a Real-Time Analog

Computational Unit (ACU)

AD538
FEATURES FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
m
 VZ 
V OUT = VY   Transfer Function
 VX  IZ 1 18 A
Wide Dynamic Range (Denominator) –1000:1 LOG
25kV
Simultaneous Multiplication and Division VZ 2 RATIO 17 D
Resistor-Programmable Powers and Roots
No External Trims Required B 3 16 IX

Low Input Offsets <100 ␮V

Low Error ⴞ0.25% of Reading (100:1 Range) +10V 4
25kV
15 VX
100V 100V
+2 V and +10 V On-Chip References SIGNAL
+2V 5 14
GND
Monolithic Construction INTERNAL
VOLTAGE PWR
+VS 6 AD538 13
APPLICATIONS REFERENCE GND
One- or Two-Quadrant Mult/Div
–VS 7 OUTPUT 12 C
Log Ratio Computation
25kV
Squaring/Square Rooting
VO 8 11 IY
Trigonometric Function Approximations ANTILOG

Linearization Via Curve Fitting I 9 LOG 10 VY

Precision AGC 25kV

Power Functions

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION Direct log ratio computation is possible by using only the log
The AD538 is a monolithic real-time computational circuit that ratio and output sections of the chip. Access to the multiple
provides precision analog multiplication, division and exponen- summing junctions adds further to the AD538’s flexibility.
tiation. The combination of low input and output offset voltages Finally, a wide power supply range of ± 4.5 V to ± 18 V allows
and excellent linearity results in accurate computation over an operation from standard ± 5 V, ± 12 V and ± 15 V supplies.
unusually wide input dynamic range. Laser wafer trimming makes
The AD538 is available in two accuracy grades (A and B) over
multiplication and division with errors as low as 0.25% of read-
the industrial (–25°C to +85°C) temperature range and one
ing possible, while typical output offsets of 100 µV or less add to
grade (S) over the military (–55°C to +125°C) temperature
the overall off-the-shelf performance level. Real-time analog
range. The device is packaged in an 18-lead TO-118 hermetic
signal processing is further enhanced by the device’s 400 kHz
side-brazed ceramic DIP. A-grade chips are also available.
bandwidth.
The AD538’s overall transfer function is VO = VY (VZ / VX)m. PRODUCT HIGHLIGHTS
Programming a particular function is via pin strapping. No 1. Real-time analog multiplication, division and exponentiation.
external components are required for one-quadrant (positive
2. High accuracy analog division with a wide input dynamic
input) multiplication and division. Two-quadrant (bipolar
range.
numerator) division is possible with the use of external level
shifting and scaling resistors. The desired scale factor for both 3. On-chip +2 V or +10 V scaling reference voltages.
multiplication and division can be set using the on-chip +2 V or 4. Both voltage and current (summing) input modes.
+10 V references, or controlled externally to provide simulta-
5. Monolithic construction with lower cost and higher reliability
neous multiplication and division. Exponentiation with an m
than hybrid and modular circuits.
value from 0.2 to 5 can be implemented with the addition of
one or two external resistors.

REV. C
Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and
reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its
use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A.
which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or Tel: 781/329-4700 World Wide Web Site: http://www.analog.com
otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices. Fax: 781/326-8703 © Analog Devices, Inc., 1999
AD538–SPECIFICATIONS (V = ⴞ15 V, T = +25ⴗC unless otherwise noted) S A

AD538AD AD538BD AD538SD

Parameters Conditions Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Units

MULTIPLIER DIVIDER
PERFORMANCE
Nominal Transfer
Function
m m m
 VZ   VZ   VZ 
10 V ≥ VX , VY, VZ ≥ 0 VO = VY   VO = Vy   VO = VY  
 VX   VX   VX 

m m m
 IZ  I   IZ 
400 µA ≥ IX , IY, I Z ≥ 0 VO = 25 kΩ × I Y  VO = 25 kΩ × I Y  Z  VO = 25 kΩ × I Y 
I X   IX  I X 
Total Error Terms 100 mV ≤ VX ≤ 10 V ±0.5 ⴞ1 ± 0.25 ⴞ0.5 ± 0.5 ⴞ1 % of Reading +
100:1 Input Range 1 100 mV ≤ VY ≤ 10 V ±200 ⴞ500 ± 100 ⴞ250 ± 200 ⴞ500 µV
100 mV ≤ VZ ≤ 10 V
VZ ≤ 10 VX, m = 1.0
TA = T MIN to T MAX ±1 ⴞ2 ± 0.5 ⴞ1 ± 1.25 ⴞ2.5 % of Reading +
±450 ⴞ750 ± 350 ⴞ500 ± 750 ⴞ1000 µV

