Lecture Note 5

Nanophysics
Introduction
What is
nanophysics?
Nanophysics is the physics of structures and
objects with dimensions in the nanometer range or of
phenomena occurring in nanoseconds.
Nanophysics are the study and application of

extremely small things and can be used across all
the other science fields, such as chemistry, biology,
physics, materials science, and engineering.
Nanophysics is science, engineering, and
technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is
about 1 to 100 nanometers.
It’s hard to imagine just how small nanotechnology

is. One nanometer is a billionth of a meter, or 10-9
of a meter. Here are a few illustrative examples:
A sheet of newspaper is about 100,000
nanometers thick.
There are 25,400,000 nanometers in an

inch.
On a comparative scale, if a marble were
a nanometer, then one meter would be
the size of the Earth.
Physicist Richard Feynman, the father of
nanotechnology
Nanophysics involve the ability to see and to control
individual atoms and molecules. Everything on Earth is
made up of atoms—the food we eat, the clothes we
wear, the buildings and houses we live in, and our
own bodies.
But something as small as an atom is impossible to

see with the naked eye. In fact, it’s impossible to
see with the microscopes typically used in a high
school science classes. The microscopes needed to
see things at the nanoscale were invented relatively
recently—about 30 years ago.
Although modern nanoscience
and nanotechnology are quite
new, nanoscale
materials were used for centuries.
Alternate-sized gold and silver
particles created colors in the
stained glass windows of medieval
churches hundreds of years ago.
The artists back then just didn’t
know that the process they used
to create these beautiful works of
art actually led to changes in the
composition of the materials they
were working with.
Today's scientists and engineers are finding a wide
variety of ways to deliberately make materials at the
nanoscale to take advantage of their enhanced
properties such as higher strength, lighter
weight, increased control of light spectrum, and
greater chemical reactivity than their larger-scale
counterparts.
History Of
Nanophysics
The first use of concepts in ‘nano-technology was in: There’s
plenty of the room at the bottom ,a talk given by Richard
Feynman. Feynman described a process by which the ability to
manipulate individual atoms and molecules might be
developed ,using one set of precise tools to build and operate
another proportionally smaller set, and so on down to the
needed scale.
In the course of this, he noted, scaling issues would arise

from the changing magnitude of various physical
phenomena gravity would become less important, surface
tension and van der waals attraction would become more
important,etc.this basic idea appears plausible, and
exponential assembly enhances it with parallelism to
produce a useful quantity of end products.
The term ‘nanophysics’ was defined by Tokyo
Science University Professor Norio Tanguchi in a
1974 paper as [4] as follows :
‘Nano-technology’ mainly consists of

separation , consolidation, and deformation of
materials by one atom or by one molecule.’
In the 1980s the basic idea of this

definition was explored in much more depth by Dr.
K. Eric Drexler , who promoted the technological
significance of nano-scale phenomena and devices
through speeches and the books Engines of
Creation.
The Coming Era of Nanophysics (1986) and
Nanosystems : Molecular Machinery , Manufacturing
, and Computation , [5] and so the term acquired its
current sense. Engines of creation : The Coming Era
of Nanophysics is considered the first book on the
topic of Nanophysics . Nanophysics and nanoscience
got started in the early 1980s with two major
developments.
A Fundamental concepts ,
One nanometer (nm) is one billionth , or 10-9, of a meter

. By comparison , typical carboncarbon bond lenghts , or
the spacing between these atoms in a molecule , are in
the range 0.12-0.15 nm , and a DNA double-helix has a
diameter around 2 nm. On the other land, the smallest
cellular life-forms , the bacteria of genus Mycoplasma ,
are around 200 nm in length.
Application of
nanophysics
The project lists all of the products in a publicly
accessible online inventory.
Most applications are limited to the use of ‘first

generation’ passive nonmaterial which includes
titanium dioxide in sunscreen, cosmetics and
some food products; carbon allotropes used to
produce gecko tape; silver in food packaging,
clothing, disinfectants and household
appliances; zinc oxide in sunscreens and
cosmetics, surface coatings, paints and outdoor
furniture varnishes; and cerium oxide as a fuel
catalyst.
Nano-membranes have been produced that are portable and
easily-cleanaed systems that purify, detoxify and desalinate water
meaning that third-world countries could get clean water, solving
many related health issues.
1.Medicine
2.Chemestiry and Environment
3.Energy
4.Information and Communication
5.Heavy Industry
6.Consumer Goods
Nano-medicine seeks to deliver a valuable set of research tools and
clinically helpful devices in the future.
The national Nano-technology initiative expects new commercial

