CH 5
CH 5
CH 5
5.2. Gradient
The gradient is a vector defined for each point in a scalar field (e.g., potential in an electric field or the height of points in a
terrain). It is shown by the symbol ∇ applied to the scalar field (e.g., ∇V is the gradient of V ). The gradient will be defined such
that the change in the scalar function, dV, when traversed over a path dr is the dot product of ∇V and dr.
dV = ∇V ⋅ dr
In the Cartesian coordinate system, this leads to the following expression for the gradient ∇V.
∂V ∂V ∂V
∇V = ax + ay + az
∂x ∂y ∂z
To verify this, refer to Fig. 5-1(a). It shows two neighboring points, M and N, of the region in which a scalar function V is defined.
Figure 5-1
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∂V ∂V ∂V
∇V ⋅ dr = ( ax + ay + az) ⋅ (dxax + dyay + dzaz)
∂x ∂y ∂z
1 i=j
ai ⋅ aj = {
0 i ≠j
∂V ∂V ∂V
∇V ⋅ dr = dx + dy + dz
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂V ∂V ∂V
dV = dx + dy + dz
∂x ∂y ∂z
dV = ∇V ⋅ dr
The vector field ∇V (also written grad V) is called the gradient of the scalar function V. It is seen that, for fixed |dr|, the change in
V in a given direction dr is proportional to the projection of ∇V in that direction. Thus, ∇V lies in the direction of maximum
increase of the function V.
Another view of the gradient is obtained by allowing the points M and N to lie on the same equipotential (if V is a potential)
surface, V(x, y, z) = c1 [see Fig. 5-1(b)]. Then dV = 0, which implies that ∇V is perpendicular to dr. But dr is tangent to the
equipotential surface; indeed, for a suitable location of N, it represents any tangent through M. Therefore, ∇V must be along the
surface normal at M. Since ∇V is in the direction of increasing V, it points from V(x, y, z) = c1 to V(x, y, z) = c2 , where c2 > c1 . The
gradient of a potential function is a vector field that is everywhere normal to the equipotential surfaces.
The gradient in the cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems follows directly from that in the Cartesian system. It is noted
that each term contains the partial derivative of V with respect to distance in the direction of that particular unit vector.
∂V ∂V ∂V
∇V = ax + ay + az (Cartesian)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂V ∂V ∂V
∇V = ar + aϕ + az (cylindrical)
∂r r∂ϕ ∂z
∂V ∂V ∂V
∇V = ar + aθ + aϕ (spherical)
∂r r∂θ r sin θ ∂ϕ
While ∇V is written for grad V in any coordinate system, it must be remembered that the del operator is defined only in
Cartesian coordinates.
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∂( ) ∂( ) ∂( )
∇≡ ax+ ay + az
∂x ∂y ∂z
In the calculus, the differential operator D is sometimes used to represent d/dx. The symbols
√ and ∫ are also operators; standing alone, they give no indication of what they are to operate on. They look strange. And so
∇, standing alone, simply suggests the taking of certain partial derivatives, each followed by application of a unit vector in each
of the three coordinates system directions. The del operator is defined only in Cartesian coordinates.
∂V ∂V ∂V
∇V = ax + ay + az
∂x ∂y ∂z
Warning: ∇ is defined only in Cartesian coordinates. While ∇V is written for grad V in any coordinate system, it does not lead
to the notion that a del operator can be defined for all these systems. For example, the gradient in cylindrical coordinates is
written as
∂V 1 ∂V ∂V
∇V = ar + aϕ + az
∂r r ∂ϕ ∂z
∂ 1 ∂ ∂
∇= ar + aϕ + az
∂r r ∂ϕ ∂z
in cylindrical coordinates. In fact, such a ∇ operator expression would give false results when determining ∇· A (the divergence,
Section 5.5) or ∇ × A (the curl, Section 5.10) in the same cylindrical coordinate system.
5.5. Divergence
There are two main indicators of the manner in which a vector field changes from point to point throughout space. The first of
these is divergence, which will be examined here. It is scalar and bears a similarity to the derivative of a function. The second is
curl, a vector which will be examined when magnetic fields are discussed inChapter 10.
