AlM: To explain the computation of conditional probability of a gwen event A,

a pair of dice.
when event B has already occurred, through a n example of throwng

Material Required
A piece of cardboard, white sheet, pencil, scale, a pair of dice, glue etc s t

Prerequisite Knowledge
1. Concept of sample space.
2. Concept of conditional probability.

Method of Construction
1. Fix a white sheet on a piece of cardboard of a suitable size.
2. Make a square and divide it into 36 unit squares of size 1.5 cm each (see Figure 27.1
3. Write the pair of numbers as shown in the Figure 27.1.

1,1 1,2 1,3 1,5 1,6

2,1 2,2 2,3 24 2,5 2,6

3,1 3,2 3,3 3,5 3,6

4,1 4,3 4,4 4,5 4.6

5,1 5,2 5,3 5,5 5,6 ehetelamrobedhW

1 62 3 6 6,5 6,6

h Figure 27.1
Demonstration
1. Figure 27.1 gives all possible outcomes of the given experiment. Hence, it gives the sample space
of the experiment.
2. Suppose we have to find the conditional probability of an event A if an event Bhas already
occurred, where Ais the event "a number 4 appears on both the dice" and Bis the event"4 has
appeared on at least one of the dice" i.e. we have to find P(AI B).
3. From Figure 27.1 number of outcomes favourable to A 1 =

Number of outcomes favourable to B =11

Number of outcomes favourable to AnB= 1.
4. () P(B) =
36
(ii) P(An B)=
36

(ii)) P(A/ B) = P(AnB)1

11
P(B)
Observation
1. Outcomes favourable to A:
A: ......., n(A) =.......
2. Outcomes favourable to B: ........-, n(B)=. .
3. Outcomes favourable to AnB: ..., n(A n B) = ....
.
4. P(An B) = .

5. P(AI B) =

Result
We have explained how to compute conditional probability of an event.

Application
conditional probability, which is further used
This activity is very helpful to explain the concept of
in Bayes' theorem.
No You may reneat this activity by taking more events such as the probability of getting a
 normal form.
AlM: To demonstrate the equation of a plane in

Material Required nuts and bolts fixed on both

10 cm, a thin wooden rod with
Two pieces of cardboard of size 8 c m x
box etc.
Sides, 3 pieces of wire, pen/pencil, geometry

Prerequisite Kmowledge
Concept of normal form of a plane.

Method of Construction so that the rod

wooden
pieces
rod in between two
1. With the help of nuts and bolts fix the wooden the normal to the plane.
to the two wooden pieces. So, rod represents
1sperpendicular the vector a and
so that OP represents
three wires and fix them as shown in Figure 23.1,
2. Take,
the vector r -
OA represents r . Then, the wire PA represents
7-a A
N Plane 1

Plane 2
O

Figure 23.1

Demonstration
1.The wire PA, i.e. the vector (7- a) lies on plane 1. On representing n as normal to plane 1,n 1s
perpendicular to (r- a), normal to the plane.
2. Hence, (7-a).n =0 which gives the equation of plane in the normal form.

Observation
1. a is the position vector of .. . T 1s the position vector of......... vector n is perpendicular t
the vector ...
2. (r-a) n =
0, is the equation of the plane..... ., in.. form.
Result
We have derived the equation of plane in normal form.

Application
can also be used to show the position vector of a point in space.
This activity

Necessary Concepts Related to Activity

Equation ofa Plane in Normal Form
which is at distance of d from the origin and having
Vector Form The vector equation of a plane
a

n isr n= d
unit normal vector to the plane

P (%.Y, 2)

BY

X Figure 23.2

CoSines OI the unit normal to a given plane which is at a distance

direction
Cartesian Form If l, m, n are d
of the plane is lx+ my + nz =

d from the origin, then the equation

AIM: To measure the shortest distance between two skew-lines and verify it
analytically. deb

Material Required
A piece of cardboard of size 40 cm x 30 cm, graph paper, three wooden block of size
2 cm x 2 cmx 2 cm each and one wooden blocks of size 2 em x 2 cmx 4 cm, some wires
of different lengths, set squares, gum, pen/pencil, etc.

Prerequisite Knowledge
1. Concept of skew-lines.
2. Concept of distance between two skew lines.
Method of Construction
1. Paste a graph paper on a piece of cardboard.
2. On the graph paper, draw two lines OA and OB
to represent X-axis and Y-axis, respectively.

D 7,6,0)
E (1,6,2)

C (2,2, 0)

F (6. 2, 4)

X
8

Figure 26.1
 other wooden block of
3. Name the three blocks of size 2 cm x 2 cm x 2 cm as I. II and III. Name the
size 2 cm x 2 cmx4 cm as IV.
at the points (2, 2), (1, 6) and (7, 6),
4. Place blocks I, II, III such that their base centres are

respectively, and block IV with its base centre at (6, 2).

blocks I and lll and another
the centres of the tops of the
.
Flace a wire joining the points C and D, IV as shown in Figure 26.1.
wire joiing the centres E and F of the bases of blocks II and

6. The lines represented by these two wires are

skew-lines. actual distance.
. Take a wire and join it perpendicularly with the skew-lines and calculate the

Demonstration
side is along the wire CD.
. A set-square is placed in such a way that its one perpendicular touches the other wire.
2. Move the set-square along CD till its other perpendicular side
in this position. This is knowwn
8. Using set-squares, measure the distance between the two lines
as the shortest distance between two skew-lines.
4. Analytically, find the equation of line joining C(2,2, 0) and D(7, 6, 0) and other line joining

E1, 6, 2) and F(6, 2, 4) and find SD using(a2-d1).(bixba) m

The two distances obtained will
11x bal
be equal.

Observation
1. Coordinates of point C are..
2. Coordinates of point D are ***

3. Coordinates of point E are .....*

4. Coordinates of point F are.
5. Equation of line CD is ..
6. Equation of line EF is ...
Shortest distance between CD and EF analytically =
Shortest distance by actual measurement =...
The results so obtained are....

Result
We have measured the shortest distance
between two skew-lines.

Application
This activity can be used to explain the
skew-lines in space. concept of skew-lines and the shortest distanmce betwee