Module in

PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

SESSION TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the session you will:

1. Determine the physical and structural properties of reinforced concrete.
2. Determine reinforced concrete materials and components.

KEY TERMS
Reinforced concrete Concrete Steel Reinforcement Stresses
Forces Loads Material Properties Failure Analysis

CORE CONTENT

Introduction

Concrete – a mixture of sand, gravel, crush rocks, or other aggregates held together in a rock like mass
with a paste, cement and water

a. Has high compressive strength

b. Very low tensile strength

Reinforced Concrete – a combination of concrete and steel wherein the steel reinforcements provide
the tensile strength lacking in the concrete. Steel reinforcement is also capable of resisting compression
forces and is used in columns as well.

Composition of Concrete

1. Cement – ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) name Type I, II, III, IV, V.
a. ASTM Type I – general use concrete
b. ASTM Type II – lower heat of hydration concrete
c. ASTM Type III – high early strength concrete
d. ASTM Type IV – low heat cement
e. ASTM Type V – cement used when there is excessive use of sulphate
2. Water – it should be clean, free from oil, alkali, acid and organic matter
3. Aggregates
a. Fine – smaller than 3/8” in diameter, includes natural sand.
b. Coarse – larger than 3/8” in diameter, includes crushed stoned, gravel, slag
4. Admixture – substances added to improve its workability, accelerate its set, harden its surface,
etc.
Steel Reinforcement

Common Grades, Fy
Grade 40 40 KSI 275.8 Mpa
Grade 60 60 KSI 413.7 Mpa

Bar Diameter
Number
English Metric
3 3/8 “ 10 mm
4 1/2" 12 mm
5 5/8” 16 mm
6 3/4" 20 mm
8 1 25 mm
9 1 1/8” 28 mm
10 1 1/4" 32 mm
Note : Number indicates bar diameter in eights of an inch.
Es = modulus of elasticity E = 200 Gpa = 29000 KSI

Properties of Reinforced Concrete

Compressive Strength (fc’) – determine by testing the failure 28-day old using 6 in by 12 in concrete
cylinder. 20.7 Mpa to 28 Mpa (Normal Use)

Static Modulus of Elasticity –

‫ܧ‬௖ = 57000ඥ݂ܿ′ as per ACI (normal weight concrete) in psi

‫ܧ‬௖ = 4700ඥ݂ܿ′ normal crushed stone or gravel concrete with 2320 kg/m3 mass. (Mpa)

Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity–generally 10% to 20% larger than static modulus. Used in the analysis
of seismic and impact loads.

Poission’s Ratio - ratio of transvere strain to axial strain. Average value of 0.16.

Creep - additional information under sustained compressive loads for long period of time. Also
known as plactic flow.

Tensile Strength – about 8 % to 15% of its compressive strength.

Modulus of Rupture – flexural tensile strength of concrete.

ெ௖
݂௥ = (concrete is assumed to be perfectly elastic)
ூ

݂‫ = ݎ‬7.5ඥ݂ܿ′ in psi (ACI) ݂‫ = ݎ‬0.7ඥ݂ܿ′ in MPa

Shear Strength
 Introduction to Loads

Dead Load –weight of structure under consideration and fixtures permanently attached to it.

Live Load – occupancy load, loads that can change in magnitude and position.

Environmental Load – loads caused by environment

a. Snow and Ice

b. Rain
c. Wind
d. Seismic

Advantages of Reinforced Concrete as Structural Member

a. It has considerable compressive strength as compared to most other materials.
b. Great resistance to actions of fire and water and best material available for situation where
water is present.
c. Reinforced concrete structures are very rigid.
d. It is a low-maintenance material.
e. It has a very long service life compared to other materials. Under proper condition, it can be
used indefinitely without reduction of load carrying abilities. Strength of concrete does not
decrease with time but increase over long period, measured in years due to lengthy process of
solidification of the cement paste.
f. The most economical material available for footing, basement walls, piers, and similar
application.
g. Ability to be cast into variety of shapes.
h. Lower grade of skilled labor is required for erection as compared to other materials such as
structural steel.

Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete as Structural Member

a. Very low tensile strength

b. Forms are required to hold the concrete in place until it hardens sufficiently.
c. Low strength per unit weight leads to heavy members. Important matter for long span
structures where concrete dead weight has great effect on bending moment.
d. Low strength per unit volume means relatively large members, important consideration for tall
structures.
e. Varying properties of concrete. Placing and curing is not carefully controlled as in the production
of other materials such as structural steel and laminated wood.
 IN-TEXT ACTIVITY

SESSION SUMMARY

Reinforced Concrete –is a combination of concrete and steel wherein the steel reinforcements provide
the tensile strength lacking in the concrete. Steel reinforcement is also capable of resisting compression
forces and is used in columns as well. Different properties as discussed above.

SELF ASSESSMENT

ACTIVITY 1
Introduction to Reinforced Concrete Design

Name: ________________ SCORE:

______________
Major: ________________ Date: ________________

Instruction: Answer the question briefly in essay format. As nacivil engineer, how will you
choose the material for building construction?

REFERENCES

Jack C McCormac. Design of Reinforced Concrete / Russel H Brown. -- 9th ed. – John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
c2015.
 Module in
PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

SESSION TOPIC 2: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the session you will:

1. Design flexural members using allowable strength design
2. Analyze flexural members using allowable strength design

KEY TERMS
Design Analysis Flexure Compression
Tension Moment Moment of Inertia Stresses

CORE CONTENT

Analysis VS Design

Analysis – Given a cross section, concrete strength, reinforcement size, location, and yield strength,
compute the resistance or strength.

Design – Given a factored design moment Mu, select a suitable cross section including dimensions,
concrete strength, and reinforcement.

 = ∅

Tension – Controlled – 0.9

Compression Controlled

a. Members with Spiral Reinforcement – 0.75

b. Others – 0.65

Shear and Torsion – 0.75

Bearing on Concrete – 0.65

Strut and Tie – 0.75

Positive and Negative Moments– moment that causes compression on top surface of beam and tension
at the bottom surface is positive moment.
 Flexural Analysis of Beams

A small transverse load is placed on concrete beam with tensile reinforcing and that the load is gradually
increased in magnitude in magnitude until the beam fails. The beam will go three distinct stages before
collapse occurs.

a. Uncracked concrete stage

b. Concrete-crack elastic stresses stage
c. Ultimate strength stage.

Uncracked Concrete Stage – tensile stress less than modulus of rupture (bending stress where concrete
begins to crack) entire cross section of the beam resists bending, with compression on one side and
tension on the other.
Concrete Cracked – Elastic Stresses Stage – as the load increased after the modulus of rupture of the
concrete is exceeded, cracks begin to develop in the bottom of the beam. Tensile stress in the bottom of
the beam equals the modulus of rupture – called the cracking moment. Cracks quickly spread up the
vicinity of the neutral axis and then neutral axis begins to move upward.

fc = 0.45fc’ and fs = 0.5Fy

Beam Failure – Ultimate-Strength Stage – reinforcing bars have yielded and compression stresses begin
to change appreciably from straight line.

FLEXURE FORMULA, Allowable Strength Design (ASD)

SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM (SRRB)

a. Straight-line stress distribution (triangular stress block)
b. Maximum allowable compressive stress of 0.45f’c
c. Maximum allowable tensile stress on steel of 0.5fy (if no given)
GENERAL SINGLY REINFOCED BEAB (SRB)
IN-TEXT ACTIVITY

1. Determine the cracking moment, Mcr of the beam width bw = 300 mm and overall depth of 500
mm. Effective depth d = 420 mm with steel reinforcement of 2-25 mm dia. bars. f'c = 28 mpa
Solution:
 = 0.7 ′  = 0.7√28 = 3.7



 =

 
3.7 =  !
$10& ' = Mcr = 46.25 KN m
"#

2. Calculate the bending stresses in a rectangular beam 300 mm x 500 mm reinforced with 3-28
mm dia bars having its centroid 75 mm from the edge of the beam. Assume n = 9 and is to carry
a moment of 70 KN-m Solution:
 Alternate Solution