When the divergence of a vector field is nonzero, that region is said to containsources or sinks—sources when the divergence is
positive and sinks when negative. In static electric fields there is a correspondence between positive divergence, sources, and
positive electric charge Q. Electric flux Y by definition originates on positive charges. Thus, a region which contains positive
charges contains the sources of Y. The divergence of the electric flux density D will be positive in this region. A similar
correspondence exists between negative divergence, sinks, and negative electric charge.
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lim ∮ A ⋅ dS
div A ≡ Δv →0
Δv
Here the integration is over the surface of an infinitesimal volume Δv that shrinks to point P.
Figure 5-2
In order to express
∮ A ⋅ dS for the cube, all six faces must be covered. On each face, the direction ofdS is outward. Since the faces are normal to
the three axes, only one component of A will cross any two parallel faces.
In Fig. 5-3 the cube is turned such that face 1 is in full view; the x components of A over the faces to the left and right of 1 are
indicated. Since the faces are small,
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Figure 5-3
∂Ax
Δx Δy Δz
∂x
The same procedure is applied to the remaining two pairs of faces and the results combined.
The same approach may be used in cylindrical (Problem 5.1) and spherical coordinates.
1 ∂ 1 ∂Aϕ ∂Az
div A = (rAr)+ + (cylindrical)
r ∂r r ∂ϕ ∂z
1 ∂ 2 1 ∂ 1 ∂Aϕ
div A = (r Ar) + (Aθ sin θ) + (spherical)
r2 ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂ϕ
Example
EXAMPLE 1.
∂ πx πx π πx 5 πx πx
div A = (5x2 sin ) = 5x2 (cos ) + 10x sin = πx2 cos + 10x sin
∂x 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Example
EXAMPLE 2.
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In cylindrical coordinates a vector field is given by A = r sin ϕar + r2 cos ϕaϕ + 2re−5zaz. Find div A at (½, π/2, 0).
1 ∂ 2 1 ∂ 2 ∂
div A = (r sin ϕ) + (r cos ϕ) + (2re−5z) = 2 sin ϕ − r sin ϕ − 10re− 5z
r ∂r r ∂ϕ ∂z
and
π 1 1 7
− sin − 10 ( ) e0 = −
π
div A| (1/2, π/2,0) = 2 sin
2 2 2 2 2
Example
EXAMPLE 3.
In spherical coordinates a vector field is given by A = (5/r2 ) sin θ ar + r cot θ aθ + r sin θ cos ϕ aϕ . Find div A.
1 ∂ 1 ∂ 1 ∂
div A = (5 sin θ) + (r sin θ cot θ) + (r sin θ cos ϕ) = − 1 − sin ϕ
r2 ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂ϕ
∂( ) ∂( ) ∂( )
∇= ax + ay + az
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
∇⋅A = ( ax + ay + az) ⋅ (Axax + Ayay + Azaz) = divA
∂x ∂y ∂z
Warning: The del operator is defined only in Cartesian coordinates. When ∇A is written for the divergence of A in other
coordinates systems, it does not mean that a del operator can be defined for these systems. For example, the divergence in
cylindrical coordinates will be written as
1 ∂ 1 ∂Aϕ ∂Az
∇⋅A = (rAr) + +
r ∂r r ∂ϕ ∂z
1 ∂ 1 ∂ ∂
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1 ∂ 1 ∂ ∂
∇= (r)ar+ aϕ + az
r ∂r r ∂ϕ ∂z
in cylindrical coordinates. In fact, the expression would give false results when used in determining ∇V (the gradient, Section
5.2) or ∇ × A (the curl, Section 5.10).
5.8. Divergence of D
From Gauss's law (Section 4.3),
∮ D ⋅ dS
Qenc
=
Δv Δv
In the limit,
∮ D ⋅ dS
lim lim Qenc
Δv →0 = div D = Δv →0 =ρ
Δv Δv
ρ
div D = ρ and div E =
ϵ
if
ϵ is constant throughout the region under examination (if not, div
ϵE = ρ). Thus, both E and D fields will have a divergence of zero in any isotropic charge-free region.
Example
EXAMPLE 4.
