DSS Lecture Note 2 - Gravity Loads

Lecture 2
1. Chapter 1 Introduction to Design of Steel Structures

Lesson 1: Introduction
Lesson 2: Gravity Loads on Structures
Lesson 3: Lateral Loads
2. Chapter 2 Structural Steel Framing Systems

Lesson 1: Bearing Wall and Building Frame System
Lesson 2: Moment-Resisting Frame System and Dual System with Special/Intermediate Moment
Frames
Lesson 3: Cantilevered Column Building Systems
3. Chapter 3 Structural Analysis for Stress Resultants

Lesson 1: Structural Modeling, Load Combinations for ASD and LRFD Methods, and
Application of Code Provisions for Load Combinations
Lesson 2: Computer-Aided Structural Analysis
Lesson 3: Determination of the Design Stress Resultant for the Structural Members
4. Chapter 4 Selection of Structural Members Sizes

Lesson 1: Tension and Compression Members
Lesson 2: Bending, Shear, and Torsion Members
Lesson 3: Combinations of Stress of Members
5. Chapter 5 Design of Steel Members Connections

Lesson 1: Bolted Connections
Lesson 2: Welded Base Plate
Lesson 2
GRAVITY LOADS ON STRUCTURES

Gravity Loads on Structures
Code Provision – NSCP C101
Combination of Loads
Buildings, towers and other vertical structures and all portions thereof shall be designed to resist the load
combinations specified in Section 203.3, 203.4 and 203.5
The most critical effect can occur when one or more of the contributing loads are not acting. All applicable
loads shall be considered, including both earthquake and wind, in accordance with the specified load
combinations.
Symbols and Notations

D = dead load
E = earthquake load set forth in Section 208.6.1
Em = estimated maximum earthquake force that can be developed in the structure as set forth in Section
208.6.1
F = load due to fluids with well-defined pressures and maximum heights
H = load due to lateral pressure of soil and water in soil
L = live load, except roof live load, including any permitted live load reduction
Lr = roof live load, including any permitted live load reduction
P = ponding load
R = rain load on the undeflected roof
T = self-straining force and effects arising from contraction or expansion resulting from temperature
change, shrinkage, moisture change, creep in component materials, movement due to differential
settlement, or combinations thereof
W = load due to wind pressure
Load Combinations Using Strength Design (USD) or Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
Basic Load Combinations
Where strength design or load and resistance factor design is used, structures and all portions thereof shall
resist the most critical effects from the following combinations of factored loads:
1.4 (D + F) (203-1)
1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or R) (203-2)
1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (f1L or 0.5W) (203-3)
1.2D + 1.0W + f1L + 0.5(Lr or R) (203-4)
1.2D + 1.0E + f1L (203-5)
0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H (203-6)
0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H (203-7)
Where
f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live load in excess of 4.8 kPa, and for garage
live load, or
= 0.5 for other live loads
Other loads
Where P is to be considered in design, the applicable load shall be added factored by 1.2P
Load Combinations Using Allowable Stress or Allowable Strength Design (ASD)
Basic Load Combinations
Where allowable stress or allowable strength design is used, structures and all portion thereof shall resist the
most critical effects resulting from the following combinations of loads:
D+F (203-8)
D+H+F+L+T (203-9)
D + H + F + (Lr or R) (203-10)
D + H + F + 0.75[L + T(Lr or R)] (203-11)
D + H + F + (0.6W or E/1.4) (203-12)
No increase in allowable stresses shall be used with these load combinations except as specifically permitted
by Alternate Basic Load Combinations.
Alternate Basic Load Combinations (ASD)
In lieu of the basic load combinations specified in Basic Load Combinations, structures and portion thereof
shall be permitted to be designed for the most critical effects resulting from the following load
combinations. When using theses alternate basic load combinations, a one-third increase shall be permitted
in allowable stresses for all combinations, including W or E.
D + H + F + 0.75[L + Lr(0.6W or E/1.4)] (203-13)

0.6D + 0.6W + H (203-14)
0.6D + E/1.4 + H (203-15)
D + L + (Lr or R) (203-16)
D + L + 0.6W (203-17)
D + L + E/1.4 (203-18)
Exception:
Crane hook loads need not be combined with roof live load or with more than one-half of the wind load.
Example 2.1
The interior floor system shown in Figure 2.1 has W24 x 55 sections spaced 2.5 m on center and is
supporting a floor dead load of 2.4 kPa and a live load of 3.83 kPa. Determine the governing load in N/m
that each beam must support.
Solution.
Note that each meter of the beam must support itself (a dead load) plus 2.5 x 1 = 2.5 m2 of the building
floor.
D = (81.85 kg/m)(9.81 N/kg) + (2.5 m)(2.4 kPa) = 6802.95 N/m

L = (2.5 m)(3.83 kN/m2)(1000 N/kN) = 9575 N/m
Figure 2.1 Floor load detail
Computing factored loads, using the LRFD load combinations. In this substitutions, the terms having no
values are omitted. Note that with a floor live load of 3.83 kPa a load factor of 0.5 has been added to load
combinations (3), (4), and (5) per the exception stated in NSCP 2015 and this text for floor live loads.
1. Wu = 1.4 (6802.95) = 9524.13 N/m
2. Wu = 1.2(6802.95) + 1.6(9575) = 23483.5 N/m
3. Wu = 1.2(6802.95) + 0.5(9575) = 12951 N/m
4. Wu = 1.2(6802.95) + 0.5(9575) = 12951 N/m
5. Wu = 1.2(6802.95) + 0.5(9575) = 12951 N/m
6. Wu = 0.9(6802.95) = 6122.65 N/m
7. Wu = 0.9(6802.95) = 6122.65 N/m
Governing factored load = 23483.5 N/m
2.1 Dead Loads
Dead loads consist of the weight of all materials of construction incorporated into the building or other
structures, including but not limited to walls, floors, roofs, ceilings, stairways, built-in partitions, finishes,
cladding and other similarly incorporated architectural and structural items, and fixed service equipment,
including the weight of the cranes.
Weight of Materials and Constructions
The actual weights of materials and constructions shall be used in determining dead loads for purposes of
design. In the absence of definite information, it shall be permitted to use the minimum values in Table 204-
1 and 204-2 of NSCP 2015 Section 204.
Partition Loads
Floors in office buildings and other buildings where partition locations are subject to change shall be
designed to support, in addition to all other loads, a uniformly distributed dead load equal to 1.0 kPa.
Exception:
Access floor systems shall be designed to support, in addition to all other loads, a uniformly distributed
dead load not than 0.5 kPa.
Example 2.2
The floor beam in Figure 2.0 is used to support the 1.83 m width of a lightweight plain concrete slab having
a thickness of 102 mm. The slab serves as a portion of the ceiling for the floor below, and therefore its
bottom is coated with plaster.
Furthermore, a 2.44-m-high, 305-mm-thick lightweight solid concrete block wall is directly over the top
flange of the beam. Determine the total dead loads on the beam measured per meter length of the beam.
Solution
Using the data in Tables 204-1

and 204-2, we have
Figure 2.2
Concrete slab: (0.015 kN/m2.mm) (102 mm)(1.83 m) = 2.80 kN/m

Plaster ceiling: (0.24 kN/m2)(1.83m) = 0.44 kN/m
Block wall: (16.5kN/m3)(2.44 m)(0.305 m) = 12.26 kN/m
Total load 15.50 kN/m Ans
Example 2.3
The floor system of a building consists of a 125 mm thick reinforced concrete slab resting on four steel floor
beams, which in turn are supported by two steel girders, as shown in Fig. 2.1. The cross-sectional areas of
the floor beams and the girders are 9484 mm2 and 33419 mm2, respectively. Determine the dead loads acting
on the beams CG and DH and the girder AD.
Solution:
Refer to Table 204-1 for density of concrete materials to be carried by the floor beam.
For steel floor beam CG:
Concrete slab: reinforced, stone including gravel = 23.6 kN/m3
Wc = (23.6 kN/m3)(3 m)[125 mm/(1000mm/m)] = 8.85 kN/m
Beam: Density of steel x Area of steel member
Wb = (7850 kg/m3)(9.81 N/kg)[9484 mm2/(1000 mm)2](1 kN/1000 N) = 0.73 kN/m
Total load per linear length = 8.85 kN + 0.73 kN = 9.58 kN/m
For steel floor beam DH:

Since beam DH tributary area is half of the beam CG tributary area,
The total load to be carried by the beam DH is,
Concrete slab: reinforced, stone including gravel = 23.6 kN/m3
Wc = (23.6 kN/m3)(1.5 m) [125 mm/(1000mm/m)] = 4.425 kN/m
Beam: Density of steel x Area of steel member
Wb = (7850 kg/m3)(9.81 N/kg)[(9484 mm2/)1000 mm)2](1 kN/1000 N) = 0.365 kN/m
Total load per linear length = 4.425 + 0.365 = 4.79 kN/m
For girder AD:
We have to resolve first the load to be carried by the girder from beams BF, CG and because AE and DH are
symmetrical they are carrying of the beams BF & CG. Therefore,
Resultant A & E = 4.79 kN/m x 7.2 m /2 = 17.244 kN
Resultant D & H = 4.79 kN/m x 7.2 m /2 = 17.244 kN
Resultant B & F = 9.58 kN/m x 7.2 m/2 = 34.488 kN
Resultant D & H = 9.58 kN/m x 7.2 m/2 = 34.488 kN
Wt. of the girder beam itself:

Wb = (7850 kg/m3)(33419 mm2)(9.81 N/kg)/[(1000 mm)2](1000N/kN) = 16.57 kN/m
The girder EH which is symmetrical with the girder AD will carry the same loadings.
The Figures (b), (c), and (d) below shows the beam loading as result of the dead loads carried by the beam
itself.
Figure 2.3 (b)
Figure 2.3 (c)
Figure 2.3 (d)
Table 204-1 Minimum Densities for Design Loads from Materials (kN/m3)
Material Density Material Density
Aluminum 26.7 Iron:
Bituminous products: Cast 70.7
Asphaltum 12.7 Wrought 75.4
Graphite 21.2 Lead 111.5
Paraffin 8.8 Lime:
Petroleum, crude 8.6 Hydrated, loose 5.0
Petroleum, refined 7.9 Hydrated, compacted 7.1
Petroleum, benzene 7.2 Masonry, Ashlar Stone:
Petroleum, gasoline 6.6 Granite 25.9
Pitch 10.8 Limestone, crystalline 25.9
Tar 11.8 Limestone, oolitic 21.2
Brass 82.6 Marble 27.2
Bronze 86.7 Sandstone 22.6
Cast-stone masonry (cement, stone,
sand) 22.6 Masonry, Brick:
Cement, portland, loose 14.1 Hard, low absorption 20.4
Ceramic tile 23.6 Medium, medium absorption 18.1
Charcoal 1.9 Soft, high absorption 15.7
Cinder fill 9.0 Masonry, Concrete (solid portion):
Cinders, dry, in bulk 7.1 Lightweight units 16.5
Coal: Medium, weight units 19.6
Anthracite, piled 8.2 Normal, weight units 21.2
Bituminous, piled 7.4 Masonry grout 22.0
Lignite, piled 7.4 Masonry, Rubble Stone:
Peat, dry, piled 3.6 Granite 24.0
Concrete, plain: Limestone, crystalline 23.1
Table 204-1 Minimum Densities for Design Loads from Materials (kN/m3) (Continuation….)
Material Density Material Material Density
Masonry, Rubble Stone:
Concrete, plain: (Continuation…..) (Continuation….)
Cinder 17.0 Limestone, oolitic 21.7
Expanded-slag aggregate 15.7 Marble 24.5
Haydite, burned-clay aggregate 14.1 Sandstone 21.5
Slag 20.7 Mortar, cement or lime 20.4
Stone 22.6 Particle board 7.1
Vermiculite and perile aggregate,
3.9-7.9 Plywood 5.7
non-load bearing
Other light aggregate, load 11.0-
bearing 16.5 Riprap, not submerged:
Concrete, reinforced: Limestone 13.0
Cinder 17.4 Sandstone 14.1
Slag 21.7 Sand
Stone, including gravel 23.6 Clean and dry 14.1
Copper 87.3 River, dry 16.7
Cork, compressed 2.2 Slag
Earth, not submerged Bank 11.0
Clay, dry 9.9 Bank screenings 17.0
Clay, damp 17.3 Machine 15.1
Clay and gravel, dry 15.7 Sand 8.2
Silt, moist, loose 12.3 Slate 27.0
Silt, moist,packed 15.1 Steel, cold-drawn 77.3
Silt, flowing 17.0 Stone, quarried, piled
Sand and gravel, dry, loose 15.7 Basalt, granite, gneiss 15.1
Sand and gravel, dry, packed 17.3 Limestone, marble, quartz 14.9
Sand and gravel, wet 18.9 Sandstone 12.9
Earth, submerged Shale 14.5
Clay 12.6 Greenstone, hornblende 16.8
Soil 11.0 Terracotta, architectural
River mud 14.1 Voids filled 18.9
Sand or gravel 9.4 Voids unfilled 11.3
Sand or gravel and clay 10.2 Tin 72.1
Glass 25.1 Water
Gravel, dry 16.3 Fresh 9.8
Gypsum, loose 11.0 Sea 10.1
Gypsum, wallboard 7.9 Wood (see Chapter 6 for relative
densities for Philippine wood)
Ice 9.0 Zinc, rolled sheet 70.5
Table 204-2 Minimum Design Dead Loads (kPa)

Component Load Component Load
CEILINGS Single-ply, sheet 0.03
Wood sheathing (per mm
Acoustical fiber board 0.05 0.0057
thickness)
Gypsum board (per mm
0.008 0.14
thickness) Wood shingles
Mechanical duct allowance 0.20 FLOOR FILL
Plaster on tile or concrete 0.24 Cinder concrete, per mm 0.017
Plaster on wood lathe 0.38 Lightweight concrete, per mm 0.015
Suspended steel channel system 0.10 Sand, per mm 0.015
Suspended metal lathe and
0.72 Stone concrete, per mm 0.023
cement plaster
Suspended metal lathe and
0.48 FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES
gypsum plaster
Wood furring suspension Asphalt block (50 mm), 13 mm
0.12 1.44
system mortar
Cement finish (25 mm) on stone–
COVERINGS, Roof and Wall 1.53
concrete fill
Ceramic or quarry tile (20 mm) on
Asphalt shingles 0.10 0.77
13 mm mortar bed
Ceramic or quarry tile (20 mm) on
Cement tile 0.77 1.10
25 mm mortar bed
Clay tile (for mortar add 0.48 Concrete fill finish (per mm
0.023
kPa) thickness)
Book tile, 50 mm 0.57 Hardwood flooring, 22 mm 0.19
Book tile, 75 mm 0.96 Linoleum or asphalt tile, 6 mm 0.05
Marble and mortar on stone–
Luduwici 0.48 1.58
concrete fill
Roman 0.57 Slate (per mm thickness) 0.028
Solid flat tile on 25 mm mortar
Spanish 0.91 1.10
base
Composition: Subflooring, 19 mm 0.14
Three-ply ready roofing 0.05 Terrazzo (38 mm) directly on slab 0.91
Terrazzo (25 mm) on stone–
Four-ply felt and gravel 0.26 1.53
concrete fill
Terrazzo (25 mm) on 50-mm stone
Five-ply felt and gravel 0.29 1.53
concrete
Wood block (75 mm) on mastic, no
Copper or tin 0.05 0.48
fill
Corrugated asbestos-cement Wood block (75 mm) on 13-mm
0.19 0.77
roofing mortar base
Deck, metal, 20 gage 0.12 FRAME PARTITIONS
Deck, metal, 18 gage 0.14 Movable partitions 0.24
Fiberboard, 13 mm 0.04 Movable partitions (steel) 0.19
Wood or steel studs, 13 mm
Gypsum sheathing, 13 mm 0.10
gypsum board each side 0.38
Insulation, roof boards (per inch
Wood studs, 50 × 100, unplastered 0.19
thickness)
Wood studs, 50 × 100, plastered
Cellular glass 0.0013
one side 0.57
Wood studs, 50 × 100, plastered
Fibrous glass 0.0021
two sides 0.96
Fiberboard 0.0028 FRAME WALLS
Perlite 0.0015 Exterior stud walls:
50×100 @ 400 mm, 15 mm
Polystyrene foam 0.0004
gypsum, insulated, 10 mm siding 0.53
50×150 @ 400 mm, 15 mm
Urethane foam with skin 0.0009
gypsum, insulated, 10 mm siding 0.57
Plywood (per mm thickness) 0.006 Exterior stud walls with brick veneer 2.3
Table 204-2 Minimum Design Dead Loads (kPa)
Component Load Component Load

Rigid insulation, 13 mm 0.04 Windows, glass, frame, and sash 0.38
Skylight, metal frame, 10 mm Clay brick wythes:
0.38
wire glass
Slate, 5 mm 0.34 100 mm 1.87
Slate, 6 mm 0.48 200 mm 3.74
Waterproofing membranes: 300 mm 5.51
Bituminous, gravel-covered 0.26 400 mm 7.48
Bituminous, smooth surface 0.07
Liquid applied 0.05
CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS

Hollow Concrete Masonry Units Unplastered. Add 0.24 kPa for each face plastered.
Wythe thickness
Grout Spacing (mm) Grout Spacing Wythe thickness (mm)
100 150 200 100 150 200
3 3
16.5 kN/m Density of Unit 21.2 kN/m Density of Unit
No grout 1.05 1.15 1.48 No grout 1.39 1.44 1.87
800 1.4 1.53 2.01 800 1.74 1.82 2.39
600 1.5 1.63 2.2 600 1.83 1.96 2.59
400 1.79 1.92 2.54 400 2.13 2.2 2.92
Full 2.5 2.63 3.59 Full 2.84 2.97 3.97
3
19.6 kN/m Density of Unit
No grout 1.24 1.34 1.72
800 1.59 1.72 2.25
600 1.69 1.87 2.44
400 1.98 2.11 2.82
Full 2.69 2.82 3.88
Tributary Area
In order to determine the dead load applied to a structural member, use is made of the tributary area concept.
As shown in Fig. 2.1, the second floor slab is supported on beams which, in turn, are supported on either
girders or columns. The girders carry the dead load to columns that transfer the total load to the foundations.
It may be assumed that all beams have the same section with a weight of wB lb/ft and all girders have the
same section with a weight of wG lb/ft.
Figure 2.4 Beam tributary area
Slab Supports
Each slab panel is supported on its periphery by either a beam or a girder. For the situation shown, the aspect
ratio of a panel exceeds two, and the slab resists moments in the direction of the shorter span between beams
essentially as a one-way slab. Beams are supported at each end by either a girder or a column. A further
assumption is made that beams are simply supported at each end. Then the tributary area of a beam is
defined as the area of the slab that is directly supported by the beam.
Dead Load Applied to Beams
For a typical interior beam 25, the tributary area is the shaded area abcd, shown in
Fig. 2.1, which extends over its full length y and a distance of x/2 on either side. The
tributary area is
𝐴𝑇 = 𝑥𝑦
The tributary width is
𝐵𝑇 = 𝑥
For a slab with a weight of q lb/ft2 and a beam with a self-weight of wB kN/m, the uniformly distributed
dead load on beam 25 is
𝑤𝐷25 = 𝑞𝐵𝑇 + 𝑤𝐵 = 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑤𝐵
The total dead load on beam 25 is
𝑊𝐷25 = 𝑞𝐴𝑇 + 𝑤𝐵 𝑦 = 𝑞(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑤𝐵 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑞𝑥 + 𝑤𝐵 )
The dead load reaction at end 2 of beam 25 is
𝑉𝐷25 = 𝑦(𝑞𝑥 + 𝑤𝐵 )⁄2 = 𝑉𝐷52
The loading on beam 25 is shown in Fig. 2.2.