Wide Dynamic Range 2 10 mV ≤ VX ≤ 10 V ±1 ⴞ2 ± 0.5 ⴞ1 ±1 ⴞ2 % of Reading +

1 mV ≤ VY ≤ 10 V ±200 ⴞ500 ± 100 ⴞ250 ± 200 ⴞ500 µV +
0 mV ≤ VZ ≤ 10 V ±100 ⴞ250 ± 750 ⴞ150 ± 200 ⴞ250 µV × (V Y + VZ )/VX
VZ ≤ 10 VX , m = 1.0
TA = T MIN to T MAX ±1 ⴞ3 ±1 ⴞ2 ±2 ⴞ4 % of Reading +
±450 ⴞ750 ± 350 ⴞ500 ± 750 ⴞ1000 µV +
±450 ⴞ750 ± 350 ⴞ500 ± 750 ⴞ1000 µV × (V Y + VZ )/VX

Exponent (m) Range TA = T MIN to T MAX 0.2 5 0.2 5 0.2 5

OUTPUT
CHARACTERISTICS
Offset Voltage VY = 0, VC = –600 mV ±200 ⴞ500 ± 100 ⴞ250 ± 200 ⴞ500 µV
TA = T MIN to T MAX ±450 ⴞ750 ± 350 ⴞ500 ± 750 ⴞ1000 µV
Output Voltage Swing RL = 2 kΩ –11 +11 –11 +11 –11 +11 V
Output Current 5 10 5 10 5 10 mA

FREQUENCY RESPONSE
Slew Rate 1.4 1.4 1.4 V/µs
Small Signal Bandwidth 100 mV ≤ 10 VY, VZ, 400 400 400 kHz
VX ≤ 10 V

VOLTAGE REFERENCE
Accuracy VREF = 10 V or 2 V ±25 ⴞ50 ± 15 ⴞ25 ± 25 ⴞ50 mV
Additional Error TA = T MIN or TMAX ±20 ⴞ30 ± 20 ⴞ30 ± 30 ⴞ50 mV
Output Current VREF = 10 V to 2 V 1 2.5 1 2.5 1 2.5 mA
Power Supply Rejection
+2 V = VREF ±4.5 V ≤ VS ≤ ± 18 V 300 600 300 600 300 600 µV/V
+10 V = VREF ±13 V ≤ VS ≤ ±18 V 200 500 200 500 200 500 µV/V

POWER SUPPLY
Rated RL = 2 kΩ ±15 ± 15 ± 15 V
Operating Range 3 ⴞ4.5 ⴞ18 ⴞ4.5 ⴞ18 ⴞ4.5 ⴞ18 V
PSRR ±4.5 V < V S < ±18 V 0.5 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.5 0.1 %/V
VX = V Y = V Z = 1 V
VOUT = 1 V
Quiescent Current 4.5 7 4.5 7 4.5 7 mA

TEMPERATURE RANGE
Rated –25 +85 –25 +85 –55 +125 °C
Storage –65 +150 –65 +150 –65 +150 °C

PACKAGE OPTIONS
Ceramic (D-18) AD538AD AD538BD AD538SD
AD538SD/883B
Chips AD538ACHIPS

NOTES
1
Over the 100 mV to 10 V operating range total error is the sum of a percent of reading term and an output offset. With this input dynamic range the input offset
contribution to total error is negligible compared to the percent of reading error. Thus, it is specified indirectly as a part of the percent of reading error.
2
The most accurate representation of total error with low level inputs is the summation of a percent of reading term, an output offset and an input offset multiplied by
the incremental gain (V Y + VZ) V X.
3
When using supplies below ± 13 V, the 10 V reference pin must be connected to the 2 V pin in order for the AD538 to operate correctly.
Specifications subject to change without notice.
Specifications shown in boldface are tested on all production units at final electrical test. Results from those tests are used to calculate outgoing quality levels. All min
and max specifications are guaranteed, although only those shown in boldface are tested on all production units.

