.

Strength of Materials CH-1: Stresses Class: 2 Mechanical Eng

Chapter One: Simple Stress

1-2 STRESS

Stress (‫)االجهاد‬: the intensity of the internal forces over the cross section area of a stressed
body

Strain (‫)االنفعال‬: is a geometric quantity that measures the deformation of a body

Internal Forces: forces that act on cross sections those are internal to the body itself

External Forces: forces those act on the body, those are external to the body itself

Rigid Body: that is, for which the change in shape (deformation) can be neglected.

Types of Stresses:

1-3 SIMPLE STRESSES

1-3-1 Axial Stress

Figure 1.2(a) shows a bar of constant cross-

sectional area A. The ends of the bar carry uniformly
distributed normal loads of intensity (units: Pa or
psi).

We know from statics that when the loading is

uniform, its resultant passes through the centroid of
the loaded area. Therefore, the resultant of
each end load acts along the centroidal axis of the Fig. 1-2 axial stress
bar, as shown in Fig. 1.2(b). The internal forces
acting on all cross sections are also uniformly distributed. Therefore, the normal stress acting
at any point on a cross section is

Note that, the normal stress may be tensile or compressive depending on the direction of
the normal force P.

1-3-2 Shear stress

Shear stress is tangent to the plane on which it acts. Shear stress arises whenever the
applied loads cause one section of a body to slide past its adjacent section. Three examples of
direct shear stress are illustrated in Fig. 1.3.

a) Single shear in a rivet;

b) Double shear in a bolt; and
c) Shear in a metal sheet produced by a punch.

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 .Strength of Materials CH-1: Stresses Class: 2 Mechanical Eng

The average shear stress can be computed from,

Where V is the shear force acts the sheared area, A.

Fig. 1-3 Examples of direct shear.

1-3-3 Bearing Stress

If two bodies are pressed against each other, compressive forces are developed on the area
of contact. The pressure caused by these surface loads is called bearing stress. Example of
bearing stress is the contact pressure between a rivet and the side of its hole as shown in Fig
1.4. If the bearing stress is large enough, it can locally crush the material.
The bearing stress is assumed to be uniformly distributed over a projected area , that
is

Fig. 1-4 Example of bearing stress

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 .Strength of Materials CH-1: Stresses Class: 2 Mechanical Eng

Example 1.1

For the truss shown in Fig. (a), calculate the normal stresses in (1) member AC; and (2)
member BD. The cross-sectional area of each member is 900 mm2.

Solution:

Equilibrium analysis using the FBD of the entire truss in Fig. (a) gives the following
values for the external reactions: Ay = 40 kN, Hy = 60 kN, and Hx = 0.

For pin A :

∑ ,

∑ ,

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 .Strength of Materials CH-1: Stresses Class: 2 Mechanical Eng

To determine the force in member BD, we see that section 1 in Fig. (a) cuts through
members BD, BE, and CE. Fig(c):

∑ ,

Example 1.2

The lap joint shown in Fig. (a) is

fastened by four rivets of 19 mm in
diameter. Find the maximum load P that
can be applied if the working stresses are
100 MPa for shear in the rivet and 125 MPa
for bearing in the plate. Assume that the
applied load is distributed evenly among
the four rivets, and neglect friction between
the plates.

Solution:

modes of failure (Example 1.2)

1 2 3

tensile in plates shear in rivets bearing (rivet-plate)

1- Design for normal Stress (tensile) in the plate: (no data, neglect it)
2- Design for Shear Stress in Rivets:

from the FBD ,

∑ ,

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 .Strength of Materials CH-1: Stresses Class: 2 Mechanical Eng

3- Design for Bearing Stress between the plate and the rivets.

4- Choose the Correct Answer

The maximum safe load P that can be applied to the lap joint is:

Example 1.3

The steel tie bar shown is to be designed to carry a tension force of magnitude P =120 kN
when bolted between two brackets at A and B. The bar fabricated from 20-mm-thick plate.
For the grade of steel to be used, the maximum allowable stresses are: =175 MPa, =100
MPa, b=350 MPa. Design the tie bar by
determining the required values of (a) the
diameter d of the bolt, (b) the dimension b at each
end of the bar, (c) the dimension h of the bar.

Solution:

a. Diameter of the Bolt.

∑ ,

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 .Strength of Materials CH-1: Stresses Class: 2 Mechanical Eng

Check the bearing stress between the pin and

the rod eye,

b. Dimension b at Each End of the Bar.

Stress at the bar end (eye)

c. Height h of the Bar.

Problems:

P. 1The cross-sectional area of bar

ABCD is 600 mm2. Determine
the maximum normal stress in
the bar.
[58.3 MPa T]

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 .Strength of Materials CH-1: Stresses Class: 2 Mechanical Eng

P. 2The bar in the figure (a) has a

constant width of 35 mm and a
thickness of 10 mm. Determine
the maximum average normal
stress in the bar when it is
subjected to the loading shown.

