ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First, i thank our project co-ordinator Rajinder Tiwari Sir, for his
support. He is responsible for involving us in the project in the first
place. He taught us how to ask questions and express our ideas. He
showed me different ways to approach a research problem and the
need to be persistent to accomplish any goal. Thanks to the AMITY
UNIVERSITY for providing us a chance to complete this project.

A special thanks goes to Aashish Dixit who is most responsible for

helping me complete the writing of this project as well as the
challenging research that lies behind it, with whom we explored the
ideas, requirements and development of this project. Without his
encouragement and constant guidance, I could not have finished this
project. He was always there to meet and talk about my ideas &
listening to my complaints and frustrations, and for believing in me.

I am also greatly indebted to many teachers in the past.

Last, but not least, I thank my parents, for giving me life in the first
place, for educating me with aspects from both arts and sciences, for
unconditional support and encouragement to pursue my interests,
even when the interests went beyond boundaries of language, field
and geography and numerous friends who endured this long process
with me, always offering support and love.
NANOTECHNOLOGY
 What is Nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology, shortened to "nanotech", is the study of the
control of matter on an atomic and molecular scale.
Generally nanotechnology deals with structures of the size
100 nanometers or smaller, and involves developing
materials or devices within that size. Nanotechnology is very
diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device
physics, to completely new approaches based upon molecular
self-assembely, to developing new materials with dimensions
on the nanoscale, even to speculation on whether we can
direct control matter on the atomic scale.
A basic definition: Nanotechnology is the engineering
of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers
both current work and concepts that are more advanced.
In its original sense, 'nanotechnology' refers to the projected
ability to construct items from the bottom up, using
techniques and tools being developed today to make
complete, high performance products.
The word 'nanotechnology' defined for building machines on
the scale of molecules, a few nanometers wide—motors,
robot arms, and even whole computers, far smaller than a
cell.
ORIGIN
 ORIGIN
"There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom," a talk given by
physicist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society
meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959. Feynman
described a process by which the ability to manipulate
individual atoms and molecules might be developed, using
one set The first use of the concepts in 'nano-technology' (but
pre-dating use of that name) was in of precise tools to build
and operate another proportionally smaller set, and so on
down to the needed scale. In the course of this, he noted,
scaling issues would arise from the changing magnitude of
various physical phenomena: gravity would become less
important, surface tension and Van der Waals attraction
would become more important, etc. This basic idea appears
plausible, and exponential assembly enhances it with
parallelism to produce a useful quantity of end products. The
term "nanotechnology" was defined by Tokyo Science
University Professor Norio Taniguchi in a 1974 paper as
follows: "'Nano-technology' mainly consists of the processing
of, separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials
by one atom or by one molecule." In the 1980s the basic idea
of this definition was explored in much more depth by Dr. K.
Eric Drexler, who promoted the technological significance of
nano-scale phenomena and devices through speeches and the
books Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of
Nanotechnology (1986) and Nanosystems: Molecular
Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation, and so the
term acquired its current sense. Engines of Creation: The
Coming Era of Nanotechnology is considered the first book
on the topic of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology and
nanoscience got started in the early 1980s with two major
developments; the birth of cluster science and the invention
of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). This
development led to the discovery of fullerenes in 1985 and
carbon nanotubes a few years later. In another development,
the synthesis and properties of semiconductor nanocrystals
was studied; this led to a fast increasing number of metal and
metal oxide nanoparticles and quantum dots. The atomic
force microscope was invented six years after the STM was
invented. In 2000, the United States National
Nanotechnology Initiative was founded to coordinate Federal
nanotechnology research and development
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