–2– REV. C
 AD538
RE-EXAMINATION OF MULTIPLIER/DIVIDER or divider with inputs down to 100 mV, has a maximum error of
ACCURACY ± 1% of reading ± 500 µV. Some sample total error calculations
Traditionally, the “accuracy” (actually the errors) of analog for both grades over the 100:1 input range are illustrated in the
multipliers and dividers have been specified in terms of percent chart below. This error specification format is a familiar one to
of full scale. Thus specified, a 1% multiplier error with a 10 V designers and users of digital voltmeters where error is specified
full-scale output would mean a worst case error of +100 mV at as a percent of reading ± a certain number of digits on the meter
“any” level within its designated output range. While this type readout.
of error specification is easy to test evaluate, and interpret, it can For operation as a multiplier or divider over a wider dynamic
leave the user guessing as to how useful the multiplier actually is range (>100:1), the AD538 has a more detailed error specifica-
at low output levels, those approaching the specified error limit tion that is the sum of three components: a percent of reading
(in this case) 100 mV. term, an output offset term and an input offset term for the
The AD538’s error sources do not follow the percent of full- VY/VX log ratio section. A sample application of this specifica-
scale approach to specification, thus it more optimally fits the tion, taken from Table I, for the AD538AD with VY = 1 V, VZ =
needs of the very wide dynamic range applications for which it is 100 mV and VX = 10 mV would yield a maximum error of
best suited. Rather than as a percent of full scale, the AD538’s ± 2.0% of reading ± 500 µV ± (1 V + 100 mV)/10 mV × 250 µV
error as a multiplier or divider for a 100:1 (100 mV to 10 V) or ± 2.0% of reading ±500 µV ± 27.5 mV. This example illus-
input range is specified as the sum of two error components: a trates that with very low level inputs the AD538’s incremental
percent of reading (ideal output) term plus a fixed output offset. gain (VY + VZ)/VX has increased to make the input offset contri-
Following this format the AD538AD, operating as a multiplier bution to error substantial.

Table I. Sample Error Calculation Chart (Worst Case)

VY VZ VX Ideal Total Offset % of Reading Total Error Total Error Summation

Input Input Input Output Error Term Error Term Summation as a % of the Ideal
(in V) (in V) (in V) (in V) (in mV) (in mV) (in mV) Output
100:1 10 10 10 10 0.5 (AD) 100 (AD) 100.5 (AD) 1.0 (AD)
INPUT 0.25 (BD) 50 (BD) 50.25 (BD) 0.5 (BD)
RANGE
Total Error = 10 0.1 0.1 10 0.5 (AD) 100 (AD) 100.5 (AD) 1.0 (AD)
± % rdg 0.25 (BD) 50 (BD) 50.25 (BD) 0.5 (BD)
± Output VOS
1 1 1 1 0.5 (AD) 10 (AD) 10.5 (AD) 1.05 (AD)
0.25 (BD) 5 (BD) 5.25 (BD) 0.5 (BD)

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 (AD) 1 (AD) 1.5 (AD) 1.5 (AD)
0.25 (BD) 0.5 (BD) 0.75 (BD) 0.75 (BD)
WIDE 1 0.10 0.01 10 28 (AD) 200 (AD) 228 (AD) 2.28 (AD)
DYNAMIC 16.75 (BD) 100 (BD) 116.75 (BD) 1.17 (BD)
RANGE
Total Error = 10 0.05 2 0.25 1.76 (AD) 5 (AD) 6.76 (AD) 2.7 (AD)
± % rdg 1 (BD) 2.5 (BD) 3.5 (BD) 1.4 (BD)
± Output VOS
± Input VOS × 5 0.01 0.01 5 125.75 (AD) 100 (AD) 225.75 (AD) 4.52 (AD)
(VY + VZ)/VX 75.4 (BD) 50 (BD) 125.4 (BD) 2.51 (BD)

10 0.01 0.1 1 25.53 (AD) 20 (AD) 45.53 (AD) 4.55 (AD)

15.27 (BD) 10 (BD) 25.27 (BD) 2.53 (BD)

REV. C –3–
AD538
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS PIN CONFIGURATION
Supply Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ± 18 V
Internal Power Dissipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 mW
IZ 1 18 A
Output Short Circuit-to-Ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indefinite
VZ 2 17 D
Input Voltages VX , VY, V Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . (+VS – 1 V), –1 V
Input Currents IX, IY, IZ, IO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 mA B 3 16 IX

Operating Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . –25°C to +85°C +10V 4 AD538 15 VX

Storage Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . –65°C to +150°C +2V 5 TOP VIEW 14 SIGNAL GND
(Not to Scale)
Lead Temperature, Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 sec, +300°C +VS 6 13 PWR GND
Thermal Resistance –VS 7 12 C
θJC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35°C/W VO 8 11 IY
θJA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120°C/W I 9 10 VY

ORDERING GUIDE

Temperature Package Package

Model Range Description Option
AD538AD –25°C to +85°C Side-Brazed Ceramic DIP D-18
AD538BD –25°C to +85°C Side-Brazed Ceramic DIP D-18
AD538ACHIPS –25°C to +85°C Chips
AD538SD –55°C to +125°C Side-Brazed Ceramic DIP D-18
AD538SD/883B –55°C to +125°C Side-Brazed Ceramic DIP D-18

CAUTION
ESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Electrostatic charges as high as 4000 V readily
accumulate on the human body and test equipment and can discharge without detection. WARNING!
Although the AD538 features proprietary ESD protection circuitry, permanent damage may
occur on devices subjected to high energy electrostatic discharges. Therefore, proper ESD ESD SENSITIVE DEVICE
precautions are recommended to avoid performance degradation or loss of functionality.

