INTRODUCTION TO AEROSPACE

ENGINEERING

Course Code: AE-102

Credit Hours: 2-0-2
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 COURSE OVERVIEW

➢ Course breakdown
➢ Effective use of training aids
➢ Assessments
➢ Sharing of grades
➢ Timely feedback by me and you
➢ Feeling of fairness
➢ Questions and ambiguities
➢ Marking standards

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 COURSE OVERVIEW

➢ Availability of instructor during office timings.

➢ Student participation is required and encouraged.
➢ Appropriateness of language/ speech clarity.
➢ Lecture completion in allocated time.
➢ Punctuality in class by you and me.
➢ Class time utilization.
➢ During the exams/ assessments (Quiz, MSE, ESE),
sharing of calculators, pen or pages etc. will not be
allowed; please arrange them before the exam.
➢ For every activity (Assignments, MSE, ESE), CR /
Deputy CR to remind the class at start of every
week and one class before to the instructor. 3
 4
Reference 1: ‘Interactive Aerospace Engineering and Design’ by Dave Newman, Chapter 1
 ERAS IN AVIATION

➢ Early Years: 200 BC – 1890 AD

➢ Pre-powered Flight: 1860 – 1903
➢ Early Powered Flight:1903 -1914
➢ World War I: 1914 – 1918
➢ Records Attempts: 1918 – 1939
➢ World War II: 1939 – 1945
➢ Jets and Speed: 1945 – 1958
➢ Space: 1958 – Present

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 HUMANS AND FLYING

➢ The graceful fluidity of birds in flight motivated

early inventors to mimic nature and propose
vehicle designs that could carry humans above
the confines of earth’s surface
➢ At first, people fashioned artificial wings and
flapped them with their arms (“ornithopters”)

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 EARLY YEARS
200 BC THRU 1890 AD
➢Leonardo da Vinci foresaw the parachute,
helicopter and aircraft.

➢“A bird is an instrument working according to a

mathematical law. It lies within the power of
humans to make this instrument with all its
motions.” 7
 TYPES OF FLIGHTS

➢ Lighter than Air Flight

➢ Heavier than Air Flight

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 LIGHTER-THAN-AIR FLIGHT

➢Lighter-than-air aircraft (called "aerostats")

use buoyancy to float in the air in much the
same way that ships float on the water.

➢One or more large balloons or bags, filled with

a relatively low-density gas such as helium,
hydrogen or hot air, which is less dense than
the surrounding air, are used.

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 HEAVIER-THAN-AIR FLIGHT
➢Heavier-than-air aircraft ("aerodynes") must find
some way to push air or gas downwards, so that
a reaction occurs (by Newton's laws of motion) to
push the aircraft upwards.

➢The most common way to do this is by propelling

the aircraft forward (typically via an engine) and
using a wing to displace the air so that there is
greater air pressure below the wing than above it.
This is the principle behind all modern
aircrafts.
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 HEAVIER THAN AIR FLIGHT

➢The other way of achieving lift is known as

"engine lift", which is to vertically fire an
engine downwards so as to push the aircraft
upwards,

➢This is how rockets and missiles operate.

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 EARLY YEARS
200 BC THRU 1890 AD
➢ Montgolfier brothers - Joseph
and Jacques
➢ Launched the first hot air
balloon flight in 1783 in
France.
➢ Initially hot air was used for
lifting purpose.
➢ Hot air was then replaced
with hydrogen.
➢ Made first manned flight in
November 1783 12
 EARLY YEARS
200 BC THRU 1890 AD
➢ Balloons made way for blimps, which were
elongated bags filled with gas, fitted with
engines, propellers, and a rudder.
➢ First, steam engines and later electric and
gasoline engines were used as power plants.
➢ The critical challenge was to maintain the
shape of the gas bags. Only when fully filled,
could a slender, elongated aerodynamic shape
be maintained.
➢ The vehicle sagged and was extremely difficult
to steer when the bags were only partially filled. 13
 EARLY YEARS
200 BC THRU 1890 AD
➢ Development of dirigibles was done by
Ferdinand von Zeppelin as he realized that
maintaining a rigid shape was essential to
making the vehicle steerable.