In spherical coordinates the region r ≤ a contains a uniform charge density ρ, while for r > a the charge density is zero. From
Problem 3.54, E = Erar, where Er = (ρr/3
ϵ0) for r ≤ a and Er = (ρa3/3
ϵ0r2) for r > a. Then, for r ≤ a,
1 ∂ 1
(r2 )= (3r2 )=
ρr ρ ρ
div E =
r2 ∂r 3ϵ0 r2 3ϵ0 ϵ0
1 ∂ ρa3
div E = (r2 )=0
r2 ∂r 3ϵ0r2
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5.9. The Divergence Theorem
Gauss's law states that the closed surface integral ofD · dS is equal to the charge enclosed. If the charge density function ρ is
known throughout the volume, then the charge enclosed may be obtained from an integration of ρ throughout the volume. Thus,
∮ D ⋅ dS = ∫ ρ dv = Qenc
But ρ = ∇ · D, and so
∮ D ⋅ dS = ∫ (∇ ⋅ D) dv
This is the divergence theorem, also known as Gauss's divergence theorem. It is a three-dimensional analog of Green's theorem
for the plane. While it was arrived at from known relationships among D, Q, and ρ, the theorem is applicable to any sufficiently
regular vector field.
divergence theorem ∮ A ⋅ dS = ∫ (∇ ⋅ A ) dv
S v
Example
EXAMPLE 5.
ρr
E= a
3ϵ r
Examine both sides of the divergence theorem for this vector field. ForS, choose the spherical surface r = b ≤ a.
∮ E ⋅ dS ∫ (∇ ⋅ E) dv
1 ∂
∫ ∫ ( a ) ⋅ (b2 sin θ dθ dϕ ar)
ρb ρr ρ
∇⋅E = (r2 ) =
3ϵ r r2 ∂r 3ϵ ϵ
2π 2π
π
ρb3 π b
ρ 2
=∫ ∫ sin θ dθ dϕ then ∫ ∫ ∫ r sin θ dr dθ dϕ
0 0 3ϵ 0 0 0 ϵ
4πρb3 4πρb3
= =
3ϵ 3ϵ
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The divergence theorem applies to time-varying as well as static fields in any coordinate system. The theorem is used most
often in derivations where it becomes necessary to change from a closed surface integration to a volume integration. But it
may also be used to convert the volume integral of a function that can be expressed as the divergence of a vector field into a
closed surface integral.
5.10. Curl
The curl of a vector field A is another vector field. Point P in Fig. 5-4 lies in a plane area ΔS bounded by a closed curve C. In the
integration that defines the curl, C is traversed such that the enclosed area is on the left. The unit normal an, determined by the
right-hand rule, is as shown in the figure. Then the component of the curl of A in the direction an is defined as
∮ A ⋅ dl
lim
(curl A) ⋅ an ≡ ΔS →0
ΔS
Figure 5-4
In the various coordinate systems, curl A is completely specified by its components along the three unit vectors. For example,
the x component in Cartesian coordinates is defined by taking as the contour C a square in the x = const. plane through P, as
shown in Fig. 5-5.
lim ∮ A ⋅ dI
(curl A) ⋅ ax = Δy Δz →0
Δy Δz
Figure 5-5
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If A = Axax + Ay ay + Azaz at the corner of ΔS closest to the origin (point 1), then
2 3 4 1
∮ = ∫ +∫ +∫ +∫
1 2 3 4
∂Az ∂Ay
= Ay Δy + (Az + Δy) Δz + (Ay + Δz) (−Δy) + Az(−Δz)
∂y ∂z
∂Az ∂Ay
= ( − ) Δy Δz
∂y ∂z
and
∂Az ∂Ay
(curl A) ⋅ ax = −
∂y ∂z
The y and z components can be determined in a similar fashion. Combining the three components,
A third-order determinant can be written, the expansion of which gives the Cartesian curl ofA.
∣ ax ay az ∣
∣ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∣∣
curl A = ∣
∣ ∂x ∂y ∂z ∣
∣ ∣
∣ Ax Ay Az ∣
The elements of the second row are the components of the del operator. This suggests (seeSection 2.4) that ∇ × A can be
written for curl A. As with other expressions from vector analysis, this convenient notation is used for curlA in other coordinate
systems, even though ∇ is defined only in Cartesian coordinates.
Expressions for curl A in cylindrical and spherical coordinates can be derived in the same manner as above, though with more
difficulty.
∇ ⋅ (∇ × A) = 0
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for any vector field A.