[85.7 MPa]

P. 3A steel tube, 25 mm outside diameter and 12mm inside diameter, carries an axial tensile
load of 40 kN. What will be the stress in the bar? What further increase in load is
possible if the stress in the bar is limited to 225 MN/m2?
[l06 MN/m2; 85 kN.]

P. 4Define the term shear stress, illustrating your answer by means of a simple sketch.
P. 5Two circular bars, one of brass and the other of steel, are to be loaded by a shear load of
30 kN. Determine the necessary diameter of the bars (a) in single shear, (b) in double
shear, if the shear stress in the two materials must not exceed 50 MN/m2 and 100 MN/m2
respectively.
[27.6, 19.5, 19.5, 13.8 mm.]
P. 6A simple turnbuckle arrangement is constructed from a 40 mm outside diameter tube
threaded internally at each end to take two rods of 25 mm outside diameter with threaded
ends. What will be the nominal stresses set up in the tube and the rods, ignoring thread
depth, when the turnbuckle carries an axial load of 30 kN? Assuming a sufficient
strength of thread, what maximum load can be transmitted by the turnbuckle if the
maximum stress is limited to 180 MN/m2?
[39.2, 61.1 MN/m2, 88.4 kN.]
P. 7The coupling shown in Fig. is
constructed from steel of
rectangular cross-section and
is designed to transmit a tensile
force of 50 kN. If the bolt is of
15 mm diameter calculate:
(a) the shear stress in the bolt;
(b) the direct stress in the plate;
(c) the direct stress in the forked
end plate of the coupling.
(d) the bearing stress between the
plate and the bolt
(e) the bearing stress between the
forked end plate and the bolt
[141.5, 178.6, 119, 416.7, 277.8 MPa]
P. 8A hollow steel tube with an inside
diameter of 80 mm must carry an axial
tensile load of 330 kN. Determine the
smallest allowable outside diameter of
the tube if the working stress is 110
MN/m2

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 .Strength of Materials CH-1: Stresses Class: 2 Mechanical Eng

P. 9Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC

are welded together at B and loaded as
shown. Knowing that the average
normal stress must not exceed 175 MPa
in rod AB and 150 MPa in rod BC,
determine the smallest allowable values
of d1 and d2.
P. 10
Determine the maximum force P that
can be applied to the rod if it is made of
material having a yield stress of 250
MPa. Consider the possibility that
failure occurs in the rod and at section
a–a.

P. 11
The belt assembly is to be subjected to
a force of 800 N. Determine (a) the
required thickness t of the belt if the
allowable tensile stress for the material
is (allow)b = 10 MPa. (b) the required
lap length if the glue dl can sustain an
allowable shear stress of (allow)g = 0.75
MPa. and (c) the required diameter of
the pin dr if the allowable shear stress
for the pin is (allow)p = 30 MPa.

P. 12
The lever is attached to the shaft A
using a key that has a width d and
length of 25 mm. If the shaft is fixed
and a vertical force of 200 N is applied
perpendicular to the handle, determine
the dimension d if the allowable shear
stress for the key is allow = 35 MPa.

P. 13
For the joint shown in the figure,
calculate (a) the largest bearing stress
between the pin and the members; (b)
the average shear stress in the pin; and
(c) the largest average normal stress in
the members.

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 ‫‪ ١٠:١٣ ١٩/١١/٢٠٢١‬ﺹ‬

‫‪-١‬ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ﻓﺭﺩﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺗﺩﻳﺔ ‪Cotter Joint‬‬

‫ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺗﺩﻳﺔ )ﻭﺍﺟﺏ ﺑﻳﺗﻲ(‬

‫ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻣﻭﺡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﺟﺯﺍء ﺍﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻣﺑﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ‬

‫‪450‬‬ ‫‪180‬‬ ‫‪250‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
 ‫‪ ١٠:١٣ ١٩/١١/٢٠٢١‬ﺹ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺣﺳﺎﺑﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻣﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ •‬

‫ﺍﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺷﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺗﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻓﺷﻝ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﺩ ‪ rod‬ﺑﺎﻟﺷﺩ‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﻓﺷﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﺩﺍﻥ ‪ rods‬ﺑﺎﻟﺷﺩ‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺷﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺳﺣﻖ )ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻣﻳﻝ ( ‪crushing‬‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫)‪ (bearing‬ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺗﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﺩ‬
‫ﻓﺷﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺑﻭﺏ ‪ socket‬ﺑﺎﻟﺷﺩ‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫ﻓﺷﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﺗﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺹ‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫ﻓﺷﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺑﻭﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺣﻣﻳﻝ‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬
‫ﻓﺷﻝ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻻﻧﺑﻭﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺹ‬ ‫‪.٧‬‬
‫ﻓﺷﻝ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﺩ ‪ rod end‬ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺹ‬ ‫‪.٨‬‬
‫ﻓﺷﻝ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﻧﺎﺩ ‪ collar‬ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺣﻣﻳﻝ‬ ‫‪.٩‬‬
‫ﻓﺷﻝ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﻧﺎﺩ ‪ collar‬ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺹ‬ ‫‪.٠١‬‬
‫ﻓﺷﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﺗﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﻧﺎﻳﺔ ‪bending‬‬ ‫‪.١١‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
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‫ﺍﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺷﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺗﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫‪ .١‬ﻓﺷﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﺩﺍﻥ ‪ rods‬ﺑﺎﻟﺷﺩ‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﻓﺷﻝ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﺩ ‪ rod‬ﺑﺎﻟﺷﺩ‬