As shown in Fig. 2.1, beam 47 supports a cantilevered portion of the slab and the
tributary area is shown shaded. The corresponding loads on beam 47 are
𝑤𝐷47 = 𝑞𝐵𝑇 + 𝑤𝐵 = 𝑞(𝑎 + 𝑥⁄2) + 𝑤𝐵
𝑊𝐷47 = 𝑞𝐴𝑇 + 𝑤𝐵 𝑦 = 𝑦[𝑞(𝑎 + 𝑥⁄2) + 𝑤𝐵 ]
Figure 2.5 Dead load on beam 25
Similarly for edge beam 69, the corresponding loads are
𝑤𝐷69 = 𝑞𝐵𝑇 + 𝑤𝐵 = 𝑞 𝑥⁄2 + 𝑤𝐵

𝑊𝐷69 = 𝑞𝐴𝑇 + 𝑤𝐵 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑞 𝑥⁄2 + 𝑤𝐵 )
𝑉𝐷69 = 𝑦 (𝑞 𝑥⁄2 + 𝑤𝐵 )⁄2 = 𝑉𝐷96
Example 2.4. Dead Load Applied to Beams
The second floor layout of an office facility is shown in Fig. 2.4 and a detail of the floor construction and of
a typical interior beam is shown in Fig. 2.6. Dimension x = 3 m and y = 9 m. The floor consists of composite
steel-concrete construction with a 75-mm concrete fill over a 75-mm high-formed steel deck. The
lightweight concrete fill has a weight of 17.4 kN/m3 and the formed steel deck is of 20 gage material. A 25
mm terrazzo finish, and a suspended acoustic ceiling are provided. All beams are W14 × 22 and ribs of the
steel deck are perpendicular to the beams. Determine the dead load acting on a typical interior beam 25.
The steel deck thickness of 20 gage is selected to support the concrete fill over a span of 3 m without
requiring propping during construction. From the manufacturer’s catalogue, the weight of the steel deck is
obtained as 95.76 N/m2 and the weight of the lightweight concrete fill as 1.964 kN/m2.
The total distributed load on the floor is
25-mm terrazzo = 622.7 N/m2

Concrete fill = 1963.8 N/m2
Steel deck = 95.8 N/m2
Acoustical ceiling and supports = 143.7 N/m2
Mechanical and electrical services = 143.7 N/m2
Total, q = 2969.7 N/m2
Weight of beam W14 x 22:
W14 x 22 = 22 lb/ft x 4.448 N/lb x 3.281 ft/m = 321.07 N/m ≈ 321 N/m
The tributary area of beam 25 is
Figure 2.6 Beam detail
𝐴𝑇 = 𝑥𝑦 = 3 𝑥 9 = 27 𝑚2
The total dead load on beam 25 is
(2969.7 x 27 + 321 x 9 )
𝑊𝐷25 = 𝑞𝐴𝑇 + 𝑤𝐵 𝑦 = = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟎𝟕 𝐤𝐍
1000
The dead load reaction at the end of beam 25 is
𝑉𝐷25 = 𝑊𝐷25 ⁄2 = 83.07⁄2 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟓𝟑𝟓 𝐤𝐍 = 𝑉𝐷52
Dead Load Applied to Girders
As shown in Fig. 2.7, the tributary area of a typical interior girder 56 is the shaded area
efgh. The girder supports its own weight wG and also the end reactions of the beams framing into each side
of the girder. Girders are supported at each end by a column.
Since all beams are identical, the concentrated loads acting on the girder at third
points of the span are
2𝑉𝐷25 = 𝑦(𝑞𝑥 + 𝑤𝐵 )
The dead load reaction at end 5 of girder 56 is
𝑉𝐷56 = 𝑦(𝑞𝑥 + 𝑤𝐵 ) + 3𝑥𝑤𝐺 ⁄2 = 𝑉𝐷65
The loading on girder 56 is shown in Fig. 2.8.
Figure 2.7 Girder tributary area
Figure 2.8 Dead load on girder
The tributary area of girder 78 is shown shaded in Fig. 2.7. This is an edge girder
and beams frame into only one side of the girder. Since all beams are identical, the concentrated loads acting
on the girder at third points of the span are
𝑉𝐷25 = 𝑦(𝑞𝑥 + 𝑤𝐵 )⁄2
The dead load reaction at end 7 of girder 78 is
𝑉𝐷78 = 𝑦 (𝑞𝑥 + 𝑤𝐵 )⁄2 + 3𝑥𝑤𝐺 ⁄2 = 𝑉𝐷87
Example 2.3. Dead Load Applied to Girders

a typical girder 56 is shown in Fig. 2.9. Dimension x = 3m and y = 9 m. The floor consists of composite
steel-concrete construction with a 75-mm concrete fill over a 75-mm high-formed steel deck. The
lightweight concrete fill has a weight of 17.4 kN/m3 and the formed steel deck is of 20 gage material. A 25
mm terrazzo finish, and a suspended acoustic ceiling are provided. All beams are W14 × 22. All girders are
W18 × 40 and ribs of the steel deck are parallel to the girders. Determine the dead load acting on a typical
girder 56.
The total distributed load on the floor is obtained in Example 2.4 as
𝑞 = 2969.7 N⁄m2
Since all beams are identical, the concentrated loads acting on the girder at third points of the span are
2𝑉𝐷25 = 2 𝑥 41.535 = 83.07 kN
Figure 2.9 Girder detail
Weight of girder W18 x 40:
40 lb 4.448 N 3.281 ft 1kN

W18 x 40 = 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 = 0.584 kN/m
ft lb m 1000N
0.584 x 9
𝑉𝐷56 = 83.07 kN + = 85.70 kN = 𝑉𝐷65
2
The dead load acting on the girder in shown in Figure 2.10.

Figure 2.10 Dead load on girder
Dead Load Applied to Columns
As shown in Fig. 2.11, the tributary area of column 5 is the shaded area ijkl. Framing into
the column are beams 52 and 58 and girders 54 and 56, and the column supports the end reactions from
these members.
Hence, the total dead load applied to column 5 at the second floor is
𝑉𝐷5 = 𝑉𝐷52 + 𝑉𝐷58 + 𝑉𝐷54 + 𝑉𝐷56
The end reaction from beam 52 is
𝑉𝐷52 = 𝑦(𝑞𝑥 + 𝑤𝐵 )⁄2
𝑉𝐷58 = 𝑦(𝑞𝑥 + 𝑤𝐵 )⁄2
The end reaction from girder 54 is
𝑉𝐷54 = 𝑦(𝑞𝑥 + 𝑤𝐵 ) + 3𝑥𝑤𝐺 ⁄2
Figure 2.11 Column tributary area
𝑉𝐷56 = 𝑦(𝑞𝑥 + 𝑤𝐵 ) + 3𝑥𝑤𝐺 ⁄2
Alternatively, the weight of the beams and girders may be included in the distributed
floor load, since all beams are identical and all girders are identical. Thus, the total distributed load on the floo
𝑞𝐷 = 𝑞 + 𝑤𝐵 ⁄𝑥 + 𝑤𝐺 ⁄𝑦
The area tributary to column 5 is

𝐴𝑇 = 3𝑥𝑦
The dead load applied to column 5 at the second floor is, then
𝑉𝐷5 = 𝑞𝐷 (3𝑥𝑦)
The tributary area of column 4 is the shaded area lmni shown in Fig. 2.11. This is a
side column that supports a cantilevered slab, and has beams framing into two sides
and a girder framing into only one side. Framing into the column are beams 41 and 47 and girder 45, and the
column supports the end reactions from these members. Hence, the total dead load applied to column 4 at
the second floor is
𝑉𝐷4 = 𝑉𝐷41 + 𝑉𝐷47 + 𝑉𝐷45

𝑦[𝑞(𝑎 + 𝑥⁄2) + 𝑤𝐵 ]
𝑉𝐷41 =
2
𝑦[𝑞(𝑎 + 𝑥⁄2) + 𝑤𝐵 ]
𝑉𝐷47 = = 𝑉𝐷41
2
𝑉𝐷45 = 𝑦(𝑞𝑥 + 𝑤𝐵 ) + 3𝑥𝑤𝐺 ⁄2
Because of the cantilevered slab, the alternative method of calculating the column load
using the tributary area AT and the total distributed load qd does not apply.
The tributary area of column 9 is the shaded area opqk in Fig. 2.11. This is a corner
column that has a beam framing into only one side and a girder framing into only one
side. Framing into the column is beam 96 and girder 98, and the column supports the
end reactions from these members. Hence, the total dead load applied to column 9 at
the second floor is
𝑉𝐷9 = 𝑉𝐷96 + 𝑉𝐷98
𝑉𝐷96 = 𝑦(𝑞𝑥⁄2 + 𝑤𝐵 )/2
𝑉𝐷98 = 𝑦(𝑞𝑥 + 𝑤𝐵 )/2 + 3𝑥𝑤𝐺 ⁄2

Figure 2.12 Column detail
Example 2.4 Dead Load Applied to Columns
The floor layout of an office facility is shown in Fig. 2.4 and a detail of the column framing is shown in Fig.
2.12. Dimension x = 3 m and y = 9 m. The floor consists of composite steel-concrete construction with a 75-
mm concrete fill over a 75-mm high-formed steel deck. The lightweight concrete fill has a weight of 17.4
kN/m3 and the formed steel deck is of 20 gage material. A 25-mm terrazzo finish, and a suspended acoustic
ceiling are provided. All beams are W14 × 22. All girders are W18 × 40 and ribs of the steel deck are
parallel to the girders. Determine the dead load acting on column 5 at each floor.
The total dead load applied to column 5 at the each floor is
𝑃𝐷𝐹 = 𝑉𝐷52 + 𝑉𝐷58 + 𝑉𝐷54 + 𝑉𝐷56
From Example 2.1, the end reaction from beam 52 is
𝑉𝐷52 = 𝑉𝐷25 = 41.535 kN = VD58
From Example 2.2, the end reaction from girder 54 is
𝑉𝐷54 = 85.70 kN = VD56
Hence, the dead load acting on column 5 at each floor is
PDF = 2(41.535 + 85.70) = 254.47 kN
Alternatively, the total distributed load on the floor is
𝑞𝐷 = 𝑞 + 𝑤𝐵 ⁄𝑥 + 𝑤𝐺 ⁄𝑦
321 584
𝑞𝐷 = (2969.70 + + )⁄1000 = 3.142 kN⁄m2.
3 9
𝐴𝑇 = 3𝑥𝑦 = 3 𝑥 3 𝑥 9 = 81 m2
The dead load applied to column 5 at each floor is, then

𝑃𝐷𝐹 = 𝑞𝐷 𝐴𝑇
𝑷𝑫𝑭 = 3.142 x 81 = 𝟐𝟓𝟒. 𝟓𝟎 𝐤𝐍
Two-Way Slabs
When the aspect ratio of a slab is not more than two, the slab resists moments essentially as a two-way slab.
The tributary areas for the supporting beams are bounded by 45° lines drawn from the corners of the panels
and by the center lines of the panels parallel to the long sides. A plan view of floor framing is shown in Fig.
2.13 with beams
spanning east-west and girders spanning north-south. The beams are spaced at x on
centers and the girders at y on centers and the aspect ratio is
𝑦⁄𝑥 = 2
Figure 2.13 Two-way slab
For a typical interior beam spanning east-west, the tributary area is the trapezoidal area abcdef shown
shaded in Fig. 2.13. The dead load acting on the beam is shown in Fig. 2.14, where q is uniformly
distributed weight of the floor and y is 2x.
Figure 2.14 Dead load supported by beam
Figure 2.15 Dead load supported by girder
The dead load reaction at each end of the beam, including its own weight wB, is
𝑉𝐵 = 0.75𝑞𝑥 2 + 𝑤𝐵 𝑥
For a typical interior girder spanning north-south, the tributary area is the double
triangular area ghij plus the area iklm shown shaded in Fig. 2.13. The dead load acting
on the girder is shown in Fig. 2.15.
The dead load reaction at each end of the girder, including its own weight wG, is
𝑉𝐺 = 0.5𝑞𝑥 2 + 𝑉𝐵 + 𝑤𝐺 𝑥
2.2 Live Loads
Live loads shall be the maximum loads expected by the intended use or occupancy but in no case shall be
less than the loads required in the Section 205 of NSCP 2015. As required by the code, a movable partition
These loads are composed of floor live loads, roof load, concentrated loads, and special loads. Table 205-1
shows the minimum uniform and concentrated live loads and Table 205-2 for special loads.
Continuous Beam Systems
Partial loading or “checkerboard” loading conditions that produce more critical loading on a member must
also be considered. A continuous beam with two partial loading conditions is shown in Fig. 2.13. In loading
condition 1, alternate spans are loaded. This produces maximum positive moments at the center of the
loaded spans 12, 34, and 56. This also produces maximum negative moments at the center of the unloaded
spans 23 and 45. In loading condition 2, two adjacent spans are loaded with alternate spans loaded beyond
these. This produces maximum negative moment at support 4 and maximum beam shears. As it is unlikely
that the maximum design live load will occur over the whole of a large area, it is permissible to reduce live
loads for this situation. The allowable reduction increases with the tributary area of the floor supported by a
member. Different methods are specified for reducing floor loads and roof loads.
Figure 2.16 Partial loading conditions
Influence Area
In the case of floor loads, the concept of influence area AI is introduced. Influence area is defined in NSCP
2015 Section 205.6. The reduced live load shall not be less than 50% of the unit live load Lo for members
receiving load from one level only, nor less than 40% of the unit live load Lo for other members.
𝑲𝑳𝑳 = 𝑨𝒍 ⁄𝑨𝑻
As shown in Fig. 2.14, the influence area for a typical interior beam 25 is the shaded area abcd and the live
load element factor is
= 2𝑥𝑦/𝑥𝑦
=2
The influence area for an edge girder 78 is the shaded area efgh, and the live load element factor is
= 3𝑥𝑦/1.5𝑥𝑦
=2
The influence area for a corner column 9 is the shaded area ijgf, and the live load element factor is
= 3𝑥𝑦/0.75𝑥𝑦
=4
Figure 2.17 Influence areas
Distribution of Uniform Floor Loads
Where uniform floor loads are involved, consideration may be limited to full dead load on all spans in
combination with full live load on adjacent spans and alternate spans.
Concentrated Loads
Floors shall be designed to support safely the uniformly distributed live loads prescribed in herein or the
concentrated load given in Table 205-1 whichever produces the greatest load effects. Unless otherwise
specified the indicated concentration shall be assumed to be uniformly distributed over an area 750-mm
square and shall be located so as to produce the maximum load effects in the structural member.
Provision shall be made in areas where vehicles are used or stored for concentrated loads, L, consisting of
two or more loads spaced 1.5 m nominally on center without uniform live loads. Each load shall be 40
percent of the gross weight of the maximum size vehicle to be accommodated. Parking garages for the
storage of private or pleasure-type motor vehicles with no repair or refueling shall have a floor system
designed for a concentrated load of not less than 9 kN acting on an area of 0.015 m2 without uniform live
loads. The condition of concentrated or uniform live load, combined in accordance with Section 203.3 or
203.4 as appropriate, producing the greatest stresses shall govern.
Table 205-1 Minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads.

Uniform Concentrated
Use or Occupancy
Load Load
Category Description kPa kN
1. Access floor systems Office use 2.4 9.0
Computer use 4.8 9.0
2. Armories --- 7.2 0
3. Theaters, assembly areas and Fixed seats 2.9 0
auditoriums Movable seats 4.8 0
Lobbies and platforms 4.8 0
Stage areas 7.2 0
4. Bowling alleys, poolrooms
and similar recreational --- 3.6 0
areas.
2. Catwalk for maintenance --- 1.9 1.3
3. Cornices and marquees --- 3.6 0
4. Dining rooms and
--- 4.8 0
restaurants
5. Exit facilities --- 4.8 0
General storage and/or repair 4.8 ---
6. Parking Garages and Public parking and ramps 4.8 ---
Ramps Private (residential) or pleasure-
2.4 ---
type motor vehicle storage
Wards and rooms 1.9 4.5
7. Hospitals Laboratories and operating rooms 2.9 4.5
Corridors above ground floor 3.8 4.5
Reading rooms 2.9 4.5
8. Libraries Stack rooms 7.2 4.5
Corridors above ground floor 3.8 4.5
Light 6.0 9.0
Heavy 12.0 13.4
9. Manufacturing
Building corridors above ground
3.8 9.0
floor
Call centers and business
2.9 9.0
processing offices
10. Office
Lobbies and ground floor corridors 4.8 9.0
Other offices 2.4 9.0
Press rooms 7.2 11.0
11. Printing plants
Composing and linotype rooms 4.8 9.0
Basic floor area 1.9 0
Exterior balconies 2.9 0
12. Residential
Decks 1.9 0
Storage 1.9 0
13. Restrooms --- --- ---
Table 205-1 Minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads. (Continuation…)

Uniform Concentrated
Use or Occupancy
Load Load
14. Reviewing stands,
grandstands, bleachers, and
--- 4.8 0
folding and telescoping
seating
15. Roof decks Same as area served or occupancy --- ---
Classrooms 1.9 4.5
16. Schools Corridors above ground floor 3.9 4.5
Ground floor corridors 4.8 4.5
17. Sidewalks and driveways Public access 12.0 ---
Light 6.0 ---
18. Storage
Heavy 12.0 ---
Retail 4.8 4.5
19. Stores
Wholesale 6.0 13.4
20. Pedestrian bridges and
--- 4.8 ---
walkways
2.3 Special Loads

Provision of special loads shall be made for the special vertical and lateral load as set forth in Table 205-2 of
NSCP 2015 Section 205.
Table 205-2. Special Loads.