–4– REV. C
 Typical Performance Characteristics– AD538
5.0 1000 1M

SMALL SIGNAL BANDWITH – Hz

TOTAL % OF READING ERROR

OUTPUT STAGE OFFSET – mV

4.0 800 400k

VY = 10V dc
3.0 600
VZ = VX +0.05 VX SIN vt
100k

2.0 400

40k
OFFSET
1.0 200

% OF READING
0 0 10k
–55 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 100 125 0.01 0.1 1 10
TEMPERATURE – 8C DENOMINATOR VOLTAGE, VX – V dc

Figure 1. Multiplier Error vs. Temperature Figure 4. Small Signal Bandwidth vs. Denominator
(100 mV < VX, VY, V Z ≤ 10 V) Voltage (One-Quadrant Mult/Div)

5.0 1000 6.0 1200

5.0 1000

TOTAL % OF READING ERROR

TOTAL % OF READING ERROR

OUTPUT STAGE OFFSET – mV

OUTPUT STAGE OFFSET – mV

4.0 800

4.0 800
3.0 600

3.0 600
2.0 400
2.0 % OF READING 400
OFFSET
1.0 200
1.0 200
OFFSET
% OF READING
0 0 0 0
–55 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 100 125 –55 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 100 125
TEMPERATURE – 8C TEMPERATURE – 8C

Figure 2. Divider Error vs. Temperature Figure 5. Multiplier Error vs. Temperature
(100 mV < VX, VY, V Z ≤ 10 V) (10 mV < VX, VY, V Z ≤ 100 mV)

1000 5.0 1000

VX = 10V
VY = 0V
VZ = 5V +5V SIN vt VOLTS
TOTAL % OF READING ERROR

OUTPUT STAGE OFFSET – mV

4.0 800
VO IN mV PEAK-TO-PEAK

100
3.0 600

2.0 400
10 % OF READING

1.0 200

OFFSET
1 0 0
100 1k 10k 100k 1M –55 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 100 125
INPUT FREQUENCY – Hz TEMPERATURE – 8C

Figure 3. V Z Feedthrough vs. Frequency Figure 6. Divider Error vs. Temperature

(10 mV < VX, VY, V Z ≤ 100 mV)

REV. C –5–
AD538
150 100
100 FOR THE FREQUENCY RANGE OF 10Hz
TO 100kHz THE TOTAL RMS OUTPUT
NOISE, eo, FOR A GIVEN BANDWIDTH

VOLTAGE NOISE, en – mV Hz
Bw, IS CALCULATED eo = en Bw
VO IN mV PEAK-TO-PEAK

10
VX = 10V
10 VX = 0.01V
VY = 5V +5V SIN vt VOLTS
VZ = 0V
1

1.0
VX = 10V
0.10

0.1 0.01
100 1k 10k 100k 1M 0.01 0.1 1 10
INPUT FREQUENCY – Hz DC OUTPUT VOLTAGE – Volts

Figure 7. VY Feedthrough vs. Frequency Figure 8. 1 kHz Output Noise Spectral Density vs. DC Output
Voltage

IZ 1 18 A
Under normal operation, the log-ratio output will be directly
connected to a second functional block at input C, the antilog
25kV LOG
VZ 2 RATIO 17 D subsection. This section performs the antilog according to the
transfer function:
B 3 16 IX
 q 
 VC kT 
+10V 4 15 VX VO = VY e  
25kV
100V 100V
SIGNAL As with the log-ratio circuit included in the AD538, the user
+2V 5 14
GND
INTERNAL
may use the antilog subsection by itself. When both subsections
+VS 6
VOLTAGE
13
PWR are combined, the output at B is tied to C, the transfer function
REFERENCE AD538 GND
of the AD538 computational unit is:
–VS 7 OUTPUT 12 C
  kT   q   VZ  
 
q   kT   VX  
25kV ln
VO 8 11 IY VO = VY e  ;V B = VC
ANTILOG
which reduces to:
I 9 LOG 10 VY
25kV
V 
VO = VY  Z 
Figure 9. Functional Block Diagram VX 