3. A rectangular concrete beam w/ f’c = 20.7 Mpa and steel reinforcing with fs = 138 Mpa must
sustain bending moment of 271 KN-m beam dimensions and the reinforcing steel for a section
with tension reinforcing only. Assume b = 0.56d diameter of bar db =25mm. Stirrup dia. = 10
mm. Lean concrete cover = 40 mm.
Solution
4. Using transformed area method, compute the following, compressive stress fc, steel on stress
fs and f’s
 SESSION SUMMARY

Design and analysis of flexural members using allowable strength design by method of transformed area
method.

SELF ASSESSMENT

REFERENCES

Jack C McCormac. Design of Reinforced Concrete / Russel H Brown. -- 9th ed. – John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
c2015.
 Module in
PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

SESSION TOPIC 3: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the session you will:

1. Design flexural members using ultimate strength design for singly reinforced beams
2. Analyze flexural members using ultimate strength design for singly reinforced beams..

KEY TERMS
Design Analysis Flexure Compression
Tension Moment Moment of Inertia Stresses

CORE CONTENT

FLEXURE FORMULA, Ultimate Strength Design (USD)

a. Uniform stress of 0.85fc’, replaces the nonlinear stress distribution in concrete compression
area from extreme compression fiber to a depth of “a”
b. Depth if equivalent stress block
 
.
c.   0.85 for fc’
30 MPa ;  0.85      30  0.65 for fc’ 30 
NSCP2015

d. Linear distribution of strain

e. Concrete cracks at maximum strain of concrete   0.003

f. Steel strain   

 GENERAL SINGLY REINFOCED BEAB (SRB)

BASIC EQUATIONS OF USD

Compression on Concrete C = 0.85fc’Ac

Steel Tensile Stress at   0.003 600  
  < !

Non Yielding Tension on Steel  < !  T =Asfs
Non Yielding Tension on Steel  ≥ !  T =Asfy
Nominal Moment Strength #  $  %
#  &  %
Design Moment Strength ∅#  ∅$  %
∅#  ∅&  %

SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM

SRRB BASIC EQUATIONS

STATIC EQUILBRIUM [C=T] ; 0.85fc’ = Asfy

DESIGN MOMENT CAPACITY 
∅#  ∅$  
2

∅#  ∅&  
2
FLEXURE EQUATIONS ∅#  ∅)*   +1  0.59+
NSCP 2001 PROVISIONS

MINIMUM TENSILE STEEL RATIO 1′ 1.4

./0#  )45 675 89:: 5ℎ6
4! !
MAXIMUM TENSILE STEEL RATIO ./<=  0.75.?<@

NSCP 2015 PROVISIONS

STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR

NSCP 2015 LOAD COMBINATION

BALANCED CONDITION

When there is simultaneous yielding of 600 

? 
concrete and steel 600 + !
Balance Steel Ratio   600
.?  0.85  
! 600 + !
 DETERMINATION OF STEEL AREA (GUIDE ONLY)
(Given Mu and beam dimensions)

METHOD 1 METHOD 2
 DETERMINATION OF MOMENT CAPACITY (GUIDE ONLY)

(Given beam dimensions and tension steel bar)

METHOD 1 METHOD 2

IN-TEXT ACTIVITY

1. A rectangular beam reinforced for tension only has b = 300 mm and effective depth d = 490 mm.
The tension steel area provided is 4500 mm2. Determine the moment capacity of beam. fc’ = 27
Mpa , fy = 275 Mpa.
2. Alternate solution for problem 1.
3. Compute the moment capacity of the beam shown.
4. A rectangular concrete beam has b = 300 mm and d = 480 mm. The beam is to carry a factored
moment of 18 KN-m. fc' = 27.6 Mpa fy = 276 Mpa. Calculate the required steel area.
5. Alternate solution for problem 4.
6. A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and effective depth of 550 mm. The beam
is simply supported over a span of 6 m and is used to carry a uniform dead load of 25 KN/m and
live load of 40 KN/m. fc’ = 21 Mpa and fy = 312 Mpa. Compression reinforcement if necessary,
shall be placed at a depth 80 mm from the outermost compression fiber. Determine the
required tension steel area. Determine the number of 26 mm dia. bars. Use NSCP 2010.
7. A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 600 mm. fc’ = 35
Mpa fy = 400 Mpa. Determine the following
a. 
b. .?<@
c. B/<=
 SESSION SUMMARY

Design and analysis of flexural members using ultimate strength design with provisions from the
National Structural Code of the Philippines.