Use or Occupancy Vertical Load Lateral Load
1. Construction, public access Walkway 7.2 ---
at site (live load) Canopy 7.2 ---
2. Grandstands, reviewing
stands, bleachers, and folding
Seats and footboards 1.75 See Note 3
and telescoping seating (live
load)
3. stage accessories (live load) Catwalks 1.9 ---
Follow spot, projection
2.4 ---
and control rooms
4. Ceiling framing (load) Over stages 1.0 ---
All uses except over
0.5 ---
stages
5. Partitions and interior walls --- --- 0.25
2. Elevators and dumbwaiters
--- 2* total load ---
(dead and live loads)
Total load including 1.25* total
3. Cranes (dead and live loads) 0.10* total load
impact increase load
Table 205-2. Special Loads. (Continuation…)

Use or Occupancy Vertical Load Lateral Load
Exit facilities serving an
occupant load greater --- 0.75 kN/m7
8. Balcony railings and
than 50 persons
guardrails
Other than exit facilities --- 0.30 kN/m7
Components --- 1.28
9. Vehicle barriers --- --- 27 kN9
10. Handrails --- See Note 10 See Note 10
See Table 208-
11. Storage racks Over 2.4 m high Total loads
13
1.1 kN plus
12. Fire sprinkler structural --- weight of
See Table 208.13
support water-filled
pipe
3
Lateral sway bracing loads of 350 N/m parallel and 145 N/m perpendicular to seat and
footboards
9
A horizontal load applied at right angles to the vehicle barrier at a height of 450 mm above the
parking surface. The force may be distributed over a 300-mm square.
10
The mounting of handrails shall be such that the completed handrail and supporting structure
are capable of withstanding a load of at least 890 N applied in any direction at any point on the
rail. Theses loads shall not be assumed to act cumulatively with the Note 9.
Floor Live Loads

Floors shall be designed for the unit live loads as set forth in Table 205-1 and Table 205-3, Method 2 for
reduction factor. These loads shall be taken as the minimum live loads of horizontal projection to be used in
the design of buildings for the occupancies listed, and loads at least equal shall be assumed for uses.
Where it can be determined in designing floors that the actual live load will be greater than the value shown
in Table 205-1, the actual live load shall be used in the design of such buildings or portions thereof. Special
provisions shall be made for machine and apparatus loads.
Reduction in Floor Live Load
It is unlikely that all floors in a multistory building will be subjected to the full design
live load simultaneously. Similarly, a large floor area is unlikely to be subjected to as high a loading
intensity as a smaller area. For floors in places of public assembly and for live loads greater than 4.8 kPa, in
accordance with the following equation:
𝑹 = 𝒓(𝑨 − 𝟏𝟓) (205 − 1)

Where
A = area of floor or roof supported by the member, m2
D = dead load per square meter of area supported by the member, kPa
R = reduction in percentage
r = rate of reduction equal to 0.08 for floors. See Table 205-3 for roofs
The reduction shall not exceed 40% for members receiving load from one level only, 60% for other
members or R, as determined by the following equation:
𝑹 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟏(𝟏 + 𝑫⁄𝑳) (205 − 2)

For storage loads exceeding 4.8 kPa, no reduction shall be made, except that design live loads on columns
may be reduced 20 percent.
The live load reduction shall not exceed 40 percent in garages for the storage of private pleasure cars having
a capacity of not more than nine passengers per vehicle.
Alternate Floor Live Load Reduction
As an alternate to Equation 205-1, the unit live loads set forth in Table 205-1 may be reduced in accordance
with Equation 205-3 on any member, including flat slabs, having an influence area of 40 m2 or more.
𝟏
𝑳 = 𝑳𝟎 [𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟒. 𝟓𝟕 ( )] (205 − 3)
√𝑨𝑰
AI = influence area, m2
L = reduced design live load per square meter of area supported by the member
Lo = unreduced design live load per square meter of area supported by the member (Table 205-1)
The influence area AI is 4x the tributary area (AT) for a column, 2x the tributary area (AT) for a beam, equal
to the panel area for a two-way slab, and equal to the product of the span and the full flange width for a
precast T-beam.
The unit live load shall not be less than 50% of the unit live load Lo for members receiving load from one
level only, not less than 40% of the unit live load Lo for other members.
Example 2.5 Live Load Applied to Beams
a typical interior beam is shown in Fig. 2.3. Dimension x = 3 m and y = 9 m. Determine the live load acting
on a typical interior beam 25. From NSCP Table 503-1, the unreduced live load is
𝐿0 = 2.4 kN⁄m2
From Example 2.1, the area tributary to beam 25 is
𝐴𝑇 = 3 𝑥 9 = 27𝑚2
From NSCP 2015 Section 205.6, the influence area for beams is 2 times the tributary area,
𝐴𝐼 = 2 𝑥 𝐴𝑇 = 2 𝑥 27 = 54 m2 > 40𝑚2
NSCP 2015 Equation 503-3 is applicable
The reduced live load for beam 25 is
𝟏
𝑳 = 𝑳𝟎 [𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟒. 𝟓𝟕 ( )] (205 − 3)
√𝑨𝑰
𝟏
𝑳 = 𝟐. 𝟒 [𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟒. 𝟓𝟕 ( )] = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟗𝟑 𝐤𝐍⁄𝐦𝟐 > 0.5𝐿𝑜
√𝟓𝟒
Hence, the minimum permitted value for a member supporting only one floor of L = 0.5Lo is not applicable.
In accordance with NSCP 2015 Section 204.3, an additional 1.0 kPa must be added to allow for weight of
movable partitions. Hence the total live load intensity is
𝐿 = 2.093 + 1.0 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟗𝟑 𝐤𝐍⁄𝐦𝟐
The total live load is
𝑃 = 𝐿𝐴𝑇 = 3.093 𝑥 27 = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟓𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐍
Example 2.6 Floor Live Load Applied to Columns
The floor layout of a four-story office facility is shown in Fig. 2.8. Dimension x = 3 m and y = 9 m.
Determine the floor live load produced on a typical interior column 5 at each story.
From NSCP Table 503-1, the unreduced live load for office building is
𝐿0 = 2.4 kN⁄m2
From NSCP 2015 Section 205.6, the influence area for a column is 4 times the tributary area,
𝐴𝐼 = 4 𝑥 𝐴𝑇
The design live load on the column, in each storey, must account for the tributary floor area by that story.
Top storey
There is no floor live load acting on the column in the top story
Third storey
The column supports the floor live from the 4th floor.
𝐴𝑇 = 3𝑥𝑦 = (3)(3)(9) = 81 m2 > 40𝑚2

𝐴𝐼 = 4 𝑥 𝐴𝑇 = (4)(81) = 324 m2 > 40𝑚2

The reduced design live load for column 5 is
𝟏
𝑳 = 𝑳𝟎 [𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟒. 𝟓𝟕 ( )] (205 − 3)
√𝑨𝑰
𝟏
𝑳 = 𝟐. 𝟒 [𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟒. 𝟓𝟕 ( )] = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟎𝟗 𝐤𝐍⁄𝐦𝟐 > 0.5𝐿𝑜
√𝟑𝟐𝟒
The minimum L = 0.5Lo does not govern
𝐿 = 1.209 + 1.0 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟎𝟗 𝐤𝐍⁄𝐦𝟐
𝑃 = 𝐿𝐴𝑇 = 2.209 𝑥 81 = 𝟏𝟕𝟖. 𝟗𝟑 𝐤𝐍
Second storey
The column supports the floor live from the 3rd and 4th floor.
𝐴𝑇 = 3𝑥𝑦 = (3)(3)(9) = 81 m2 > 40𝑚2
𝐴𝐼 = (4 )(𝐴𝑇 )(2) = (4)(81)(2) = 648 m2 > 40𝑚2
𝟏
𝑳 = 𝑳𝟎 [𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟒. 𝟓𝟕 ( )] (205 − 3)
√𝑨𝑰
𝟏
𝑳 = 𝟐. 𝟒 [𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟒. 𝟓𝟕 ( )] = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝟏 𝐤𝐍⁄𝐦𝟐 > 0.4𝐿𝑜
√𝟔𝟒𝟖
The minimum L = 0.4Lo does not govern
𝐿 = 1.031 + 1.0 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟑𝟏 𝐤𝐍⁄𝐦𝟐
𝑃 = 𝐿𝐴𝑇 = 2.031 𝑥 81 = 𝟏𝟔𝟒. 𝟓𝟏 𝐤𝐍

Bottom storey
The column supports the floor live from the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th floor.
𝐴𝑇 = 3𝑥𝑦 = (3)(3)(9) = 81 m2 > 40𝑚2

𝐴𝐼 = (4 )(𝐴𝑇 )(2) = (4)(81)(3) = 648 m2 > 40𝑚2
𝟏
𝑳 = 𝑳𝟎 [𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟒. 𝟓𝟕 ( )] (205 − 3)
√𝑨𝑰
𝟏
𝑳 = 𝟐. 𝟒 [𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟒. 𝟓𝟕 ( )] = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟐 𝐤𝐍⁄𝐦𝟐 < 0.4𝐿𝑜 minimum govern
√𝟗𝟕𝟐
Hence, use the minimum permitted value for a column supporting three floors of
𝐿 = 0.4𝐿𝑜 = 0.4(2.4) = 0.96 kN⁄m2
𝐿 = 0.96 + 1.0 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 𝐤𝐍⁄𝐦𝟐
𝑃 = 𝐿𝐴𝑇 = 1.96 𝑥 3 𝑥 81 = 𝟒𝟕𝟔. 𝟐𝟖 𝐤𝐍
Roof Live Load
Roofs shall be designed for the unit live loads, Lr, set forth in Table 205-3. The live loads shall be assumed
to act vertically upon the area projected on a horizontal plane. Provision of roof live loads shall be made by
Method 1 or Method 2 under Section 205.4 of NSCP 2015.
The live loads shall be assumed to act vertically upon the area projected on a horizontal plane.
Reduction of Live Load

Roof live loads account for loads imposed during construction of the roof and subsequently by maintenance
and re-roofing operations. Roof loads are assumed to act on the horizontal projection of the roof surface.
The design roof live load shall determine by the following equation:
𝑹 = 𝒓(𝑨 − 𝟏𝟓) (205 − 15)
The reduction shall not exceed 40 percent for members receiving load from one level only, 60 percent for
other members or R, as determined by the following equation:
𝑹 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟏(𝟏 + 𝑫⁄𝑳) (205 − 2)
Example 2.7 Roof Live Load Applied to Beams
The roof framing layout of an office facility is similar to the second floor layout shown in Fig. 2.1.
Dimension x = 3 m and y = 9 m and the roof is nominally flat. Determine the live load acting on a typical
interior roof beam 25.
The tributary area of beam 25 is
𝐴𝑇 = 𝑥𝑦 = (3)(9) = 27 m2 > 20 𝑚2 < 60 𝑚2
The reduction factor is then
𝑹 = 𝒓(𝑨 − 𝟏𝟓) = 0.08(27 − 15) = 0.96
The roof live load intensity is
𝐿𝑟 = 1.0(0.96) = 0.96 𝑘𝑃𝑎 ≥ 0.58 = 0.96 minimum does not govern

𝑃𝑅 = 𝐿𝐴𝑇 = 0.96(27) = 25.92
Example 2.8 Roof Live Load Applied to Columns
The roof framing layout of an office facility is similar to the second floor layout shown in Fig. 2.1.
Dimension x = 3 m and y = 9 m and the roof is nominally flat. Determine the roof live load acting on a
typical interior column 5.

𝐴𝑇 = (3)(3)(9) = 81 m2 > 60 m2
From the Table 205-3, the minimum roof live load for flat roof is 0.60 kPa for over 60 m2
The reduction factor is then
R = 0.6
The roof live load intensity is given by ASCE 7 Eq. (4.8-1) as
𝐿𝑟 = 𝐿0 𝑅
Where 0.58 ≤ Lr ≤ 0.96
𝐿𝑟 = 0.6(0.6)(1.0) = 0.36 kPa minimum does not govern

𝑃𝑅 = 𝐿𝐴𝑇 = 0.6(81) = 48.6 kN
Combined Dead and Live Load
In the design of an element, nominal dead loads and live loads must be combined in accordance with the
LRFD or ASD requirements. The following example is an illustration.
Example 2.9 Total Loads Applied to Columns

The roof framing layout of a four-story office facility is similar to the floor layout shown in Fig. 2.1.
Dimension x = 3 m and y = 9 m and the roof is nominally flat. The dead load of the roof, including the
weight of framing members is 2.92 kN/m2. The column weight is 1.022 kN/m in all stories and the height of
each story is 3.6 m. Determine the total dead load, floor live load, and roof live load acting on a typical
interior column 5 and the design load on the column footing.

𝐴𝑇 = 3(3)(9) = 81 m2
𝑃𝐷𝑅 = roof dead load
𝑷𝑫𝑹 = (2.92 kN/m2 )(81 m2 ) = 𝟐𝟑𝟔. 𝟓𝟐 𝐤𝐍
The column weight over the total height of the building is
𝑃𝐶 = 𝑤𝐶 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 𝑛
𝑷𝑪 = (1.022 kN/m)(3.6 m) (4) = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟕𝟐 𝐤𝐍
From previous examples
𝑃𝑅 = roof live load

𝑷𝑹 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟗 𝐤𝐍
𝑃𝐷𝐹 = dead load of each floor
𝑷𝑫𝑭 = 𝟐𝟓𝟒. 𝟓𝟎 𝐤𝐍
𝑃𝐿 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑷𝑳 = 𝟒𝟕𝟔. 𝟐𝟖 𝐤𝐍
Total dead load on the column footing is
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑃𝐷𝑅 + 𝑃𝐶 + 3𝑃𝐷𝐹
𝑃𝐷 = 236.52 + 14.72 + 3(254.50)
𝑷𝑫 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒. 𝟕𝟒 𝐤𝐍
Applying NSCP 2015 Sec. 203.3 and 203.4 gives
LRFD ASD
From NSCP 2015 Sec. 203.4.1 combination
From NSCP 2015 Sec. 203.3.1 combination 3:
4:
𝑃𝑢 = 1.2𝑃𝐷 + 1.6𝑃𝑅 + 0.5𝑃𝐿
𝑃 = 𝑃𝐷 + 0.75𝑃𝑅 + 0.75𝑃𝐿
𝑃𝑢 = 1.2(1014.74) + 1.6(48.9) + 0.5(476.28) 𝑎
𝑃𝑎 = 1014.74 + 0.75(48.9)
𝑃𝑢 = 1534.068 kN
+ 0.75(476.28)
𝑃𝑎 = 1408.625 kN
From NSCP 2015 Sec. 203.3.1 combination 2:
𝑃𝑢 = 1.2𝑃𝐷 + 1.6𝑃𝐿 + 0.5𝑃𝑅
From ASCE 7 Sec. 2.4.1 combination 2:
𝑃𝑢 = 1.2(1014.74) + 1.6(476.28) + 0.5(48.9)
𝑃𝑎 = 𝑃𝐷 + 𝑃𝐿
𝑃𝑢 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟒. 𝟏𝟖𝟔 𝒌𝑵 . . . governs
𝑃𝑎 = 1014.74 + 476.28
= required strength
𝑃𝑎 = 𝟏𝟒𝟗𝟏. 𝟎𝟐 𝐤𝐍 … . governs
= required strength
Combination of Loads
Example 2.10
A roof system with W16 x 40 sections spaced 2.7 m on center is to be used to support a dead load of 1.92
kPa; a roof live load of 1.44 kPa; and wind load of ±1.54 kPa. Compute the governing load in per linear
meter.
Solution.
W16 x 40, the last number 40 is referring to section weight of 40 lb/ft. Here, we have to convert the 40 lb/ft
to N/m which calculated to 40 lb/ft multiply by 14.59318 N/m = 583.73 N/m.
D = 583.73 N/m + (2.7 m)(1.92 kPa)(1000) = 5767.73 N/m

L=0
Lr = (2.7 m)(1.44 kN/m2)(1000 N/kN) = 3888 N/m
W = (2.7 m)(4.158 kN/m2)(1000 N/kN) = 11226.6 N/m
Compute the factored loads, using the LRFD load combinations. In these substitutions, the terms having no
values are omitted. Note that with a floor live load of 3.83 kPa, a load factor of 0.5 has been added to load
combinations (3), (4), and (5) per the exception stated in NSCP 2015 and this text for floor live loads.
1. Wu = 1.4 (5767.73) = 8074.82 N/m
2. Wu = 1.2(5767.73) + 0.5(3888) = 8865.28 N/m
3. Wu = 1.2(5767.73) + 1.6(3888) + 0.5(11226.6) = 18755.38 N/m
4. Wu = 1.2(5767.73) + 1.0(11226.6) + 0.5(3888) = 20091.88 N/m
5. Wu = 1.2(5767.73) = 6921.28 N/m
6. Wu = 0.9(5767.73) + 1.0(11226.6) = 16417.56 N/m
7. Wu = 0.9(5767.73) = 5190.96 N/m
Governing factored load = 20091.88 N/m
Example 2.11
The various axial loads for a building column have been computed according to the applicable building
code, with the following results: dead load = 96 kN; load from roof = 2.4 kN (roof live load); live load from
floors (reduced ass applicable for large floor area and multistory columns) = 12 kN; compression wind =
6.144 kN; tensile wind = 4.992 k; compression earthquake = 2.88 kN; and tensile earthquake = 3.36 kN.
Determine the critical design column load, Pu, using the LRFD load combinations.
Solution.
This problem solution assumes the column floor live load meets the exception for the use of the load factor
of 0.5 in load combinations (3.), (4.), and (5.).
1. Pu = (1.4)(9.6) = 13.44 kN
2. Pu = (1.2)(9.6) + 1.6(12) + (0.5)(2.4) = 31.92 kN
3. (a) Pu = (1.2)(9.6) + 1.6(2.4) + (0.5)(12) = 21.36 kN
(b) Pu = (1.2)(9.6) + (1.6)(2.4) + (0.5)(6.144) = 18.432 kN
4. (a) Pu = (1.2)(9.6) + (1.0)(6.144) + (0.5)(12) + (0.5)(2.4) = 24.144 kN
(b) Pu = (1.2)(9.6) – (1.0)(4.992) + (0.5)(12) +(0.5)(2.4) = 13.728 kN
5. (a) Pu = (1.2)(9.6) + (1.0)(2.88) + (0.5)(12) = 21.4 kN
(b) Pu = (1.2)(9.6) – (1.0)(3.36) + (0.5)(12) = 14.16 kN
6. (a) Pu = (0.9)(9.6) + (1.0)(6.144) = 14.784 kN
(b) Pu = (0.9)(9.6) – (1.0)(4.992) = 3.648 kN
7. (a) Pu = (0.9)(9.6) + (1.0)(2.88) = 11.52 kN
(b) Pu = (0.9)(9.6) – (1.0)(3.36) = 5.28 kN
The critical factored load combination, or design strength, required for this column is 31.92 kN, as
determined by load combination (2). It will be noted that the results of combination (6a) and (6b) do not
indicate an uplift problem.
Special Roof Loads
Roofs to be used for special purposes shall be designed for appropriate loads as approved by the building
official. Greenhouse roof bars, purlins and rafters shall be designed to carry a 0.45 kN concentrated load, Lr,
in addition to the uniform live load.
Table 205-3Minimum Roof Live Loads.