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION Finally, by increasing the gain, or attenuating the output of the
As shown in Figures 9 and 10, the VZ and VX inputs connect log ratio subsection via resistor programming, it is possible to
directly to the AD538’s input log ratio amplifiers. This subsec- raise the quantity VZ /VX to the mth power. Without external
tion provides an output voltage proportional to the natural log programming, m is unity. Thus the overall AD538 transfer
of input voltage VZ , minus the natural log of input voltage VX. function equals:
The output of the log ratio subsection at B can be expressed by m
the transfer function:  VZ 
VO = VY V 
 X
kT V 
VB = ln  Z 
q VX  where 0.2 < m < 5.
When the AD538 is used as an analog divider, the VY input can
where k = 1.3806 × 10–23 J/K,
be used to multiply the ratio VZ / VX by a convenient scale factor.
q = 1.60219 × 10–19 C,
The actual multiplication by the VY input signal is accomplished
T is in Kelvins.
by adding the log of the VY input signal to the signal at C, which
The log ratio configuration may be used alone, if correctly tem- is already in the log domain.
perature compensated and scaled to the desired output level
(see Applications section).

–6– REV. C
 AD538
STABILITY PRECAUTIONS ONE-QUADRANT MULTIPLICATION/DIVISION
At higher frequencies, the multistaged signal path of the AD538, Figure 12 shows how the AD538 may be easily configured as a
as illustrated in Figure 10, can result in large phase shifts. If a precision one-quadrant multiplier/divider. The transfer function
condition of high incremental gain exists along that path (e.g., VOUT = VY (VZ /VX) allows “three” independent input variables,
VO = VY × VZ / VX = 10 V × 10 mV/10 mV = 10 V so that a calculation not available with a conventional multiplier. In
∆VO /∆VX = 1000), then small amounts of capacitive feedback addition, the 1000:1 (i.e., 10 mV to 10 V) input dynamic range
from VO to the current inputs IZ or IX can result in instability. of the AD538 greatly exceeds that of analog multipliers comput-
Appropriate care should be exercised in board layout to pre- ing one-quadrant multiplication and division.
vent capacitive feedback mechanisms under these conditions.
VOUT = VY ( VVZX )
IX Ln Z – Ln X
Ln X
LOGe M(Ln Z – Ln X)
VX M(Ln Z – Ln X) +Ln Y IZ 1 18 A

– VZ VZ 25kV LOG
RATIO 17 D
S 0.2#M#5 + S ANTILOGe BUFFER INPUT
2

+ +
B
3 16 IX

IZ IY VZ M
VO = VY VX
LOGe LOGe VX VX
+10V 4 15
Ln Z Ln Y 25kV INPUT
VZ VY
100V 100V SIGNAL
GND
+2V 5
Figure 10. Model Circuit 14

INTERNAL PWR
VOLTAGE GND
+15V 6 13
USING THE VOLTAGE REFERENCES REFERENCE AD538
A stable bandgap voltage reference for scaling is included in the –15V 7 OUTPUT 12
C

AD538. It is laser-trimmed to provide a selectable voltage out- 25kV IN4148

VO IY
put of +10 V buffered (Pin 4), +2 V unbuffered (Pin 5) or any 8 11
OUTPUT ANTILOG
voltages between +2 V and +10.2 V buffered as shown in Figure VY VY
11. The output impedance at Pin 5 is approximately 5 kΩ. Note I 9 LOG
25kV
10
INPUT
that any loading of this pin will produce an error in the +10 V
reference voltage. External loads on the +2 V output should be Figure 12. One-Quadrant Combination Multiplier/Divider
greater than 500 kΩ to maintain errors less than 1%.
By simply connecting the input VX (Pin 15) to the +10 V refer-
ence (Pin 4), and tying the log-ratio output at B to the antilog
IZ 1 18 A input at C, the AD538 can be configured as a one-quadrant
LOG
analog multiplier with 10-volt scaling. If 2-volt scaling is desired,
25kV
+2V TO +10.2V
BUFFERED
VZ 2 RATIO 17 D VX can be tied to the +2 V reference.
When the input VX is tied to the +10 V reference terminal, the
B 3 16 IX
multiplier transfer function becomes:
REF OUT
4 15 VX
25kV  V 
+2V
100V 100V
SIGNAL VO = VY  Z 
50kV 5 14
GND  10 V 
INTERNAL
11.5kV VOLTAGE PWR
+VS 6 REFERENCE AD538 13
GND As a multiplier, this circuit provides a typical bandwidth of
400 kHz with values of VX , VY or VZ varying over a 100:1 range
–VS 7 OUTPUT 12 C (i.e., 100 mV to 10 V). The maximum error with a 100 mV to
25kV 10 V range for the two input variables will typically be +0.5% of
VO 8 11 IY
ANTILOG reading. Using the optional Z offset trim scheme, as shown in
Figure 13, this error can be reduced to +0.25% of reading.
I 9 LOG 10 VY
25kV
By using the +10 V reference as the VY input, the circuit of
Figure 12 is configured as a one-quadrant divider with a fixed
Figure 11. +2 V to +10.2 V Adjustable Reference scale factor. As with the one-quadrant multiplier, the inputs
In situations not requiring both reference levels, the +2 V output accept only single (positive) polarity signals. The output of the
can be converted to a buffered output by tying Pins 4 and 5 one-quadrant divider with a +10 V scale factor is:
together. If both references are required simultaneously, the
+10 V output should be used directly and the +2 V output V 
VO = 10V  Z 
should be externally buffered.  VX 
The typical bandwidth of this circuit is 370 kHz with 1 V to
10 V denominator input levels. At lower amplitudes, the band-
width gradually decreases to approximately 200 kHz at the
2 mV input level.

