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Tenses
Present Simple
• We use this tense with habit ‫العادات مع الزمن هذا ٌستخدم‬
Structure of sentence:
S + V (s) + com.
‫( التملك‬s) ‫إذا كان الفاعل مفرد ٌكون الفعل الرئٌسً مع‬
He
She (s)
It
(s) ‫إذا كان الفاعل جمع ٌكون الفعل الرئٌسً بدون‬

They
We
You without (s)
I
‫هناك ظروف تستخدم مع زمن المضارع البسٌط‬
every day, every week, every month, every year
‫وأٌضا ظروف التكرار‬
(always, usually, sometime, often, never)
That mean repeated action or event.
Ex: He always drinks tea at breakfast.
Ex: They watch television regularly.
Ex: We catch the bus every morning.

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Ex: Tom ……… at six every morning.
• gets up b) got up c) getting up d) get up
Ex: A man often ………. A wife who is like his mother.
• chooses b) choose c) choice
Ex: They drive to Monaco every summer
• We use this tense with fact or general truth ‫الحقائق مع الزمن هذا يستخدم‬
Ex: Water ……… at zero degree.
• freeze b) freezing c) froze d) freezes
Ex: Water ……… at 100 degrees.
• boil b) boils c) boiling d) boiled
Ex: The earth revolves around the sun.
Ex: The sun rises from the east.
(Question) ‫السؤال فً زمن المضارع البسٌط‬
Dose or Do + S + infinitive verb + con.?
(Dose)‫إذا كان الفاعل مفرد ٌكون السؤال بـ‬
He
Does She
It
(Do) ‫إذا كان الفاعل جمع ٌكون السؤال بـ‬

They
We
Do You
I

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Ex: Layla goes to shopping every Friday.
Does Layla go to shopping every Friday?
Yes, she does. No, she doesn't.
Ex: They watch TV every day.
Do They watch TV every day?
Yes, they do. No, they don't.

Negative ً‫النف‬
S + don't (doesn't) + infinitive verb + con.
Ex: Jim reads Arabic every day.
Jim doesn't read Arabic every day.
Ex: We speak French.
We don't speak French.

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Past Simple
What do we mean by past simple? its tens that talk about action or event
happen and finish in the past.
S + Ved + com.
‫هناك ظروف تستخدم مع زمن الماضً البسٌط‬
Yesterday, ago, last (week, day, month, year), in the past, 1995, in an ancient,
once upon time.
(ed) ‫اذا كان الفعل قٌاسً ٌأخذ‬
Work - worked
Print - printed
ً‫او ٌكون غٌر قٌاس‬
Go - went
See - saw
Leave - left
ً‫ٌستخدم هذا الزمن مع حدث حدث وانتهى تماما فً زمن الماض‬ •

Ex: I watched TV yesterday.

Last week, she talked about her company.
Seven months ago, it rained strongly.
She visited us a week ago.
ً‫ٌستخدم هذا الزمن مع عادة فً زمن الماض‬ •

Ex: He studied hard when he was student.

When I was in England, I always carried an umbrella.
ً‫مع الجمل الشرطٌة من النوع الثان‬ •

Ex: If he come, he would meet her.

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‫عند السؤال عن الوقت‬ •

What time was it when you met her?

‫عندما ٌكون المكان واضح فً الجملة‬ •

I bought this car in Cairo.

(Question) ‫السؤال فً زمن الماضً البسٌط‬

Did + S + infinitive verb + con.?

Ex: He came early last night.

Did he come early last night?
Yes, he did. No, he didn't.

Ex: I played tennis last Friday.

Did you play tennis last Friday?
Yes, I did. No, I didn't.

Negative ً‫النف‬
S + didn't + infinitive verb + con.

Ex: I went to the cinema yesterday.

I didn't go to the cinema yesterday.
Ex: She worked in Cairo from 1990 to 1995.
She didn't work in Cairo from 1990 to 1995.

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Exercise:
• Jim …………. Cake yesterday.
• eat b) ate c) eaten d) eating
• He ………… me up an hour ago.
• ring b) rang c) rung
• When she ………... her car?
• buy b) bought
• He …………... a letter last night, it was from his wife.
• receive b) received c) receiving
• When I was young, I ………... go to the cinema.
• have b) was having c) used to
• She would arrive in time, if she ………... the bus.
• Catch b) catches c) caught

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Present Continuous
Structure of sentence:
am
S + is + Ving + com.
are ‫هناك ظروف تستخدم مع زمن المضارع المستمر‬

Now, today, still, at the moment, at the present….