Method 1 Method 2
Tributary Area (m2) Uniform Rate of Maximum
ROOF SLOPE
0 to 20 20 to 60 Over 60 Load Reductio Reduction R
Uniform Load (kPa) (kPa) nr (percentage)
1. Flat or rise less than 1-unit vertical
in 3-unit horizontal (33.3% slope).
1.00 0.75 0.60 1.00 0.08 40
Arch and dome with less than 1/8
of span.
2. Rise 1-unit vertical to less than 3-
unit vertical in 3-unit horizontal
0.75 0.60 0.06
(33.3% to less than 100% slope). 0.70 0.75 25
Arch and dome with rise 1/8 of
spans to less than 3/8 of span.
3. Rise 1-unit vertical in 1-unit
horizontal (100% slope) and
0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
greater. Arch or dome with a rise
3/8 of span or greater. No reduction
permitted
4. Awnings except cloth covered 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
5. Greenhouses, lath houses, and
0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
agricultural buildings
1
For special-purpose roofs, see Section 205.4.4
2
See Section 205.5 and 205.6 for live-load reductions. The rate of reduction r in Equation 205-1
shall be as indicated in the Table. The maximum reduction, R, shall not exceed the value
indicated in the table.
3
A flat roof is any roof with a slope less than 1-unit vertical in 48-unit horizontal (2% slope).
The live m load for flat roofs is in addition to the ponding load required by Section 206.7.
3
See definition in Section 202.
4
See Section 205.4.4 for concentrated load requirements for greenhouse roof members.
Other Minimum Loads

In addition to the other design loads, structures shall be designed to resist the other minimum loads and the
special loads set forth in Table 205-2 of NSCP 2015. Wind loads and Seismic loads are other loads to be
part of the loads to be carried by the structure and it will be tackled also in this course.
Other Loads
Buildings and other structures and portions thereof shall be designed to resist all loads due to applicable
fluid pressures, F, lateral soil pressures, H, ponding loads, P, and self-straining forces, T.
Impact Loads
The live loads specified in Sections 205.3 shall be assumed to include allowance for ordinary impact
conditions. Provisions shall be made in the structural design for uses and loads that involve unusual
vibration and impact forces. See Section 206.9.3 for impact loads for cranes, and Section 206.10 for heliport
and helistop landing areas.
Elevators
All elevator loads shall be increased by 100% for impact.
Machinery
For the purpose of design, the weight of machinery and moving loads shall be increased as follows to allow
for impact:
1. Elevator machinery 100%

2. Light machinery, shaft- or motor-driven 20%
3. Reciprocating machinery or power-driven units 50%
4. Hangers for floors and balconies 33%
All percentages shall be increased where specified by the manufacturer.
Crane Loads
The crane load shall be the rated capacity of the crane. Design loads for the runway beams, including
connections and support brackets of moving wheel loads of the crane and the vertical impact, lateral, and
longitudinal forces induced by the moving crane.
The maximum wheel loads shall be the wheel loads produced by the weight of the bridge, as applicable, plus
the sum of the rated capacity and the weight of the trolley with the trolley positioned on its runway where
the resulting load effect is maximum.
The maximum wheel loads of the crane shall be increased by the percentages shown below to determine the
induced vertical impact or vibration force:
1. Monorail cranes (powered) 25%

2. Cab-operated or remotely operated bridge cranes (powered) 25%
3. Pendant-operated bridge cranes (powered) 10%
4. Bridge cranes or monorail cranes with hand-geared ridge, trolley and hoist 0%
The lateral force on crane runway beams with electrically powered trolleys shall be calculated s 20% of the
sum of the rated capacity of the crane and the weight of the hoist and trolley. The lateral force shall be
assumed to act horizontally at the traction surface of a runway beam, in either direction perpendicular to the
beam, and shall be distributed with due regard to the lateral stiffness of the runway beam and supporting
structure.
Lesson 3
LATERAL LOADS
Introduction
The National Structural Code of the Philippines by reference adopts the American Society of Civil
Engineers/ Structural Engineers Institute (ASCE/SEI 7-10) the Minimum Design Loads for Building and
Other Structures.
Basic Components
The basic function of a lateral force-resisting system is to transfer the lateral forces acting on the structure
to the foundation. Vertical and horizontal resisting components are used to provide a continuous and
competent load path from the top of the structure to the foundation.
For the single-story, light-framed steel structure shown in Fig. 3.1, the steel roof deck forms the
horizontal resisting component or diaphragm.6 The lateral wind or seismic force acting on the south wall
of the structure delivers a line load of w (in units of N/m) to the roof diaphragm. The diaphragm acts as a
deep beam with end reactions of
𝑤𝐿
𝑉=
2
These reactions produce a maximum unit shear at the ends of the diaphragm of
𝑉 𝑤𝐿
𝑣= =
𝐵 2𝐵
The edges of the diaphragm normal to the direction of the lateral force are known as chords and act in a
manner similar to the flanges of a steel beam to resist the bending moment produced by the lateral force.
As shown in Figure 3.1, one chord is in tension and the other in compression. The force in a chord is
given by the equation
𝑀𝐷 𝑤𝐿2
𝑇=𝐶= =
𝐵 8𝐵
As shown in Fig. 3.1, the diaphragm must be designed with a capacity to resist the maximum shear at the
ends, but may be designed for a smaller shear nearer midspan. Diaphragms are typically constructed from
concrete, composite and non-composite formed steel deck, or wood structural panels. Alternatively, in
place of a diaphragm, horizontal bracing may be used to resist the lateral load.
The diaphragm shear force is transferred by the collector elements, or drag struts, to the vertical resisting
components. In Fig. 3.1, these are the bracing elements in the end walls. The bracing elements transfer
the lateral force to the structure’s foundation.
Code Provisions – NSCP C101
Buildings and other vertical structures shall be designed and constructed to resist wind loads as specified
and presented in Section 207A through 207F of the NSCP 2015.
Antenna towers and antenna supporting structures shall be designed and constructed to resist wind loads
as specified and presented in ANSI/TIA-222-G-2005, entitled as “Structural Standards for Steel Antenna
Towers and Antenna Supporting Structures – Addendum 1.
Another lateral loads is the earthquake loads or seismic loads that the buildings and other vertical
structures are subject to resist and will presented as per Section 208 of the NSCP 2015. The purpose of
the succeeding earthquake provisions is primarily to design seismic-resistant structures to safeguard
against major structural damage that may lead to loss of life and property. These provisions are not
intended to assure zero-damage to structures nor maintain their functionality after a severe earthquake.
Structures and portions thereof shall, as a minimum, be designed and constructed to resist the effects of
seismic ground motions as provided in the Earthquake Load section.
When the code-prescribed wind design produces greater effects, the wind design shall govern, but
detailing requirements and limitations prescribed in Earthquake Load section and referenced sections of
the NSCP 2015 shall be made to govern.
Wind Load
When wind strikes an enclosed building the wind flows around the sides and over the roof and either a
pressure or suction is produced on the external surfaces of the building. As shown in Fig. 3.2, the
windward wall that is perpendicular to the wind direction experiences an inward, positive pressure. As
wind flows round the corners of the windward wall, the turbulence produced separates the air flow from
the walls and causes an outward, negative pressure or suction on the side walls and the leeward wall. As
wind flows over a high-sloping gable roof, a positive pressure is produced on the windward side of the
ridge and suction on the leeward side of the ridge. However, for gable roofs with shallow slopes, suction
also develops on the windward side of the ridge and for flat roofs; suction develops over the whole roof.
Figure 3.2 Wind Pressure
Procedures are provided in the NSCP 2015 for determining pressures on the main wind-force resisting
system (MWFRS) and on components and cladding. The main wind-force resisting system is defined in
NSCP 2015 Section 207A.2 as the structural elements that transfer wind loads to the ground and provide
support and stability for the whole structure. Components and cladding are defined as elements of the
building envelope that do not qualify as part of the main wind-force resisting system. The cladding of a
building receives wind loading directly. Examples of cladding include wall and roof sheathing, windows
and doors. Components receive wind loading from the cladding and transfer the load to the main wind-
force resisting system. Components include purlins, studs, girts, fasteners, and roof trusses. Some
elements, such as roof trusses and sheathing may also form part of the main wind-force resisting system
and must be designed for both conditions. Because of local turbulence, which may occur over small areas
at ridges and corners of buildings, components and cladding are designed for higher wind pressures than
the main wind force resisting system. The design procedures consist of two basic approaches:
• The directional procedure determines the wind loads on buildings for specific wind directions, in
which the external pressure coefficients are based on wind tunnel testing of prototypical building
models for the corresponding direction of wind.
• The envelope procedure determines the wind load cases on buildings, in which pseudo external
pressure coefficients are derived from wind tunnel testing of prototypical building models
successively rotated through 360°, such that the pseudo pressure cases produce key structural actions
(uplift, horizontal shear, bending moments, etc.) that envelope their maximum values among all
possible wind directions.
In order to apply these methods, a number of prerequisites must be determined. These include exposure
category, wind speed, low-rise building designation, velocity pressure exposure coefficient, site
topography, wind direction, importance factor, and velocity pressure.
Wind Loads: General Requirements

Exposure Category
Exposure category accounts for the effect of terrain roughness on wind speed and is defined and
illustrated in NSCP 2015 Section 207A.7. The exposure category is dependent on surface roughness
category and the upwind fetch distance. The exposure category assigned to each surface roughness
category is listed in Table 1. Buildings and other structures, including the Main Wind-Force Resisting
System (MWFRS) and all components and cladding (C&C) thereof, shall be designed and constructed to
resist the wind loads determined in accordance with Section 207A through 207F. The provisions of
section 207 define the basic wind parameters for use with other provisions contained in the NSCP 2015
code.
Surface Roughness Categories
A ground surface roughness within each 45° sector shall be determined for a distance upwind of the site
as defined in Exposure Categories. The categories defined below is the purpose for the assigning an
exposure category.
Surface Roughness B: Urban or suburban areas, wooded areas, or other terrain with numerous closely
spaced obstruction having the size of single-family dwellings or larger.
Surface Roughness C: Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights generally less than 9 m.
This category includes flat open country and grasslands.
Surface Roughness D: Flat, unobstructed areas and water surfaces. This category includes smooth mud
flats, salt flats, and unbroken ice.
Exposure Categories
Exposure B: For buildings with a mean roof height of less than or equal to 9m, Exposure B
shall apply where the ground surface roughness, as defined by the Surface
Roughness B, prevails in the upwind direction for the distance greater than
450m. For building with a mean roof height greater than 9m, Exposure B shall
apply where the Surface Roughness B prevails in the upwind direction for a
distance greater than 790m or 20times the height of the building, whichever is
greater.
Exposure C: Exposure C shall apply for all the cases where Exposures B or D do not apply.
Exposure D: Exposure D shall apply where the ground surface roughness, as defined by
Surface Roughness D, prevails in the upwind direction for a distance greater than
1500m or 20 times the building height, whichever is greater. Exposure D shall
also apply where the ground surface roughness immediately upwind of the site is
exposure B or C, and the site is within a distance of 180m or 20 times the
building height, whichever is greater, from an Exposure D condition as defined
in the previous sentence.
For a site located on the transition zone between exposure categories. The category resulting in
the largest wind forces shall be used.
Basic Wind Speed
The basic wind speed, V, used in the determination of design wind loads on buildings and other structures
shall be determined from Figure 207.5-1 as follows, except as provided in NSCP 2015 Section 207A.5.2
and 207A.5.3.
Wind speed, V, is determined from the wind speed maps NSCP 2015 Fig. 207.5-1A, B, and C. The
gradient heights zg for different exposure conditions are given in NSCP 2015 Table 207A.9-1.
The
wind shall be assumed to come from any horizontal direction. The basic wind speed shall be increased
where records or experience indicate that the wind speeds are higher than those reflected in Figure
207A.5-1A through 207A.5-1C.
Seismic Zone Map of the Philippines
Notes:
1. Values are nominal design 3-second gust wind speeds in kilometers per hour at 10 m above the
ground for Exposure C category.
2. Linear interpolation between contours is permitted.
3. Islands and coastal areas outside the contour shall use the last wind speed contour of the coastal
area.
4. Mountainous terrain, gorges, ocean promontories, and special wind regions shall be examined for
unusual wind conditions.
5. Wind speeds corresponds to approximately a 15% probability of excellence in 50 years (Annual
Exceedance Probability = 0.00333, MRI = 300 years)
6. Results are from PAGASA.
Figure 207A.5-1A Occupancy Category III, IV and V buildings and other structures
Notes:
area.
Figure 207A.5-1B Occupancy Category II buildings and other structures

Notes:
area.
Figure 207A.5-1C Basic Wind Speeds for Occupancy Category I buildings and other structures
The basic wind speed for every regions and provinces are tabulated below:
Basic Wind Basic Wind Speed
Main Speed Region Main Province
Region (km/hr) (m/s)
Province
(km/hr) (m/s) Angeles 260 72.22
Caloocan 270 75.00 Aurora 300 83.33
Las Piñas 270 75.00 Bataan 250 69.44
Makati 270 75.00 Bulacan 280 77.78
Malabon 270 75.00 III Nueva Ecija 290 80.56
Mandaluyong 270 75.00 Olongapo 250 69.44
Manila 270 75.00 Pampanga 270 75.00
Marikina 270 75.00 Tarlac 260 72.22
Muntinlupa 270 75.00 Zambales 250 69.44
Navotas 270 75.00 Batangas 260 72.22
NCR
Parañaque 270 75.00 Cavite 270 75.00
Pasay 270 75.00 Laguna 280 77.78
Pasig 270 75.00 IV-A
Lucena 270 75.00
Pateros 270 75.00 Quezon 280 77.78
Quezon Rizal 280 77.78
270 75.00
City Marinduque 260 72.22
San Juan 270 75.00 Occidental
Taguig 270 75.00 Mindoro 250 69.44
Valenzuela 270 75.00 IV-B Oriental Mindoro 250 69.44
Dagupan 270 75.00 Palawan 230 63.89
Ilocos Norte 290 80.56 Puerto Princesa 230 63.89
I Ilocos Sur 280 77.78 Romblon 260 72.22
La Union 270 75.00 Albay 300 83.33
Pangasinan 260 72.22 Camarines Norte 300 83.33
Abra 280 77.78
Camarines Sur 300 83.33
Apayao 300 83.33 V Catanduanes 320 88.89
Baguio 270 75.00 Masbate 280 77.78
CAR Benguet 270 75.00 Naga 300 83.33
Ifugao 290 80.56 Sorsogon 310 86.11
Kalinga 300 83.33 Aklan 250 69.44
Mountain Antique 240 66.67
300 83.33
Province VI Capiz 250 69.44
Batanes 320 88.89
Guimaras 240 66.67
Cagayan 320 88.89 Iloilo 260 72.22
Isabela 320 88.89 Basilan 250 69.44
II Nueva
300 83.33 Lanao del Sur 270 75.00
Vizcaya
ARMM Maguindanao 270 75.00
Quirino 300 83.33
Sulu 250 69.44
Santiago 310 86.11
Tawi-Tawi 250 69.44
Basic Wind Basic Wind
Region Main Province Speed Region Main Province Speed
(km/hr) (m/s) (km/hr) (m/s)
Bacolod 260 72.22 Compostela
XI 300 83.33
Negros Valley
XVIII 260 72.22
Occidental Davao City[ 290 80.56
Negros Oriental 260 72.22 Davao del Norte 290 80.56
Bohol 280 77.78 Davao del Sur 300 83.33
VII Cebu 280 77.78 Davao Oriental 300 83.33
Siquijor 260 72.22 Cotabato 300 83.33
Biliran 300 83.33 Cotabato City 300 83.33
Eastern Samar 320 88.89 General Santos 300 83.33
XII
Leyte 300 83.33 Sarangani 290 80.56
VIII
Northern Samar 320 88.89 South Cotabato 290 80.56
Samar 310 86.11 Sultan Kudarat 280 77.78
Southern Leyte 300 83.33 Agusan del Norte 300 83.33
Zamboanga del Agusan del Sur 300 83.33
250 69.44
Norte Butuan 300 83.33
Zamboanga del XIII
IX 250 69.44 Dinagat Islands 310 86.11
Sur
Zamboanga Surigao del
250 69.44 310 86.11
Sibugay Norte
Bukidnon 290 80.56 Surigao del Sur 310 86.11
Cagayan de Oro 280 77.78
Camiguin 280 77.78
Iligan 270 75.00
X Lanao del Norte 270 75.00
Misamis
260 72.22
Occidental
Misamis
290 80.56
Oriental
Table 103-1 shows the occupancy category as described below.

