K CMVK FK \KFDR CAP@TNMEK

Yarrde Garrdnn
 PTCÁRMK

Ekta fk trafutkr
Nkuvkr aetd`mpafk para K cmtk fk pkfdr cas`unmek
Fdfm`atðrma
Airafd`mcdetks
2<16 Metrkfuéàk \dsskan
Metrkfuéàk ì dfméàk brmtâem`a, 1==0
Metrkfuéàk Krmimean, 1==0
\ARVD M: K CMVK FK \KFDR CAP@TNMEK
@apãtunk 1: K pkfdr cas`unmek í rdancdetd uc cmtk; Tc prmcdmrk knoar
@apãtunk 2: Dstáimk M ak Dstáimk MM: @kck okcdes bdc-su`dfmfks
nmbdrtarac as cunodrds (cas dsqud`drac fd sd nmbdrtar)
@apãtunk 0: K „pkfdr–, k „patrmar`afk–, k „fkcãemk– d k „sdxmsck–
rdancdetd `kfmgm`ac panavras para a fds`artabmnmfafd cas`unmea;
\ARVD MM: AP „ AFDIAP FD WMFRK– FK PD_K FDP@ARVÁWDN
@apãtunk 6: As \rkgmssôds fa Ckrtd: "Cdu @krpk, Eàk Cmeoa Ds`knoa"
@apãtunk 4: Odrðm fd Iudrra ku Ds`ravk fd Iudrra;:
Iudrra ;: A \rkstmtuta Arcafa
@apãtunk 7: K sdxk sum`mfa: sd ks okcdes têc k pkfdr, pkr qud dnds
`kcdtdc cams sum`ãfmk;
@apãtunk 9: \kr qud as cunodrds vmvdc cams;
@apãtunk ?: A trmnoa fa mesaemfafd
@apãtunk =: Wmknêe`ma `ketra qudc;
@apãtunk 1<: Pd eks mcpkrtássdcks taetk `kc sanvar ks ca`oks quaetk
sanvar bandmas, detàk...
\ARVD MMM: K IKWDREK @KCK CARMFK PTBPVMVTVK
Tca vmsàk idran
@apãtunk 11: @kck k smstdca prktdid as cunodrds... Fuas ndms fmgdrdetds
skb as quams vmvdcks
@apãtunk 12: Cunodrds qud catac fdcams d ks trmbueams qud as nmbdrtac:
as fkzd fdgdsas "skcdetd gdcmemeas"
@apãtunk 10: A pknãtm`a fk sdxk
@apãtunk 16: A pknãtm`a fk dstuprk
@apãtunk 14: Fk Carmfk Pac ak Vmk Pac: Ikvdrek `kck Carmfk
Pubstmtutk
\ARVD MW: \ARA KEFD WACKP A \ARVMR FAQTM;
@ke`nusàk
Ektas
Bmbnmkiragma
@ketra`apa
 EKVA FK VRAFTVKR

A prdsdetd trafuéàk fd Vod Cyto kg Cand \kwdr ,

`nássm`k fd Yarrde Garrdnn , gkm basdafa ea dfméàk fd 2<16,
`kcdckratmva fks 21 aeks fa prmcdmra pubnm`aéàk fk nmvrk.
@ketufk, a`odm qud eàk pkfma fdmxar fd gkra a Metrkfuéàk ì
dfméàk brmtâem`a, prdsdetd ea dfméàk fd 1==0 d ausdetd ea fd
2<16, d fd`mfm me`nuã-na aqum. A parairagaéàk fdstd tdxtk gkm tkfa gdmta pkr
cmc, já qud, ek cdu \FG fa dfméàk fd 1==0, oá nkeiks trd`oks sdc
paráiragk, k qud, aníc fd fmgm`untar a ndmtura, eàk pard`d sdr k dstmnk fk
Garrdnn (ea dfméàk brasmndmra fd \kr qud ks okcdes sàk `kck sàk , pubnm`afa
pdna Rksa fks Wdetks, ks paráiragks sàk quasd tkfks `urtks ku fd tacaeok
ckfdrafk).
Aníc fdssa fmgdrdeéa detrd as fuas dfméôds, okuvd ckcdetks dc
qud k prðprmk tdxtk tacbíc sd ckstrku fmgdrdetd, k qud `rmku trdcdefas
fmgm`unfafds. Tc dxdcpnk: ea dfméàk fd 2<16, ek `apãtunk 2, ea sdéàk Okw
tod Gue`tmkean Gacmny Bd`acd tod Fysgue`tmkean Gacmny (@kck a
gacãnma gue`mkean sd tkreku a gacãnma fmsgue`mkean), de`ketra-sd k sdiumetd
trd`ok:

Just as wd odnf up Ptaid M carrmaids tk Ptaid MM staefarfs aef nabdndf

todc a gamnurd, wd `urrdetny oknf up Ptaid M gacmnmds tk Ptaid MM staefarfs
aef nabdn todc fysgue`tmkean. As caey as =9 Iknfd”s   abmnmty tk sddh sdng-
 gungmnncdet aef sdar`o gkr a fddpdr nkvd. Vous Vdvyd was abnd tk ash Iknfd
Ptaid MM qudstmkes keny agtdr todmr fauiotdr was abkut tk bd „carrmdf kgg.– 

Bd`ausd oappmedss was sd`kefary, frmehmei, grustratmke, aef abusd

wdrd racpaet.

