Chapter-2 Electric Potential
Chapter-2 Electric Potential
Chapter-2 Electric Potential
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
F=
The total work done in moving the charge from infinity to the
point P will be
∫ = -∫ = -∫ dx
=- ∫ dx
=-
= [ - ]
W =
Now V= =
This is the expression for potential due to a point charge. Clearly
V 1/r. Thus electric potential due to a point charge is spherically
symmetric as it depends only on the distance of the observation
point from the charge and not on the direction of that point w.r.to
point charge.
= +
= ( - ……….(1)
To find and
Since BP CP=OP-OC
V= ( -
= [ ]
= [ ]
= where p=q2l
Similarly = , = =
= + +
= + + +……+ ]
= ∑
V=
V=
V=
Note: Electric field at any point inside the shell is zero. Hence
electric potential due to a uniformly charged spherical shell is
constant everywhere inside the shell and its value is equal to that
on the surface.
Or V-(V+dV) = Edl
- dV =Edl
E =- =
Note:
EQUIPOTENIAL SURFACES
U=
Potential energy of a system of three point charges .
U= [ + + ]
Points to be noted:
U=q V.
Or U= ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) + ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) +
Note:
dW = = pE sin d
W=∫ =∫
=pE ∫
=pE
U= -pEcos
U= -⃗ ⃗⃗
Special cases
We have E=
Applications
CAPACITORS
CAPACITANCE OF A CONDUCTOR(C)
Q or Q=CV
The proportionality constant C is called the capacitance of the
conductor. Thus
Note:
1 millifarad(mF)=10-3F
1 microfarad( )=10-6F
1 picofarad (pF)=10-12F
Points to be noted:
C=4
(ii)Spherical capacitor
From the figure let A is area of each plate, d is distance between the
two plates, is surface charge densities of the plates, ±Q is total
charge on each plate. The direction of electric field is from positive
to the negative plate and field is uniform throughout.
COMBINATION OF CAPACITORS
V=V1+V2+V3
= + +
Q=Q1+Q2+Q3
C=C1+C2+C3
V=
Now a small work dW has to be done to transfer the charge dq, then
dW= Vdq = dq
W =∫ =∫
=∫
= ∫
= [
U= = C = QV
ie; u =
= = E2
REDISTRIBUTION OF CHARGES
Loss in energy U=
=
This is always positive whether .So when two
charged conductors are connected, charges flow from higher
potential to lower potential side till the potentials of two get
equalized. In doing so, there is always a loss of potential energy in
the form of heat due to the flow of charges in connecting wires.
POLAR DIELECTRIC
NON-POLAR DIELECTRICS
ELECTRIC SUSCEPTIBILITY(𝝌)
⃗
We have 𝝌= ⃗
Thus electric susceptibility is defined as the ratio of
polarization to times the electric field is called the electric
susceptibility of the dielectric .It describes the electrical behavior of
a dielectric. It is a proportionality constant having no unit and is
dimensionless.
K=1+ 𝝌
DIELECTRIC STRENGTH –The maximum electric field that can
exist in a dielectric without causing the breakdown of its insulating
property is called dielectric strength of the material.
V=
= t
= ) But =
= )
Now C= =
C =
Special case: If the space between the parallel plates is filled with
dielectric slab, then t=d, we get
Clearly, K= =
V=
=
Capacitance in the presence of conducting slab becomes
C= =
= where C0 =
………………………
E