Table 103-1 Occupancy Category
OCCUPANCY OCCUPANCY OR FUNCTION
CATEGORY OF STRUCTURE
ESSENTIAL Occupancies having surgery and emergency treatment areas,
I
FACILITIES Fire and police stations,
Garages and shelters for emergency vehicles and emergency aircraft,
Structures and shelters in emergency preparedness centers,
Aviation control towers,
Structures and equipment in communication centers and other
facilities required for emergency response,
Facilities for standby power-generating equipment for Category I
structures,
Tanks or other structures containing housing or supporting water or
other fire-suppression material or equipment required for the
protection of Category I, II or III, IV and V structures,
Public school buildings (except single-story buildings),
Hospitals,
Designated evacuation centers,
Power and communication transmission lines
Occupancies and structures housing or supporting toxic or explosive
HAZARDOUS chemicals or substances,
II
FACILITIES Non-building structures storing, supporting or containing quantities
of toxic or explosive substances,
Buildings with an assembly room with an occupant capacity of
1,000 or more,
Educational buildings such as museums, libraries, auditorium with a
capacity of 300 or more occupants,
Buildings used for college or adult education with a capacity of 500
or more occupants,
SPECIAL Institutional buildings with 50 or more incapacitated patients, but
III OCCUPANCY not included in Category I,
STRUCTURES Mental hospitals, sanitariums, jails, prisons and other buildings
where personal liberties of inmates are similarly restrained,
Churches, Mosques, and other Religious Facilities,
All structures with an occupancy of 5,000 or more persons,
Structures and equipment in power-generating stations, and other
public utility facilities not included in Category I or Category II, and
required for continued operation,
STANDARD All structures housing occupancies or having functions not listed in
IV
OCCUPANCY Category I, II or III and Category V.
MISCELLANEOUS
V Private garages, carports, sheds and fences over 1.5 m high.
STRUCTURES
Low-Rise Building
A low-rise building is defined in NSCP 2015 Section 207A.2 as an enclosed or partially enclosed
building that satisfies both the following conditions:
• Mean roof height h is less than or equal to 18 m.

• Mean roof height h does not exceed least horizontal dimension.
Applying the analytical method to low-rise buildings, requires the use of specific velocity
pressure exposure coefficients.
Regular Building
A regular building is defined in NSCP 2015 Section 207A.2 as a building having no unusual geometrical
irregularity in spatial form.
Simple Diaphragm Building
A simple diaphragm building is defined in NSCP 2015 Section 207A.2 as a building in which both
windward and leeward wind loads are transmitted by vertically spanning wall elements through
continuous roof and floor diaphragms to the main wind-force resisting system.
Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient

Wind speed increases with height and also as the exposure changes from category B to
category D. The velocity pressure exposure coefficient Kz reflects this and values are
listed in NSCP 2015 Tables 207B.3-1 and 207C.3-1
Table 207B.3-1
Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients, Kh and Kz
Main Wind Force Resisting System – Part 1
Height above ground level, z Exposure
(m) B C D
0-4.5 0.57 0.85 1.03
6.0 0.62 0.9 1.08
7.5 0.66 0.94 1.12
9.0 0.7 0.98 1.16
12.0 0.76 1.04 1.22
15.0 0.81 1.09 1.27
18.0 0.85 1.13 1.31
21.0 0.89 1.17 1.34
24.0 0.93 1.21 1.38
27.0 0.96 1.24 1.4
30.0 0.99 1.26 1.43
36.0 1.04 1.31 1.48
42.0 1.09 1.36 1.52
48.0 1.13 1.39 1.55
54.0 1.17 1.43 1.58
60.0 1.2 1.46 1.61
Table 207B.3-1 (Continuation)

Main Wind Force Resisting System – Part 1
(m) B C D
75.0 1.28 1.53 1.68
90.0 1.35 1.59 1.73
105.0 1.41 1.64 1.78
120.0 1.47 1.69 1.82
135.0 1.52 1.73 1.86
150.0 1.56 1.77 1.89
Notes:
1. The velocity pressure coefficient Kz, may be determined for the following formula:
For 4.5 m ≤ z ≤ zg For z < 4.5 m
2⁄𝛼 2⁄𝛼
𝐾𝑧 = 2.01(𝑧⁄𝑧𝑔 ) 𝐾𝑧 = 2.01(4.5⁄𝑧𝑔 )
2. α and zg are tabulated in Table 209A.9.1
3. Linear interpolation for intermediate values of height z is acceptable.
4. Exposure categories are defined Section 207A.7.
Table 207C.3-1
(m) Exposure B Exposure C Exposure D
0-4.6 0.70 0.85 1.03
6.1 0.70 0.90 1.08
7.6 0.70 0.94 1.12
9.1 0.70 0.98 1.16
12.2 0.76 1.04 1.22
15.2 0.81 1.09 1.27
18 0.85 1.13 1.31
α 7 9.5 11.5
Zg 365.76 274.32 213.36
Notes:
1. The velocity pressure coefficient Kz, may be determined for the following formula:
For 4.57 m ≤ z ≤ zg For z < 4.57 m

2⁄𝛼 2⁄𝛼
𝐾𝑧 = 2.01(𝑧⁄𝑧𝑔 ) 𝐾𝑧 = 2.01(4.57⁄𝑧𝑔 )
Note: z shall not be taken less than 9 m in exposure B.
2. α and zg are tabulated in Table 209A.9.1

3. Linear interpolation for intermediate values of height z is acceptable.
4. Exposure categories are defined Section 207A.7.
Site Topography
Structures sited on the upper half of an isolated hill or escarpment experience a significant increase in the
wind speed. To account for this, the velocity pressure exposure coefficient is multiplied by the
topography factor Kzt. The topography factor is a function of the three criteria:
• Slope of the hill

• Distance of the building from the crest
• Height of the building above the local ground surface
Topographic Effects
NSCP 2015 Section 207A.8 commentary: as an aid to the designer, this section was rewritten
in ASCE 7-98 to specify when topographic effects need to be applied to a particular structure
rather than when they do not as in the previous version.
Wind Speed-Up over Hills, Ridges, and Escarpments
Wind speed-up effects at isolated hills, ridges, and escarpments constituting abrupt changes in
the general topography, located in any exposure category, shall be included in the design when
buildings and other site conditions and locations of structures meet all of the following
conditions:
1. The hill, ridge, or escarpment is isolated and unobstructed upwind by other similar
topographic features of comparable height for 100 times the height of the topographic
feature (100H) or 3.2 km, whichever is less. This distance shall be measured horizontally
from the point at which the height H of the hill, ridge, or escarpment is determined.
1. The hill, ridge, or escarpment protrudes above the height of upwind terrain features within
a 3.2 km radius in any quadrant by a factor of two or more.
2. The structure is located as shown in Figure 207A.8-1 in the upper one-half of a hill or ridge
or near the crest of an escarpment.
3. 𝐻 ⁄𝐿ℎ ≥ 0.2
4. H is greater than or equal to 4.5 m for Exposure C and D and 18 m for Exposure B.
Topographic Factor
The wind speed-up effect shall be included in the calculation of design wind loads by using
factor Kzt:
𝐾𝑧𝑡 = (1 + 𝐾1 + 𝐾2 + 𝐾3 )2 (207𝐴. 8 − 1)
When K1, K2, K3 are given in Figure 207A.8-1
If site conditions and locations of structures do not meet all the conditions specified in Section 207A8.1
then Kzt = 1.0.
Figure 207A.8-1
Topographic Factor, Kzt
TABLE 207A.8-1 TOPOGRAPHIC MULTIPLIERS FOR EXPOSURE C

K1 Multiplier K2 Multiplier K3Multiplier
H /Lh 3-D x/Lh 2-D All z/Lh 3-D

2-D 2-D 2-D 2-D
Axisym. Other Axisym.
Ridge Escarp. Escarp. Ridge Escarp.
Hill Cases Hill
0.2 0.29 0.17 0.21 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
0.25 0.36 0.21 0.26 0.5 0.88 0.67 0.1 0.74 0.78 0.67
0.3 0.43 0.26 0.32 1 0.75 0.33 0.2 0.55 0.61 0.45
0.35 0.51 0.3 0.37 1.5 0.63 0 0.3 0.41 0.47 0.3
0.4 0.58 0.34 0.42 2 0.5 0 0.4 0.3 0.37 0.2
0.45 0.65 0.38 0.47 2.5 0.38 0 0.5 0.22 0.29 0.14
0.5 0.72 0.43 0.53 3 0.52 0 0.6 0.17 0.22 0.09
3.5 0.13 0 0.7 0.12 0.17 0.06
4 0 0 0.8 0.09 0.14 0.04
0.9 0.07 0.11 0.03
1 0.05 0.08 0.02
1.5 0.01 0.02 0
2 0 0 0
Note:
1. For values of hill or escarpment relative than those shown, linear interpolation is permitted.
2. For H/Lh > 0.50, assume H/Lh = 0.50 for evaluating K1 and substitute 2H for Lh for evaluating
K2 and K3.
3. Multipliers are based on the assumption that wind approaches the hill or escarpment along the
direction of maximum slope.
4. Notation:
H= height of hill or escarpment relative to the upward terrain, in meters.

Lh = distance upward of crest to where the difference in ground elevation is half the height of
hill or escarpment, in meters.
K1 = factor to account for shape of topographic feature and maximum speed-up effect.
K2 = factor to account for reduction in speed-up with distance upward or downward of crest.
K3 = factor to account for reduction in speed-up with distance height above local terrain.
x= distance (upwind or downward) from the crest to the building site, in meters.
z= height above ground surface at building site, in meters.
µ= horizontal attenuation factor.
γ= height attenuation factor.
Equation:
𝐾𝑧𝑡 = (1 + 𝐾1 + 𝐾2 + 𝐾3 )2
𝐾1 determined from table below
|𝑥|
𝐾2 = (1 − )
𝜇𝐿ℎ
𝐾3 = 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧⁄𝐿ℎ
Figure 207A.8-2 Parameters for Speed-Up Over Hills and Escarpment
Directionality Factor
The directionality factor Kd is obtained from NSCP 2015 Table 207A.6-1 and for buildings is given as
0.85. The directionality factor accounts for the reduced probability of
• Extreme winds occurring in any specific direction
• The peak pressure coefficient occurring for a specific wind direction
Table 207 A.6-1 Wind Directionality Factor, Kd

Structural Type Directionality Factor Kd*
Building
Main Wind Force Resisting Systems 0.85
Components and Cladding 0.85
Arched Roofs 0.85
Chimneys, Tanks, and Similar Structures
Square 0.9
Hexagonal 0.95
Round 0.95
Solid Freestanding Walls and Solid Freestanding
0.85
and Attached Signs
Open Signs and Lattice Framework 0.85
Trussed Towers
Triangular, square, rectangular 0.85

All other cross sections 0.95
*Directionality Factor Kd has been calibrated with combinations of loads specified in
Section 203. This factor shall only be applied when used in conjunction with load
combinations specified in Sections 203.3 and 203.4.
Velocity Pressure
The basic wind speed is converted to a velocity pressure at height z by NSCP 2015
Equation which is
𝒒𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟑𝑲𝒛 𝑲𝒛𝒕 𝑲𝒅 𝑽𝟐 (N⁄m2 ); 𝑉 in m⁄s (207B. 3 − 1)
Where
Kd = wind directionality factor, as defined in Section 207A.6
Kz = velocity pressure exposure coefficient defined in Section 207B.3.1
Kzt = topographic factor defined in Section 207A.8.2
V = basic wind speed defined in Section 207A.5
qz = velocity pressure calculated using Equation 207B.3-1 at height z
qzt = velocity pressure calculated using Equation 207B.3-1 at mean roof height h
The numerical coefficient 0.613 shall be used except where sufficient climatic data are available to justify
the selection of a different value of this factor for a design application.
Example 3.1 Wind Velocity Pressure
The two-story office building, shown in Fig. 3.3, is located in a suburban area with a wind speed V of 185
km/h. Determine the wind velocity pressure at roof height for the main wind-force resisting system.
The height to minimum width ratio is
ℎ 6
= = 0.63 < 1
𝐿 9.6
The mean roof height is
ℎ = 6 𝑚 < 18 𝑚
Hence, the building qualifies as a low-rise building and Table 207C.3-1 values for the velocity pressure
exposure coefficients are applicable for a building designed using NSCP 2015 Figure 207C.4-1.
For a suburban area the exposure is category B and the relevant parameters are obtained as
Kz = velocity pressure exposure coefficient

= 0.70 ... from NSCP 2015 Table 207C.3-1 for a height of 6.1 m for the main wind-force
resisting system and exposure category B
Kzt = topography factor

= 1.0 ... from NSCP 2015 Section 207A.8.2 Topographic Factor
Kd = wind directionality factor

= 0.85 ... from NSCP 2015 Table 207A.6-1
The velocity pressure qh at the roof height of 6.1 m above the ground is given by NSCP 2015 Equation
207C.3-1 as
𝑞ℎ = 𝐾𝑧 𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝐾𝑑 𝑉 2
𝑞ℎ = 𝟗𝟔𝟑. 𝟐𝟒 𝐍⁄𝐦𝟐
Note: The wind speed, V, which is in kilometer per hour, must convert to meter per second.
V = 185 km/hr = 185 x 1000/3600 = 51.39 m/s

Envelope Procedure
This procedure is outlined in NSCP 2015 207C.4 and is applicable to low-rise buildings
that meet the following requirements:
• The structure is a regular-shaped building without irregularities such as

projections or indentations.
• The structure does not have response characteristics making it subject to across
wind loading, vortex shedding, and instability due to galloping or flutter.
• The structure is not located at a site subject to channeling effects or buffeting in

the wake of upwind obstructions.
In order to determine the design wind pressures on a structure, it is necessary to

convert the wind velocity pressures to design pressures and the following prerequisites
must be determined:
• Rigidity of the structure

• Gust effect factor
• Enclosure classification
Rigidity of the Structure
A rigid structure is defined in NSCP 2015 207A.2 as a structure with a fundamental frequency greater
than or equal to 1 Hz. Most structures, according to ASCE 7 Sec. C6.2, having a height to minimum
width ratio less than four qualify as rigid. Where necessary, the fundamental frequency may be
determined using the procedures given in ASCE 7 Sec. 26.9.2. A low-rise building is permitted to be
considered rigid. A structure with a fundamental frequency less than 1 Hz is considered flexible. A
flexible structure exhibits a significant dynamic resonant response to wind gusts.
Gust Effect Factor
The gust effect factor accounts for along-wind loading effects caused by dynamic amplification in
flexible structures and for wind turbulence-structure interaction. For a rigid structure, the gust effect
factor may be taken as 0.85. Alternatively, the gust effect factor may be calculated using the procedures
given in NSCP 2015 Sections 207A.9.4 and 207A.9.5.
Enclosure Classifications
The internal pressure produced in a structure by wind depends on the size and location
of openings in the external walls of the structure. As shown in Fig. 3.4, an opening in
the windward wall of a structure produces an internal pressure. An opening in the leeward wall of a
structure produces an internal suction.
Glazing that is breached by missiles must be treated as openings, as this may result
in the development of high internal pressures. In accordance with NSCP 2015 Section 207A.10 in a
wind-borne debris region, glazing in the lower 18 m of structures shall be assumed to be openings unless
such glazing is impact resistant or protected with an impact resistant covering. The same requirement
applies to glazing that is less than 9 m above aggregate surface roofs located within 457 m of the
structure. A wind-borne debris area is defined in NSCP 2015 207A.2 as being a hurricane prone area:
1. Within 1.6 km (1 mi) of the coastal mean high-water line where the basic wind speed is equal to
or greater than 58 m/s, or
2. In areas where the basic wind speed is equal to or greater than 63 m/s.
An open building is defined in NSCP 2015 207A.2 as a building having each wall at least 80 percent
open. This is given for each wall by the expression
𝐴𝑜 ≥ 0.8𝐴𝑔
Where Ao is total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure and
Ag is the gross area of the wall in which Ao is identified.
A partially enclosed building is defined as satisfying both of the following requirements:
1. The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure exceeds the sum of the
areas of openings in the balance of the building envelope (walls and roof) by more than 10
percent.
2. The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure exceeds the smaller of
0.37 m2 or 1 percent of the area of the wall, and the percentage of openings in the balance of the
building envelope does not exceed 20 percent.
These requirements are given by the following expressions
𝐴𝑜 > 1.10𝐴𝑜𝑖
𝐴𝑜𝑖 ⁄𝐴𝑔𝑖 ≤ 0.20

And either
𝐴𝑜 > 0.01𝐴𝑔
Or
> 0.37 m2
where
Aoi = the sum of the areas of openings in the building envelope (walls and roof) not
including Ao, in m2 and
Agi = the sum of the gross surface area of the building envelope (walls and
roof) not including Ag, in m2
An enclosed building is defined as one that does not comply with the requirements for open or partially
enclosed buildings.
Design Wind Pressure on MWFRS for Low-Rise, Rigid Buildings
For the envelope procedure of NSCP 2015 207B Part 1, the gust effect factor is combined with the
external and internal pressure coefficients. The design wind pressure on the main wind-force resisting
system is given NSCP 2015 as
𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑓 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )] (N⁄m2 ) (207C. 4 − 1)
where
qh = wind velocity pressure at a mean roof height h for the applicable exposure category
(GCpf) = product of the equivalent external pressure coefficient and gust effect factor as given in
NSCP 2015 Figure 207C.4-1.
(GCpi) = product of the internal pressure coefficient and gust effect factor as given in NSCP
2015 Table 207A.11-1.
In accordance with NSCP 2015 207AC.4.4 the wind load to be used in design shall not be less than +766
Pa multiplied by the wall area of the building and 383 kN/m2 multiplied by the roof area of the building
projected on a plane normal to the wind direction as shown in NSCP 2015 Figure C207B.4-1.
Example 3.2. Design Wind Pressure for Main Wind-Force Resisting System
For the transverse wind direction, determine the design wind pressure acting on the end frames of the
two-story office building analyzed in Example 3.1. The building may be considered enclosed and the roof
and floor diaphragms are flexible. Consider only load case A.
From Example 3.1, the velocity pressure at mean roof height is obtained as
𝒒𝒉 = 𝟗𝟔𝟑. 𝟐𝟒 𝐍⁄𝐦𝟐
The height to minimum width ratio is
ℎ 6
= = 0.63 < 1
𝐿 9.6
h/L = 6/9.6 = 0.63 < 4 ... rigid structure as defined by NSCP 2015 Section 207A.2
h = 6.1 m < 18 m ... low-rise building as defined by NSCP 2015 Section 207A.2.
Hence, the low-rise building analytical method of NSCP 2015 Section 207C.4 is applicable and values of
(GCpf) may be obtained from NSCP 2015 Figure 207C.4-1.
For a two-story building with flexible diaphragms, NSCP 2015 Figure 207C.4-1 Note 5 specifies that
torsional load cases may be neglected. To design the end frame of the building, the pressures on surfaces
1E, 2E, 3E, and 4E must be determined. For an enclosed building the product of the internal pressure
coefficient and gust effect factor is
(GCpi) = ±0.18 ... from NSCP 2015 Table 207A.11-1
Table 207A.11-1 Internal Pressure Coefficient, (𝑮𝑪𝒑𝒊 )