‫‪ .٣‬ﺍﻟﻔﺷﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺣﻣﻳﻝ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺗﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻅﻠﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻭﺩ ﺗﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻣﻳﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺷﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺗﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫‪ .٤‬ﻓﺷﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺑﻭﺏ ‪ socket‬ﺑﺎﻟﺷﺩ‬

‫‪ .٥‬ﻓﺷﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﺗﺩ ‪ cotter‬ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺹ‬

‫‪ .٦‬ﺍﻟﻔﺷﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺣﻣﻳﻝ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺗﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺑﻭﺏ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻅﻠﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻭﺩ ﺗﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻣﻳﻝ‬

‫‪3‬‬
 ‫‪ ١٠:١٣ ١٩/١١/٢٠٢١‬ﺹ‬

‫ﺍﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺷﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺗﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫‪ .٧‬ﻓﺷﻝ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻻﻧﺑﻭﺏ ‪ socket‬ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺹ‬

‫‪ .٨‬ﻓﺷﻝ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﺩ ‪ rod end‬ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺹ‬

‫ﺍﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺷﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺗﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫‪ .٩‬ﻓﺷﻝ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﻧﺎﺩ ‪ collar‬ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺣﻣﻳﻝ‬

‫‪ .٠١‬ﻓﺷﻝ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﻧﺎﺩ ‪ collar‬ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺹ‬

‫‪4‬‬
 MACHINE DESIGN CH2: MATERIALS 3RD YEAR - MECH. ENG

‫االفنعال – و مالمل االملن‬

2.1. Introduction

The selection of a material for a machine part or a structural member is one of the most
important decisions the designer is called on to make. The decision is usually made before the
dimensions of the part are established. After choosing the process of creating the desired
geometry and the material (the two cannot be divorced), the designer can proportion the
member so that loss of function can be avoided or the chance of loss of function can be held
to an acceptable risk.

2.2. Material Strength and Stiffness

Figure 2–l illustrates a typical tension-test specimen and its characteristic dimensions. The
original diameter d0, gauge length l0, used to measure the deflections, are recorded before the
test is begun. The specimen is then mounted in the test machine and slowly loaded in tension
while the load P and deflection are observed. The load is converted to stress by the
calculation:

(2-1)

where is the original area of the specimen.

FIG. 2.1 A typical tension-test specimen.

The normal strain is calculated from

(2-2)
For plastic region strain can be related to areas as:

(2-3)

Ao is the original area, and A is the instantaneous area.

At the conclusion of, or during, the test, the results are plotted as a stress-strain diagram.
Figure 2–2 depicts typical stress-strain diagrams for ductile and brittle materials. Ductile
materials deform much more than brittle materials. Point pl in Fig. 2–2a is called the
proportional limit. This is the point at which the curve first begins to deviate from a straight
line. No permanent set will be observable in the specimen if the load is removed at this point.
In the linear range, the uniaxial stress-strain relation is given by Hooke’s law

(2-4)

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where E is the modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus. The units of E are the same as
the units of stress—that is, Pa or psi. For steel, E = 29 x106 psi, or 200 GPa, approximately.
Note that Hooke’s law does not apply to the entire diagram; its validity ends at the
proportional limit. Beyond this point, stress is no longer proportional to strain.

FIG. 2.2 Stress-strain diagram obtained from the standard tensile test (a) Ductile material; (b) brittle
material

The engineering strain given by Eq. (2–2) is based on net change in length from the
original length. In plotting the true stress-strain diagram, see Fig 2-3, It is customary to use a
term called true strain or, sometimes, logarithmic strain. True strain is the sum of the
incremental elongations divided by the current gauge length at load P, or

∫ (2-5)

FIG. 2.3 Stress-strain diagram obtained from the standard

tension test on a structural steel specimen.

Elastic Limit: The elastic limit is, as its name implies, the stress beyond which the
material is no longer elastic. The permanent deformation that remains after the removal of the
load is called the permanent set. The elastic limit is slightly larger than the proportional limit.

Yield Point: The point where the stress-strain diagram becomes almost horizontal is
called the yield point, and the corresponding stress is known is the yield stress or yield

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 MACHINE DESIGN CH2: MATERIALS 3RD YEAR - MECH. ENG

strength. Beyond the yield point there is an appreciable elongation, or yielding, of the
material without a corresponding increase in load.

