Plastic Deformation

Plastic deformation
What happens if we continue to apply tensile loading beyond the

elastic limit? (i.e., stretching atomic bonds to the point of breaking)
Outline
• Yield Strength
• Plastic Deformation Plastic deformation:
• Mechanical Behavior • stress and strain are not proportional
• Example • the deformation is not reversible
• True Stress and True Strain • deformation occurs by breaking and
re-arrangement of atomic bonds (in
crystalline materials primarily by
motion of dislocations, Chapter 7)
Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University Mech 221 lecture 11/1 Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University Mech 221 lecture 11/2
Plastic Deformation: metals Proportional Limit:
1. Initial 2. apply load 3. Unload

bonds
p lanes • Also known as the elastic limit, is the point where
stress
stretch
still the stress-strain curve becomes nonlinear (the strain
& planes
sheared deviates from being proportional to the stress).
shear σp
• The stress and strain values at this point are known
as the proportional-limit stress and strain,
δplastic respectively.
δelastic + plastic
• This is the point beyond which Hooke's law can no
longer be used to relate stress and strain in axial or
F shear deformation.
F εp strain
Plastic means permanent! linear linear

elastic elastic
δ
δplastic
Yield Strength Yield Strength
• The yield point corresponds to the point where the material begins to have
permanent deformation.
σy
σy
• For a low-carbon steel, the stress vs.
stress
stress
B strain curve includes both an upper and

A
lower yield point.
εy
• The yield strength is defined in this
εy strain strain
0.2% case as the average stress at the lower
yield point.
• Some materials have a well-defined yield region (A), others (B) do not.
• In the absence of a distinct yield point, a 0.2% offset is used to obtain an
approximate yield point.
• Although the yield and the proportional limit points are close to each other,
they do not correspond to the same location on the stress-strain curve.
Plastic deformation Mechanical Behaviour
Suppose a tensile load is applied to a specimen and then released As plastic deformation As more of the stress becomes
after the yield point was reached! proceeds, the force increases concentrated in the neck,
due to ………….
………….. formation of voids occur
Plastic deformation is
Irreversible: when the stress is
removed, the material does not
return to its original dimension.
These voids result in even

higher stress concentrations
and eventual ………..
Elastic recovery
Mechanical Behavior Mechanical Behavior
…….
ε
Question: In ductile metals, the σ - ε curve
eventually turns down after reaching the ultimate
tensile strength (UTS). Does this mean the
specimen is becoming “weaker”?
we know that the gauge area
decreases during plastic
• For structural applications, the yield stress is usually a more important deformation due to necking
property than the tensile strength, since once it is passed, the structure
has deformed beyond acceptable limits. Recall the definition of stress: “engineering” stress = F/Ao
where Ao is the initial cross-sectional area
Engineering Stress vs. True Stress Example

Since the actual cross-sectional area is reduced, use of the initial
area gives a lower value than the actual one (the ratio is Ao/Ac). From the tensile σ - ε behaviour for
a specimen of brass shown in the figure,
……… stress determine the following:
a) modulus of elasticity
……….. stress b) yield strength at a strain offset of 0.002
c) maximum load that can be sustained by
σ
a cylindrical specimen having an original
diameter of 12.8 mm
ε d) change in length of a specimen originally 250 mm long that is subjected to a
tensile stress of 345 MPa
• Even though the true stress-strain curve gives a more accurate picture of
the breaking strength of a material, it is difficult to obtain measurements
of the actual area in real-time.
• Usually, the reported values are the engineering stress.
• True fracture strength > tensile strength
9 but the engineering σ - ε diagram does not show this
Hardening True Stress-True Strain Curve
• An increase in σy due to plastic deformation.
σ
large hardening
σy
1
σy small hardening
0
d
reload
unloa
ε True stress-strain curve plotted on log-log scale
• Curve fit to the stress-strain response: σ = K εn Because it is a straight line in a log-log plot
hardening exponent: K: strength coefficient

σT = K εT( ) n n=0.15 (some steels)
to n=0.5 (some copper)
n: strain-hardening exponent
“true” stress (F/A) “true” strain: ln(L/Lo) • The ……… the slope the stronger when material is strained
Safety Factors in Design

• Design uncertainties mean we do not push the limit.
• Factor of safety, N Often N is
σy between
σ working = 1.2 and 4
N
• Example: Next time:

Calculate a diameter, d, to ensure that yield does not occur in the 1045 Toughness, Hardness…
carbon steel rod below. Use a factor of safety of 5.
d
1045 plain
carbon steel:
σy=310MPa
Lo
TS=565MPa
F = 220,000N

Plastic Deformation

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Plastic deformation

What happens if we continue to apply tensile loading beyond the

Plastic Deformation: metals Proportional Limit:

1. Initial 2. apply load 3. Unload

Plastic means permanent! linear linear

• For a low-carbon steel, the stress vs.

B strain curve includes both an upper and

Plastic deformation Mechanical Behaviour

These voids result in even

Engineering Stress vs. True Stress Example

ε True stress-strain curve plotted on log-log scale

hardening exponent: K: strength coefficient

Safety Factors in Design

• Example: Next time:

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