➢ He designed a rigid but light frame containing

the gas bags

➢ Dirigibles, which soon were called zeppelins,

became a practical means of air transportation
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by 1908.
 PRE-POWERED FLIGHT
1860-1903
➢ Sir George Cayley devised
basic configuration of modern
airplanes.
➢ The aviation pioneer identified
with gliding flights was the
German engineer, Otto Lilienthal.
▪ He built numerous single-wing and bi-wing gliders.
▪ Flew them by running down a hill until he reached a
speed high enough to fly.
➢ “The Flight of Birds as the Basis of the Act of
Flying” 15
 EARLY POWERED FLIGHT
1903-1914
➢ First powered heavier than air flight was done by
Wright brothers – Orville and Wilber

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 EARLY POWERED FLIGHT
1903-1914
➢ The Wright brothers selected Kill Devil Hills near Kitty
Hawk in North Carolina, USA for their flying experiments
because of the prevalent steady high winds in the area.
➢ In the fall of 1900, they conducted their first glider flights.
➢ They refined their design in the following years and
added a 12 hp engine, which they had designed
themselves since they could not find a suitable
lightweight power plant.
➢ On 17 December 1903, their aeroplane, named Flyer I,
flew for the first time and covered a distance of 120 ft in
12 sec.

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 WORLD WAR I
1914 - 1918
➢ Aircraft at the outbreak of World War I in 1914 were
quite fragile. However, they were used in the conflict.
➢ At first their main use was for reconnaissance, but as
the conflict continued and technology was quickly
advanced, airplanes became more specialized and
were used as fighters and bombers.
➢ The Dutch airplane designer Anthony Fokker devised
a mechanism by which the machine gun was
synchronized with the engine so that the pilot could
fire through the propeller.
➢ This system gave the Fokker planes an advantage
over their British and French counterparts. 18
 THE FOKKER SCOURGE

Fokker Eindecker French Nieuport

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 WORLD WAR I
1914 - 1918
➢ British Aircraft
▪ Trainers – Avro 504K

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 WORLD WAR I
1914 - 1918
➢ British Aircraft
▪ Fighters – Sopwith Camel

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 WORLD WAR I
1914 - 1918
➢ American Aircraft
▪ Trainers – Curtiss Jenny JN-4

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 WORLD WAR I
1914 - 1918
➢ American Aircraft
▪ Trainers – Standard J-1

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 WORLD WAR I
1914 - 1918
➢ Inventions
▪ Increased horse-power engines
• Rotary air cooled
• Water cooled
▪ Multi-engine aircraft
▪ Advanced armament

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 COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT
➢ Airships were commercially successful in the
early decades of the 20th century.
➢ Zeppelins could fly not more than 100 km/h, but
they could do so for thousands of kilometers
without having to land.
➢ The first regular commercial airline with
passenger service was from Germany which
began service from Berlin to Weimar in February
1919.
➢ In October 1919, KLM (Royal Dutch Airlines)
was founded in the Netherlands and is the
world’s oldest airline. 25
 COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT

➢ The aircraft of the period could carry between

two and eight passengers and offered little in
comfort.
➢ The passenger needed to wear warm leather
clothes and gloves. Earplugs were “strongly
recommended” and emergency landings were
very frequent.
➢ Refinements were introduced and significant
improvements in performance were achieved
during the 1920s.
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 COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT
➢ In 1916, William E. Boeing founded the Pacific
Aero Products Company, which he renamed in the
following year the Boeing Airplane Company.
➢ In 1933, the Boeing 247, an all-metal twin-engine
low-wing monoplane, had its maiden flight.
➢ The Boeing 247 is nowadays regarded as the first
“modern” airliner.

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 COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT
➢ DC-1 was an improvement over the Boeing 247.
➢ Refined to become the DC-2 and later evolved
into the DC-3 providing room for 21 passengers.
➢ By 1939, DC-3s were carrying 90 percent of all
commercial traffic around the world.

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BRAINSTORMING, RECORDS ATTEMPTS
AND AIRLINES (1918 – 1939)
➢ After the end of WW-I, aviation increased rapidly
because of the following reasons:
▪ Surplus aircraft were readily available
▪ Numerous trained pilots were available
▪ Great interest in aviation from public
▪ Beginning of air transportation for general public
▪ Speed and distance records

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BRAINSTORMING, RECORDS ATTEMPTS
AND AIRLINES (1918 – 1939)

➢ First around the world flight was attempted by

four US Army “Douglas World Cruiser” aircraft in
1924.

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BRAINSTORMING, RECORDS ATTEMPTS
AND AIRLINES (1918 – 1939)

➢ Early Airlines
▪ Airlines were started after the WW-I flying
passengers and mail.
▪ Airline flights caused the rapid increase in the
size and speed of these airliners.
▪ Airlines went from crude biplanes to metal,
high-performance aircraft in a few years.