For materials that do not have a well-defined yield point, yield stress is determined by the
offset method. 0.2%

Ultimate Stress: The ultimate stress or ultimate strength, as it is often called, is the
highest stress on the stress-strain curve.

Rupture Stress: it is the stress at which failure occurs.

FIG. 2.4 Stress-strain diagrams for FIG. 2.5 Determining the yield point
various materials that fail without by the 0.2% offset method.
significant yielding

The true rupture strength is calculated using the reduced area of the cross section where
the fracture occurred. The difference in the two values results from a phenomenon known as
necking.

FIG. 2.6 Failed tensile test specimen showing necking

2.3. Working (allowable) stress and factor of safety

The working stress w, also called the allowable stress, all is the maximum safe stress
used in design. It is customary to base the allowable stress on either the yield strength or
the ultimate strength , divided by a suitable number N, called the factor of safety. Thus,

(2-6)

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For most ductile materials the compressive strengths are about the same as the tensile
strengths that means Sut = Suc for steels. When substantial differences occur between tensile
and compressive strengths, however, as is the case with the cast irons, the tensile strength Sut
and compressive strength Suc should be stated separately.

2.4. Hardness

The resistance of a material to penetration by a pointed tool is called hardness. There are
many hardness-measuring systems such as:

1- Rockwell hardness tests: HRC and HRB

2- Brinell hardness is another test in very general use.

For steels, the relationship between the minimum ultimate strength and the Brinell
hardness number for 200 ≤ ≤ 450 is found to be

{ (2-7)

Similar relationships for cast iron can be derived

{ (2-8)

, and are material properties to be selected from tables as can be seen in this
textbook (see tables A-20 to A-25)

table A-20 for hot rolled (HR) and cold drawn (CD) steels

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table A-21 for some heat treated steels

table A-24 for three non-steel metals (gray cast iron, aluminum alloys, and titanium alloys)

2.5. Units:

In the symbolic units equation for Newton’s second law, F = ma,

(2-9)
F stands for force, M for mass, L for length, and T for time. Units chosen for any three of
these quantities are called base units.

The first three having been chosen, the fourth unit is called a derived unit.

1- The International System of Units (SI) is an absolute system. The base units are the meter, the
kilogram (for mass), and the second. The unit of force is derived by using Newton’s second
law and is called the newton. The units constituting the newton (N) are

The weight of an object is the force exerted upon it by gravity. Designating the weight as
W and the acceleration due to gravity as g, we have

With SI units, standard gravity is 9.806 or about 9.81 m/s. Thus, the weight of a 1kg mass
is

( )

2- In customary foot-pound-second system (fps) and the inch-pound-second system (ips) are the
two standard gravitational systems most used by engineers.

In the fps system the unit of mass is

In the fps system, the standard gravity is g = 32.2 ft/s2

Thus the weight of a mass of 1 slug in the fps system is

W = mg = (1 slug)(32.2 ft /s2) = 32.2 lbf

Problems

2.1. Determine the minimum tensile and yield strengths for AISI 1040 cold-drawn steel.

Solution: from table A-20 in your textbook

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 MACHINE DESIGN CH2: MATERIALS 3RD YEAR - MECH. ENG

2.2. Determine the minimum tensile and yield strengths for UNS G10500 hot-rolled steel.
2.3. For the materials in Probs. 2–1 and 2–2, compare the following properties: minimum
tensile and yield strengths, ductility, and stiffness.
2.4. The stress-strain data from a tensile test on a cast-iron specimen are

Engineering
35 70 112 133 182 224 280 332 343 378
stress MPa
Engineering
strain x 10-3 0.2 0.44 0.8 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.8 3.4 4.0 5.0
mm/mm
Plot the stress-strain locus and find the 0.1 percent offset yield strength, and the tangent
modulus of elasticity at zero stress and at 140 MPa.

2.5. A specimen of medium-carbon steel having an initial diameter of 12.75 mm was

tested in tension using a gauge length of 50 mm. The following data were obtained for the
elastic and plastic states:

ELASTIC STATE PLASTIC STATE

Elongation Load P
Load P (kN) mm (kN) Area Ai mm2
4.5 0.010 39 128
8.9 0.015 41 127.6
13.4 0.025 40.5 126.6
17.8 0.033 59 124
31.2 0.058 68 121
37.4 0.071 76 101
39.2 0.091 73 84
41 0.226 66 70
Note that there is some overlap in the data.

a- Plot the engineering or nominal stress-strain diagram using two scales for the unit
strain , one from zero to about 0.058 mm/mm
b- and the other from zero to maximum strain. From this diagram find the modulus of
elasticity, the 0.2 percent offset yield strength, the ultimate strength.
2.6. The Brinell hardness test of a steel bar was measured to be 250HB. What in the
approximate tensile strength?
2.7. A metal has strength of 414 MPa at its elastic limit and the strain at that point is
0.002. What is its modulus of elasticity? What if the strain energy in the elastic limit?
Assume the metal has a diameter of 12.8 mm and a length of 51 mm. can you define the type
of the metal?

