O2-11-2023

AGTIVITY5
Based on Chapter
Vector Algebra
OBJECTIVE
angle in a semi-circle is a right angle, using vector
To verify that
method. MATERIALS REQUIRED
Cardboard . White paper
Prerequisite Knowledge " Rubber bands Nails
Knowledge of circle and its properties, Pythagoras " Fevicol " Pencil /pen
theorem and knowledge of vectors. " Protractor " Paper arrow heads

Procedure
white paper of the same size
1. Take a thick cardboard of size 30 cm x 30 cm and paste a
on it using fevicol.
2. Draw a circle on the paper with centre O and radius 10 cm.
3. Drawa diameter AB of the circle.
4. Take points Cand Don the circumference of the circle as shown in Fig. 1.

A B
-a a

Fig. 1
E Bix nails at the points 0, A, B, C and D. Pix a
And B. Now, stretch the rubber band to the pointrubber
C.
band between the points
Lnd between the points OandA, and stretch it to Similarly, fix another rubber
De bond and fix it between the points B and D. the point D and talke another
Now, fix the fourth rubber band
at point O and stretch it to the point C as shown in fgure
6. Stick arrowheads on the rubber band along OA, OB, OC, OD,
show them as vectors, as shown in the figure. AC, BC, AD and BD to
MILeing protractor, measure the angie between the vectors AC nd Rß
Le., LACB =90°,
48
 Mathematics Laboratory Activity Book-XIl 49
8. Similarly, measure the angle between the vectors AD and BD, i.e., LADB= 90°.
9. Repeat the above process by taking some more points on the semi-circle and measure
the angles.
10. The angle formed between two vectors in a semi-circle is a right angle.

Observation
By actual measurement (Fig. 1)we have:
OBSERVATION TABLE

|0C|=|OA|=|OB| =|OD| |AC| |BC|I |AC+|Bc |AB| AD| |BD| JAD+|BD

=r=a=p=

72m7 u -814 D.25

-101+2S Cw
So, LACB = 40 and AC-BC =
ZADB = and AD.BD = O
Angle ina semi-circle is a right angle.

Conclusion
It is verified that angle in a semi-circle is a right angle, using vector method.

Let OB =a and OC=p then OA =- OB =-a

AC=0C-OA =p+a
BC= 0C-OB = p-a
AC- BC= (p +a)-(p -a)

(where r= radius of circle)

So, ACL BC ACB = 90°
right angle.
. Angle in a semi-circle is a n
 o6-1L-2o23

ACTIVITY 16
Based on Chapter
Three Dimensional Geometry
OBJECTIVE
To measure theshortest distance between two skew lines and verify
it analytically.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Prerequisite Knowledge A
piece of plywood of size 30 cm x 20 cm
Definition of skew lines, distance between White paper "Nail
two skew lines and basic knowledge of three Thread Set squares
dimensional geometry. Pencil/pen
Ruler
Chalk

Procedure
1. Paste a white paper on a piece of plywood.
2. Draw coordinate axes OX and OY to represent x-axis and
y-axis respectively.
3. Take 4 nails of different sizes and mark points at
its length.
equal distances on each nail along
Fix the nails at the points P, Q, R and S
respectively as shown in Fig. 1.
AZ

S(-1, -6, 5)

R(1, 3, 7)
4,6,4)

-6 N
2
(5, -3, 2)P (4,6)
(5,-3)
4
5
(1,3) 5

Fig. 1
4. From Fig. 1 it is clear that the
(5, -3),(4,6), (1, 3) and (-1, -6) coordinates
of the
along z-axis. respectively. Assumebasetheoflength
nails P, Q, R and S are
(height) of the nail
5. Using thread, join the points P and Q, R and Sas
52 shown in figure.
 Mathematics Laboratory Activity Book- Xl 53
6. These two threads represent two skew lines.
7. Take a piece of thread and join it perpendicularly with the skew lines PQ and RS
measure the actual distance as shown in Fig. 1.
8. Place a set-square in such a way that its one perpendicular side is along the thread
PQ. Move the set-square along PQ till its other perpendicular side touches the other
thread.

9. Measure the perpendicular distance MN between the two skew lines PQ and RS using
the set square.
This is the shortest distance between two skew lines.
10. line
Analytically, findthe equation of line joining P(5, -3, 2) and Q-4, 6, 4) and other
joining R(1, 3, 7) and S-1, -6, 5) and find shortest distance using formula
(a, - a)· (0, XO, Thedistance obtained in twocases willbe the
same.

Observation

OBSERVATION TABLE

Coordinates of points Equation of line PQ Equation of line RsS.D. between S.D. between PQ
PQ and RS and RS (Actual
(Analytically) measurement)

P(5-3,2) 7-51-3i:9y-137-k 3 3"5Um

Q(-4,6,4)
R(1,3,7 )
s(-1,-65)
The distance in both the cases is

IConclusion
The shortest distance between two skew lines obtained by actual measurement and using
this activity analytically comes out to be equal.
Application
The activity is useful in understanding the concept of skew lines and the shortest distance
between two lines in space.
ACTIVI
Based on Chapter
Inverse Functions
OBJECTIVE
log. x where a > 0, a #1 and to
0 Sketch the graphs of a and other.
examine that they are mirror images of each
MATERIALS REQUIRED

Prerequisite Knowledge Graph paper

" Pencil/Pen
Knowledge of plotting the graph and basic Eraser
knowledge of exponential and logarithmic function. Ruler
Nailor Safety pin
Procedure
1. Take graph paper of convenient size say, 20 cm x 20 cm.
coordinate
2. On the graph paper,draw two perpendicular lines X'OX and YOY, depicting
axes.

3. Mark graduations on the x-axis and y-axis respectively, as shown in Fig. 1.

y=2

10

3
y= logz x
2

X -65 4-3 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 X

Fig. 1
16
 Mathematics Laboratory Activity Book-XI 17
4. Findsome ordered pair
tothe ordered pairs andsatisfying y=a' andy = log, x.
join themn by free hand curvesPlot these points corresponding
in both the cases.
6. For a, take a =2 (say), and find
ordered pairs (2) for different values of x.
X 1 -1 2 -2 3
2 1 2 0.5 -0.5
0.5 4 0.25 8 0.125 (or 1/8) 1.4 0.7 16
and plot these ordered pairs on the
graph paper.
Join all the points to represent the
graph ofy m2.
6. Now, log, x = ygives x =2.Some
ordered pairs satisfying it are:
X 1 2 0.5 4
0.25 (or 1/4) 8 1/8
1 -1 2 -2 -2 3
Plot these ordered pairs on the
graph paper.
Join all the points to represent the graph of y= log, x.
7. Draw the graph of the liney = x on
the same graph paper and fold the graph
along the line y=x. paper
8. Make holes on all the plotted points of
the curve y = 2 using nail. Now, observe the
holes on the curve y = log, x.
9. Draw perpendiculars from the points
given on the curve y = 2 to the line y=x and
produce these lines such that the length of
y =xis equal as shown in Fig. 1, It can be perpendiculars on both side of the line
seen that the two graphs of the given
functions are mirror images of each other in the liney = x.
Observation
1. Image of ordered pair (1, 2) on the graph ofy = 2
in the line y =x is which lies
on the graph ofy =
2. Image of the point (4, 2) on the graph y = log, x in
the line y =xis which lies
on the graph ofy =
Repeat this process for some more points lying on the two graphs.
Conclusion
The functions y = a and log. x; a> 0, a # 0 are the
y=x.
mirror image of each other in the line