What do we mean by present continuous?
• For something that is happing at the moment of speaking:
Ex: Please, be quiet, the children are sleeping now.
It is raining now.
• Something which is happing before and after a given time:
Ex: At eight o'clock, we are having breakfast.
• For something which we thing its temporary:
Ex: Micheal is at University, he is studying history.
I'm working in London for the next two weeks.
• For something which is now and contrast with a previous state:
Ex: These days most people are using an email instead of hand writing.
What sort of clothes are teenager wearing now days?
• To show something is changing, growing or developing:
Ex: The children are growing quickly.
The climate is changing rapidly.
Your English is improving.
• To show something which has been arrange or planned
Ex: Mary is going to a new school next term.
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Exercise:
• I …………. On a new project now.
• am working b) work c) worked d) works
• My father ………… in his office at the moment.
a) working b) is working c) worked d) works
• We are still ………... for their replay.
a) waited b) waiting c) are waiting d) wait
• He is …………... for a foreign company at the present.
a) is working b) worked c) works d) working

Stative Verbs
Like, love, perfect, hate, want, wish, need, think, imagine, believe, know,
realize, forget, suppose, hope, see, seem, appear, sound, taste, smell, belong,
contain.
Which one s correct?
• He is wanting to buy a new computer.
• He wants to buy a new computer.
‫( له معنٌان ٌفكر و ٌعتقد‬think) ‫ الفعل‬, dynamic‫ و‬Stative ً‫هناك بعض االفعال ممكن ان تات‬
‫اذا كان القصد من الجملة ٌفكر نستخدم زمن المضارع المستمر‬
I'm thinking to study in America.
‫واذا كان القصد من الجملة ٌعتقد نستخدم زمن المضارع البسٌط‬
She thinks it will be rain tomorrow.
‫( له معنٌان رائحة و ٌتذوق‬taste) ‫كذلك الفعل‬
‫اذا كان القصد من الجملة رائحة نستخدم زمن المضارع البسٌط‬
I taste the perfume.
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‫اذا كان القصد من الجملة ٌتذوق نستخدم زمن المضارع المستمر‬
He is tasting the soup to see if it needs more salt.
‫جمب توضح الفرق بٌن المضارع البسٌط والمستمر‬
• She is working here until Monday.
She works here until Monday.
• Where is Ahmed? He is cleaning the car.
Where is Ahmed? He cleans the car.
• Vegetarians do not eat meat.
Vegetarians are not eating meat.

Past Continuous
Structure of sentence:
S + was or were + Ving + con.
Ex: At eight o'clock of the last night, I was studying English.
At three o'clock of yesterday, I was writing some letters.
At this time of yesterday, I was sitting at my desk at work.

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Present Perfect
Structure of sentence:
S + has or have + p.p. + com.
He
She has + p.p.
It
They
We have + p.p.
You
I
‫الظروف التً تستخدم مع هذا الزمن‬
Just, already, yet, ever, never, for, since, only, recently, so far, up to now.
:‫ٌستخدم هذا الزمن فً الحاالت التالٌة‬
• For something start in the past and continuous into the present:
Ex: They have been married for nearly fifty years.
She has been in Liverpool all her life.
• For something we have done several times in the past and
continuo to do:
Ex: I have played on the piano since I was teenager.

‫( مع النفً وفً نهاٌة الجملة‬yet) ‫تستخدم‬

Ex: We haven't written a letter …………..
• already b) just c) yet d) since

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‫( مع السؤال‬ever) ‫تستخدم‬
Ex: Have you ever seen a ghost?
‫( مع الجواب‬never) ‫تستخدم‬
Ex: I have never seen a ghost.
(has or have).‫( بعد الفعل المساعد‬already) ‫( و‬just) ‫تستخدم‬
(Question) ‫السؤال فً زمن المضارع التام‬
Has or Have + S + P.P. + com.?

Ex: They have traveled to Monaco.