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2.8. For a certain machine part a factor of factor 2.0 is required. What is the maximum
stress that can be imposed for the following materials?

AISI 1040, AISI 1035, SAE 1006, UNS G10600

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 Stress concentrations can arise from some irregularity not inherent in the member, such as tool
marks, holes, notches, grooves, or threads.

A theoretical, or geometric, stress-concentration factor Kt or Kts is used to relate the actual

maximum stress at the discontinuity to the nominal stress. The factors are defined by the equations

where Kt is used for normal stresses and Kts for shear stresses. The nominal stress or is the
stress calculated by using the elementary stress equations and the net area, or net cross section

In static loading, stress-concentration factors are applied as follows. In ductile materials, the
stress-concentration factor is not usually applied to predict the critical stress, because plastic strain
in the region of the stress concentration is localized and has a strengthening effect. In brittle
materials, the geometric stress- concentration factor Kt is applied to the nominal stress before
comparing it with strength

For dynamic loading, the stress concentration effect is significant for both ductile and brittle
materials and must always be taken into account
EXAMPLE 3–13 The 2-mm-thick bar shown in Fig. 3–30 is loaded axially with a constant force of
10 kN. The bar material has been heat treated and quenched to raise its strength, but as a
consequence it has lost most of its ductility. It is desired to drill a hole through the center of the 40-
mm face of the plate to allow a cable to pass through it. A 4-mm hole is sufficient for the cable to
fit, but an 8-mm drill is readily available. Will a crack be more likely to initiate at the larger hole,
the smaller hole, or at the fillet?
3. A rotary blade rotates at 3500 rev/min. The steel blade has a uniform cross section 3 mm
thickness by 30 mm in wide, and has a 12 mm-diameter hole in the center as shown in the
figure. Estimate the maximum tensile stress at the central section due to rotation. Use steel
density as 7800 kg/m3
‫‪Machine Design‬‬ ‫‪Combined Stresses‬‬ ‫‪3RD Class/Mechanical Engg.‬‬

‫االجهادات المركبة‬

‫عمودي ‪ -‬قص‬ ‫عمودي ‪ -‬عمودي‬

‫عزم انحناء مع عزم التواء مع قوة‬ ‫عزم التواء مع قوة‬ ‫عزم انحناء مع عزم‬ ‫عزم انحناء مع قوة محورية‬
‫محورية‬ ‫محورية‬ ‫التواء‬

‫اوال‪ :‬االجهاد المركب ( عمودي – عمودي) (عزم انحناء مع قوة محورية)‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫في حالة وجود اجهاد مركب مكون من عزم حناية وقوة محورية كما‬
‫المرر لإلجهاد‬ ‫في الشكل(‪ ،)1‬فان االجهاد يكون حالل المم‬
‫الناتج من القوة م االجهاد الناتج من عزم االنحناء‪ .‬م مراعاة اتماه‬
‫االجهاد بحيث يكون موجبا اذا كان شديا وسالبا اذا كان ضغطيا كما‬
‫في المثال االتي المرين بالشكل فإن االجهاد في نقطة ‪ A‬يكون اجهاد‬
‫ضغط (سالب) ناتج من القوة ‪ P‬م اجهاد انحناء شد (موجب) ناتج‬
‫حيث أن ‪ A‬مساحة المقط‬ ‫من العزم ‪ M‬فيكون‬
‫‪ ،AB‬و ‪ I‬عزم القصور الذاتي لمساحة المقط اما االجهاد في النقطة‬
‫‪ ،‬وبشكل عام نستطي ان نقول ان‬ ‫‪ ،B‬فيكون‬
‫الشكل (‪)1‬‬
‫االجهاد على المقط ‪ AB‬يساو‬

‫)‪(1‬‬

‫مثال ‪:1‬‬
‫القاعدة المرينة بالشكل(‪ )2‬معرضة الى قوة مقدارها ‪ ،25 kN‬باالتماه المرين‪ .‬جد االجهادات العمودية في ‪ A‬و‪B‬‬

‫الشكل (‪)2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪Prepared by Dr. Hazim Khaleel‬‬

 ‫‪Machine Design‬‬ ‫‪Combined Stresses‬‬ ‫‪3RD Class/Mechanical Engg.‬‬

‫عزم االنحناء على المقط ‪ AB‬يمكن حسابه بسهولة بإيماد محصلة العزوم (نفرض العزم موجبا عكس عقرب الساعة)‬

