SEMINAR REPORT

ON
NANOTECHNOLOGY
SUBMITTED BY –
Name: URVASHI PANDEY
Roll no: 1702721077
Section: EN-2(B)

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College
Ghaziabad

1
 ABSTRACT
Nanotechnology is defined as fabrication of devices with
atomic or molecular scale precision.Devices with minimum
feature sizes less than 100 nanometer (nm) are considered to
be products of nanotechnology. A nanometer is one billionth
of a meter.
Nanoscience is an interdisciplinary field that seeks to bring
about mature technology. Focussing on the nanoscale
intersection of fields such as physics,biology ,engineering,
chemistry, computer science and more,nanoscience is rapidly
expanding.Nanotechnology centers are popping uparound
the world as more funding is provided and nanotechnology
market share increases.The rapid progress is apparent by the
increasing appearance of the prefix “nano” in scientific
journals and the news.Thus,as we increase our ability to
fabricate computer chips with smaller features and improve
our ability to cure disease at the molecular level
,nanotechnology is here.

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 PREFACE

I have made this report on the topic “NANOTECHNOLOGY” . I have

tried my best to enlighten all the relevant details in the report.

My efforts and heartiest co-operation of each and everyone has ended on a

successful note. I express my sincere gratitude to my teachers and friends
who assisting me throughout the preparation of this topic.

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 Acknowledgement

I would like to thank respected Mr. Parveen Kumar Dhull Sir and
Mr. Mahendra Sir for giving me such a wonderful opportunity to
expand my knowledge in my own branch and giving me such
guidelines to present a seminar report . It helped me a lot to
realize of what we study for.
Secondly, I would like to thanks my parents who patiently helped
me as I went through my work and helped to modify and
eliminate some of the irrelevant stuffs.
Thirdly, I would like to thanks my friends who helped me to make
my work more organised and well stacked.

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 Contents

1. INTRODUCTION
2. HISTORY
3. NEED OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
4. APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
4.1NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING
4.2NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONICS
4.3NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE
5. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN INDIA
6. POSSIBILITIES FOR FUTURE
7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
8. CONCLUSION
9. REFERENCES

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 1. INTRODUCTION
scale, and so the definition shifted from a particular technological goal to a
research category inclusive of all types of research and technologies that
deal with the special properties of matter which occur below the given size
threshold. It is therefore common to see the plural form
"nanotechnologies" as well as "nanoscale Nanotechnology ("nanotech") is
manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale.
The earliest, widespread description of nanotechnology referred to the
particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and
molecules for fabrication of macroscale products, also now referred to
as molecular nanotechnology. A more generalized description of
nanotechnology was subsequently established by the National
Nanotechnology Initiative, which defines nanotechnology as the
manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to
100 nanometers. This definition reflects the fact that quantum
mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm technologies" to
refer to the broad range of research and applications whose common trait
is size.
Nanotechnology as defined by size is naturally very broad, including fields
of science as diverse as surface science, organic chemistry, molecular
biology, semiconductor physics, energy
storage, microfabrication, molecular engineering, etc. The associated
research and applications are equally diverse, ranging from extensions of
conventional device physics to completely new approaches based
upon molecular self-assembly, from developing new materials with
dimensions on the nanoscale to direct control of matter on the atomic scale.
Scientists currently debate the future implications of nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology may be able to create many new materials and devices
with a vast range of applications, such as
in nanomedicine, nanoelectronics, biomaterials energy production, and
consumer products. On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the
same issues as any new technology, including concerns about
the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials, and their potential
effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday
scenarios. These concerns have led to a debate among advocacy groups and
governments on whether special regulation of nanotechnology is
warranted.

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 2. HISTORY
Richard Feynman
Main article: There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom

Richard Feynman gave a 1959 talk which many years later inspired the
conceptual foundations of nanotechnology.
The American physicist Richard Feynman lectured, "There's Plenty of
Room at the Bottom," at an American Physical Society meeting
at Caltech on December 29, 1959, which is often held to have provided
inspiration for the field of nanotechnology. Feynman had described a
process by which the ability to manipulate individual atoms and molecules
might be developed, using one set of precise tools to build and operate
another proportionally smaller set, so on down to the needed scale. In the
course of this, he noted, scaling issues would arise from the changing
magnitude of various physical phenomena: gravity would become less
important, surface tension and Van der Waals attraction would become
more important.
After Feynman's death, a scholar studying the historical development of
nanotechnology has concluded that his actual role in catalyzing
nanotechnology research was limited, based on recollections from many of
the people active in the nascent field in the 1980s and 1990s. Chris
Toumey, a cultural anthropologist at the University of South Carolina,
found that the published versions of Feynman’s talk had a negligible
influence in the twenty years after it was first published, as measured by
citations in the scientific literature, and not much more influence in the
decade after the Scanning Tunneling Microscope was invented in 1981.
Subsequently, interest in “Plenty of Room” in the scientific literature
greatly increased in the early 1990s. This is probably because the term
“nanotechnology” gained serious attention just before that time, following
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its use by K. Eric Drexler in his 1986 book, Engines of Creation: The Coming
Era of Nanotechnology, which took the Feynman concept of a billion tiny
factories and added the idea that they could make more copies of
themselves via computer control instead of control by a human operator;
and in a cover article headlined "Nanotechnology", published later that
year in a mass-circulation science-oriented magazine, Omni. Toumey’s
analysis also includes comments from distinguished scientists in
nanotechnology who say that “Plenty of Room” did not influence their early
work, and in fact most of them had not read it until a later date.
These and other developments hint that the retroactive rediscovery of
Feynman’s “Plenty of Room” gave nanotechnology a packaged history that
provided an early date of December 1959, plus a connection to the
charisma and genius of Richard Feynman. Feynman's stature as a Nobel
laureate and as an iconic figure in 20th century science surely helped
advocates of nanotechnology and provided a valuable intellectual link to
the past.

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APPLICATION

One of the major applications of nanotechnology is in the area

of nanoelectronics with MOSFET's being made of small nanowires ≈10 nm
in length. Here is a simulation of such a nanowire.
Nanostructures provide this surface with superhydrophobicity, which
lets water droplets roll down the inclined plane.

Nanowire lasers for ultrafast transmission of information in light pulses

Main article: List of nanotechnology applications
As of August 21, 2008, the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies estimates
that over 800 manufacturer-identified nanotech products are publicly
available, with new ones hitting the market at a pace of 3–4 per week. The
project lists all of the products in a publicly accessible online database.
Most applications are limited to the use of "first generation" passive
nanomaterials which includes titanium dioxide in sunscreen, cosmetics,
surface coatings, and some food products; Carbon allotropes used to
produce gecko tape; silver in food packaging, clothing, disinfectants and
household appliances; zinc oxide in sunscreens and cosmetics, surface
coatings, paints and outdoor furniture varnishes; and cerium oxide as a fuel
catalyst.
Further applications allow tennis balls to last longer, golf balls to fly
straighter, and even bowling balls to become more durable and have a
harder surface. Trousers and socks have been infused with nanotechnology
so that they will last longer and keep people cool in the

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summer. Bandages are being infused with silver nanoparticles to heal cuts
fasterVideo game consoles and personal computers may become cheaper,
faster, and contain more memory thanks to nanotechnology.Also, to build
structures for on chip computing with light, for example on chip optical
quantum information processing, and picosecond transmission of
information.
Nanotechnology may have the ability to make existing medical applications
cheaper and easier to use in places like the general practitioner's office and
at home. Cars are being manufactured with nanomaterials so they may
need fewer metals and less fuel to operate in the future.
Scientists are now turning to nanotechnology in an attempt to develop
diesel engines with cleaner exhaust fumes. Platinum is currently used as
the diesel engine catalyst in these engines. The catalyst is what cleans the
exhaust fume particles. First a reduction catalyst is employed to take
nitrogen atoms from NOx molecules in order to free oxygen. Next the
oxidation catalyst oxidizes the hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide to form
carbon dioxide and water. Platinum is used in both the reduction and the
oxidation catalysts.Using platinum though, is inefficient in that it is
expensive and unsustainable. Danish company InnovationsFonden invested
DKK 15 million in a search for new catalyst substitutes using
nanotechnology. The goal of the project, launched in the autumn of 2014, is
to maximize surface area and minimize the amount of material required.
Objects tend to minimize their surface energy; two drops of water, for
example, will join to form one drop and decrease surface area. If the
catalyst's surface area that is exposed to the exhaust fumes is maximized,
efficiency of the catalyst is maximized. The team working on this project
aims to create nanoparticles that will not merge. Every time the surface is
optimized, material is saved. Thus, creating these nanoparticles will
increase the effectiveness of the resulting diesel engine catalyst—in turn
leading to cleaner exhaust fumes—and will decrease cost. If successful, the
team hopes to reduce platinum use by 25%.
Nanotechnology also has a prominent role in the fast developing field
of Tissue Engineering. When designing scaffolds, researchers attempt to
mimic the nanoscale features of a cell's microenvironment to direct its
differentiation down a suitable lineage. For example, when creating
scaffolds to support the growth of bone, researchers may
mimic osteoclast resorption pits.
Researchers have successfully used DNA origami-based nanobots capable
of carrying out logic functions to achieve targeted drug delivery in
cockroaches. It is said that the computational power of these nanobots can
be scaled up to that of a Commodore 64.
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Nanoelectronics
Main article: Nanoelectronics