REV. C –7–
AD538
TWO-QUADRANT DIVISION LOG RATIO OPERATION
The two-quadrant linear divider circuit illustrated in Figure 13 Figure 14 shows the AD538 configured for computing the log of
uses the same basic connections as the one-quadrant version. the ratio of two input voltages (or currents). The output signal
However, in this circuit the numerator has been offset in the from B is connected to the summing junction of the output ampli-
positive direction by adding the denominator input voltage to it. fier via two series resistors. The 90.9 Ω metal film resistor effec-
The offsetting scheme changes the divider’s transfer function tively degrades the temperature coefficient of the ± 3500 ppm/°C
from: resistor to produce a 1.09 kΩ +3300 ppm/°C equivalent value.
In this configuration, the VY input must be tied to some voltage
V  less than zero (–1.2 V in this case) removing this input from the
VO = 10V  Z  transfer function.
 VX 
The 5 kΩ potentiometer controls the circuit’s scale factor ad-
to: justment providing a +1 V per decade adjustment. The output
offset potentiometer should be set to provide a zero output with

VO = 10V
(V Z + AVX ) 
= 10 V 1 A +
VZ 
VX = VZ = 1 V. The input VZ adjustment should be set for an
output of 3 V with VZ = l mV and VX = 1 V.

VX  VX 
–VS
 VZ 
= 10 A + 10 V  
 VX 
68kV
5% VO = 1V LOG10 ( VVZ )
AD589 X
–1.2V

 35 kΩ  10MV IZ A
where A = 
1MV 1 18
 48.7V
 25 kΩ  OPTIONAL VZ
2
25kV LOG
RATIO 17
D
INPUT VOS
ADJUSTMENT B
As long as the magnitude of the denominator input is equal to 3 16 IX VX
or greater than the magnitude of the numerator input, the cir- 90.9V +10V VX INPUT
1% 4 15
cuit will accept bipolar numerator voltages. However, under the 100V 100V 25kV SIGNAL
1kV +2V GND
conditions of a 0 V numerator input, the output would incor- +3500
5 14
INTERNAL PWR
rectly equal +14 V. The offset can be removed by connecting ppm/8C
+15V 6 VOLTAGE AD538 13
GND
the +10 V reference through resistors R1 and R2 to the output OUTPUT
REFERENCE
C
section’s summing node I at Pin 9 thus providing a gain of 1.4 5kV 2kV
–15V 7 OUTPUT 12

at the center of the trimming potentiometer. The pot R2 adjusts 1% VO

8
25kV
11
IY
ANTILOG
out or corrects this offset, leaving the desired transfer function SCALE
FACTOR
IN4148
I VY
of 10 V (VZ / VX). ADJUST 9 LOG
25kV
10