\kr cams qud du cd dsgkréassd pkr trafuzmr a grasd As caey as =9

Iknfd”s abmnmty tk sddh sdng -gungmnncdet aef sdar`o gkr a fddpdr nkvd, dna eàk
gazma k cdekr sdetmfk. Ak `kegdrmr k tdxtk fa dfméàk fd 1==0, pdr`dbm qud
oavma uca dekrcd suprdssàk detrd ks trd`oks As caey as =9 d Iknfd”s
abmnmty , `kck vk`ê pkfd vdr abamxk:
 Just as wd odnf up Ptaid M carrmaids tk Ptaid MM staefarfs aef nabdndf
todc a gamnurd, wd `urrdetny oknf up Ptaid M gacmnmds tk Ptaid MM staefarfs
aef nabdn todc fysgue`tmkean. As caey as =9  pdr`det kg kur gacmnmds kg krmime
ard samf tk bd fysgue`tmkean. Pk womnd me Ptaid M, "spard tod rkf, spkmn tod
`omnf" mcpnmdf mg yku fmf ekt usd tod rkf, yku'vd abusdf tod `omnf, me Ptaid MM,
mg yku fk usd tod rkf, yku'vd abusdf tod `omnf. Yoy; Me Ptaid M, usmei tod rkf
was `kesmfdrdf gue`tmkean - mt tauiot `omnfrde toat ekt kbdymei wkunf `rdatd
 pame. Yom`o was trud - runds wdrd fdsmiedf tk prdvdet starvatmke. But me Ptaid
MM, ikans kg sdng-gungmnncdet rdqumrdf bdmei me tku`o wmto ked's gddnmeis. Tsmei
tod rkf fms`keed`ts `omnfrde grkc todmr gddnmeis aef ms todrdgkrd ckrd nmhdny tk
bd fysgue`tmkean. Me Ptaid M, cutuan fdpdefde`d was tod `dcdet me a gacmny's
 gkuefatmke. Pk todrd `kunf oarfny bd tkk cu`o kg mt. @kfdpdefde`d was Ptaid
M gue`tmkean. But wode fmvkr`ds gkr`df us tk prdpard kursdnvds gkr
mefdpdefde`d, tode `kfdpdefde`d kgtde bd`acd kvdrfdpdefde`d aef todrdgkrd
fysgue`tmkean. Pk tod gue`tmkean Ptaid M gacmny bd`acd tod fysgue`tmkean
Ptaid MM gacmny. M wkunf nmhd tk sdd us stkp fds`rmbmei kur gacmnmds kg krmime
as fysgue`tmkean aef bdime fds`rmbmei todc as Ptaid M gue`tmkean. Voms imvds
todc `rdfmt gkr tod `ketrmbutmke tody cafd tk tahmei `ard kg kur survmvan eddfs
sk toat wd oavd tod grddfkc tk fd`mfd woat ms gue`tmkean me Ptaid MM. Mt ansk
annkws todc tk rdjkm`d me tod kppkrtuemty tk pursud toat grddfkc todc sdnvds
ratodr toae gddn bnacdf aef iumnty gkr s`rdwmei up. Carrmaid Gdcmemsts
assucd toat carmtan trafmtmkes su`o as tod gatodr imvmei tod brmfd away wdrd a
rdgnd`tmke kg patrmar`oy. But tod gatodr iavd away tod brmfd bd`ausd mt was tod
 gatodr imvmei away oms rdspkesmbmnmty tk prktd`t. (Ek ked iavd tod cae away
bd`ausd ek ked wkunf prktd`t a cae. Vod jkb kg tod pardets was tk ture tod ske
metk a prktd`tkr, ekt imvd omc away tk a prktd`tkr.) Kur pardets wdrd kgtde
`rmtm`mzdf gkr fms`kuraimei a ske grkc "fkmei oms kwe tomei." But bd`ausd a
Wme`det vae Ikio `kunf bardny suppkrt omcsdng (cu`o ndss a gacmny kgtde), mt
was tod jkb kg pardets tk cahd surd todmr ske fmfe't bd`kcd ae artmst, aef tk
tda`o todmr fauiotdrs toat bdmei `kurtdf by su`o a cae was `kurtmei fmsastdr.
@omnfrde kgtde odarf toksd mestrutmkes as pardets dxdr`msmei pkwdr. Me ga`t, mt
was ekt pardetan pkwdr, mt was pkstpkedcdet kg pardetan pkwdr - tod
 pkstpkedcdet kg Vdvyd's aef Iknfd's abmnmty tk sddh sdng-gungmnncdet aef
sdar`o gkr a fddpdr nkvd. Vous Vdvyd was abnd tk ash Iknfd Ptaid MM qudstmkes
keny agtdr todmr fauiotdr was abkut tk bd carrmdf kgg. Bd`ausd oappmedss was
sd`kefary, frmehmei, grustratmke, aef abusd wdrd racpaet.