‫التقعر في العارضة االفقية يكون باتماه‬ ‫تشير االشارة السالبة للعزم الى ان عزم االنحناء باتماه عقرب الساعة ا‬
‫االسفل مما ينتج عنه اجهاد شد (موجب) للنقطة ‪ A‬واجهاد ضغط (سالب) للنقطة ‪B‬‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫مثال ‪2‬‬
‫الوللة المرينة بالشكل(‪ )3‬مصنوعة‬
‫‪GCI-‬‬ ‫من حديد الزهر الرماد‬
‫معامل‬ ‫كان‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫‪،ASTM-20‬‬
‫األمان ‪ ،nu=4‬جد اكرر قوة يمكن ان‬
‫تتحملها الوللة علما ان مقطعها‬
‫) كما مرين بالشكل‬ ‫العرضي (‬
‫الشكل (‪)3‬‬
‫الحل‪:‬‬
‫) يمكن حسابها لتعطي‪:‬‬ ‫موالفات المقط (‬
‫̅‬

‫على المقط ‪AB‬‬ ‫نستردل القوة ‪ P‬بقوة ‪ P‬وعزم ازدواج‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Prepared by Dr. Hazim Khaleel‬‬

 ‫‪Machine Design‬‬ ‫‪Combined Stresses‬‬ ‫‪3RD Class/Mechanical Engg.‬‬

‫اجهاد الضغط الناتج من القوة ‪ P‬متساو على النقطتين ‪ A‬و ‪B‬‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫اجهاد االنحناء على النقطتين ‪ A‬و ‪ B‬يكون ‪:‬‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫االجهاد الكلي على كل من النقطتين ‪ A‬و ‪ B‬ينتج من تممي االجهاد الناتج من القوة ‪ P‬واالجهاد الناتج من العزم ‪M‬‬
‫لكل منهما‪:‬‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫) للمعدن‪ ،‬كما يلي‪:‬‬ ‫بعد ايماد االجهاد في النقطتين نقارن االجهاد م مقاومة المعدن ا م االجهاد المسموح به (‬

‫من المدول ‪ A-24‬الخاص بموالفات حديد الزهر نمد مقاومة الشد والضغط لحديد الزهر نوع ‪ASTM-20‬‬

‫قيمة ‪ P‬التي تمعل النقطة ‪ A‬تصل الى اعلى اجهاد شد مسموح به ستكون‪:‬‬

‫أما قيمة ‪ P‬التي تمعل النقطة ‪ B‬تصل الى اعلى اجهاد ضغط مسموح به ستكون‪:‬‬

‫آل‬

‫لذا فإن أكرر قوة ‪ P‬مسموح بها ستكون‪:‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Prepared by Dr. Hazim Khaleel‬‬

 ‫‪Machine Design‬‬ ‫‪Combined Stresses‬‬ ‫‪3RD Class/Mechanical Engg.‬‬

‫‪ ‬ثانيا‪ :‬اجهاد مركب (عمودي – قص) وله ثالث حاالت‪:‬‬

‫الحالة االولى‪ :‬عزم انحناء مع عزم التواء ‪Bending with Torsion‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫الحالة االولى عندما يكون لدينا حمل مركب من عزم التواء ‪ T‬وعزم انحناء ‪ ،M‬كما مرين في الشكل(‪ )4‬أو عزم التواء‬
‫وعزم انحناء ناتج من قوة كما في الشكل(‪ )5‬فان النقطة ‪ A‬معرضة الى عزم التواء وعزم انحناء ناتج من القوة ‪ ،F‬أو قوة‬
‫واحدة مائلة يمكن تحليلها لتولد عزم التواء وعزمي انحناء على النقطة ‪ A‬كما في الشكل(‪)6‬‬

‫شكل(‪)6‬‬ ‫شكل(‪)5‬‬ ‫شكل(‪)4‬‬

‫يمكن ايماد اقصى اجهاد عمود واقصى اجهاد قص من المعادلتين االتيتين‬

‫) (√‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫)‪(2‬‬
‫) (√‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫و‬ ‫اذا طبقنا هاتين المعادلتين على القضبان واالعمدة الدائرية المصمتة ‪ solid‬فان‬

‫) (‬ ‫) (‬

‫)‪(3‬‬

‫وبتعويض المعادلتين ‪ 3‬في المعادلتين ‪ 2‬نحصل على‪:‬‬

‫(√‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫√‬

‫)‪(4‬‬
‫(√‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫( [‬ ‫√‬ ‫])‬

‫يمثل حالل قسمة المقاومة على‬ ‫وبتبسيط المعادلتين اعاله وادخال االجهاد المسموح به او االجهاد التصميمي الذ‬
‫) نحصل على‪:‬‬ ‫أو‬ ‫معامل االمان ليكون مساويا لإلجهاد االقصى (‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Prepared by Dr. Hazim Khaleel‬‬