See also: FinFET, Semiconductor device fabrication, and Transistor count

Commercial nanoelectronic semiconductor device fabrication began in the

2010s. In 2013, SK Hynix began commercial mass-production of
a 16 nm process,[74] TSMC began production of a
16 nm FinFET process, and Samsung Electronics began production of
[75]

a 10 nm process.[76] TSMC began production of a 7 nm process in

2017,[77] and Samsung began production of a 5 nm process in 2018.[78] In
2019, Samsung announced plans for the commercial production of a
3 nm GAAFET process by 2021.[79]
Commercial production of nanoelectronic semiconductor memory also
began in the 2010s. In 2013, SK Hynix began mass-production
of 16 nm NAND flash memory,[74] and Samsung began production
of 10 nm multi-level cell (MLC) NAND flash memory.[76] In
2017, TSMC began production of SRAM memory using a 7 nm process.[77]
Nanotechnology in india

One possible means of bridging the gap between India’s abundant, varied
natural resources and her ever-increasing requirements like clean water,
food and rapid, low cost diagnostic machinery is the use of nanotechnology,
write Arindam Ghosh and Yamuna Krishnan in the international journal
Nature Nanotechnology.
But what is nanotechnology? When we modify materials at their atomic
and molecular level, some very unusual and useful properties are
generated. Since the dimensions of atoms and molecule are in nanometers,
this technology is called nanotechnology. The resulting materials are called
nanomaterials. Nanomaterials can be used for wide variety of things,
ranging from purification of water to wrinkle free fabrics to curing cancer.
Self reliance in nanotechnology can make good use of the natural and
human resources India has and also help make India self reliant in sectors
like defence and anti-terrorism, write Ghosh and Krishnan. They present
data regarding India’s effort thus far to promote nanotechnology (see
accompanying infographic), and further discuss the successes, limitations
and the way forward. The article below is a short summary of their key
viewpoints.
Efforts to promote research in nanotechnology in India began early in the
millenium. The “NanoScience and Technology Initiative” started with a
funding of Rs. 60 crores . In 2007, the government launched a 5 year
program called Nano Mission with wider objectives and larger funding of
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USD 250 million. The funding spanned multiple areas like basic research in
nanotechnology, human resources development, infrastructure
development and international collaboration. Multiple institutions like
Department on Information Technology, Defence Research and
Development Organisation, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
and Department of Biotechnology provided the funding to researchers,
scholars and projects. National Centers for Nanofabrication and
Nanoelectronics were started in Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore and
Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai.
The efforts have paid off well. India published over 23000 papers in
nanoscience in the past 5 years. In 2013, India ranked third in the number
of papers published, behind only China and USA. There have been 300
patent applications in the Indian Patent Office in 2013, ten times that of
2006. Clearly, this points to the success of Nano Mission initiative.
But there is lot of room for improvement. The amount India spends on
nanotechnology research is still just a fraction of the research spending of
countries like Japan, USA, France and China. The quality of research has
shown only a little improvement from the NSTI phase (till 2006) to the
nano mission phase (post 2007). Only 16 papers from India appeared in the
top 1% of the publications in 2011. Also, the number of patents applied
from India to the US patent office contributes to only 0.2% of the total
applications.
Though people look at nanoscience and technology very positively, the
number of students following undergraduate and graduate degrees in the
area is low and career prospects still extremely limited. The number of
PhDs awarded in nanoscience and technology is about 150 per year; a very
small number compared to the target of producing 10,000 PhD students
annually over the next decade articulated by the Ministry of Human
Resource Development.
The contribution of the private sector to nanotechnology research has been
minimal. Research from academic institutions has indicated how much
impact nanotechnology can have on needs of Indian market. For example, a
team from IIT Madras has used nanotechnology for arsenic
decontamination of water. Another team from IIT Delhi has come up with a
water based self cleaning technology for use in textile industry. It is a
matter of concern that, in spite of such enormous potential, the private
sector is not investing enough in nanoscience research.
Nano technology holds great potential for India and a multi pronged
approach will ensure that this is fully leveraged. Funding should be
increased and long term funding which can accommodate coherent
research programs with high-impact outcome is needed. Various research
centers throughout India must work together so that the collective efforts