∇ × (∇f) = 0
∇×E = 0
5.11. Laplacian
The divergence of the gradient of a scalar is called theLaplacian, ∇ 2 . In the Cartesian coordinate system,
Explicit forms of the Laplacian in cylindrical and spherical coordinates are given in the next section (see alsoSection 9.3).
Example
EXAMPLE 6.
The Laplacian of a vector can be defined using the Laplacian of its coordinates components. For example, the Laplacian of
a vector specified by its Cartesian coordinate, A = Axax + Ay ay + Azaz, is as follows
∂2 ∂2 ∂2
∇2A = ( + + ) A = ∇2Axax + ∇2Ayay + ∇2Azaz
∂x2 ∂y2 ∂z2
Example
EXAMPLE 7.
∇2A = ∇(∇ ⋅ A) − ∇ × (∇ × A)
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The vector operations introduced in this chapter are summarized below for three coordinate systems. Note that the del
operator ∇ is defined for the Cartesian coordinate system only.
Gradient ∂V ∂V ∂V
∇V = ax + ay + az
∂x ∂y ∂z
Divergence ∂ Ax ∂ Ay ∂ Az
∇⋅A = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
Curl ∂ Az ∂ Ay ∂ Ax ∂ Az
∇×A = ( − ) ax + ( − )a
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x
Laplacian ∂2 V ∂2 V ∂2 V
∇2 V = + +
∂x2 ∂y2 ∂ z2
Cylindrical Gradient ∂V ∂V ∂V
∇V = ar + aϕ + az
∂r r∂ϕ ∂z
Divergence 1 ∂ 1 ∂ Aϕ ∂ Az
∇⋅A = (rAr) + +
∂
r r r ∂ϕ ∂z
Curl 1 ∂ Az ∂ Aϕ ∂ Ar ∂ Az
∇×A = ( − ) ar + ( − )
r ∂ϕ ∂z ∂z ∂r
Laplacian 1 ∂ 1 ∂2 V ∂2 V
(r ) +
∂V
∇2 V = +
r ∂r ∂r r2 ∂ϕ2 ∂ z2
Spherical Gradient ∂V 1 ∂V 1 ∂V
∇V = ar + aθ + aϕ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂ϕ
Divergence 1 ∂ 2 1 ∂
∇⋅A = (r Ar) + (Aθ sin θ)+
r2 ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r
Laplacian 1 ∂ 1 ∂
( r2 ) + (sin θ
∂V ∂V
∇2 V =
r2 ∂r ∂r r2 sin θ ∂θ ∂θ
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5.1. Develop the expression for divergence in cylindrical coordinates.
A delta-volume is shown in Fig. 5-6 with edges Δr, r Δϕ, and Δz. The vector field A is defined at P, the corner with the lowest
values of the coordinates r, ϕ, and z, as
A = Arar + Aϕ aϕ + Azaz
Figure 5-6
By definition,
lim ∮ A ⋅ dS
div A = Δv →0
Δv
(1)
To express
∮ A ⋅ dS, all six faces of the volume must be covered. For the radial component ofA refer to Fig. 5-7.
Figure 5-7
∫ A ⋅ dS ≈ −Arr Δϕ Δz
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∫ A ⋅ dS ≈ Ar(r + Δr) (r + Δr) Δϕ Δz
∂Ar
≈ (Ar + Δr) (r + Δr) Δϕ Δz
∂r
∂A
≈ Ar r Δϕ Δz + (Ar + r r ) Δr Δϕ Δz
∂r
where the term in (Δr) 2 has been neglected. The net contribution of this pair of faces is then
∂Ar ∂ 1 ∂
(Ar + r ) Δr Δϕ Δz = (rAr) Δr Δϕ Δz = (rAr) Δv
∂r ∂r r ∂r
(2)
since Δv = r Δr Δϕ Δz.
∂Aϕ
Aϕ Δr Δz and (Aϕ + Δϕ) Δr Δz
∂ϕ
1 ∂Aϕ
Δv
r ∂ϕ
(3)
∂Az
Azr Δr Δϕ and (Az + Δz) r Δr Δϕ
∂z
∂Az
Δv
∂z
(4)
When (2), (3), and (4) are combined to give ∮ A · dS, (1) yields
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5.2. Show that ∇ · E is zero for the field of a uniform line charge.