SELF ASSESSMENT

REFERENCES

Jack C McCormac. Design of Reinforced Concrete / Russel H Brown. -- 9th ed. – John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
c2015.
 Module in
PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

SESSION TOPIC 4: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the session you will:

1. Design flexural members using ultimate strength design for doubly reinforced beams.
2. Analyze flexural members using ultimate strength design for doubly reinforced beams.

KEY TERMS
Design Analysis Flexure Compression
Tension Moment Moment of Inertia Stresses

CORE CONTENT

DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM (
 


 
 
 
    ! "#
  $! ! "#  %  &
*+
 
 "'  ′) )
*
 DESIGN ANALYSIS
(Given Mu, required As and A’s) (Given As and A’s, required Mu)

IN-TEXT ACTIVITY

1. Design a 350 mm x 500 mm rectangular beam to resist a factored moment of 630 KN-m.
Assumed concrete cover measured from bar centroid to 70 mm in compression and 80 mm in
tension. f'c = 27.6 Mpa and fy = 345 Mpa.
2. Given : Mu = 790 KN-m b = 375 mm h = 600 mm f’c =27.5 Mpa fy = 414 Mpa. Steel cover in both
tension and compression at bar centroid = 100 mm. Find steel area required.
3. Given: b = 350 mm compression cover to bar centroid = 60 mm, effective depth d = 600 mm, f’c
= 20.7 Mpa fy = 345 Mpa, Compression bar = 2-28 mm dia and tension bars to be 4-36 mm dia.
Find the moment capacity of the beam.
4. Given: b = 350 mm compression cover to bar centroid = 63 mm, effective depth d = 600 mm, f’c
= 20.7 Mpa fy = 345 Mpa, Compression bar area = 775 mm2 and tension bar area = 3635 mm2.
Find the moment capacity of the beam.
 SESSION SUMMARY

Design and analysis of flexural members using ultimate strength design with provisions from the
National Structural Code of the Philippines.

SELF ASSESSMENT

REFERENCES

Jack C McCormac. Design of Reinforced Concrete / Russel H Brown. -- 9th ed. – John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
c2015.
 Module in
PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

SESSION TOPIC 5: INTRODUCTION TO NSCP LOADINGS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the session you will:

1. Determine structural loading and combination using NSCP provisions
2. Compute basic wind and seismic loadings

KEY TERMS
Design Analysis NSCP Types Loadings
Load Combination Wind Analysis Seismic Analysis Load Provisions

CORE CONTENT

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

a. art of using materials that have properties which can only be estimated
b. to build real structures that can only be approximately analyzed
c. to withstand forces that are not accurately known
d. thus our responsibility with respect to public safety is satisfied

Loads Stress
Vibration STRUCTURAL MODEL Strain
Settlement Displacement
Thermal Change Stress Resultant

TYPES OF LOADINGS

1. Dead Load – consists of the weight of all materials of construction incorporated into the building
or other structure including but not limited to walls, floors, roofs, stairways, ceilings, built in
partitions, finishes, claddings, and other similarly incorporated architectural and structural items
and fixed service equipment, including the weight of cranes.
2. Live Load – loads expected by the intended use or occupancy
3. Wind and seismic load – lateral loads that must be resisted by structures. These loads are
usually computed based on analytical and computational method set by codes.
4. Hydrostatic Loads – loads due to the force provided by fluids. Civil engineering structures are
mostly subjected to water pressure such as dams, bridges, piers, port structure, sea walls and
break waters.
5. Soil Pressure – loads due to pressure provided by soil. These loads are usually based on
geotechnical engineers’ recommendation, but presumptive code values are still available
 6. Fatigue Loading – load due to repeated application of loading. These types of loads are usually
determined by checking the available load range such as for steel crane structures
7. Temperature Loadings – loads due to temperature is due to expansions/contraction or action of
materials due to change in temperature.
8. Impact Load – dynamic loading results in an increase in applied loading impact factors are
usually introduced.

