Fluid Rotation: Figure. Rectangular Fluid Particle With Two Instantaneous Perpendicular
Fluid Rotation: Figure. Rectangular Fluid Particle With Two Instantaneous Perpendicular
Fluid Rotation: Figure. Rectangular Fluid Particle With Two Instantaneous Perpendicular
x y j z k
u
B
v x
x 2
u y
y 2
v
v
v x
x 2
u y
y 2
The figure shows a fluid particle with two lines AA and BB. By definition
1
2
z ( AA BB )
where
AA
v A v A v (v / x)(x / 2) v (v / x)(x / 2) v
x
x
x
and
BB
u (u / y)(y / 2) u (u / y)(y / 2) u
u B u B
y
x
y
so
1 v
z
2 x y
2 y z
2 z x
Then
1 w v u w v u
x y j z k j k
2 y z z x x y
curl V V
Then, in vector notation, we can write
1
V
2
2 V
1 Vz V Vr Vz 1 rV Vr
V
er
e
k
r
r
r
V ds
C
v
u
ux v x y u
y x vy
x
y
v u
xy
x y
2 z xy
V ds 2 z dA ( V ) z dA
C
Fluid Deformation
Angular deformation of a fluid element involves changes in the angle
between two mutually perpendicular lines in the fluid.
y
b
y
a
Now,
dt
dt
dt
/ x
(v / x)x t / x v
lim
lim
lim
t 0
dt t 0 t t 0 t
t
x
/ y
(u / y)y t / y u
lim
lim
lim
t 0
dt t 0 t t 0 t
t
y
dt
dt
dt x y
MOMENTUM EQUATION
To derive the differential form of momentum equation, we shall apply
Newtons second law to an infinitesimal fluid particle of mass dm.
Newtons second law for a finite system is given by
dP
F
dt system
Psystem
V
dm
mass (system)
dV
dV
dF dm
dm
dt system
dt
V
V
V V
dF dm u
v
w
z
t
xx dx
dx
dFS x xx
dydz xx xx dydz
x 2
x 2
yx dy
dy
dxdz yx yx dxdz
yx
y 2
y 2
dz
dz
zx zx dxdy zx zx dxdy
z 2
z 2
By simplifying, we obtain
yx zx
dFS x xx
y
z
dxdydz
When the gravity is only the body force acting, then the body force per
xx yx zx
dxdydz
dFx dFBx dFS x rg x
One can derive similar expressions for the force components in the
y and z directions.
xy yy zy
dxdydz
dFy dFB y dFS y rg y
yz zz
dxdydz
dFz dFBz dFS z rg z xz
rg y
rg z
u u
xx yx zx
u
u
r
v
w
x
y
z
y
z
t x
xy
x
yy
y
zy
v
v
v
v
r u v w
z
x
y
z
t
w
xz yz zz
w
w
w
r
u
v
w
x
y
z
x
y
z
t
These three equations are the differential equations of motion for any
fluid satisfying the continuum assumption. Before the equations can be
used to solve problems, suitable expressions for the stresses must be
obtained in terms of the velocity and pressure fields.
Newtonian Fluid: Navier-Stokes Equations
For a Newtonian fluid the viscous stress is proportional to the rate of
shearing strain (angular deformation rate). The stresses may be
expressed in terms of velocity gradients and fluid properties in
rectangular coordinates as follows:
v u
xy yx
x y
w v
yz zy
y z
u w
2
u
xx p V 2
3
x
2
v
yy p V 2
3
y
2
w
zz p V 2
3
z
zx xz
u v u w
Du
p u 2
rg x
2 V
Dt
x x x 3
y y x z z x
v w
Dv
p u v v 2
rg y
2 V
Dt
y x y x y y 3
z z y
Dw
p w u v w w 2
2
rg z
V
Dt
z x x z y z y x z 3
DV
r
rg p
Dt
u
u
u
u
p
u
v w rg x
x
y
z
x
t
v
v
v
v
p
u v w rg y
x
y
z
y
t
w
w
w
w
p
u
v
w rg z
x
y
z
z
t