One nanometer (nm) is one billionth, or 10−9, of a meter. By

comparison, typical carbon-carbon bond length, or the
spacing between these atoms in a molecule, are in the range
0.12–0.15 nm, and a DNA double-helix has a diameter around
2 nm. On the other hand, the smallest cellular life-forms, the
bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma, are around 200 nm in
length.
To put that scale in another context, the comparative size of a
nanometer to a meter is the same as that of a marble to the
size of the earth.Or another way of putting it: a nanometer is
the amount a man's beard grows in the time it takes him to
raise the razor to his face.
Two main approaches are used in nanotechnology. In the
"bottom-up" approach, materials and devices are built from
molecular components which assemble themselves
chemically by principles of molecular recognition. In the "top-
down" approach, nano-objects are constructed from larger
entities without atomic-level control.
Areas of physics such as nanoelectronics, nanomechanics
and nanophotonicshave been evolved during the last
decades to provide a basic scientific foundation of
nanotechnology.
MOLECULAR DESIGN
 Bottom-up approaches
These seek to arrange smaller components into more
complex assemblies.
DNA nanotechnology utilizes the specificity of Watson–Crick
basepairing to construct well-defined structures out of DNA
and other nucleic acids.
Approaches from the field of "classical" chemical synthesis
also aim at designing molecules with well-defined shape (e.g.
bis-peptides).
More generally, molecular self-assembly seeks to use
concepts of supramolecular chemistry, and molecular
recognition in particular, to cause single-molecule
components to automatically arrange themselves into some
useful conformation.
Top-down approaches
These seek to create smaller devices by using larger ones to
direct their assembly.
Many technologies that descended from conventional solid-
state silicon methods for fabricating microprocessors are
now capable of creating features smaller than 100 nm, falling
under the definition of nanotechnology. Giant
magnetoresistance-based hard drives already on the market
fit this description, as do atomic layer deposition (ALD)
techniques. Peter Grünberg and Albert Fert received the
Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of Giant
magnetoresistance and contributions to the field of
spintronics in 2007.
Solid-state techniques can also be used to create devices
known as nanoelectromechanical systems or NEMS, which
are related to microelectromechanical systems or MEMS.
Atomic force microscope tips can be used as a nanoscal
"write head" to deposit a chemical upon a surface in a desired
pattern in a process called dip pen nanolithography. This fits
into the larger subfield of nanolithography.
Focused ion beams can directly remove material, or even
deposit material when suitable pre-cursor gasses are applied
at the same time. For example, this technique is used
routinely to create sub-100 nm sections of material for
analysis in Transmission electron microscopy.
Functional approaches
These seek to develop components of a desired functionality
without regard to how they might be assembled.
Molecular electronics seeks to develop molecules with useful
electronic properties. These could then be used as single-
molecule components in a nanoelectronic device.For an
example see rotaxane.
Synthetic chemical methods can also be used to create what
forensics call synthetic molecular motors, such as in a so-
called nanocar.
Speculative
These subfields seek to anticipate what inventions
nanotechnology might yield, or attempt to propose an
agenda along which inquiry might progress. These often take
a big-picture view of nanotechnology, with more emphasis on
its societal implications than the details of how such
inventions could actually be created.
Molecular nanotechnology is a proposed approach which
involves manipulating single molecules in finely controlled,
deterministic ways. This is more theoretical than the other
subfields and is beyond current capabilities.
Nanorobotics centers on self-sufficient machines of some
functionality operating at the nanoscale. There are hopes for
applying nanorobots in medicine, but it may not be easy to do
such a thing because of several drawbacks of such devices.
Nevertheless, progress on innovative materials and
methodologies has been demonstrated with some patents
granted about new nanomanufacturing devices for future
commercial applications, which also progressively helps in the
development towards nanorobots with the use of embedded
nanobioelectronics concepts.
Programmable matter based on artificial atoms seeks to
design materials whose properties can be easily, reversibly
and externally controlled.
Due to the popularity and media exposure of the term
nanotechnology, the words picotechnology and
femtotechnology have been coined in analogy to it, although
these are only used rarely and informally
 Nanotechnology in Electronics:-
How can nanoelectronics improve the capabilities of
electronic components?
Nanoelectronics holds some answers for how we might
increase the capabilities of electronics devices while we
reduce their weight and power consumption. Some of the
nanoelectronics areas under development, which you can
explore in more detail by following the links provided in the