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can lead to better results. A highly equipped central facility should plan and
initiate research activities.
The administrative aspects of new projects shoule be streamlined. Most
importantly, remuneration for people trained in the field should increase,
to attract high calibre work force to join these research facilities.
The good news is that the Nano Mission has been extended till 2017 as
Phase II. Since nanotechnology is an emerging technology and India has
abundant skilled workforce, India can aim to become a global leader in
nanotechnology.
Future of nanotechnology
The future of nanotechnology has been a subject of many scientific and
nonscientific speculations, including several doomsday visions in popular
culture that predicted self-replicating nano particles taking part in massive
assaults on humanity and the environment. An example of such scenario is
given in Michael Crichton popular novel Prey, where "grey goo" self-
replicates and overwhelms the world... Dire predictions have accompanied
many new technologies at their infancy (for example robotics in the 1940s
and 1950s). The more futuristic visions of nanotechnology include on one
hand the envisioned use of nano-particles inside the body and the blood
stream (for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes), and on the other hand –
potential development of new weapons of mass destruction enabled by
nanotechnology.

Current products of nanotechnology are

much more ordinary – reinforced plastics for
the body of bicycles, stain-resistant clothes,
better cosmetics and healthcare products,
and tennis rackets reinforced with carbon
nanotubes.

Some authors who discussed the future of

nanotechnology differentiate Scanning electron
between incremental nanotechnology, evoluti microscopy of Silicon
onary nanotechnology, Carbide whiskers. Image
and radical nanotechnology. Incremental Credit: Katya Vishnyakova
nanotechnology is represented, for example, and Gleb Yushin,
by reinforcement of current materials by Drexel University
nano-scale devices – leading, as one
application, to development of better paints. Evolutionary nanotechnology
involves more sophisticated tasks such as sensing and analysis of the
environment by nano-structures, and a role for nanotechnology in signal

13
processing, medical imaging, and energy conversion. Applications include
targeted drug delivery and enhancement of components such as
transistors, solar cells, light emitting diodes, and diode lasers. Significant
improvements in the area of computing are expected from so-called
evolutionary computing, allowing faster processing, miniaturized
architectures, and increased storage.

Many of the more daring visions of nanotechnology emerge from the

original vision of Eric Drexler in the late 1980s (Engines of Creation: The
Coming Era of Nanotechnology). These anticipate the development of
complex structures for nano-scale fabrication, which employ tiny robots
and vehicles. Such concepts have been criticized sometimes for their
tendency to translate into the nano-scale architectures and structures from
other scales without paying enough attention to the impact of scaling on
the underlying physical laws – these laws often are not manifested at the
nano-scale as they are in larger scales. Alternative approaches that were
proposed include "taking a lead from nature" – replacing the previously
envisioned “hard” components (e.g., nano levers and cogs) by soft
materials and importing into the field of nanotechnology biological
principles observed in cells and small organisms. Relevant ideas include
the use of “molecular motors” that are incorporated into artificial
nanostructures, and miniaturization of existing microelectromechanical
systems (MEMS) into what has been dubbed nanoelectromechanical
systems (NEMS).

Scanning electron
microscopy of wood-
derived Silicon Carbide.
Image Credit: Katya
Vishnyakova and

14
An emerging field within nanotechnology is Gleb Yushin, Drexel
known as bionanotechnology, which is a University
synthetic technology based on the principles
and chemical pathways of living organisms. Bionanotechnology looks for
connections between molecular biology and nanotechnology – guiding the
development of machinery at the nano-scale by the structure and function
of natural nano-machines found in living cells.

As was the case with many new technologies, solid predictions of their
course of developments are difficult to make. If nanotechnology were to
follow the paths of other new technologies (digital communications, the
Internet) the early predictions – for the first ten years – would tend to
overestimate the impact of the technology (much less is achieved compared
to predictions); the long-term prediction – for the first 50-75 years – would
tend to underestimate that impact (much more is achieved compared to
predictions).
The Future of Nanotechnology

The future of nanotechnology has been a subject of many scientific and

nonscientific speculations, including several doomsday visions in popular
culture that predicted self-replicating nano particles taking part in massive
assaults on humanity and the environment. An example of such scenario is
given in Michael Crichton popular novel Prey, where "grey goo" self-
replicates and overwhelms the world... Dire predictions have accompanied
many new technologies at their infancy (for example robotics in the 1940s
and 1950s). The more futuristic visions of nanotechnology include on one
hand the envisioned use of nano-particles inside the body and the blood
stream (for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes), and on the other hand –
potential development of new weapons of mass destruction enabled by
nanotechnology.