Main Wind Force Resisting System and All Heights
Components and Cladding
Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Open Walls & Roofs
Buildings
Enclosure Classification (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )
Open Buildings 0.00
+0.55
Partially Enclosed Buildings
-0.55
+0.18
Enclosed Buildings
-0.18
For surface 1E the product of the equivalent external pressure coefficient and gust effect factor is
(𝑮𝑪𝒑𝒇 ) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏 … from NSCP 2015 𝐅𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝟐𝟎𝟕𝐂. 𝟒 − 𝟏
Figure 207C.4-1
Main Wind Force Resisting System - Part 1. External Pressure Coefficient (GCpf) on Low-Rise
Walls & Roofs, Enclosed, and Partially Enclosed Building <= 18 m, (LOAD CASE A)
ROOF BUILDING SURFACE LOAD CASE A
ANGLE,
θ 1 2 3 4 1E 2E 3E 4E
0-5 0.4 -0.69 -0.37 -0.29 0.61 -1.07 -0.53 -0.43
20 0.53 -0.69 -0.48 -0.43 0.8 -1.07 -0.69 -0.64
30 - 45 0.56 0.21 -0.43 -0.37 0.69 0.27 -0.53 -0.48
90 0.56 0.56 -0.37 -0.37 0.69 0.69 -0.48 -0.48
The design wind pressure is given by NSCP 2015 Equation 207C.4-1 as
𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑓 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )] (N⁄m2 )

= 760.96 N/m2 for negative internal pressure (suction)
= 414.19/m2 for positive internal pressure
(𝑮𝑪𝒑𝒇 ) = −𝟏. 𝟎𝟕 … from NSCP 2015 𝐅𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝟐𝟎𝟕𝐂. 𝟒 − 𝟏
𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑓 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )] (N⁄m2 )
= - 857.28 N/m2 for negative internal pressure (suction)

= - 1204.05/m2 for positive internal pressure
(𝑮𝑪𝒑𝒇 ) = −𝟎. 𝟓𝟑 … from NSCP 2015 𝐅𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝟐𝟎𝟕𝐂. 𝟒 − 𝟏
𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑓 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )] (N⁄m2 )
= 963.24[(-0.53) – (±0.18)]
(𝑮𝑪𝒑𝒇 ) = −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑 … from NSCP 2015 𝐅𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝟐𝟎𝟕𝐂. 𝟒 − 𝟏
𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑓 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )] (N⁄m2 )
= 963.24[(-0.43) – (±0.18)]
The wind pressure diagrams for both cases, internal suction and internal pressure, are shown in Figure
3.5.
Design Wind Pressure on Components and Cladding
NSCP 2015 Section 207E provides six separate procedures for the determination of wind pressure on
components and cladding. All procedures require compliance with the following conditions:
• The structure is a regular-shaped building without irregularities such as

projections or indentations.
• The structure does not have response characteristics making it subject to across wind loading, vortex
shedding, and instability due to galloping or flutter.
• The structure is not located at a site subject to channeling effects or buffeting in the wake of upwind
obstructions.
The six different procedures are

1. The analytical envelope design method of NSCP 2015 Part 1 Section 207E.4. This is applicable to
enclosed and partially enclosed low-rise buildings and buildings with h ≤ 18 m having flat roofs,
gable roofs, multispan gable roofs, hip roofs, monoslope roofs, stepped roofs, and saw tooth roofs.
Table 207E.5-1 shows the steps to determine C& C.
2. The simplified envelope design method of NSCP 2015 Part 2 (Low-Rise Buildings, Simplified)
Section 207E.5 (Building Types). This is applicable to enclosed low-rise buildings and buildings with
h ≤ 18 m having flat roofs, gable roofs, and hip roofs. This method is based on the procedure of Part
1. Wind pressures are determined from a Table 207E.5-1 and adjusted where necessary.
3. The analytical directional design method of NSCP 2015 Part 3 Section 207E.6. This is applicable to
enclosed and partially enclosed buildings with h > 18 m having flat roofs, pitched roofs, gable roofs,
hip roofs, mansard roofs, arched roof, and domed roof. Wind pressures are determined from the
specified equation applicable to each building surface. The determination of wind loads for these
types of building is shown in Table 207E.6-1.
4. The simplified directional design method of NSCP 2015 Part 4 Section 207E.7. This is applicable to
enclosed buildings with h ≤ 49 m having flat roofs, gable roofs, hip roofs, monoslope roofs, and
mansard roofs. This method is based on the procedure of Part 3. Wind pressures are determined from
the Table 207E.7-1 and adjusted where necessary.
5. The analytical directional design method of NSCP 2015 Part 5 Section 207E.8 (Building Types). This
is applicable to open buildings of all heights having pitched free roofs, monoslope free roofs and
troughed free roofs. Wind pressures are determined from the specified equation applicable to each
roof surface. The determination of wind loads is in Table 207E.8-1
6. The analytical directional design method of NSCP 2015 Part 6 Section 207E.9. This is applicable to
building appurtenances such as roof overhangs and parapets. Wind pressures are determined from the
specified equation applicable to each roof overhang or parapet surface. Wind loads determination for
C&C is shown in the Table 207E.10-1.
Design of Components and Cladding Using NSCP 2015 Section 207E.4.
The design wind pressure on components and cladding for low-rise building and buildings with a height
not exceeding 60 ft is given by NSCP 207E.4 as
𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )] (𝑁⁄𝑚2 ) (207. 𝐸4 − 1)

Where
qh = wind velocity pressure at mean roof height h for the applicable exposure category
(GCp) = product of the equivalent external pressure coefficient and gust effect
factor as given in NSCP 2015 Figures 207E.4.1 through 207E.4-7.
(GCpi) = product of the internal pressure coefficient and gust effect factor as given in NSCP 2015
207A.11-1.
In accordance with ASCE 7 Sec. 30.2.2 the design wind pressure shall not be less than a
net pressure of 16 lb/ft2 applied in either direction normal to the surface.
The velocity pressure exposure coefficients Kz are given in NSCP Table 207E.3-1.
Table 207E.3-1 Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients, Kh and Kz

(m) B C D
0-4.5 0.70 0.85 1.03
6.0 0.70 0.9 1.08
7.5 0.70 0.94 1.12
9.0 0.70 0.98 1.16
12.0 0.76 1.04 1.22
15.0 0.81 1.09 1.27
18.0 0.85 1.13 1.31
21.0 0.89 1.17 1.34
24.0 0.93 1.21 1.38
27.0 0.96 1.24 1.40
30.0 0.99 1.26 1.43
36.0 1.04 1.31 1.48
42.0 1.09 1.36 1.52
48.0 1.13 1.39 1.55
54.0 1.17 1.43 1.58
60.0 1.20 1.46 1.61
75.0 1.28 1.53 1.68
90.0 1.35 1.59 1.73
105.0 1.41 1.64 1.78
Table 207E.3-1 (Continuation) Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients, Kh and Kz

(m) B (m) B
120.0 1.47 1.69 1.82
135.0 1.52 1.73 1.86
150.0 1.56 1.77 1.89
Local turbulence at corners and at the roof eaves produces an increase in pressure in these areas. Hence,
as shown in NSCP 2015 Figures 207E.4-1 and 207E.4-2, walls are divided into two zones and roofs are
divided into three zones with a different wind pressure coefficient assigned to each. The zone width is
given by NSCP 2015 Figure 207E.4-1 Note 6 as the lesser of
a = 0.1 × (least horizontal dimension)

Or
𝑎 = 0.4ℎ
𝑎 = 0.04 𝑥 (𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

Or
𝑎 = 0.9 m
The values of (GCp) depend on the effective area attributed to the element considered.
Because of local turbulence that may occur over small areas of buildings, components
and cladding are designed for higher wind pressures than the main wind-force resisting system. An
effective wind area is used to determine the external pressure coefficient.
This is defined in NSCP 2015 Section 207A.2 as
𝐴 = 𝑏𝑒 ℓ
where
ℓ = element span length
be = effective tributary width
≥ ℓ/3
For cladding fasteners, the effective wind area shall not be greater than the area that is tributary to an
individual fastener. In accordance with NSCP 2015 Figure 207E.4-1 Note 5, the values of (GCp) may be
reduced by 10% for the walls of buildings with a roof slope of 10° or less.
Example 3.3. Design Wind Pressure for Components
The roof framing of the building analyzed in Example 3.1 consists of open web joists spaced at 1.2 m
centers and spanning 9 m parallel to the long side of the building. For the transverse wind direction,
determine the design wind pressure acting on a roof joist in interior zone 1 of the building and determine
the width of the eave zone. The building may be considered enclosed.
From Example 3.1, the velocity pressure at mean roof height using Case 1 values for Kz is obtained as
𝑞ℎ = 963.24 N⁄m2
h = 6 m < 18 m
Hence, the low-rise building method of NSCP 2015 Section 207E.3 is applicable.
The product of the internal pressure coefficient and the gust effect factor is obtained from Example 3.2
as
(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 ) = ±0.18
The width of the eave zone 2 is given by NSCP 2015 Table 207E.4-1 Note 6 as the lesser of
𝑎 = 0.1 𝑥 𝐿 = 0.1 𝑥 9.6 = 0.96 m
or
𝑎 = 0.4ℎ = 0.4 𝑥 6 = 2.4 m
but not less than either
𝑎 = 0.04 𝑥 𝐿 = 0.04 𝑥 9.6 = 0.384 𝑚
Or 𝑎 = 0.9 m
Hence, 𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔 𝐦 . . . governs
The effective tributary width of a roof joist is defined in NSCP 2017A.2 as the larger of
be = joist spacing = 1.20 m

or
be = 1/3 = 9/3 = 3 m . . . . governs
The effective wind area attributed to the roof joist is then
𝐴 = 𝑏𝑒 ℓ = 3 𝑥 9 = 𝟐𝟕 𝐦𝟐
The negative external pressure coefficient for roof interior zone 1 is obtained from NSCP 2015 Figure
207E.4-2A as
(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 ) = −0.9
The negative design wind pressure on a roof joist for interior zone 1 is obtained from NSCP 2015
Equation 207E.4-1 as
𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )]
𝑝 = 963.24[(−0.9) − (0.18)]
𝑝 = − 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟎. 𝟖𝟕 𝐍⁄𝐦𝟐
upward load on the roof joist over interior zone 1 is
𝑤 = 𝑝𝑠
𝑤 = − 1040.87 𝑥 1.2
𝑤 = − 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟗 𝐍/𝐦
The positive external pressure coefficient for roof interior zone 1 is obtained from NSCP 2015 Figure
207E.4-2A as
(GCp) = 0.2
The positive design wind pressure on a roof joist for interior zone 1 is obtained from NSCP 2015
Equation 207E.4-1 as
𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )]
𝑝 = 963.24[(0.2) − (−0.18)]
𝑝 = 𝟑𝟔𝟔 𝐍⁄𝐦𝟐
The downward load on the roof joist over interior zone 1 is
𝑤 = 𝑝𝑠
𝑤 = 366 𝑥 1.2
𝑤 = 𝟒𝟑𝟗. 𝟐𝟒 𝐍/𝐦
The wind loading acting on the roof joist is shown in Fig. 2.35.
TABLE 207A.8-1 TOPOGRAPHIC MULTIPLIERS FOR EXPOSURE C
K1 Multiplier K2 Multiplier K3Multiplier
H /Lh 3-D x/Lh 2-D All z/Lh 3-D

2-D 2-D 2-D 2-D
Axisym. Other Axisym.
Ridge Escarp. Escarp. Ridge Escarp.
Hill Cases Hill
0.2 0.29 0.17 0.21 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
0.25 0.36 0.21 0.26 0.5 0.88 0.67 0.1 0.74 0.78 0.67
0.3 0.43 0.26 0.32 1 0.75 0.33 0.2 0.55 0.61 0.45
0.35 0.51 0.3 0.37 1.5 0.63 0 0.3 0.41 0.47 0.3
0.4 0.58 0.34 0.42 2 0.5 0 0.4 0.3 0.37 0.2
0.45 0.65 0.38 0.47 2.5 0.38 0 0.5 0.22 0.29 0.14
0.5 0.72 0.43 0.53 3 0.52 0 0.6 0.17 0.22 0.09
3.5 0.13 0 0.7 0.12 0.17 0.06
4 0 0 0.8 0.09 0.14 0.04
0.9 0.07 0.11 0.03
1 0.05 0.08 0.02
1.5 0.01 0.02 0
2 0 0 0
Example 3.4
Calculate the external wind forces based on NSCP 2015 wind load calculation for main wind force
resisting system of the rigid enclosed building with dimension of 18 m in width, 81 m in length, ridge
height of 8.85, and the height of wall is 6.6 m. The building has a fundamental frequency of greater or
equal to 1 Hz.
Note: Refer to Section 207C discussion about Envelope Procedure for Enclosed & Partially Enclosed
Low-Rise Building in NSCP 2015 Method 2.
Also, see NSCP 2015 Method 1 for MWFRS applicable to the MWFRS of enclosed simple
diaphragm building less than 18m in height.
Solution:
PARAMETERS
Wind Speed, V 150 kph
total height, z 8.85 m
height bottom of roof 6.6 m
horizontal dim. Parallel to wind dir., L 81 m
horizontal dim. Normal to wind dir., B 18 m
mean roof height , h 7.725 m
Roof Angle, θ 14 degrees
Figure 3.7 Wind directions normal to the face of the building
Figure 3.8 Wind directions parallel to the length of the building
From Section 207C.3.2 Velocity Pressure
𝑞𝑧 = 0.613𝐾𝑧 𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝐾𝑑 𝑉 2 (at full height)
Exposure Category: Exposure C

α = 9.5 zg = 274.32
Getting the value of Kz at a height of total height above ground, z (m) = 8.85 m
2⁄𝛼
𝐾𝑧 = 2.01(𝑧⁄𝑧𝑔 )
𝐾𝑧 = 2.01(8.85⁄274.32)2⁄9.5
Getting the value of Kh at a mean height above ground, z (m) = 7.725 m
2⁄𝛼
𝐾ℎ = 2.01(𝑧⁄𝑧𝑔 )
𝐾ℎ = 2.01(7.725⁄274.32)2⁄9.5
𝑞ℎ = 0.613K z K zt K d V 2 (at mean roof height)
Convert Wind Speed, V from kph to m/s:
𝑘𝑚 1 ℎ𝑟 1000 𝑚
𝑉 = 150 𝑘𝑝ℎ = 150 𝑥 𝑥 = 41.667 𝑚/𝑠
ℎ𝑟 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐 1 𝑘𝑚
To find the value of Kzt, topographic factor, shall see Section 207A.8 and Figure 207A.8-1. Since the
location of the project is not specified the terrain, let us consider the location as flat terrain and the value
of Kzt = 1.0.
As for wind directionality factor, Kd stated in NSCP 2015 Section 207A.6 and Table 207A.6-1
Kd = 0.85 (Main Wind Resisting Frame Systems)
Table 207 A.6-1 Wind Directionality Factor, Kd

Structural Type Directionality Factor Kd*
Buildings
Main Wind Force Resisting Systems 0.85
Components and Cladding 0.85
Arched Roofs 0.85
Chimneys, Tanks, and Similar Structures
Square 0.9
Hexagonal 0.95
Round 0.95
Solid Freestanding Walls and Solid Freestanding and Attached
0.85
Signs
Open Signs and Lattice Framework 0.85
Trussed Towers
Triangular, square, rectangular 0.85
All other cross sections 0.95
*Directionality Factor Kd has been calibrated with combinations of loads specified in Section 203. This
factor shall only be applied when used in conjunction with load combinations specified in Sections 203.3
and 203.4.
Now let us solve the Velocity Pressure:
At Total Height above ground, z (m) = 8.85 m
𝑞𝑧 = 0.613𝐾𝑧 𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝐾𝑑 𝑉 2
𝑞𝑧 = 882.45 𝑃𝑎
For Velocity Pressure at mean roof height, qh = 7.725 m
𝑞ℎ = 0.613𝐾𝑧 𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝐾𝑑 𝑉 2
𝒒𝒉 = 𝟖𝟓𝟕. 𝟓𝟓 𝑷𝒂
LOW-RISE BUILDING
Alternatively, design wind pressures for the MWFRS of Low-Rise Building shall be determined by the
following equation:
𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑓 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )] Equation 207C. 4 − 1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
qh = velocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height as defined in Section 207A.3
(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑓 ) = external pressure coefficient from Figure 207C. 4 − 1
(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 ) = internal pressure coefficient from Table 207A. 11 − 1
Note: ROOF OVERHANGS

The positive external pressure on the bottom surface of windward roof overhangs shall be determined
using Cp = 0.7 in combination with the top surface pressures determined using figure 207C.4-1
Table 207A.11-1 Internal Pressure Coefficient, (𝑮𝑪𝒑𝒊 )

Main Wind Force Resisting System and All Heights
Components and Cladding
Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Open Walls & Roofs
Buildings
Enclosure Classification (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )
Open Buildings 0.00
+0.55
Partially Enclosed Buildings
-0.55
+0.18
Enclosed Buildings
-0.18
Example 3.5
From the example 3.5, calculate the external pressure coefficient.
To find the roof angle, θ = tan-12.25/9 , θ = 14.036º
The external pressure coefficient shall then be calculated by interpolation
The external pressure coefficient, GCpf calculated is then tabulated below:
External Pressure Coefficient, GCpf on Low-Rise Walls & Roofs Enclosed, Partially Enclosed
Building <= 18 m, (LOAD CASE A)
ROOF BUILDING SURFACE LOAD CASE A
ANGLE,
θ 1 2 3 4 1E 2E 3E 4E
5 0.4 -0.69 -0.37 -0.29 0.61 -1.07 -0.53 -0.43
14.036 0.48 -0.69 -0.44 -0.37 0.72 -1.07 -0.63 -0.56
20 0.53 -0.69 -0.48 -0.43 0.8 -1.07 -0.69 -0.64
Now, we will calculate the wind pressure based on the calculated external pressure coefficient.
1. For surface 1, apply equation 207C.4-1
𝑝 = 𝑞ℎ [(𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑓 ) − (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 )]
𝑝 = 566 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑝 = 257.3 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
2. For surface 2
𝑝 = −437.4 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑝 = −746.1 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
3. For surface 3
𝑝 = −223 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
4. For surface 4
5. For surface 1E,
𝑝 = 771.8 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
6. For surface 2E:

7. For surface 3E:

8. For surface 4E:

Tabulated Calculated Wind Pressure (in kPa) based on LOAD CASE A

BUILDING SURFACE LOAD CASE A
GCpi 1 2 3 4 1E 2E 3E 4E
0.18 0.257 -0.746 -0.532 -0.472 0.463 -1.072 -0.695 -0.635
-0.18 0.566 -0.437 -0.223 -0.163 0.772 -0.763 -0.386 -0.326
External Pressure Coefficient, GCpf on Low-Rise Walls & Roofs Enclosed, Partially Enclosed
Building <= 18 m, (LOAD CASE B)
LOAD CASE B
ROOF BUILDING SURFACE
ANGLE,
1 2 3 4 5 6 1E 2E 3E 4E 5E 6E
θ
- -
0-90 -0.45 -0.45 0.40 -0.29 -0.48 -1.07 -0.53 -0.48 0.61 -0.43
0.69 0.37
Now, we will calculate the wind pressure based on the calculated external pressure coefficient of Load
Case B.
1. For surface 1, apply equation 207C.4-1
2. For surface 2
3. For surface 3
4. For surface 4
5. For surface 5
6. For surface 6
𝑝 = −403 N⁄m2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
7. For surface 1E,
8. For surface 2E:

9. For surface 3E:

10. For surface 4E:
11. For surface 5E:

12. For surface 4E:

Tabulation of Calculated Wind Pressure (in kPa) on LOAD CASE B

LOAD CASE B
BUILDING SURFACE
GCpi
1 2 3 4 5 6 1E 2E 3E 4E 5E 6E
0.18 -0.54 -0.75 -0.47 -0.54 0.19 -0.40 -0.26 -1.07 -0.61 -0.57 0.37 -0.52
-0.18 -0.23 -0.44 -0.16 -0.23 0.50 -0.09 -0.57 -0.76 -0.30 -0.26 0.68 -0.21
Design Wind Pressure for Signs.