 ‫‪Machine Design‬‬ ‫‪Combined Stresses‬‬ ‫‪3RD Class/Mechanical Engg.‬‬

‫√‬
‫)‪(5‬‬
‫(‬ ‫√‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫تستخدم المعادلتان ‪ 5‬إليماد اقصى اجهاد مركب (عزم انحناء م عزم التواء) وكذلك لحساب القطر اذا كان ممهوال‬
‫مثال ‪3‬‬
‫قضيب مصمت ‪ solid‬مصنوع من الصلب ‪ AISI 1020 HR‬معرض الى حمل مركب من ‪ T=1200 N.m‬و‬
‫‪M=900 N.m‬‬
‫‪ ،‬جد قطر العمود‬ ‫اذا كان معامل االمان ‪ ny=2.0‬و‬
‫أوال ‪ :‬حساب القطر على اساس مقاومة القص‬
‫√‬

‫) (‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫ثانيا ‪ :‬حساب القطر على اساس مقاومة الشد‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫الحالة الثانية ‪ :‬عزم انحناء مع عزم التواء مع قوة محورية ‪Bending, Torsion and Axial Force‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫كما مرين في الشكل(‪ )7‬نالحظ ان الحمل المسلط مكون من قوة ‪P‬‬
‫وعزم التواء ‪ T‬وعزم انحناء ‪ M‬ناتج من القوة ‪ ،F‬يمكن ايماد‬
‫واقصى اجهاد قص من المعادلتين ‪ 2‬نفسها‬ ‫اقصى اجهاد عمود‬
‫لكن بإضافة االجهاد الناتج من القوة ‪ P‬الى االجهاد الناتج من عزم‬
‫االنحناء‪ .‬اذا طبقنا هاتين المعادلتين على القضبان واالعمدة‬

‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫الدائرية المصمتة ‪ solid‬فان‬

‫الشكل(‪)7‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪Prepared by Dr. Hazim Khaleel‬‬

 ‫‪Machine Design‬‬ ‫‪Combined Stresses‬‬ ‫‪3RD Class/Mechanical Engg.‬‬

‫)‪(6‬‬

‫وبتعويض المعادلة ‪ 6‬في المعادلة ‪ 2‬نحصل على‪:‬‬

‫( [√‬ ‫])‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫)‪(7‬‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫( [√‬ ‫])‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫مثال ‪4‬‬
‫الشكل يمثل قضيب من الصلب ‪ ،AISI 1006 CD‬اذا كان‬
‫‪ F=0.55 kN, P=4.0 kN, and T=25 N m.‬جد معامل‬
‫االمان للنقطتين ‪ A‬و ‪ B‬اعتمادا على اقصى اجهاد عمود‬
‫الحل‪:‬‬
‫من المدول ‪Sy=280 MPa ،A-20‬‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫( [√‬ ‫])‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫أوال ‪ :‬النقطة ‪ :A‬نالحظ أن النقطة ‪ A‬ال تتأثر بالقوة ‪ ، F‬النها تق على المستو المحايد بالنسبة لالنحناء الذ تسربه‬
‫القوة ‪ ،F‬وعليه فان اجهاد االنحناء الناتج من القوة ‪ F‬على النقطة ‪ A‬يكون مساويا للصفر‪.‬‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫( [√‬ ‫])‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫ثانيا ‪ :‬النقطة ‪ :B‬نالحظ أن النقطة ‪ B‬تتأثر بالقوة ‪ ، F‬النها ال تق على المستو المحايد بالنسبة لالنحناء الذ‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫تسربه القوة ‪ ،F‬وعليه فان اجهاد االنحناء الناتج من القوة ‪ F‬على النقطة ‪ B‬يكون‪،‬‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫( [√‬ ‫])‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫نالحظ انخفاضا كبي ار لمعامل االمان للنقطة ‪ B‬بسبب تأثرها بعزم االنحناء الناتج من القوة ‪ F‬بخالف النقطة ‪A‬‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪Prepared by Dr. Hazim Khaleel‬‬

 ‫‪Machine Design‬‬ ‫‪Combined Stresses‬‬ ‫‪3RD Class/Mechanical Engg.‬‬

‫مالحظة مهمة‪ :‬في الحالة الثانية بالنسبة للمسائل التي يكون فيها القطر مجهوال ونظ ار الن االس للقطر ‪ ،d‬غير‬
‫موحد فال يمكن اخراجه كعامل مشترك للمعادلة‪ ،‬فطريقة ايجاده تتمثل بفرض قيم قريبة للقطر وتعويضها بدال من ‪d‬‬
‫أو‬ ‫في الطرف االيمن من المعادلتين ‪ ، 7‬وتكرار هذه العملية عدة مرات حتى نحصل على اجهاد أقصى‬