ρℓ
E= a
2πϵ0 r r
Then
1 ∂
(r )=0
ρℓ
∇⋅E =
r ∂r 2πϵ 0r
The divergence of E for this charge configuration is zero everywhere except at r = 0, where the expression is indeterminate.
5.3. Show that the D field due to a point charge has a divergence of zero.
Q
D= ar
4πr2
1 ∂
(r2 )=0
Q
∇⋅D =
r2 ∂r 4πr2
∂ −y ∂
∇⋅A = (e cos x) + (e− y sin x) = e− y ( − sin x) + e− y ( sin x) = 0
∂x ∂y
∂ 2 ∂ ∂
∇⋅A = (x ) + (yz) + (xy) = 2x + z
∂x ∂y ∂z
1 −3/
∇ ⋅ A = − (x2 + y2) 2(2x) and ∇ ⋅ A|(2,2,0) = −8.84 × 10− 2
2
1 ∂ 2 1 ∂ ∂
∇⋅A = (r sin ϕ) + (2r cos ϕ) + (2z2)
r ∂r r ∂ϕ ∂z
= 2 sin ϕ − 2 sin ϕ + 4z = 4z
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5.8. Given A = 10 sin2 ϕar + r aϕ + [(z2 /r) cos 2 ϕ] az, find ∇ · A at (2, 0, 5).
10 sin2ϕ + 2z cos2ϕ
∇⋅A = and ∇ ⋅ A∣(2,0,5) = 5
r
1 ∂ 1 ∂ 1 ∂
∇⋅A = (5) + (10) + (−r2 ϕ sin θ) = − r
r ∂r
2 r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂ϕ
1 ∂ 1 ∂ cos θ cos ϕ
∇⋅A (5 sin2θ) + (5 sin ϕ) = 10 +5
r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂ϕ r r sin θ
and
∇ ⋅ A|(0,5,π/4,π/4) = 24.14
5.11. Given that D = ρ0 zaz in the region −1 ≤ z ≤ 1 in Cartesian coordinates and D = (ρ0 z/|z|)az elsewhere, find the charge
density.
∇⋅D = ρ
For −1 ≤ z ≤ 1,
∂
ρ= (ρ0z) = ρ0
∂z
∂
ρ= (∓ρ0) = 0
∂z
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Figure 5-8
5.12. Given that D = (10r3 /4)ar (C/m2 ) in the region 0 < r ≤ 3 m in cylindrical coordinates and D = (810/4r)ar (C/m2 )
elsewhere, find the charge density.
For 0 < r ≤ 3 m,
1 ∂ 10r4
ρ= ( ) = 10r2 (C/m3)
r ∂r 4
1 ∂
ρ= (810/4) = 0
r ∂r
5.13. Given that
Q
D= (1 − cos 3r)ar
πr2
1 ∂ 2 Q 3Q
ρ= [r (1 − cos 3r)] = sin 3r
r ∂r
2 πr2 πr2
5.14. In the region 0 < r ≤ 1 m, D = (−2 × 10−4/r)ar (C/m2 ) and for r > 1 m, D = (−4 × 10−4/r2 )ar (C/m2 ), in spherical
coordinates. Find the charge density in both regions.
For 0 < r ≤ 1 m,
1 ∂ −4
−2 × 10− 4
ρ= (−2 × 10 r) = (C/m3)
r2 ∂r r2
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1 ∂
ρ= (−4 × 10− 4) = 0
r2 ∂r
5.15. In the region r ≤ 2, D = (5r2 /4)ar and for r > 2, D = (20/r2 )ar, in spherical coordinates. Find the charge density.
For r ≤ 2,
1 ∂
ρ= (5r4/4) = 5r
r2 ∂r
1 ∂
ρ= (20) = 0
r2 ∂r
5.16. Given that D = (10x3 /3)ax (C/m2 ), evaluate both sides of the divergence theorem for the volume of a cube, 2 m on an
edge, centered at the origin and with edges parallel to the axes.
∮ D ⋅ dS = ∫ (∇ ⋅ D) dv
vol
Since D has only an x component, D · dS is zero on all but the faces at x = 1 m and x = −1 m (see Fig. 5-9).