NUMERATOR DENOMINATOR +VS

OPTIONAL VZ VX 10MV OPTIONAL
Z OFFSET TRIM 10kV OUTPUT VOS
–VS ADJUSTMENT
FOR –VS
VOUT = 10 ( VVZX) VX $ VZ
68kV 35kV
5% Figure 14. Log Ratio Circuit
AD589
–1.2V The log ratio circuit shown achieves ±0.5% accuracy in the log
10MV IZ
1MV
VOS ADJ 1 18 A domain for input voltages within three decades of input range:
VZ 25kV LOG 35kV 10 mV to 10 V. This error is not defined as a percent of full-
3.9MV 2 RATIO 17 D
scale output, but as a percent of input. For example, using a
IX
B
3 16 1 V/decade scale factor, a 1% error in the positive direction at
+10V the INPUT of the log ratio amplifier translates into a 4.3 mV
15 VX
deviation from the ideal OUTPUT (i.e., 1 V × log10 (1.01) =
4
100V 100V 25kV SIGNAL
GND
+2V 5 14 4.3214 mV). An input error 1% in the negative direction is
INTERNAL PWR
VOLTAGE AD538 13
GND slightly different, giving an output deviation of 4.3648 mV.
+15V 6
REFERENCE IN4148
C
–15V 7 OUTPUT 12
OUTPUT VO 25kV IY
8 11
R2 R1 ANTILOG
10kV 12.4kV I VY
9 LOG 10
25kV
ZERO
ADJUST

Figure 13. Two-Quadrant Division with 10 V Scaling

–8– REV. C
 AD538
ANALOG COMPUTATION OF POWERS AND ROOTS SQUARE ROOT OPERATION
It is often necessary to raise the quotient of two input signals to The explicit square root circuit of Figure 16 illustrates a precise
a power or take a root. This could be squaring, cubing, square- method for performing a real-time square root computation. For
rooting or exponentiation to some noninteger power. Examples added flexibility and accuracy, this circuit has a scale factor
include power series generation. With the AD538, only one or adjustment.
two external resistors are required to set ANY desired power, The actual square rooting operation is performed in this circuit
over the range of 0.2 to 5. Raising the basic quantity VZ /VX to a by raising the quantity VZ / VX to the one-half power via the
power greater than one requires that the gain of the AD538’s log resistor divider network consisting of resistors RB and RC. For
ratio subtractor be increased, via an external resistor between maximum linearity, the two resistors should be 1% (or better)
pins A and D. Similarly, a voltage divider that attenuates the log ratio-matched metal film types.
ratio output between points B and C will program the power to
a value less than one. One volt scaling is achieved by dividing-down the 2 V reference
and applying approximately 1 V to both the VY and VX inputs.
RA In this circuit, the VX input is intentionally set low, to about
0.95 V, so that the VY input can be adjusted high, permitting a
B C A D
POWERS ± 5% scale factor trim. Using this trim scheme, the output volt-
3 12 18 17
VZ 2 m RA age will be within ± 3 mV ± 0.2% of the ideal value over a 10 V
VZ m
VY (
VREF
) 8 VO 2 196V to 1 mV input range (80 dB). For a decreased input dynamic
VY 3 97.6V
10 4 64.9V range of 10 mV to 10 V (60 dB) the error is even less; here the
15
VREF VX
5 48.7V
output will be within ± 2 mV ± 0.2% of the ideal value. The
RA = 196V bandwidth of the AD538 square root circuit is approximately
M –1
RB = RC # 200V 280 kHz with a 1 V p-p sine wave with a +2 V dc offset.
RB RC This basic circuit may also be used to compute the cube, fourth
or fifth roots of an input waveform. All that is required for a
B C
3 12
ROOTS given root is that the correct ratio of resistors, RC and RB, be
VZ 2 m RB RC selected such that their sum is between 150 Ω and 200 Ω.
VZ m
VY ( ) 8 VO 1/2 100V 100V
VY
VREF 1/3 100V 49.9V The optional absolute value circuit shown preceding the AD538
10 1/4 150V 49.9V
15 1/5 162V 40.2V allows the use of bipolar input voltages. Only one op amp is
VREF VX
RB
required for the absolute value function because the IZ input of
= 1 –1
RC M the AD538 functions as a summing junction. If it is necessary to
preserve the sign of the input voltage, the polarity of the op amp
Figure 15. Basic Configurations and Transfer Functions
output may be sensed and used after the computation to switch
for the AD538
the sign bit of a D.V.M. chip.