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BRAINSTORMING, RECORDS ATTEMPTS
AND AIRLINES (1918 – 1939)

➢ Ford Tri-Motor
▪ Three Engines
▪ 100 MPH Cruise
▪ 14 Passengers

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BRAINSTORMING, RECORDS ATTEMPTS
AND AIRLINES (1918 – 1939)
➢ Douglas DC-3
▪ Two Engines
▪ 180 MPH
▪ 24 Passengers

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 RECORDS ATTEMPTS
1918 – 1939

➢ Inventions
▪ Gyroscopic Instruments
▪ Radio Navigation
▪ High Altitude Flight
▪ High Octane Gasoline
▪ Global Navigation

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 WORLD WAR II
1939 - 1945
➢ World War II brought the advent of high power
and high-speed aircraft from all countries.
➢ Very early in the war, some biplanes were used,
mostly by the British, but these were rapidly
replaced by monoplanes.
➢ Thousands of aircrafts were produced by all
countries.
➢ Very large increase in aircraft speed and altitude
occurred during this time.

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 The Battle of Britain

British Spitfire British Hurricane

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German Me-109
 US AIRCRAFT: WW-II

US Mustang P51 Bomber US B17 ‘Flying Fortress’

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 WORLD WAR II
1939 - 1945
➢ Early successful were the British Fairey
Swordfish and Gloster Galdiator aircraft.

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 RECORDS ATTEMPTS
1918 – 1939

➢ The B-25 medium bomber was one of America’

most famous airplanes of World War II. It was
the type of bomber used by general Jimmie
Doolittle for the “Tokyo Raid” on April 18, 1942.

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 WORLD WAR II
1939 - 1945
➢ The Germans used Junker Ju-87 (or Stuka) Dive
Bombers, Heinkle He-111 and Dornier Do-217
bombers to attack England during the Battle of
Britain.

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 WORLD WAR II
1939 - 1945
➢ In the pacific front, Japanese Mutsubishi A6M
Zeros were fought by American Volunteers
Flying Curtiss P-40.

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 WORLD WAR II
1939 - 1945
➢ Aircraft development progressed at a rapid pace
throughout the war. Such famous bombers as
the B-17, B-24 and B-29 were used by the
United States.

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 WORLD WAR II
1939 - 1945
➢ The US Army Air Corps developed high-speed,
long-range piston engine fighters such as:

▪ P-51 Mustang
▪ P-47 Thunderbolt
▪ P-38 Lightning

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 WORLD WAR II
1939 - 1945
➢ The US Navy used carrier-based fighters and
bombers such as:
▪ F6F Hellcat
▪ F4U Corsair
▪ TBM Avenger

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 WORLD WAR II
1939 - 1945
➢ The main cargo aircraft used by the United
States were C-46 Commando, C-47 Dakota,
C-54 Skymaster and C-69 Constellation.

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 WORLD WAR II
1939 - 1945
➢ The US Army used its first helicopter in World
War II. This Aircraft was the Sikorsky R4
Hoverfly.

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 WORLD WAR II
1939 - 1945
➢ During World War II, the German Military
developed Jet and Rocket Powered Aircraft
and Guided Missiles.

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 THE ADVENT OF JET ENGINES
➢ Till now: Variants of Piston and Jet Engines
➢ Higher Speed & Better Fuel Efficiency

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 JETS AND SPEED

➢ The early American jet fighter aircraft were in

development phase at the end of World War II.
➢ These aircrafts were the P-59 Airacomet and
P-80 Shooting Star.

US P-59A Airacomet US P-80 Shooting Star

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 JETS AND SPEED

➢ During early 1950’s, the early jet powered

airliners were built by British companies.
➢ The de Havilland DH-106 Comet and Vickers
Viscount turboprop aircraft led the way.

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 JETS AND SPEED
➢ Both military fighters and bombers became
capable of supersonic flight in the 1950’s with
the Century Series fighters and the B-58
Hustler bomber.

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 JETS AND SPEED

➢ The pressures of the Cold War led to the

development of both Medium Range and
Intercontinental Range Ballistic Missiles such
as the Redstone, Atlas and Titan.

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 JETS AND SPEED
➢ The United States followed the Russians by
launching a 32-pound satellite called Explorer
in January 1958. The space race had started.