next section, include:-
1.Improving display screens on electronics devices. This
involves reducing power consumption while decreasing the
weight and thickness of the screens.
2.Increasing the density of memory chips. Researchers are
developing a type of memory chip with a projected density of
one terabyte of memory per square inch or greater.
3.Reducing the size of transistors used in integrated circuits.
One researcher believes it may be possible to "put the power
of all of today's present computers in the palm of your
hand".
FUTURE ASPECTS
When nanotechnology will be in its mature form it is sure it
will have its impact upon almost every industries land almost
every area of society from communication to medicine, from
agriculture to transportation and also in smarter living at
home also. And because of these implications only
nanotechnology is also called as general purpose technology.
As a general-purpose technology, it will have multiple uses,
not only in commercial field as well as in defence field too
that will include making of far more powerful and better
weapons and equipments for infantry, air force and navy.
Nanotechnology is about building machines at the molecular
level. Machines so small they can travel through our blood
stream.
Nanotechnology will allow making high-quality products at a
very low cost, and also allow making new nanofactories at
the same low cost and at a very rapid speed. Nanotechnology
offers not just better products, but a vastly improved means
of production for e.g. as many copies of data files as we want
can be taken out from your computer at a very or no cost.
With time, manufacture of products will become as cheap as
the copying of files. So this is what nanotechnology is, and so
it is often seen as the next industrial revolution. Nanoscale
materials are used in electronic, magnetic and optoelectronic,
biomedical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, energy, catalytic and
materials applications.
The word nano we are talking about is not a smallest thing on
the planet or in space. The protons, neurons, quarks, leptons
and neutrinos are considered as the family of electrons out of
which quarks and leptons are the smallest known particles.
Protons, neutrons, pions, quarks, are some other sub-atomic
particles are smaller than electrons.
Nanotechnology is the manufacturing of electronic circuits
and mechanical devices by using these particles that means
working at molecular level, with takings every particle, every
molecule and every atom in concerned. In this way scientist
can prepare a structure and material that will have absolutely
new characteristics and function. It is about to emerge as a
technology which is a revolutionary, transformative,
powerful, and potentially very dangerous or beneficial
technology called The exponential technology.
In fact, there will not be a single industry that will not be
changed by nanotechnological applications. Be it a tennis
racquets or long-lasting nanoparticle tennis balls. A foot
warmers, athlete skin care or a ski wax. Nanotechnology,
nowadays is progressing towards the delivery system for anti-
cancer drugs at the same time research is going on to develop
nanofibre which will help create blood vessels, help in
treatment of vascular diseases and in heart surgeries. The
purpose of medical devices and nanorobots traveling through
the human body is essentially a positive one of searching out
and destroying clusters of cancer cells before they spread.
Scientists are also working towards the preparation of
injectable nanoparticles that will help as medication for
treating alcoholism and other related diseases. Because of
this it is also called as the future technology.
Nanotechnology can refer to measurement or visualization at
the scale of 1-100 nanometers, but a consensus seems to be
forming around the idea (put forward by the NNI's Mike
Roco) that control and restructuring of matter at the
nanoscale is a necessary element. CRN's definition is a bit
more precise than that, but as work progresses through the
four generations of nanotechnology leading up to molecular
nanosystem, which will include molecular manufacturing.
Nanotechnology is sometimes referred to as a general-
purpose technology. That's because in its advanced form it
will have significant impact on almost all industries and all
areas of society. It will offer better built, longer lasting,
cleaner, safer, and smarter products for the home, for
communications, for medicine, for transportation,
for agriculture, and for industry in general.
Imagine a medical device that travels through the human
body to seek out and destroy small clusters of cancerous
cells before they can spread. Or a box no larger than a sugar
cube that contains the entire contents of the Library of
Congress. Or materials much lighter than steel that possess
ten times as much strength.
Dual-Use Technology
Like electricity or computers before it, nanotech will offer
greatly improved efficiency in almost every facet of life. But
as a general-purpose technology, it will be dual-use, meaning
it will have many commercial uses and it also will have many
military uses—making far more powerful weapons and tools
of surveillance. Thus it represents not only
wonderful benefits for humanity, but also grave risks.