If the structure reperesnts an above-groud sign, the wind will produce a resultant force acting on the face
of the sign which is determined from
𝑭 = 𝒒𝒉 𝑮𝑪𝒇 𝑨𝒔 (𝑵) (𝟐𝟎𝟕𝑫. 𝟒 − 𝟏)
Where
qh = velocity pressure evaluated at height h (defined in Figure 207D.4-1) as determined in
accordance with Section 207D.3.2
G = gust effect factor from Section 207A.9
Cf = net force coefficients from Figure 207D.4-1
As = the gross area of the solid freestanding wall or freestanding solid sign, m2
Example 3.6:
Determine the resultant force acting perpendicular to the face of the billboard and through its center if it
is located in Coastal Road near Asian Mall in Paranaque, Manila which is an open flat terrain. The sign is
rigid and has a width of 12 m and a height of 3 m. Its top side is 15 m from the ground.
Solution:
𝑞ℎ = 0.613𝐾𝑧 𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝐾𝑑 𝑉 2
Since z = h = 15 m,
kz = 1.09 (Exposure Category C for an open flat terrain, see Table 207D.3-1)
Kzt = 1.0
Kd = 1.0
V = 75 m/s
Figure 3.9 Billboard or signboard wind resisting frame
𝑞ℎ = 3758.46 𝑃𝑎
To calculate the value of Net Force Coefficient, Cf, refer to Figure 207D.4-1
B/s = 12 m/3 m = 4; s/h = 3/15 = 0.2

Cf = 1.80
G = 0.85 as per Section 207A.9.1 where Gust Effect Factor of 0.85 is permitted for a rigid
building or other structure
𝐹 = 𝑞ℎ 𝐺𝐶𝑓 𝐴𝑠
𝐹 = 𝟐𝟎𝟕. 𝟎𝟐 𝐤𝐍
SEISMIC LOADS
The objective of the seismic provisions in ASCE 7 is to preclude structural collapse in a
major earthquake. Hence, fatalities and economic loss are minimized.
Seismic loads on a structure are generated by the effects that an earthquake has on
the structure. Earthquakes are the result of an abrupt rupture along a fault zone below
the earth’s surface. The ground vibrations created as a result of this rupture produce
inertial forces in a structure that may cause severe damage unless the structure is appropriately designed
and constructed. In accordance with Newton’s second law of motion, the inertial force produced equals
the mass of the structure multiplied by the imposed acceleration. The seismic load must be accurately
estimated in order to design the structure to withstand an earthquake.
Figure 3.10 Seismic base frame

Basis for Design
The procedures and the limitations for the design of structures shall be determined considering seismic
zoning, site characteristics, occupancy, configuration, structural system and height in accordance with
this section. Structures shall be designed with adequate strength to withstand the lateral displacements
induced by the Design Basis Ground Motion, considering the inelastic response of the structure and the
inherent redundancy, over-strength and ductility of the lateral force-resisting system.
The minimum design strength shall be based on the Design Seismic Forces determined in accordance
with the static lateral force procedure of Section 208.5, except as modified by Section 208.5.3.5.4.
Where strength design is used, the load combinations of Section 203.3 shall apply. Where Allowable
Stress Design is used, the load combination of Section 203.4 shall apply.
Allowable Stress Design may be used to evaluate sliding or overturning at the soil-structure interface
regardless of the design approach used in the design of the structure, provided load combinations of
Section 203.4 are utilized.
Occupancy Categories
For purposes of earthquake-resistant design, each structure shall be placed in one of the occupancy
categories listed I Table 103-1. Table 208-1 assigns importance factors, I and Ip, and structural
observation requirements for each category.
Table 208-1 – Seismic Importance Factor

Seismic Importance Seismic Importance
Occupancy Category
Factor, I Factor, Ip
I. Essential Facilities 1.25 1.50
II. Hazardous Facilities 1.25 1.50
III. Special Occupancy Structures 1.00 1.00
IV. Standard Occupancy Structures 1.00 1.00
V. Miscellaneous Structures 1.00 1.00

1 See Table 103-1 for occupancy category listing
2 The limitation of Ip for panel connections in Section 208.7.2.3 shall be 1.0 for the entire connector
3 Structural observation requirements are given in Section 107.9
4 For anchorage of machinery and equipment required for life-safety systems, the value of Ip shall be
taken as 1.5
Site Geology and Soil Characteristics
Each site shall be assigned a soil profile type based on properly substantiated geotechnical data using the
site categorization procedure set forth in Section 208.4.3.1.1 and Table 208-2
Exception:
When the soil properties are not known in sufficient detail to determine the soil profile type, Type SD
shall be used. Soil Profile Type SEor SF need not be assumed unless the building official determines that
Type SE or SF may be present at the site or in the event that Type SE or SF is established by geotechnical
data.
Soil Profile Type
Soil Profile Type SA, SB, SC, SD and SE are defined in Table 208-2 and Soil Profile Type SF is defined as
soils requiring site-specific evaluation as follows:
1. Soils vulnerable to potential failure or collapse under seismic loading, such as liquefiable soils, quick
and highly sensitive clays, and collapsible weakly cemented soils.
2. Peats and/or highly organic clays, where the thickness of peat or highly organic clays, where the
thickness of peat or highly organic clays exceeds 3.0 m.
3. Very high plasticity clays with a plasticity index, PI > 75, where the depth of clay exceeds 7.5 m.
4. Very thick soft/medium stiff clays, where the depth of clay exceeds 35 m.
5. The criteria set forth in the definition for Soil Profile Type SF requiring site-specific evaluation shall
be considered. If the site corresponds to those criteria, the site shall be classified as Soil Profile Type
SF and a site-specific evaluation shall be conducted.
Table 208-2 – Soil Profile Types
Soil Average Soil Properties for Top 30 m of Soil Profile

Soil Profile Name /
Profile Shear Wave SPT, N (blows Undrained Shear
Generic Description
Type Velocity, Vs (m/s) /300 mm) Strength, Su (kPa)
SA Hard Rock > 1500
SB Rock 760 to 1500

Very Dense Soil and 360 to 760 > 50 > 100
SC
Soft Rock
SD Stiff Soil Profile 180 to 360 15 to 50 50 to 100
SE Soft Soil Profile < 180 < 15 < 50
SF Soil Requiring Site-specific Evaluation. See Section 208.4.3.1

1
Soil Profile Type SE also includes any soil profile with more than 3.0 m of soft clay defined as a soil
with plasticity index, PI > 20, wmc ≥ 40% and su < 24 kPa. The Plasticity Index, PI, and the moisture
content, wmc, shall be determined in accordance with approved national standards.
Site Seismic Hazard Characteristics
Seismic hazard characteristics for the site shall be established based on the seismic zone and proximity of
the site to active seismic sources, site soil profile characteristics and the structure’s importance factor.
Seismic Zone
The Philippine archipelago is divided into two seismic zones only. Zone 2 covers the provinces of
Palawan (except Busuanga), Sulu and Tawi-tawi while the rest of the country is under Zone 4 as shown
in Table 208-1. Each structure shall be assigned a seismic zone factor Z, in accordance with Table 208-3.
Table 208-3 Seismic Zone Factor Z
ZONE 2 4
Z 0.20 0.40
208.4.4.2 Seismic Zone 4 near-source factor.
In Seismic Zone 4, each site shall be assigned near-source factors in accordance with Table 208-4 and
208-5 based on the Seismic Source Type as set forth in Section 208.4.4.4.
The value of Na used to determine Ca need not exceed 1.1 for structures complying with all the following
conditions:
1. The soil profile type is SA, SB, SC or SD.
2. ρ = 1.0
3. Except in single-storey structures, residential buildings accommodating 10 or fewer persons, private
garages, carports, sheds and agricultural buildings, moment frame systems designated as part of the
lateral-force-resisting system shall be special moment-resisting frames.
4. The exceptions to Section 515.6.5 shall not apply, except for columns in one-storey buildings or
columns at the stop storey of multi-storey buildings.
5. None of the following structural irregularities is present: Type 1, 4 or 5 of Table 208-9, and Type 1 or
4 of Table 208-10.
Figure 208-2A Seismic Sources: Active Faults and Trenches in the Philippines
208.4.4.2 Seismic response coefficients.
Each structure shall be assigned a seismic coefficient, Ca, in accordance with Table 208-7
and a seismic coefficient Cv, in accordance with Table 208-8.
208.4.4.4 Seismic Source Types
Table 208-6 defines the types of seismic sources. The location and type of seismic sources to
be used for design shall be established based on approved geological data; see Figure 208-
2A. Type A sources shall be determined from Figure 208-2B, 2C, 2D, 2E or the most recent
mapping of active faults by Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
(PHILVOCS)
Table 208-4 - Seismic Source Type
Seismic Seismic Source Definition

Source Seismic Source Description
Maximum Moment
Type
Magnitude, M
Faults that are capable of producing large

A magnitude events and that have a high rate of 7.0 ≤ M ≤ 8.4
seismic activity
B All faults other than Types A and C 6.5 ≤ M < 7.0
Faults that are not capable of producing large

C magnitude earthquakes and that have a relatively M < 6.5
low rate of seismic activity
1 Subduction sources shall be evaluated on a site-specific basis.
208.4.4.3 Seismic Zone 4 Near-Source Factor
In Seismic Zone 4, each site shall be assigned near-source factors in accordance with Tables 208-5 and
208-6 based on the Seismic Source Type as set forth in Section 208.4.4.2
For high rise structures and essential facilities within 2.0 km of a major fault, a site specific seismic
elastic design response spectrum is recommended to be obtained for the specific data.
Table 208-5 Near-Source Factor, Na 1
Closest Distance To Known Seismic Source

Seismic Source Type
≤ 2 km ≤ 5 km ≥ 10 km
A 1.5 1.2 1.0
B 1.3 1.0 1.0
C 1.0 1.0 1.0
Table 208-6 Near-Source Factor, Nv
Seismic Source Closest Distance To Known Seismic Source

Type ≤ 2 km 5 km 10 km ≥ 15 km
A 2.0 1.6 1.2 1.0
B 1.6 1.2 1.0 1.0
C 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Notes for Tables 208.5 and 208.6:
1. The Near-Source Factor may be based on the linear interpolation of values for distances other than
those shown in the table.
2. The closest distance to seismic source shall be taken as the minimum distance between the site and
the area described by the vertical projection of the source on the surface (i.e., surface projection of
fault plane). The surface projection need not include portions of the source at depths of 10 km or
greater. The largest value of the Near- Source Factor considering all sources shall be used for
design.
The value of Na used to determine Ca need not exceed 1.1 for structures complying with all the following
conditions:
1. The soil profile type is SA, SB, SC or SD.

2. ρ = 1.0
3. Except in single-storey structures, residential building accommodating 10 or fewer persons, private
garages, carports, sheds and agricultural buildings, moment frame system s designated as part of the
lateral-force-resisting system shall be special moment-resisting frames.
4. The exceptions to Section 515.6.5 shall not apply, except for columns in one-storey buildings or
columns at the top storey of multistory buildings.
5. None of the following structural irregularities is present: Type 1, 4 or 5 of Table 208-9, and Type 1 or
4 of Table 208-10.
208.4.4.4 Seismic Response Coefficients
Each structure shall be assigned a seismic coefficient, Ca, in accordance with Table 208-7 and a seismic
coefficient, Cv, in accordance with Table 208-8.
Table 208-7 Seismic Coefficient, Ca
Seismic Zone Z
Soil Profile Type
Z = 0.2 Z = 0.4
SA 0.16 0.32Na
SB 0.20 0.40Na
SC 0.24 0.40Na
SD 0.28 0.44Na
SE 0.34 0.44Na
SF See Footnote 1 of Table 208-8
Table 208-8 Seismic Coefficient, Cv
Soil Profile Type Seismic Zone Z

Z = 0.2 Z = 0.4
SA 0.16 0.32Nv
SB 0.20 0.40Nv
SC 0.32 0.56Nv
SD 0.40 0.64Nv
SE 0.64 0.96Nv
SF See Footnote 1 of Table 208-8

1
Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analysis shall be performed to
determine seismic coefficients
Bearing Wall System

A structural system without a complete vertical load-carrying space frame. Bearing walls or bracing
systems provide support for all most gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or
braced frames.
Building Frame System

A structural system with an essentially complete space frame providing support for gravity loads.
Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced frames.
Moment-Resisting Frame System
A structural system with an essentially complete space frame providing support for gravity loads.
Moment-resisting frames provide resistance to lateral load primarily by flexural action of members.
Determination of Seismic Factors
Determination of R
The value of R shall be taken from Table 208-11
Table 208-11B Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Steel

System Limitation
and Building Height
Basic Seismic-Force Resisting System R Ωo Limitation by
Seismic Zone, m
Zone 2 Zone 4
A. Bearing Wall System
Light steel-framed bearing walls with tension-only
2.8 2.2 NL 20
bracing
Braced frames where bracing carries gravity load 4.4 2.2 NL 50
Light framed walls sheathed with steel sheets structural
5.5 2.8 NL 20
panels rated for shear resistance or steel sheets
Light framed walls with shear panels of all other light
4.5 2.8 NL 20
materials
Light-framed wall systems using flat strap bracing 2.8 2.2 NL NP
B. Building Frame Systems
Steel eccentrically braced frames (EBF), moment- 8 2.8 NL 30
resisting connections at columns away from links
Steel eccentrically braced frames (EBF), non-moment- 6 2.2 NL 30
resisting connections at columns away from links
Special concentrically braced frames (SCBF) 6 2.2 NL 30
Ordinary concentrically braced frames (OCBF) 3.2 2.8 NL NP
Light-framed walls sheathed with steel sheet structural 6.5 2.8 NL 20
panels/sheet steel panels
Light frame walls with shear panels of all other
2.5 2.8 NL NP
materials
B. Building Frame Systems (Continuation. . . . .)

Buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBF), non- 7 2.8 NL 30
moment-resisting beam-column connection
Buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBF), moment- 8 2.8 NL 30
resisting beam-column connections
Special steel plate shear walls (SPSW) 7 2.8 NL 30
C. Moment-Resisting Frame Systems
Special moment-resisting frame (SMRF) 8 3 NL NL
Intermediate steel moment frames (IMF) 4.5 3 NL NP
Ordinary moment frames (OMF) 3.5 3 NL NP
Special truss moment frames (STMF) 6.5 3 NL NP
Special composite steel and concrete moment frames 8 3 NL NL
Intermediate composite moment frames (IMF) 5 3 NL NP
Composite partially restrained moment frames 6 3 50 NP
Ordinary composite moment frames 3 3 NP NP
D. Dual Systems wit Special Moment Frames
Steel eccentrically braced frames 8 2.8 NL NL
Special steel concentrically braced frames 7 2.8 NL NL
Composite steel and concrete eccentrically braced
8 2.8 NL NL
frames
Composite steel and concrete concentrically braced
6 2.8 NL NL
frames
Composite steel plate shear walls 7.5 2.8 NL NL
Buckling-restrained braced frame 8 2.8 NL NL
Special steel plate shear walls (SPSW) 8 2.8 NL NL
Masonry shear wall with steel OMRF 4.2 2.8 NL 50
Steel EBF with steel SMRF 8.5 2.8 NL NL
Steel EBF with steel OMRF 4.2 2.8 NL 50
Special concentrically braced frames with steel SMRF 7.5 2.8 NL NL
Special concentrically braced frames with steel OMRF 4.2 2.8 NL 50
E. Dual System with Intermediate Moment Frames
Special steel concentrically braced frames 6 2.8 NL NP

Composite steel and concrete concentrically braced
5.5 2.8 NL NP
frames
Ordinary composite braced frame 3.5 2.8 NL NP
Ordinary composite reinforced concrete shear walls with
5 3 NL NP
steel elements
F. Cantilevered Column Building Systems

Special steel moment frames 2.2 2 10 10
Intermediate steel moment frames (IMF) 1.2 2 10 NP
Ordinary steel moment frames 1 2 10 NP
Cantilevered column elements 2.2 2 NL 10
G. Steel Systems not Specifically Detailed for Seismic
3 3 NL NP
Resistance, Excluding Cantilever Systems
Minimum Design Lateral Forces and Related effects
Simplified Design Base Shear
The total design base shear in a given direction shall be determined from the following equation:
𝟑𝑪𝒂
𝑽= 𝑾 (208 − 5)
𝑹
where the value of Ca shall be based on Table 208-7 for the soil profile type. When the soil properties are
not known in sufficient detail to determine the soil profile type, Type SD shall be used in Seismic Zone 4,
and Type SE shall be used in Seismic Zone 2. In Seismic Zone 4, the Near-Source Factor, Na, need not be
greater than 1.2 if none of the following structural irregularities are present:
1. Type 1, 4 or 5 of Table 208-9, or
2. Type 1 or 4 of Table 208-10.
Vertical Distribution
The forces at each level shall be calculated using the following equation:
𝟑𝑪𝒂
𝑭𝒙 = 𝒘 (208 − 6)
𝑹 𝒊
where the value of Ca shall be determined as in Section 208.5.1.1.
Horizontal Distribution of Shear
The design storey shear, 𝑽𝒙, in any storey is the sum of the forces Ft and Fx above that storey. 𝑽𝒙 shall
be distributed to the various elements of the vertical lateral force-resisting system in proportion to their
rigidities, considering the rigidity of the diaphragm. See Section 208.7.2.3 for rigid elements that are not
intended to be part of the lateral force-resisting systems.
Where diaphragms are not flexible, the mass at each level shall be assumed to be displaced from the
calculated center of mass in each direction a distance equal to 5 percent of the building dimension at that
level perpendicular to the direction of the force under consideration. The effect of this displacement on
the storey shear distribution shall be considered.
Diaphragms shall be considered flexible for the purposes of distribution of storey shear and torsional
moment when the maximum lateral deformation of the diaphragm is more than two times the average
storey drift of the associated storey. This may be determined by comparing the computed midpoint in-
plane deflection of the diaphragm itself under lateral load with the storey drift adjoining vertical- resisting
elements under equivalent tributary lateral load.
Static Force Procedure
Design Base Shear
The total design base shear in a given direction shall be determined from the following equation:
𝑪𝒗 𝑰
𝑽= 𝑾 (208 − 8)
𝑹𝑻
The total design base shear need not exceed the following:
𝟐. 𝟓𝑪𝒂 𝑰
𝑽= 𝑾 (208 − 9)
𝑹
The total design base shear shall not be less than the following:
𝑽 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝑪𝒂 𝑰𝑾 (208 − 10)

In addition, for Seismic Zone 4, the total base shear shall also not be less than the following:
𝟎. 𝟖𝒁𝑵𝒗 𝑰
𝑽= 𝑾 (208 − 11)
𝑹
Structure Period
The value of T shall be determined from one of the following methods:
1. Method A:
For all buildings, the value T may be approximated from the following equation:
𝟑⁄
𝑻 = 𝑪𝒕 (𝒉𝒏 ) 𝟒 (208 − 12)
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑪𝒕 = 0.0853 for steel moment-resisting frames

𝑪𝒕 = 0.0731 for reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames and
concentrically braced frames
𝑪𝒕 = 0.0488 for all other buildings
Alternatively, the value of Ct for structures with concrete or masonry shear walls may be taken as
𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟒𝟑/√𝑨𝒄 .
The value AC shall be determined from the following equation:
𝑨𝒄 = ∑ 𝑨𝒆 [𝟎. 𝟐 + (𝑫𝒆 ⁄𝒉𝒏 )𝟐 ] (208 − 13)
The value of 𝑫𝒆 ⁄𝒉𝒏 used in Equation 208-13 shall not exceed 0.9.
Example 3.7
In designing a 21.95-m steel frame structure, the natural period is calculated to be 0.8 sec using the NSCP
2015 approximate method, what is the natural period for this building?
Solution:
The approximate formula (Method A) is given in the NSCP 2015 208.5.2.2 (Structure Period) Item 1
with the formula:
𝟑
𝑻 = 𝑪𝒕 (𝒉𝒏 ) ⁄𝟒
𝑇 = 0.0853(21.95)3⁄4
T = 0.49 sec.
2. Method B:
The fundamental period T may be calculated using the structural properties and deformational
characteristics of the resisting elements in a properly substantiated analysis. The analysis shall be in
accordance with the requirements of Section 208.6.2. The value of T from Method B obtained from
Method A in Seismic Zone 4, and 40 percent in Seismic Zone 2.
The fundamental period T may be computed by using the following equation:
(∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝒘𝒊 𝜹𝒊 𝟐 )
𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅√ (208 − 14)
𝒈(∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝒘 𝒇𝒊 𝜹𝒊 )
The values of 𝒇𝒊 represent any lateral force distributed approximately in accordance with the principles of
Equations 208-15, 208-16 and 208-17 or any other rational distribution. The elastic deflection,𝜹𝒊 , shall be
calculated using the applied lateral forces, fi.
Example 3.8
A 30.5 m, ten-storey office building has a total weight of 66,723 kN. The building is in seismic zone 4 at
a location 5 km from a seismic source with a high rate of seismic activity. It is designed with a special
moment-resisting steel frame system and is constructed on rock (soil type SB). Use the NSCP 2015 static
lateral-force procedure to calculate the total design base shear.
Figure 3.11 Ten-Storey office building
Solution:
The total design base shear (V) can be determined from equation 208-8
𝑪𝒗 𝑰
𝑽= 𝑾
𝑹𝑻
To compute V, the natural period (T), seismic response modification factor (R), importance factor (I),
seismic response coefficient (Cv), and total seismic dead load (W) for this structure must be determined.
The natural period (T) can be determined from Method A of the NSCP 2015 [Section 208.5.2.2, Item 1].
𝟑
𝑻 = 𝑪𝒕 (𝒉𝒏 ) ⁄𝟒
For special moment-resisting steel frame systems, Ct = 0.0853 and hn = 30.48 m
3⁄
𝑇 = 0.0853(30.5) 4
𝑻 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 𝐬𝐞𝐜
From Table 208-11B for special moment-resisting steel frame systems, R = 8.0.
From Table 208-1 importance factor for office building is I = 1.00 (Standard Occupancy).
The seismic dead load (W) is 66,723 k.

From Table 208-7 for soil profile SB and for Seismic zone factor Z = 0.4, the applicable acceleration and
velocity controlled seismic response coefficients are:
Ca = 0.40Na
Cv = 0.40Nv
From table 208-2, the soil profile type is producing a high rate of seismic activity, then the seismic source
type is Type A. So, the Near-Source Factor Na = 1.2 which is in 5 km radius, and the Near-Source Factor
Nv = 1.6 from the seismic source.
Then, the controlled acceleration and velocity are:
Ca = 0.40Na = 0.40(1.2) = 0.48

Cv = 0.40Nv = 0.40(1.6) = 0.64
Therefore, design base shear is

𝑪𝒗 𝑰
𝑽= 𝑾
𝑹𝑻
(0.64)(1.00)
𝑽= (66723) = 4808.86 kN ≈ 𝟒𝟖𝟎𝟗 𝐤𝐍
(8.0)(1.11)
The total design base shear need not exceed the following:
𝟐. 𝟓𝑪𝒂 𝑰
𝑽= 𝑾 (208 − 9)
𝑹
2.5(0.48)(1.00)
𝑽= (66723) = 10008.45 kN ≈ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖 𝐤𝐍
8.00
The total design base shear shall not be less than the following:
𝑽 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝑪𝒂 𝑰𝑾 → 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐙𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝟐 (208 − 10)
𝑽 = 0.11(0.48)(1.00)(66723) = 3522.97 ≈ 𝟑𝟓𝟐𝟑 𝐤𝐍
The structure is built in Zone 4, the required total base shear shall also not be less than the following:
𝟎. 𝟖𝒁𝑵𝒗 𝑰
𝑽= 𝑾 (208 − 11)
𝑹
0.8(0.4)(1.6)(1.00)
𝑽= (66723) = 4270.27 kN ≈ 𝟒𝟐𝟕𝟎 𝐤𝐍
8.00
Since 𝑽 = 𝟒𝟐𝟕𝟎 𝐤𝐍 < 4809 𝐤𝐍 < 10008 𝐤𝐍
Therefore:
𝐶𝑣 𝐼
𝑽= 𝑊 = 𝟒𝟖𝟎𝟗 𝐤𝐍 is governs
𝑅𝑇
Vertical Distribution of Forces
The total force shall be distributed over the height of the structure in conformance with Equations 208-15,
208-16 and 208-17 in the absence of a more rigorous procedure.
𝑽 = 𝑭𝒕 + ∑ 𝑭𝒕 (208 − 15)
𝒊=𝟏
The concentrated force 𝑭𝒕 at the top, which is in addition to 𝑭𝒏, shall be determined from the equation:
𝑭𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝑻𝑽 (208 − 16)

The value of T used for the purpose of calculating 𝑭𝒕 shall be the period that corresponds with the design
base shear as computed using Equation 208-4. 𝑭𝒕 need not exceed 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝑽 and may be considered as zero
where T is 0.7 s or less. The remaining portion of the base shear shall be distributed over the height of the
structure, including Level𝒏, according to the following equation:
(𝑽 − 𝑭𝒕 )𝒘𝒙 𝒉𝒙
𝑭𝒕 = (208 − 17)
∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝒘𝒊 𝒉𝒊
At each level designated as 𝒙, the force 𝑭𝒙 shall be applied over the area of the building in accordance
with the mass distribution at that level. Structural displacements and design seismic forces shall be
calculated as the effect of forces 𝑭𝒙 and 𝑭𝒕 applied at the appropriate levels above the base.
Example 3.9
From Example 3.8, the design base shear is 4809 kN and the structure period T = 1.11, and the weight
carried by the structure at each level from 2 to 10 is 7000 kN while the top level is 3723 kilo Newton.
1. Determine Ft
2. Calculate the vertical distribution of forces and label to the structure at every level.
Solution:
1. Since T = 1.11 sec and T > 0.7 sec

Ft = 0.07TV is applicable
By the criteria in Example 3.8, V = 4809 kN
Ft = 0.07TV = (0.07)(1.11)(4809) = 373.66 kN to be applied at the top level of the structure, but
needs to check if Ft < 0.25V.
Check for Ft< 0.25 V, Ft ≤ 0.25(4809) = 1202.25 kN > Ft, therefore Ft will be added to the top level.
2. Calculation of Fx at every level
𝑉 − 𝐹𝑡 = 4809 − 373.66 = 4435.34 kN
𝟒𝟒𝟑𝟓. 𝟑𝟒( 𝒘𝒙 𝒉𝒙 )
𝑭𝒕 =
∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝒘𝒊 𝒉𝒊
This equation is tabulated below.

Level x 𝒉𝒙 𝒘𝒙 𝒘𝒙 𝒉𝒙 𝑭𝒙
Roof 30.5 m 3723 kN 113,551.5 kN-m 373.66+468.81 = 842.47 kN
10 27.45 7000 192,150 793.31
9 24.40 7000 170,800 705.16
8 21.35 7000 149,450 617.02
7 18.30 7000 128,100 528.87
6 15.25 7000 106,750 440.73
5 12.20 7000 85,400 352.58
4 9.15 7000 64,050 264.44
3 6.10 7000 42,700 176.29
2 3.05 7000 21,350 88.15
Σ = 66,723 kN Σ = 1,074,301.5 kN.m Ʃ = 4809 kN
Figure 3.12 Lateral loads @ every storey of office building
Other Loads
Rain Loads
Design rain loads are addressed in ASCE 7 Chapter 8 and in IBC Sec. 1611. A primary drainage system
is provided to cope with the anticipated rainfall intensity produced during short, intense rainfall events. In
the event that the primary drainage system becomes blocked by debris or ice, a secondary overflow drain
must be provided with a capacity not less than that of the primary system. A free discharge system is the
preferred method of emergency drainage.
Design Rain Loads
The roof must be capable of resisting the maximum water depth that occurs when the primary drainage
system is blocked. As shown in Fig. 2.30, the maximum depth is the sum of the static head developed at
the inlet of the overflow drain plus the hydraulic head that develops above the inlet at its design flow.
The design load for rain loads is express by the formula form NSCP 2015 Section 210.2 as
𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟖(𝒅𝒔 + 𝒅𝒉 ) (𝟐𝟎𝟏 − 𝟏)
Symbols
R = rain load on the undeflected roof, in kN/m2. When the phrase “undeflected roof” is used,
deflections from loads (including dead loads) shall not be considered when determining the
amount of rain on the roof.
ds = depth of water on the undeflected roof up to the inlet of the secondary drainage system when the
primary drainage system is blocked (i.e., the static head), mm.
dh = additional depth of water on the undeflected roof above the inlet of the secondary drainage system
at its design flow (i.e., the hydraulic head), mm
In applying this equation, it is assumed that ponding has not occurred and the roof is undeflected. The
hydraulic head may be determined from ASCE 7 Table C8-1 which relates hydraulic head to flow rate for
several types of overflow drain. The required flow rate is given by ASCE 7 Eq. (C8-1) as
𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟖 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑨𝒊
where
A = roof area serviced by a single drainage system, in m2

i = design rainfall intensity as specified by the code having jurisdiction, mm/h
Q = flow rate out of a single drainage system, in m3/s
Example 2.17 Design Rain Loads

A 186 m2 roof with a pitch of 6 mm/300 mm is enclosed by parapet walls and is provided with a single
overflow scupper in the parapet wall. The closed scupper is 152 mm wide and 102 mm high and is set 51
mm above the roof surface. The specified design rainfall intensity is 51 mm/h. Determine the design rain
load.
The required flow rate for the overflow scupper is given by ASCE 7 Eq. (C8-1) as
𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟖 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑨𝒊
The hydraulic head is obtained from ASCE 7 Table C8-1 as
dh = can be calculated through interpolation from point 1 to point 2. By applying Table C8-2 of ASCE 7-
10 of Drainage system 152 mm wide, 102 mm high, closed scupper:
dh = 1.74 in
The rain load on the roof is given by ASCE 7 Eq. (8.3-1) as
𝑅 = 0.0098(𝑑𝑠 + 𝑑ℎ )
References:
1. National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015, Vol. 1, 7th Edition

2. American Society of Civil Engineers Standard 2010, [ASCE/SEI 7-10] (Minimum Design Loads for
Buildings and Other Structures)
3. Steel Structures Design ASD/LRFD, Alan Williams
4. Steel Structures Design and Behavior, 5th Edition, Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, Faris A.
Malhas

DSS Lecture Note 2 - Gravity Loads

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Lecture 2

1. Chapter 1 Introduction to Design of Steel Structures

2. Chapter 2 Structural Steel Framing Systems

3. Chapter 3 Structural Analysis for Stress Resultants

4. Chapter 4 Selection of Structural Members Sizes

5. Chapter 5 Design of Steel Members Connections

GRAVITY LOADS ON STRUCTURES

Code Provision – NSCP C101

Symbols and Notations

Basic Load Combinations

Load Combinations Using Allowable Stress or Allowable Strength Design (ASD)

Basic Load Combinations

Alternate Basic Load Combinations (ASD)

D + H + F + 0.75[L + Lr(0.6W or E/1.4)] (203-13)

D = (81.85 kg/m)(9.81 N/kg) + (2.5 m)(2.4 kPa) = 6802.95 N/m

Figure 2.1 Floor load detail

Governing factored load = 23483.5 N/m

2.1 Dead Loads

Weight of Materials and Constructions

Using the data in Tables 204-1

Concrete slab: (0.015 kN/m2.mm) (102 mm)(1.83 m) = 2.80 kN/m

For steel floor beam DH:

Wt. of the girder beam itself:

Figure 2.3 (b)

Figure 2.3 (c)

Figure 2.3 (d)

Table 204-2 Minimum Design Dead Loads (kPa)

Component Load Component Load

CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS

Figure 2.4 Beam tributary area

The tributary width is

The total dead load on beam 25 is

𝑊𝐷25 = 𝑞𝐴𝑇 + 𝑤𝐵 𝑦 = 𝑞(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑤𝐵 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑞𝑥 + 𝑤𝐵 )

The dead load reaction at end 2 of beam 25 is

𝑉𝐷25 = 𝑦(𝑞𝑥 + 𝑤𝐵 )⁄2 = 𝑉𝐷52

The loading on beam 25 is shown in Fig. 2.2.

𝑤𝐷47 = 𝑞𝐵𝑇 + 𝑤𝐵 = 𝑞(𝑎 + 𝑥⁄2) + 𝑤𝐵

𝑊𝐷47 = 𝑞𝐴𝑇 + 𝑤𝐵 𝑦 = 𝑦[𝑞(𝑎 + 𝑥⁄2) + 𝑤𝐵 ]

Figure 2.5 Dead load on beam 25

Similarly for edge beam 69, the corresponding loads are

𝑤𝐷69 = 𝑞𝐵𝑇 + 𝑤𝐵 = 𝑞 𝑥⁄2 + 𝑤𝐵

𝑉𝐷69 = 𝑦 (𝑞 𝑥⁄2 + 𝑤𝐵 )⁄2 = 𝑉𝐷96

Example 2.4. Dead Load Applied to Beams

The total distributed load on the floor is

25-mm terrazzo = 622.7 N/m2

Weight of beam W14 x 22:

The tributary area of beam 25 is

Figure 2.6 Beam detail

The total dead load on beam 25 is

The dead load reaction at the end of beam 25 is

𝑉𝐷25 = 𝑊𝐷25 ⁄2 = 83.07⁄2 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟓𝟑𝟓 𝐤𝐍 = 𝑉𝐷52

Dead Load Applied to Girders

The dead load reaction at end 5 of girder 56 is

𝑉𝐷56 = 𝑦(𝑞𝑥 + 𝑤𝐵 ) + 3𝑥𝑤𝐺 ⁄2 = 𝑉𝐷65

The loading on girder 56 is shown in Fig. 2.8.

Figure 2.7 Girder tributary area

Figure 2.8 Dead load on girder

The dead load reaction at end 7 of girder 78 is

𝑉𝐷78 = 𝑦 (𝑞𝑥 + 𝑤𝐵 )⁄2 + 3𝑥𝑤𝐺 ⁄2 = 𝑉𝐷87