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 SPACE AND BEYOND
➢ Scott Crossfield was one of the great test
pilots during this era.
➢ He flew many experimental aircrafts and was the
first man to fly twice the speed of sound in
the Douglas Skyrocket. He was also the first
man to fly the X-15.

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 SPACE AND BEYOND
➢ NACA (National Advisory Committee for
Aeronautics) became NASA (National
Aeronautics and Space Administration) in 1958.
➢ One of first experimental aircraft from NASA was
the highly successful X-15. The X-15 explored
flight up to Mach 6.7 (6.7 times the speed of
sound) and altitude of 354,200 feet (67 miles) on
August 22, 1963.

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 SPACE AND BEYOND
➢ Very large jet airliners were developed and put
into Commercial Service during the 1960’s.
These included the Douglas DC-10, Lockheed
L-1011 and Boeing 747.

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 SPACE AND BEYOND

➢ In April 1961, the Russians again surprised the

world by launching Yuri Gagarin in a Vostok
Spacecraft orbiting the world.

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 SPACE AND BEYOND

➢ On May 25, 1961, US President Kennedy

announced to the nation a goal of sending an
American to the moon before the end of the
decade.
➢ This began an immense program to fly men to
the moon. This program was executed in three
steps:
▪ Project Mercury
▪ Project Gemini
▪ Project Apollo
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 SPACE AND BEYOND
➢ Project Mercury
▪ Single man capsules to explore sub-orbital and
orbital flights.
▪ Seven Mercury Astronauts

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 SPACE AND BEYOND

➢ On May 6, 1961, NASA launched Alan Shepard

in “Freedom 7” - the first American human
suborbital flight.

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 SPACE AND BEYOND
➢ Mercury Spacecraft “Friendship 7” carried
astronaut John H. Glenn Jr. to become the first
American to orbit the earth on February 20, 1962.
➢ Glenn circled the earth three times. The space
flight lasted 4 hours and 55 minutes.

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 SPACE AND BEYOND
➢ The Gemini Program followed Project Mercury
from 1963 -1966. Gemini Capsules carried two
astronauts to explore extended space flight
required to reach the moon.
➢ The Gemini Capsule was an enlarger Mercury
Capsule.

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 SPACE AND BEYOND

➢ The 12-flight Gemini Program explored many

new problems that would be encountered while
going to the moon including the engagement of
two space craft and space walks.

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 SPACE AND BEYOND

➢ Following the completion of the Mercury and

Gemini programs, the Apollo program began
the flights to the moon in a capsule designed to
carry three men.
➢ The Mighty Saturn V Rocket was designed to
launch the capsule and its support module.
➢ The crew compartment consisted of the main
crew module and the two-man lunar landing
module, which went to the moon and then
returned the crew back to the main module
orbiting the moon. 64
 SPACE AND BEYOND
➢ The Saturn V Rocket was 364 feet tall and
weighed more than 6,699,000 pounds.
➢ 5 rocket main stage motors with a total thrust of
7,648,000 pound lifted the rocket.
➢ The Saturn V launched both the Apollo missions
and Skylab.

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 SPACE AND BEYOND
➢ The Apollo Program began in 1963 and ended in
1972.
➢ The program consisted of 11 manned flights.
▪ 4 manned earth and moon orbital flights.
▪ 7 flights for moon landings.
➢ Apollo 13 did not land on the moon due to an
explosion enroute to the moon.
➢ Neil Armstrong was the first man to set foot on the
Moon, on July 20, 1969.
➢ Eugene Cernan was the last man to leave his
footprint on the moon, on December 14, 1972. 66
 SPACE AND BEYOND

➢ Apollo 11 was the first mission to land on the

moon.

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 SPACE AND BEYOND

➢ The Apollo Spaceship consisted of the

Command module, and Lunar module.
➢ The Lunar module contained the Lunar rover.

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 SPACE AND BEYOND
➢ During the 1960’s and early 1970’s, the United
States was engaged to protect South Vietnam.
Much of this war was fought in air battles.
➢ Some of the significant aircraft used during the
Vietnam War were the F-4 Phantom, F-105
Thunderchief and the B-52 Stratofortress.

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 SPACE AND BEYOND
➢ During the Vietnam War, helicopters were used
in great numbers. During the war, helicopters
such as the Bell UH-1 Iroquois (nicknamed
"Huey") and Boeing CH-47 Chinook were used
to transport troops and supplies.

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 SPACE AND BEYOND

➢ Lesson from the Vietnam War were used to

design new military fighter aircraft.
➢ These aircraft were the F-15 Eagle, F-16
Fighting Falcon and the A-10 Thunderbolt II.