A key understanding of nanotechnology is that it offers not

just better products, but a vastly improved
manufacturing process. A computer can make copies of data
files—essentially as many copies as you want at little or no
cost. It may be only a matter of time until the building of
products becomes as cheap as the copying of files. That's the
real meaning of nanotechnology, and why it is sometimes
seen as "the next industrial revolution."
My own judgment is that the nanotechnology revolution
has the potential to change America on a scale equal to, if
not greater than, the computer revolution.
The power of nanotechnology can be encapsulated in an
apparently simple device called a personal nanofactory that
may sit on your countertop or desktop. Packed with miniature
chemical processors, computing, and robotics, it will produce
a wide-range of items quickly, cleanly, and inexpensively,
building products directly from blueprints.
APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
With nanotechnology, a large set of materials and improved
products rely on a change in the physical properties when the
feature sizes are shrunk. Nanoparticles for example take
advantage of their dramatically increased surface area to
volume ratio. Their optical properties, e.g. fluorescence,
become a function of the particle diameter. When brought
into a bulk material, nanoparticles can strongly influence the
mechanical properties of the material, like stiffness or
elasticity. For example, traditional polymers can be
reinforced by nanoparticles resulting in novel materials which
can be used as lightweight replacements for metals.
Therefore, an increasing societal benefit of such nanoparticles
can be expected. Such nanotechnologically enhanced
materials will enable a weight reduction accompanied by an
increase in stability and an improved functionality.
There are many applications of nano technology, few of
them are shown here:-
A.Energy applications of nanotechnology:-
1.Reduction of energy consumption.
2.Increasing the efficiency of energy production.
3.The use of more environmentally friendly energy systems.
B.Nano fabrics and cosmetics applications:-
1.The use of "first generation" passive nanomaterials which
includes titanium dioxide in sunscreen, cosmetics and some
food products; Carbon allotropes used to produce gecko tape;
silver in food packaging, clothing, disinfectants and
household appliances; zinc oxide in sunscreens and cosmetics,
surface coatings, paints and outdoor furniture varnishes; and
cerium oxide as a fuel catalyst.
C.Bio Engineering application:-
1.Nano-membranes have been produced that are portable
and easily-cleaned systems that purify, detoxify and
desalinate water meaning that third-world countries could
get clean water, solving many water related health issues.
 Applications under Development
1.Using MEMS techniques to control an array of probes
whose tips have a radius of a few nanometers. These probes
are used to write and read data onto a polymer film, with the
aim of producing memory chips with a density of one
terabyte per square inch or greater.
2. Using carbon nanotubes to direct electrons to illuminate
pixels, resulting in a lightweight, millimeter
thick "nanoemmissive" display panel.
3.Making integrated circuits with features that can be
measured in nanometers (nm), such as the process that
allows the production of integrated circuits with 45 nm wide
transistor gates.
4.Using nanosized magnetic rings to make Magnetoresistive
Random Access Memory (MRAM) which research has
indicated may allow memory density of 400 GB per square
inch.
5.Developing molecular-sized transistors which may allow us
to shrink the width of transistor gates to approximately one
nm which will significantly increase transistor density in
integrated circuits.
6.Using self-aligning nanostructures to manufacture
nanoscale integrated circuits.
7.Using electrodes made from nanowires that would enable
flat panel displays to be flexible as well as thinner than
current flat panel displays.