Scanning electron
microscopy of Silicon

15
Current products of nanotechnology are Carbide whiskers. Image
much more ordinary – reinforced plastics for Credit: Katya Vishnyakova
the body of bicycles, stain-resistant clothes, and Gleb Yushin,
better cosmetics and healthcare products, Drexel University
and tennis rackets reinforced with carbon
nanotubes.

Some authors who discussed the future of nanotechnology differentiate

between incremental nanotechnology, evolutionary nanotechnology,
and radical nanotechnology. Incremental nanotechnology is represented,
for example, by reinforcement of current materials by nano-scale devices –
leading, as one application, to development of better paints. Evolutionary
nanotechnology involves more sophisticated tasks such as sensing and
analysis of the environment by nano-structures, and a role for
nanotechnology in signal processing, medical imaging, and energy
conversion. Applications include targeted drug delivery and enhancement
of components such as transistors, solar cells, light emitting diodes, and
diode lasers. Significant improvements in the area of computing are
expected from so-called evolutionary computing, allowing faster
processing, miniaturized architectures, and increased storage.

Many of the more daring visions of nanotechnology emerge from the

original vision of Eric Drexler in the late 1980s (Engines of Creation: The
Coming Era of Nanotechnology). These anticipate the development of
complex structures for nano-scale fabrication, which employ tiny robots
and vehicles. Such concepts have been criticized sometimes for their
tendency to translate into the nano-scale architectures and structures from
other scales without paying enough attention to the impact of scaling on
the underlying physical laws – these laws often are not manifested at the
nano-scale as they are in larger scales. Alternative approaches that were
proposed include "taking a lead from nature" – replacing the previously
envisioned “hard” components (e.g., nano levers and cogs) by soft
materials and importing into the field of nanotechnology biological
principles observed in cells and small organisms. Relevant ideas include
the use of “molecular motors” that are incorporated into artificial
nanostructures, and miniaturization of existing microelectromechanical
systems (MEMS) into what has been dubbed nanoelectromechanical
systems (NEMS).

16
An emerging field within nanotechnology is
known as bionanotechnology, which is a
synthetic technology based on the principles
and chemical pathways of living organisms.
Bionanotechnology looks for connections
between molecular biology and
nanotechnology – guiding the development of
machinery at the nano-scale by the structure
and function of natural nano-machines found
in living cells.

As was the case with many new technologies, Scanning electron

solid predictions of their course of microscopy of wood-
developments are difficult to make. If derived Silicon Carbide.
nanotechnology were to follow the paths of Image Credit: Katya
other new technologies (digital Vishnyakova and
communications, the Internet) the early Gleb Yushin, Drexel
predictions – for the first ten years – would University
tend to overestimate the impact of the
technology (much less is achieved compared to predictions); the long-term
prediction – for the first 50-75 years – would tend to underestimate that
impact (much more is achieved compared to predictions).

Advantages of Nanotechnology
To enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of nanotechnology, let us
first run through the good things this technology brings:

 Nanotechnology can actually revolutionize a lot of electronic products,

procedures, and applications. The areas that benefit from the continued
development of nanotechnology when it comes to electronic products
include nano transistors, nano diodes, OLED, plasma displays, quantum
computers, and many more.
 Nanotechnology can also benefit the energy sector. The development of
more effective energy-producing, energy-absorbing, and energy
storage products in smaller and more efficient devices is possible with
this technology. Such items like batteries, fuel cells, and solar cells can
be built smaller but can be made to be more effective with this
technology.
 Another industry that can benefit from nanotechnology is the
manufacturing sector that will need materials like nanotubes, aerogels,

17
 nano particles, and other similar items to produce their products with.
These materials are often stronger, more durable, and lighter than
those that are not produced with the help of nanotechnology.
 In the medical world, nanotechnology is also seen as a boon since these
can help with creating what is called smart drugs. These help cure
people faster and without the side effects that other traditional drugs
have. You will also find that the research of nanotechnology in
medicine is now focusing on areas like tissue regeneration, bone repair,
immunity and even cures for such ailments like cancer, diabetes, and
other life threatening diseases.