‫كما موضح في المثال األتي‪:‬‬

‫مثال‪ :5‬القضيب المرين بالشكل مصنوع من االلمنيوم ‪ 2014‬ذات مقاومة‬

‫خضوع ‪ ،Sy=276 MPa‬باستخدام معامل أمان للتصميم مقداره ‪ ، n=4‬جد‬
‫قطر القضيب اذا كان ‪T=72 Nm , P=9.0 kN , F=1.75 kN‬‬
‫الحل‪ :‬هذا المثال ينطرق على الحالة الثانية فتكون المعادلة المناسبة للحل‬
‫هي المعادلة ‪،7‬‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫( [√‬ ‫])‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫االجهاد المسموح به‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫( [√‬ ‫])‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫) (‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫) (‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫( [‬ ‫)‬ ‫( [√‬ ‫])‬ ‫(‬ ‫] )‬

‫نفرض االن قيمة عشوائية للقطر ‪ d‬ونقارن النتيمة م االجهاد المسموح به‪ ،‬نفرض اوال ‪d=25 mm‬‬
‫‪d mm‬‬ ‫‪comparison‬‬ ‫‪decision‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪136‬‬ ‫‪Not accepted‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪109‬‬ ‫‪Not accepted‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪81‬‬ ‫‪Not accepted‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪67.4‬‬ ‫‪accepted‬‬

‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪Prepared by Dr. Hazim Khaleel‬‬

 ‫‪Machine Design‬‬ ‫‪Combined Stresses‬‬ ‫‪3RD Class/Mechanical Engg.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬الحالة الثالثة‪ :‬عزم التواء مع قوة محورية ‪Torsion with axial Force‬‬
‫حالة التحميل االخرى التي تسرب اجهاد قص م اجهاد عمود‬
‫نفس الحالة‬ ‫هي حالة عزم االلتواء ‪ T‬م القوة المحورية ‪ ، P‬ا‬
‫السابقة لكن بالغاء عزم الحناية كما مرين في الشكل(‪.)7‬‬
‫في هذه الحالة تستخدم المعادلتان ‪ 7‬لكن بعد تعويض االجهاد‬
‫الناتج من االنحناء لف ار‬

‫الشكل(‪)7‬‬

‫(√‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫)‪(8‬‬
‫(√‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫وبعد التبسيط نحصل على ‪:‬‬

‫(√‬ ‫)‬
‫)‪(9‬‬
‫( [‬ ‫(√‬ ‫)‬ ‫])‬

‫تستخدم المعادلة ‪ 9‬اليماد االجهاد االقصى او القطر حسب المطلوب في المسألة اذا كانت لدينا قوة محورية سواء‬
‫ضغط او شد م عزم التواء‬
‫مثال ‪ :6‬جد معامل االمان في النقطة ‪ A‬للمثال السابق باستخدام المعادلة ‪9‬‬
‫الحل‪:‬‬

‫( [‬ ‫(√‬ ‫)‬ ‫])‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫( [‬ ‫(√‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫]) )‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪Prepared by Dr. Hazim Khaleel‬‬

 Machine Design Combined Stresses 3RD Class/Mechanical Engg.

‫ واجب بيتي‬: ‫تمارين‬

1. The solid steel shaft 100 mm in
diameter and 8 m long was made of AISI
1020 HR steel is subjected
simultaneously to an axial compressive
force of 200 kN and a torque T. find the
maximum applied torque T depending on
the maximum shear stress, if the factor of
safety is 1.5 and
(Neglect buckling)
2. determine the maximum normal stress 3. determine the maximum and minimum normal
and the maximum shear stress at point O
stress at section mn

4. The T-bracket is formed by welding

together two cylindrical rods AB and CD.
If the allowable shear stress is 80 MPa,
what is the smallest allowable diameter
of rod AB? Neglect the stress caused by
the transverse shear force

5. A crank loaded by a force F=1300 N

that causes twisting and
bending of a 20 mm
-in-diameter shaft.
(a) Draw separate free-body diagrams of
the shaft AB and the arm BC, and
compute
the values of all forces, moments, and
torques that act. Label the directions of
the coordinate axes on these diagrams.
BC and indicate where these act.
(b) Locate a stress element on the top
surface of the shaft at A, and calculate all
the stress components that act upon this
element.
(c) Determine the maximum normal and
shear stresses at A.

9 Prepared by Dr. Hazim Khaleel

 Machine Design Combined Stresses 3RD Class/Mechanical Engg.
6-7: A countershaft carrying two V-belt pulleys is shown in the figure. Pulley A receives power
from a motor through a belt with the belt tensions shown. The power is transmitted through the
shaft and delivered to the belt on pulley B. Assume the belt tension on the loose side at B is 15
percent of the tension on the tight side.
(a) Determine the tensions in the belt on pulley B, assuming the shaft is running at a constant speed.
(b) Find the magnitudes of the bearing reaction forces, assuming the bearings act as simple
supports.
(c) Draw shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for the shaft. If needed, make one set for the
horizontal plane and another set for the vertical plane.
(d) At the point of maximum bending moment, determine the bending stress and the torsional shear
stress.
(e) At the point of maximum bending moment, determine the maximum normal and shear stresses.

10 Prepared by Dr. Hazim Khaleel