Have they traveled to Monaco?
Yes, they have. No, they haven't
. Ex: Where ………… been up to now?
• Have you b) had you c) has you d) did you

Past Perfect
Structure of sentence:
S + had + p.p. + con.
Ex: The train had just left when I arrived at the station.
Ex: She had just left the room when he police come.
Ex: I had saved my document before the computer crashed.

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The different between Past simple and Past perfect
. )‫تماما‬ ‫ٌستخدم الماضً البسٌط اذا الفعل حدث وانتهى ولٌس له اثر حالً (انتهى‬ •

.‫اذا كان فً الجملة زمان ومكان محددٌن‬ •

.‫تمت الماضً التام ٌعبر عن حدوث فعل قبل حصول فعل اخر‬ •

Ex: When Khalid arrived at home, his brother Ahmed had gone to air port.
Ex: After it had stopped raining, I went out to play football.
Ex: I had turned off the light before I went out.

Future Tines
• Will, shall
S + will + + infinitive verb + con.
.‫( اي بمعنى القرار السرٌع‬Rapid) ‫( مع‬will) ‫تستخدم‬ •

Ex: I'm thirsty I think I will buy a drink.

.‫( اي بمعنى العرض‬Offer) ‫( مع‬will) ‫تستخدم‬ •

Ex: That look heavy, I will help you with it.

Ex: This is a difficult problem; I will help you with it.
.‫( اي بمعنى الوعد‬Promise) ‫( مع‬will) ‫تستخدم‬ •

Ex: Don’t worry I won't tell anyone.

Ex: I promise I will come back one day.
.‫( اي بمعنى التهدٌد‬Threat) ‫( مع‬will) ‫تستخدم‬ •

Ex: If you don't stop, I will tell your mother.

Ex: If you don't study for your exam, I will punish you.

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.‫( اي بمعنى الرفض‬Refusal) ‫( مع‬will) ‫تستخدم‬ •

Ex: She won't listen to anything I say.

Ex: Will you help me with my exam tomorrow?

• going to
S + (am, is, are) + going to + infinitive verb + con.
. ‫( مع اذا كان القرار اتخذ قبل وقت التكلم‬going to) ‫تستخدم‬ •

Mean the decision was made before the moment of speaking.

Ex: I'm going to go to the beach next weekend.
Ex: She is going to read a novel.
(Evidence, sigh):‫( مع‬going to) ‫تستخدم‬ •

Mean where there are signs that something is likely to happen.

Ex: My stomach harts me a lot and I think I'm going to throw up.
Ex: It (70-0): They are going to win.
Note: with future prediction (will or going to) right.
Ex: The weather report says: it will rain tomorrow.
Ex: The weather report says: it is going to rain tomorrow.

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Conjunction
• Past continuous + When + past simple.
When + past simple, past continuous.
Ex: I was swimming when you called me.
Ex: He was walking back to his flat when he heard an explosion.

Ex: Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plan.
Ex: What were you doing when you broke your leg?
Ex: What were you doing when the earth quake started?
Ex: When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
Ex: You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.

• Past simple + While + past continuous.

While + past continuous, past simple.
Ex: I studied English while my sister was watching TV.
Ex: He played on the piano while I was visiting him.
Ex: While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.
Ex: While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off.

• Past simple + because or after + past perfect.

Because or after + past perfect, past simple.
Ex: After I had studied, I watched TV.
Ex: She went home because her father had called her yesterday.

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• Past perfect + before or so + past simple.

Because or after + past simple, past perfect.
Ex: I had brushed my teeth before I went to bed.
Ex: I had eaten before I drank a cup of tea.
Ex: He had written a living will before he died.

Since, for
Since
‫( مع الفترات الطوٌلة ومع اٌام االسبوع‬Since) ‫تستخدم‬ •

Ex: I have gone to school since Monday.

(o'clock)‫( مع الساعات‬Since) ‫تستخدم‬ •

Ex: We have been in school since 8:00 AM.

(last)‫( فً حالة وجود كلمة‬Since) ‫تستخدم‬ •

Ex: I'm hungry; I haven't eaten anything since last night.

Ex: I have only known her since the beginning of last week.
(1995, 1986)‫( فً حالة وجود تارٌخ قدٌم‬Since) ‫تستخدم‬ •

Ex: I have lived in Baghdad since 1995.