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Disadvantages

An area of concern is the effect that industrial-scale manufacturing and use

of nanomaterials would have on human health and the environment, as
suggested by nanotoxicology research. For these reasons, some groups
advocate that nanotechnology be regulated by governments. Others
counter that overregulation would stifle scientific research and the
development of beneficial innovations. Public health research agencies,
such as the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health are
actively conducting research on potential health effects stemming from
exposures to nanoparticles.
Some nanoparticle products may have unintended consequences.
Researchers have discovered that bacteriostatic silver nanoparticles used
in socks to reduce foot odor are being released in the wash. These particles
are then flushed into the waste water stream and may destroy bacteria
which are critical components of natural ecosystems, farms, and waste
treatment processes.
Public deliberations on risk perception in the US and UK carried out by the
Center for Nanotechnology in Society found that participants were more
positive about nanotechnologies for energy applications than for health
applications, with health applications raising moral and ethical dilemmas
such as cost and availability.
Experts, including director of the Woodrow Wilson Center's Project on
Emerging Nanotechnologies David Rejeski, have testifiedthat successful
commercialization depends on adequate oversight, risk research strategy,
and public engagement. Berkeley, California is currently the only city in the
United States to regulate nanotechnology; Cambridge, Massachusetts in
2008 considered enacting a similar law, but ultimately rejected it. Relevant
for both research on and application of nanotechnologies,
the insurability of nanotechnology is contested.Without state regulation of
nanotechnology, the availability of private insurance for potential damages
is seen as necessary to ensure that burdens are not socialised implicitly.
Over the next several decades, applications of nanotechnology will likely
include much higher-capacity computers, active materials of various kinds,
and cellular-scale biomedical devices.
Health and environmental concerns

19
A video on the health and safety implications of nanotechnology
Main articles: Health and safety hazards of nanomaterials and Pollution from
nanomaterials
Nanofibers are used in several areas and in different products, in
snanoparticles and nanofibers may lead to a number of pulmonary
diseases, e.g. fibrosis. Researchers have found that when rats breathed in
nanoparticles, the particles settled in the brain and lungs, which led to
significant increases in biomarkers for inflammation and stress
response[91] and that nanoparticles induce skin aging through oxidative
stress in hairless mice.
A two-year study at UCLA's School of Public Health found lab mice
consuming nano-titanium dioxide showed DNA and chromosome damage
to a degree "linked to all the big killers of man, namely cancer, heart
disease, neurological disease and aging".
A major study published more recently in Nature Nanotechnology suggests
some forms of carbon nanotubes – a poster child for the "nanotechnology
revolution" – could be as harmful as asbestos if inhaled in sufficient
quantities. Anthony Seaton of the Institute of Occupational Medicine in
Edinburgh, Scotland, who contributed to the article on carbon
nanotubes said "We know that some of them probably have the potential to
cause mesothelioma. So those sorts of materials need to be handled very
carefully."In the absence of specific regulation forthcoming from
governments, Paull and Lyons (2008) have called for an exclusion of
engineered nanoparticles in food. A newspaper article reports that workers
in a paint factory developed serious lung disease and nanoparticles were
found in their lungs.

Conclusion
As a conclusion to this topic I would like to say that Nanotechnology is a
brand new technology that has just began, it is a revolutionary science that
will change all what we knew before. The future that we were watching just
in science fiction movies will in the near future be real. This new
technology will first of all, keep us healthy because of nanorobots that will
repair every damage that we have in our body.Secondly it will give
scientists the ability to manipulate the combination of atoms in an object
and to turn it into a lighter, stronger, and more durable object than before,

20
just by using carbon nanotubes that are known to be a hundred times
stronger than steel and in addition to that they are very flexible. That will
lead to the creation of objects that can change their forms and have
multiple purposes as the Nokia Morph for example which is a prototype
that will soon be out on the market. Thirdly, Nanotechnology will give us an
abundant energy because it will transform energy more effectively, for
example windmills which are known to have the ability to transform wind
energy into electrical energy, well new windmills that will
use Nanotechnology will have lighter and stronger blades (using carbon
nanotubes) that will transform a lot more energy than before.
Nanotechnology covers a lot of domains today and will cover a lot more in
the near future, it is infinitely big and will make a lot of inventions come
true like teleportation for example which scintists are working on today.
Publié par marwan

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