at the mid-point of the line joining the two charges, and
(b) at a point 10 cm from this mid-point in a plane normal to the line and passing through the
mid-point.
8. 10 joule of work must be done to move a charge of −200 C from the point A to point B.
(i) Which of the two points is at higher potential?
(ii) What is the potential difference?
9. Two charges − q and + q are located at points (0, 0, −a) and (0, 0, a), respectively.
(a) What is the electrostatic potential at the points (0, 0, z) and (x, y, 0)?
(b) Obtain the dependence of potential on the distance r of a point from the origin when
r/a >> 1.
(c) How much work is done in moving a small test charge from the point (5, 0, 0) to
(−7, 0, 0) along the x-axis? Does the answer change if the path of the test charge between
the same points is not along the x-axis? V.IMP

Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
10. A small particle carrying a negative charge of 1.6 × 10−19 C is suspended in equilibrium
between the horizontal metal plates 5 cm apart, having a potential difference of 3000 volt
across them. Find the mass of the particle.
11. How much work is required to be done to reduce the separation between two like charges of
magnitude 100 µC each from 20 cm to 10 cm?
12. Two point charges equal to + 10 µC and + 20 µC are 1 m apart. What is the amount of work
done to bring them closer to each other by 50 cm? [Ans. 1·8 J]
13. Find the amount of work done in arranging the three point charges, on the vertices of an
equilateral triangle ABC, of side 10 cm, as shown in the adjacent figure. [Ans. – 3.24 J]
14. Two point charges 𝑞1 = 10 × 10−8 C and 𝑞2 = − 2 × 10−8 C are separated by a distance
of 60 cm in air. (a) Find at what distance from the charge, would the electric potential be
zero. (a) Also calculate the electrostatic potential energy of the system.
[Ans. (a) 50 cm (b) −3 × 10−5 J]
15. Adjoining figure shows a charge array known as an 'electric quadrupole'. For a point on the
axis of the quadrupole, obtain the dependence of potential on r for r/a >> 1, and contrast your
results with that due to an electric dipole, and an electric monopole (i.e., a single charge).
V.IMP
16. Two fixed equal positive charges each of magnitude 5 × 10-5 C are located at points A and B
separated by a distance of 6 m. An equal and opposite charge moves towards them along the
line COD, the perpendicular bisector of the line AB.
17. The electric potential V(x) in a region along the x-axis varies with the distance x (in metre)
according to the relation V(x) = 4x2. Calculate the force experienced by a 1 pC charge placed
at point x = 1 m. V.IMP
18. A drop of water of mass 18 × 10−3 g falls away from the bottom of charged conducting sphere
of radius 20 cm, carrying with it a charge of 10-9 C and leaving on the sphere a uniformly
distributed charge of 2·5 × 10−6 C. What is the speed of the drop after it has fallen 30 cm?
V.IMP

Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
Assignment - 3
1. Two identical particles of mass m carry a charge Q each. Initially one is at rest on a smooth
horizontal plane and the other is projected along the plane directly towards the first particle
from a large distance, with the speed ‘v’. Find the closest distance of approach. V.IMP
2. Three charges - q, Q and - q are placed at equal distances on a straight line. If the potential
energy of the system of three charges is zero, then what is the ratio of Q : q? [Ans.1: 4]
3. Calculate the work done to dissociate the system of three charges (q = 1·6 × 10-10 C) placed
on the vertices of a triangle as shown in figure. [Ans. 2·53 × 10-10 m]
4. Two isolated metallic solid spheres of radii R and 2 R are charged, such that both of these
have same charge density σ. The spheres are located far away from each other and
connecting by a thin conducting wire. Find the new charge density on the bigger sphere.
𝟓
V.IMP [Ans. 𝝈]
𝟔
5. Two electrons are moving towards each other, each with a velocity of 106 m/s. What will be
closest distance of approach between them? [Ans. 1.26 × 10-10 m]
6. Figure shows some equipotential surfaces. What can you say about the magnitude and
direction of the electric field? [Ans. 120°]
V.IMP
7. A point charge q moves from a point P to a point S along the path PQRS in a uniform electric
field 𝐸�⃗ acting along the positive direction of X-axis. The coordinate of the points P, Q, R and
S are (a, b, 0), (2a, 0, 0), (a, −b, 0) and (0, 0, 0) respectively. Find the work done by the field
in the process. [Ans. – qEa]

Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067
8. Three point charges of 1 C, 2 C and 3 C are placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle of
side 1 m. Calculate the work required to more these charges to the corners of a smaller
equilateral triangle of sides 0.5 m as shown in figure. [Ans. 9.9 × 1010 J]
V.IMP
1000
9. The electric field outside a charged long straight wire given by E = 𝑉𝑚−1 , and is
𝑟
directed outwards. What is the sign of the charge on the wire? If two points A and B are
situated such that 𝑟𝐴 = 0.2 m and 𝑟𝐵 = 0.4 m, find the value of (𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 ). [Ans: 693.1 V]
10. There are two particles each of mass m and carrying a charge Q. Initially one of them is at
rest on a smooth-horizontal plane and the other is projected from a long distance along the
plane, directly towards the first particle with a velocity v. Find the closest distance of
𝟏 𝟒𝑸𝟐
approach. V.IMP [Ans: . ]
𝟒𝝅 𝜺𝟎 𝒎𝒗𝟐
11. Two electric dipoles of moments 𝑝1 and 𝑝2 are in a straight line. Show that the potential
1 𝑝1 𝑝2
energy of each in the presence of the other is − . , where r is the distance between
2𝜋 𝜀0 𝑟3
𝟏 𝒑𝟏 𝒑𝟐
the dipoles. (Assume r to be much greater than the length of the dipole). [Ans: ]
𝟒𝝅 𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝟑
V.IMP

Mobile No – 9910868296, 9811017067

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CLASS – 12

We together can change the world

Contact – 9910868296; 9811017067

Figure shows that work done on a test

Work done by external force in moving the test charge + q from A to B is

B-357/1266, First Floor, R. S Tower,

The dimensional formula for potential difference –

ELECTROSTATIC FORCES ARE CONSERVATIVE

𝑊𝐴𝐵 𝑊𝐵𝐴 𝑊𝐴𝐵𝐴

B-357/1266, First Floor, R. S Tower,

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DUE TO A POINT CHARGE

By definition, this is the potential at P due to charge q,

Figure shows the variation of electrostatic potential (V ∝ 1/r) and the

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AT AN AXIAL POINT OF A DIPOLE

Electric potential at point P due to the dipole is

B-357/1266, First Floor, R. S Tower,

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AT AN EQUATORIAL POINT OF A DIPOLE

Electric potential at point P due to the dipole is

POTENTIAL AT A POINT DUE TO AN ELECTRIC DIPOLE

and the potential at point P due to charge + q,

Therefore, net potential at point P due to the dipole,

From right angled ∆AMO, we have

B-357/1266, First Floor, R. S Tower,

In the equation (i), substituting for PA and PB, we have

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DUE TO A UNIFORMLY CHARGED THIN SPHERICAL

B-357/1266, First Floor, R. S Tower,

B-357/1266, First Floor, R. S Tower,

PROPERTIES OF EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES

2. The electric field is always at right angles to the equipotential surface.

4. The equipotential surfaces tell the direction of the electric field.

B-357/1266, First Floor, R. S Tower,

Shapes of Equipotential surfaces

(c) For an electric dipole

(d) For two identical positive charges

RELATION BETWEEN ELECTRIC INTENSITY AND ELECTRIC

B-357/1266, First Floor, R. S Tower,

(a) Electric potential energy of a system of two point charges

Now, electric potential at P2 due to charge q1 at P1 is

B-357/1266, First Floor, R. S Tower,

By definition, work done in carrying charge q2 from ∞ to P2,

(b) Electric potential energy of a system of Four point charges

In bringing q3 from ∞ to P3 (𝑟���⃗),

W3 = (potential due to ql and q2] × charge q3

Similarly, in bringing q4 from ∞ to P4 (𝑟��⃗),

So, Potential energy of a system of four charges,

B-357/1266, First Floor, R. S Tower,

POTENTIAL ENERGY OF CHARGES IN AN EXTERNAL ELECTRIC FIELD

(a) Potential energy of a single charge in an external field

Potential energy of a single charge q at 𝑟⃗ in an external field = q .V (𝒓

(b) Potential energy of a system of two charges in an external field

Work done in bringing charge q1 from infinity to position 𝑟���⃗1 is W1 = q1.V(𝑟���⃗)

Again, work done in bringing charge q2 from infinity to position ���⃗

B-357/1266, First Floor, R. S Tower,

Frequently Asked Questions

When the drop is held stationary,

2. To what potential we must charge an insulated sphere of radius 14 cm so that the

∴ Total charge on 27 drops, 𝑄 = 27 𝑞 = 27 × 4π 𝜖0 𝑟 𝑉

B-357/1266, First Floor, R. S Tower,

In bringing q3 from ∞ to P3 (𝑟��⃗),

Work done in bringing charge q1 from infinity to position 𝑟��⃗1 is W1 = q1.V(𝑟��⃗)

Again, work done in bringing charge q2 from infinity to position ��⃗