10(1)
1 1 1 1 10(−1)
∮ D ⋅ dS = ∫ ∫ ax ⋅ dy dz ax + ∫ ∫ ax ⋅ dy dz (−ax)
−1 −1 3 −1 −1 3
40 40 80
= + = C
3 3 3
Figure 5-9
Now for the right side of the divergence theorem. Since ∇ · D = 10x2 ,
2
1 1 1 1 1x3 80
∫ (∇ ⋅ D) dv = ∫ ∫ ∫ (10x2) dx dy dz = ∫ ∫ [10 ] dy dz = C
vol −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 3 −1 3
5.17. Given that A = 30e−rar − 2zaz in cylindrical coordinates, evaluate both sides of the divergence theorem for the volume
enclosed by r = 2, z = 0, and z = 5 (Fig. 5-10).
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∮ A ⋅ dS = ∫ (∇ ⋅ A) dv
Figure 5-10
It is noted that Az = 0 for z = 0 and hence A · dS is zero over that part of the surface.
5 2π 2π 2
∮ A ⋅ dS = ∫ ∫ 30e− 2ar ⋅ 2 dϕ dz ar + ∫ ∫ − 2(5)az ⋅ r dr dϕaz
0 0 0 0
= −
60e (2π)(5) − 10(2π)(2)
2 = 129.4
1 ∂ ∂ 30e− r
∇⋅A = (30re− r) + (−2z) = − 30e− r − 2
r ∂r ∂z r
and
5 2π 2
30e− r
∫ (∇ ⋅ A) dv = ∫ ∫ ∫ ( − 30e− r − 2) r dr dϕ dz = 129.4
0 0 0 r
5.18. Given that D = (10r3 /4)ar (C/m2 ) in cylindrical coordinates, evaluate both sides of the divergence theorem for the
volume enclosed by r = 1 m, r = 2 m, z = 0 and z = 10 m (see Fig. 5-11).
∮ D ⋅ dS = ∫ (∇ ⋅ D) dv
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Figure 5-11
Since D has no z component, D · dS is zero for the top and bottom. On the inner cylindrical surfacedS is in the direction −ar.
10 2π
10
∮ D ⋅ dS = ∫ ∫ (1)3ar ⋅ (1) dϕ dz (−ar)
0 0 4
10 2π
10
+∫ ∫
(2)3ar ⋅ (2) dϕ dz ar
0 0 4
−200π 200π
= + 16 = 750π C
4 4
1 ∂ 10r4
∇⋅D = ( ) = 10r2
r ∂r 4
and
10 2π 2
∫ (∇ ⋅ D)dv = ∫ ∫ ∫ (10r2)r dr dϕ dz = 750π C
0 0 1
5.19. Given that D = (5r2 /4)ar (C/m2 ) in spherical coordinates, evaluate both sides of the divergence theorem for the
volume enclosed by r = 4 m and θ = π /4 (see Fig. 5-12).
∮ D ⋅ dS = ∫ (∇ ⋅ D)dv
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Figure 5-12
Since D has only a radial component, D · dS has a nonzero value only on the surface r = 4 m.
2π π/4 5(4)2
∮ D ⋅ dS = ∫ ∫ ar ⋅ (4)2 sin θ dθ dϕ ar = 589.1 C
0 0 4
1 ∂ 5r4
∇⋅D = ( ) = 5r
r2 ∂r 4
and
2π π/4 4
∫ (∇ ⋅ D) dv = ∫ ∫ ∫ (5r)r2 sin θ dr dθ dϕ = 589.1 C
0 0 0
∣ ax ay az ∣
∣ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∣∣
∇ × A = ∣∣ ∣ = ax − exay − cos ax az
∂y
∣ ∂x ∂z ∣
∣ y cos ax 0 y + ex ∣
5.21. Given the general vector field A = 5r sin ϕaz in cylindrical coordinates, find curl A at (2, π, 0).
Since A has only a z component, only two partials in the curl expression are nonzero.
1 ∂ ∂
∇×A = (5r sin ϕ)ar − (5r sin sin ϕ)aϕ = 5 cos ϕar − 5 sin ϕaϕ
r ∂ϕ ∂r
Then
∇ × A| = −5a
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∇ × A|(2,π,0) = −5ar
5.22. Given the general vector field A = 5e−r cos ϕar −5 cos ϕaz in cylindrical coordinates, find curl A at (2, 3π /2, 0).