VIN
VOUT = 1V
1V
OPTIONAL
ABSOLUTE VALUE SECTION
5kV
10kV IZ
1 18 A RB
20kV *
100V
IN4148 VZ 25kV LOG
IN4148 RATIO
2 17 D
+VS
B
3 16 IX
20kV VOS
7
20kV 2 1 VX
VIN +10V
8 4 15
6 25kV
100V 100V SIGNAL
3 AD OP-07 +2V +2V GND
4 OR AD611 5 14
(VOS TAP INTERNAL PWR
–VS
TO –VS) VOLTAGE GND
+15V 6 REFERENCE AD538 13

12
C
–15V 7 OUTPUT
25kV
VO IY
VOUT 8 11
ANTILOG D1
VY IN4148
I 9 LOG 10
25kV
1kV
100V
SCALE FACTOR
TRIM
* RATIO MATCH 1% METAL FILM RC
1kV
RESISTORS FOR BEST ACCURACY 100V *

Figure 16. Square Root Circuit

REV. C –9–
AD538
TRANSDUCER LINEARIZATION Vu = [VuREF –Vu] 3
1.21
(VVZX ) u = TAN–1 ( ZX )
Many electronic transducers used in scientific, commercial or
industrial equipment monitor the physical properties of a device
A
and/or its environment. Sensing (and perhaps compensating for) IZ 1 18
RA
changes in pressure, temperature, moisture or other physical VZ 25kV LOG 931V, 1%
D
VZ 2 RATIO 17
phenomenon can be an expensive undertaking, particularly
B
where high accuracy and very low nonlinearity are important. In 3 16 IX

conventional analog systems accuracy may be easily increased +10V

4 15
VX
VX
by offset and scale factor trims, however, nonlinearity is usually 100V 100V 25kV SIGNAL
GND
the absolute limitation of the sensing device. +2V 5 14
PWR
+VS INTERNAL GND
With the ability to easily program a complex analog function, +15V 6 VOLTAGE AD538 13
1mF REFERENCE
the AD538 can effectively compensate for the nonlinearities of –15V
–VS
7 OUTPUT 12
C
1mF
an inexpensive transducer. The AD538 can be connected be- VO 25kV IY
IN4148
tween the transducer preamplifier output and the next stage of Vu 8
ANTILOG
11

monitoring or transmitting circuitry. The recommended proce- I 9 10

VY
LOG
dure for linearizing a particular transducer is first to find the 25kV

closest function which best approximates the nonlinearity of the

0.1mF
device and then, to select the appropriate exponent resistor
value(s).
+15V R2*
R1* 100kV
ARC-TANGENT APPROXIMATION 100kV

The circuit of Figure 17 is typical of those AD538 applications 10kV

FULL-SCALE AD547JH
where the quantity VZ /VX is raised to powers greater than one. ADJUST 118kV
* RATIO MATCH 1% METAL
In an approximate arc-tangent function, the AD538 will accu- 1mF 100kV FILM RESISTORS FOR BEST
ACCURACY
rately compute the angle that is defined by X and Y displace- –15V
ments represented by input voltages VX and VZ. With accuracy
to within one degree (for input voltages between 100 µV and Figure 17. The Arc-Tangent Function
10 volts), the AD538 arc-tangent circuit is more precise than The VB /VA quantity is calculated in the same manner as in the
conventional analog circuits and is faster than most digital tech- one-quadrant divider circuit, except that the resulting quotient
niques. For a direct arc-tangent computation that requires fewer is raised to the 1.21 power. Resistor RA (nominally 931 Ω) sets
external components, refer to the AD639 data sheet. The circuit the power or m factor.
shown is set up for the transfer function:
For the highest arc-tangent accuracy the external resistors R1
and R2 should be ratio matched; however, the offset trim

) (( ))
1.21
 VZ 
(
scheme shown in other circuits is not required since nonlinearity
Vθ = Vθ REF − Vθ  effects are the predominant source of error. Also note that insta-
 VX  bility will occur as the output approaches 90° because, by defini-
where: tion, the arc-tangent function is infinite and therefore, the AD538’s
gain will be extremely high.
Z
θ = Tan −1  
X
The (VθREF – Vθ) function is implemented in this circuit by
adding together the output, Vθ, and an externally applied refer-
ence voltage, VθREF, via an external AD547 op amp. The 1 µF
capacitor connected around the AD547’s 100 kΩ feedback
resistor frequency compensates the loop (formed by the ampli-
fier between Vθ and VY).

–10– REV. C
 AD538
OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
Dimensions shown in inches and (mm).

Side-Brazed Ceramic DIP

(D-18)

C959d–0–12/99 (rev. C)
18 10
0.30 (7.62)
0.28 (7.12)
1 9

PIN 1
0.91 (23.12) 0.306 (7.78)
0.294 (7.47)
0.89 (22.61)

0.175 (4.45) 0.12 (3.05)

0.17 (4.32)
MAX 0.125 (3.18) 0.06 (1.53)

0.012 (0.305)
0.02 (0.508) 0.105 (2.67) 0.06 (1.53) SEATING
PLANE 0.008 (0.203)
0.015 (0.381) 0.095 (2.42) 0.04 (1.02)

PRINTED IN U.S.A.

REV. C –11–