NSCP WIND LOAD PROVISIONS

Methods of Wind Load Calculations

a. Simplified Procedure (Low Rise)
b. Analytical Procedure
c. Wind Tunnel Procedure

Low Rise Buildings – (a) structure with mean roof height of less than 18 m (b) Structure whose mean
roof height does not exceed the least horizontal dimension
 NSCP SEISMIC LOAD PROVISIONS

Methods of Calculating Seismic Base Shear

1. Static Pressure
a. Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
b. Simplified Base Shear Method Procedure
2. Dynamic Procedure
a. Response Spectrum
b. Time-History Analysis
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure

1. Determine R (208-11A)
2. Seismic Source Type (288-6)
3. Near Source Coefficient (208-4,-5)
4. Seismic Coefficient (208-7,-8)
5. Seismic Importance Factor (208-1)
6. Structural Period (2-83)
7. Find Governing V

IN-TEXT ACTIVITY

1. Determine the loading in KPA of a residential area with the following materials
Floor Finish: Ceramic Tiles
Ceiling: Gypsum Board (25 mm)
The floor is 150 mm thick and will use a normal weight concrete. Consider mechanical duct
allowance.
2. Determine the live loading of a residential building
3. Determine the live load loading of a roof with a height of 2m and a span of 16 m. The roof is
supported by a truss at 6m interval.
4. Determine the design wind pressure for (MWRFS) of a low rise building using NSCP method 1 or
simplified procedure.
Design Data:
Location: Pampanga, Bldg. Type: Residential, Topographic Characteristic: Flat,
Roof Slope = 12 degrees, Mean Roof Height = 13.5 m
5. Using values in problem 4, apply the generated wind pressures for the building shown.
6. Determine the design base shear for a 5-storey building having a special moment reinforced
concrete frame as lateral system. The building is located about 10 Km from the nearest known
active fault. The fault is capable of producing greater than magnitude 7 earthquake. No soil
investigation conducted at the site. The seismic dead weight to be 7300 KN. The building is a
commercial building. Location: Manila H = 18 m.

LOAD PATH
 SESSION SUMMARY

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING is an art of using materials that have properties which can only be
estimated. Forces can be approximately analyzed using codes and provisions as stipulated by the
National Structural Code of the Philippines with reference to other international standards.

SELF ASSESSMENT

REFERENCES
Jack C McCormac. Design of Reinforced Concrete / Russel H Brown. -- 9th ed. – John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
c2015
 Module in
PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

SESSION TOPIC 6: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the session you will:

1. Design flexural members using ultimate strength design for T- beams.
2. Analyze flexural members using ultimate strength design for T-beams.

KEY TERMS
Design Analysis Flexure Compression
Tension Moment Moment of Inertia Stresses

CORE CONTENT

T-BEAMS

Effective Flange Width, bf

 WITHOUT T-ACTION (WIDE RECTANGULAR BEAM)

a. Compression area is within flange only

b. The beam behaves as a wide rectangular beam
c. ܽ < ‫ݐ‬௙

DESIGN ANALYSIS
(Given Mu, required As) (Given As, required Mu)
 WITH T-ACTION

a. Compression area composed of flange and portion of the web.

DESIGN ANALYSIS
(Given Mu, required As) (Given As, required Mu)

IN-TEXT ACTIVITY
 SESSION SUMMARY

Design and analysis of flexural members using ultimate strength design with provisions from the
National Structural Code of the Philippines.

SELF ASSESSMENT

REFERENCES

Jack C McCormac. Design of Reinforced Concrete / Russel H Brown. -- 9th ed. – John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
c2015.