Ex: He has been here since April and he still can't speak a word of German.
(was born)‫( فً حالة وجود كلمة‬Since) ‫تستخدم‬ •

Ex: I have lived in Liverpool since I was born.

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" For” ‫( مع االرقام‬for) ‫تستخدم‬
Ex: He has been here for six months and still can't speak a word of German.
Ex: We have stayed in India for two weeks.
‫( اٌضا مع‬for) ‫تستخدم تستخدم‬ •

For (no. of hours, days, weeks, months, years)

For (a month, a day, a week, a month, a year, a long time, half an hour)
Ex: I waited for the bus for half an hour.
Ex: She had been smoking for a long time.
Ex: I have been in America for a month.

"in" ‫تستخدم مع الفصول وأشهر السنة‬

A) (month, year, season, according meaning of sentence)
January. March. April,
Ex: - I travel to America in June.
- Season: - winter, summer, spring, autumn.
-It is cold in winter.
-There are four season in a year.
***************************
‫محدد‬ ‫وقت‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫اليوم‬
B) We use "in" for specific time, during day.
Month, season year
- The new semester will start in March.
**************************

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C) To indicate location or place. ‫مكان او موقع‬
Ex: - I am a currently staying in hotel.
- My hometown is lose angels, which is in California.
**********************************
‫شكل‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫لون‬

D) To indicate shape, size, colour.

- This painting is mostly in blue.
-The student stood in a circle.
-The jacket comes in four different size.

"On" ‫أٌام األسبوع‬

A) With days of week, (according meaning of sentence).
Ex:- school begins on Monday.
- Please, put the vase on the table.
- I left my keys in the table for you.
*******************************
B) (With machine ‫( مع اآلالت‬
As phone, as computer.
- he is on the phone right now.
-she has been on the computer since this morning.
*********************************

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C) To indicate aparts of body.‫مع أجزاء من الجسم‬
-The stick hit me on my shoulder.
-he kissed me on my cheek.
-I wear a ring on my finger.
*******************************
D) To show a state of some things.
Ex:- everything in this story is on sale.
- The building is on fire.

“at” ‫تستخدم مع االبنٌة‬

7- "at" a clock, buildings.
A) (AT school, home, university, collage, beach).
- I get at home early.
- The first lesson in school start at eight o'clock.
B) (indicate place) ‫المكان‬
- There is a party at the clubhouse.
- There are a hundered of people at the park

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Level one
BASIC GRAMMER OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE
1- Article ( a, an, the) (defining word)
An artical is used before noun these are these are divided into (the)
indefinite (a, an).
An – if word start with vowel sound.
A- if word start with consanant sound both of them always use
before jobs.
Ex:- my brother is an actor.
- He is a teacher.
-Ali write a letter.
- I saw a girl walking.

“The”
It used as define articles and specific.
Ex:- give me the red pen.
With the noun:
(Station, cinema, evening, morning, afternoon).
Ex:- I am waiting you in the station.
2- with name of country that contain two syllable.
The USA , the U.K , the UAE …….
- I travel to the U.K in June.

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3- With names of river and Atlantic
The Nile, the alpe, the Atlantic …
- The Tigris and the Euphrates are the greatest river in Iraq.
4- Also when we mention something we mentioned already.
Ex: - I need a dictionary; the dictionary needs to be in English.

Note: there are many noun any take any artical before it
(home, school, work, bed, hospital, days of week, science)

• Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Only people who
earn a lot of money are successful. Use specific reasons and examples to
support your answer.

• Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? With the help of
technology, students nowadays can learn more information and learn it
more quickly. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

• Some people prefer to live in small town. Others prefer to live in a big
city. Which place would you prefer to live in? Use specific reasons and
details to support your answer.

• What are the important qualities of a good son or daughter? Have these
qualities changed or remained the same over time in your culture? Use

specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

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• How movies or television influence people's behavior? Use reasons and

specific examples to support your answer.
• Boys and girls should attend separate schools. Use specific reasons and
examples to support you answer.

• You need to travel from your home to place 40 miles (64 kilometers)
away. Compare the different kinds of transportation you could use. Teel

which method of travel you would choose.

• Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Dancing plays an

important role in a culture. Use specific reasons and examples to support
your answer.

• Early to bed and early to rise: makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.’

• What discovery in the last 100 years has been most beneficial for your
people?

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