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 SPACE AND BEYOND
➢ During the 1960’s and the 1970’s, general
aviation grew tremendously.
➢ Popular light-weight aircraft during this period
were the Cessna 172, Piper Cheroke and the
modernized Beechcraft Bonanza.

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 SPACE AND BEYOND
➢ As a continuation of space exploration, NASA
developed the Space Shuttle.
➢ The Space Shuttle was designed to place a crew
into earth orbit for experimentation purposes.

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 SPACE AND BEYOND
➢ The space shuttle made its first test flight in
1977.
➢ Total eight space shuttles were manufactured.
➢ Two space shuttles have been destroyed in
accidents.
➢ Till 2011, total 135 missions were flown, all
launched from Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in
Florida.
➢ During that time-period, the fleet logged 1,322
days, 19 hours, 21 minutes and 23 seconds of
flight time.
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 SPACE AND BEYOND : STEALTH
AIRCRAFT
➢ The new F-117 Nighthawk and B-2 Bomber
are designed to enter high threat military areas
undetected by radar.
➢ These aircraft use their stealth characteristics
for their protection.

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 ROTARY WINGS : HELICOPTERS
➢ The German Focke-Wulf FW 61 became the
first practical helicopter when it flew in 1936 as
the highlight of an indoor show in Berlin
organized by the Nazis.

➢ However, the flight brought mostly trouble. The

rotors blew sand from the circus ring in the eyes
of the spectators, and the doors of the arena had
to remain open despite the cold weather due to
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the large need of oxygen by the engine.
 ROTARY WINGS (HELICOPTERS)
➢ The Focke-Wulf FW 61 had two rotors mounted on
outriggers to the left and right sides of the fuselage and
was quite a capable craft outdoors. It was able to reach
an altitude of 2,439 m (8,000 ft).
➢ General characteristics and Performance
▪ Crew: one
▪ Length: 7.3 m (23 ft 11 in) fuselage only
▪ Height: 2.65 m (8 ft 8 in)
▪ Empty weight: 800 kg (1,764 lb)
▪ Max takeoff weight: 950 kg (2,094 lb)
▪ Powerplant: 1 × Bramo Sh.14A 7-cyl. air-cooled radial piston engine, 119 kW
(160 hp)
▪ Main rotor diameter: 2 × 7 m (23 ft 0 in)
▪ Main rotor area: 76.97 m2 (828.5 sq ft)
▪ Maximum speed: 112 km/h (70 mph, 60 kn) at sea level
▪ Cruise speed: 90 km/h (56 mph, 49 kn)
▪ Range: 230 km (140 mi, 120 nmi)
▪ Service ceiling: 3,427 m (11,243 ft) 77
▪ Rate of climb: 3.50 m/s (689 ft/min)
 ROTARY WINGS (HELICOPTERS)
➢ In 1939, the Russian-born Igor Sikorsky designed,
built, and flew the experimental helicopter Vought
Sikorsky VS-300 in the US. The VS-300 used a single
main rotor for lift and a smaller vertical rotor mounted on
the tail to counteract torque. With this rotor arrangement
Sikorsky achieved the controllability that all
predecessors lacked and set a pattern for helicopter
designs and resulted in the first production helicopter,
The R-4.
➢ General characteristics & Performance
▪ Crew: one
▪ Length: 28 ft 0 in (8.53 m)
▪ Height: 10 ft 0 in (3.05 m)
▪ Gross weight: 1,150 lb (522 kg)
▪ Powerplant: 1 × Franklin 4AC-199-E , 90 hp
(67 kW) at 2,500 rpm
▪ Main rotor diameter: 30 ft 0 in (9.14 m)
▪ Maximum speed: 50 mph (80 km/h, 43 kn)
▪ Range: 75 mi (121 km, 65 nmi) 78
▪ Endurance: 1 hour 30 minutes
 ROTARY WINGS (HELICOPTERS)
➢ The R-4 and other early helicopters were
devised for transportation, but it became quickly
apparent that rotary aircraft could also be
developed into a formidable weapons system.
➢ During the Vietnam War, Bell Helicopter
developed the Bell 209 Huey Cobra attack
helicopter - the first helicopter designed for such
a purpose.

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 LESSONS TO LEARN

➢ Aviation continues to grow every year.

➢ The opportunities for people to work in

aviation also continue to grow.

➢ The future will bring new adventures that are

not yet understood or foreseen.

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QUESTIONS?

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