applications in the pharmaceutical industry that may include advanced
drug delivery systems,new therapies,and in vivo imaging.
Neuro-electronic interfaces and other nanoelectronics-based sensors are

another active goal of research.
Further down the line,the speculative field of molecular Nano-technology

believes that cell repair machine could revolutionize medicine and the
medical field.
Chemical catalysis and filtration are two prominent examples where
Nano-technology already plays a role.
The synthesis provides novel materials with tailored features and

chemical properties: for example,Nano-particles with a distinct
chemical surrounding,or specific optical properties.
In a sense,all chemical synthesis can be understood in terms of Nano-

technology,because of its ability to manufacture certain molecules.
Thus,chemistry forms a base for Nano-technology providing tailor-

made molecules, polymers, etcetera, as well as clusters and Nano-
particles.
The most advanced Nano-technology projects related to
energy are:
Storage, Conversion, Manufacturing improvements by

reducing materials and Process rates, Energy saving, and
Enhanced renewable energy sources.
Current high-technology production processes are based on
traditional top down strategies, where Nano-technology has
already been introduced silently.
The critical length scale of integrated circuits is already at the

nanoscale (50 nm and below) regarding the gate length of
transistors in CPUs or DRAM devices.
An inevitable use of Nano-technology will be in heavy
industry.
Such as in the field of Aerospace, Construction, Refineries,

Vehicle manufactures, and so on
Nano-technology is already impacting the field of consumer
goods, providing products with novel functions ranging from
easy-to-clean to scratch-resistant.
Modern textiles are wrinkle-resistant and stain-repellent; in

the mid-term clothes will become smart, through embedded
wearable electronics.
Already in use are different nanoparticle improved products .
Especially in the field of cosmetics, such novel products have a

promising potential.
 Nanotechnology has the potential to
change every part of our lives
 Nanotechnology affects all materials:
ceramics, metals, polymers, and
biomaterials
 New materials are the foundation of
major technological advances
 Future advances could change our approaches to
manufacturing, electronics, IT and communications
technology making previous technology redundant
 By building things at the nanoscale, people work with
individual atoms or a handful of atoms and can take
advantage of the different properties of nanoparticles
 Objects usually have constant physical properties
regardless of its size, but at the nano-scale size-
dependent properties are often observed
 Properties of materials change as their size approaches
the nanoscale as there is a vast increase in ratio of
surface area to volume
 For materials larger than one micrometer, the
percentage of atoms at the surface is insignificant in
relation to the number of atoms in the material
The progress of nanoscience and nanotechnology in different
fields of science has expanded in different directions,
❑to observe things from micro to nano,
❑to even smaller scale sizes by different microscopes in physics,
❑from micro size bulk matter to small size carbon dots in

chemistry,
❑from room size computers to mobile slim size laptops in

computer science, to observe deeply the behavior of the cell′s
nucleus to study single complicated biomolecules at the nano
level in biological science.

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Nanophysics

Nanophysics are the study and application of

It’s hard to imagine just how small nanotechnology

There are 25,400,000 nanometers in an

But something as small as an atom is impossible to

In the course of this, he noted, scaling issues would arise

‘Nano-technology’ mainly consists of

In the 1980s the basic idea of this

One nanometer (nm) is one billionth , or 10-9, of a meter

Most applications are limited to the use of ‘first

The national Nano-technology initiative expects new commercial

Neuro-electronic interfaces and other nanoelectronics-based sensors are

Further down the line,the speculative field of molecular Nano-technology

The synthesis provides novel materials with tailored features and

In a sense,all chemical synthesis can be understood in terms of Nano-

Thus,chemistry forms a base for Nano-technology providing tailor-

Storage, Conversion, Manufacturing improvements by

The critical length scale of integrated circuits is already at the

Such as in the field of Aerospace, Construction, Refineries,

Modern textiles are wrinkle-resistant and stain-repellent; in

Already in use are different nanoparticle improved products .

Especially in the field of cosmetics, such novel products have a

❑to even smaller scale sizes by different microscopes in physics,

❑from micro size bulk matter to small size carbon dots in

❑from room size computers to mobile slim size laptops in

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