1 ∂ ∂ ∂ 1 ∂
∇×A = (−5 cos ϕ)ar + [ (5e− r cos ϕ) − (−5 cos ϕ)] aϕ − (5e− r cos ϕ)az
r ∂ϕ ∂z ∂r r ∂ϕ
5 5
= ( sin ϕ) ar + ( e− r sin ϕ) az
r r
Then
5.23. Given the general vector field A = 10 sin θaθ in spherical coordinates, find ∇ × A at (2, π /2, 0).
1 ∂ 1 ∂ 10 sin θ
∇×A = [− (10 sin θ)] ar + (10r sin θ)aϕ = aϕ
r sin θ ∂ϕ r ∂r r
Then
∇ × A|(2,π/2,0) = 5aϕ
From the definition of curl A given in Section 5.10, it is seen that curl A is zero in a region if
∮ A ⋅ dl = 0
for every closed path in the region. But if A = ∇f, where f is a single-valued function,
∮ A ⋅ dl = ∮ ∇f ⋅ dl = ∮ df = 0
5.27. The field of an electric dipole with the charges at ±d/2 on the z axis is
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Qd
E= (2 cos θar + sin θaθ)
4πϵ0r3
5.37. Given A = [(10 sin2 θ)/r]ar (N/m), find ∇ · A at (2 m, π/4 rad, π/2 rad).
r2 − a2
D = ρ0 ( ) ar
2r
b2 − a2
D = ρ0 ( ) ar
2r
5.41. In the region 0 < r ≤ 2 (cylindrical coordinates), D = (4r−1 + 2e−0.5r + 4r−1e−0.5r)ar, and for r > 2, D = (2.057/r)ar. Find ρ in
both regions.
5.42. In the region r ≤ 2 (cylindrical coordinates), D = [10r + (r2 /3)]ar, and for r > 2, D = [3/(128r)]ar. Find ρ in both regions.
5.44. Given
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3r
D= ar
r2 + 1
5.45. Given
10
D= [1 − e− 2r(1 + 2r + 2r2)]ar
r2
4r r3
D=( − ) ar
3 5
and for r > 1, D = [5/(63r2 )]ar. Find the charge density in both regions.
5.49. Given that D = (10r3 /4)ar in cylindrical coordinates, evaluate both sides of the divergence theorem for the volume
enclosed by r = 2, z = 0, and z = 10.
5.50. Given that D = 10 sin θar + 2 cos θaθ , evaluate both sides of the divergence theorem for the volume enclosed by the
shell r = 2.
This video demonstrates the curl of a vector and its physical significance.
5.52. Given the general vector A = (−cos x)(cos y)az, find the curl of A at the origin.
5.53. Given the general vector A = (cos x)(sin y)ax + (sin x)(cos y)ay , find the curl of A everywhere.
5.54. Given the general vector A = (sin 2ϕ)aϕ in cylindrical coordinates, find the curl ofA at (2, π /4, 0).
5.55. Given the general vector A = e−2z (sin 1–2 ϕ)aϕ in cylindrical coordinates, find the curl ofA at (0.800, π/3, 0.500).
5.56. Given the general vector A = (sin ϕ)ar + (sin θ)aϕ in spherical coordinates, find the curl of A at the point (2, π/2, 0).
5.57. Given the general vector A = 2.50aθ + 5.00aϕ in spherical coordinates, find the curl of A at (2.0, π/6, 0).
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2 cos θ sin θ
A= a r + aθ
r3 r3
5.29. 3 − 2y
5.30. −8.0
5.31. 5.0
5.32. 4.0
5.33. −2.60
5.34. −1.59
5.36. 3 − r
5.37. 1.25 N/m2
5.38.
13ϕ
4r sin θ + ( ) cot θ
r
5.40. 0, ρ0 , 0
5.41. −e−0.5r, 0
5.42. 20 + r, 0
5.43.
sin θ
(18 + 2 cot2 θ)
5
5.44. 3(r2 + 3)/(r2 + 1)2
5.45. 40e−2r
5.46. 4 − r2 , 0
5.47. 5.03 × 10−3 C
5.48. 75π
5.49. 800π
5.50. 40π 2
5.51. Hint: ∇ × E = 0.
5.52. 0
5.53. 0
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5.54. 0.5az
5.55. 0.368ar + 0.230az
5.56. 0
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