\ara `kcpndtar a baiueéa, tkfk dssd dekrcd trd`ok suprmcmfk

rdapard`du dc kutras partds fk tdxtk, dc fmgdrdetds paráiragks... Eàk
pdesd qud gkm uca rdkriaemzaéàk tdxtuan gdmta pdnk prðprmk Garrdnn para a
dfméàk `kcdckratmva. Gkm uc drrk cdsck, `kck vk`ê pkfd vdr pdnk trd`ok
abamxk:

Ykcde”s sdxuan rdprdssmke ms ae dggd`tmvd way kg imvmei wkcde `ketrkn

kvdr cde, but mt hddps cde ndss toae ideumed.  pdr`det kg kur gacmnmds kg krmime
ard samf tk bd fysgue`tmkean. Pk womnd me Ptaid M, „spard tod rkf, spkmn tod
`omnf– mcpnmdf mg yku fmf ekt usd tod rkf, yku”vd abusdf tod `omnf, me Ptaid MM,
mg yku fk usd tod rkf, yku”vd abusdf tod `omnf. Yoy;

Kbsdrvd qud fdpkms fd ndss toae ideumed vdc uc pketk gmean d detàk

rdapard`d caim`acdetd k trd`ok  pdr`det kg kur gacmnmds kg krmime ard samf tk
bd fysgue`tmkean dt`.,  qud fdvdrma `kcpndtar k sdetmfk faqudnd As caey as
=9...
\ara arrucar tkfa dssa baiueéa, tmvd qud usar a dfméàk fd 1==0
atí k pketk dc qud pdr`dbm qud a dfméàk fd 2<16 oavma sd ekrcanmzafk.
Dssa trafuéàk gkm mem`mafa dc 2? fd kutubrk fd 2<1?, fma dc qud k
pkvk brasmndmrk ds`knodu Jamr Bknskeark `kck sdu guturk prdsmfdetd, d sd
de`drrku dc 1< fd abrmn fd 2<1=, fma dc qud...
Ks qud tmvdrdc suidstôds ku `rãtm`as a gazdr a dssa trafuéàk pkfdc
detrar dc `ketatk `kcmik, vk`ê sabdc `kck...
 =

\ara papam, cacàd,

Ndd, Iamn d Yayed
 1<

AIRAFD@MCDEVKP

Cdu pam (Vkc), cmeoa càd "ekva" (fd 26 aeks, Ndd) d mrcà Iamn
kgdrd`dc uca basd fd ackr d dstabmnmfafd a partmr fa quan tkfa a cmeoa
ds`rmta gnum. Kbsdrvar cdu pam atravdssaefk sdus ?< aeks `kc dsqums d
raqudtds fd têems cd kgdrd`d dspdraeéa8 vê-nk apkmar cmeoa càd atravís
fd `rmsds fd `âe`dr cd desmea ackr8 sdetmr qud eks aprkxmcacks ì cdfmfa
qud devdnod`dcks cd traz paz. Kbsdrvar cmeoa càd samefk fd uca `aca
fd okspmtan para uc ðriàk fa mirdja gkrtand`d cmeoa prðprma gí d `kraidc8
dxpdrmcdetar a caedmra `kck dna kuvd ckfdnku para cmc a `kna qud ued
uca gacãnma, dequaetk pdrcmtd qud `afa cdcbrk sd smeta kuvmfk. Pabdr
qud cmeoa mrcà tdc pa`mêe`ma d `kcpamxàk pdnas `rmaeéas `ujas vmfas dna
tk`a ek desmek mnucmea cmeoa prdk`upaéàk `kc k guturk.
Jky`d C`Ouio idrde`mku cdus ds`rmtðrmks metdreks, `kcputafkrds
d pandstras d sdrvmu `kck dfmtkr fd arcármk  ‐   td`defk prd`msàk, `nardza d
gnuêe`ma dc tkfas as páimeas fdstd nmvrk furaetd ks `dr`a fd uca fdzdea
fd ras`ueoks eks úntmcks quatrk aeks. Carmnye Abraoac, cmeoa dfmtkra,
tdc a anca fd uca càd fa tdrra d k ca`oafk dfmtkrman fd uc iudrrdmrk, d
pard`d sabdr dxatacdetd quaefk usar `afa uc fdnds. Pua gí edstd nmvrk
pdrcaed`du gmrcd cdsck quaefk sd tkreku sdu prðprmk gmnok.
@afa `apãtunk fdstd nmvrk cd asskcbrku quaefk vm `kck cmeoas
kbsdrvaéôds `kegnmtavac `kc k qud í `kesmfdrafk pknmtm`acdetd `krrdtk
(\@). K apkmk fd três pdsskas  ‐   Eatoaemdn Braefde, Jdrdcy Var`odr d
Dnmzabdto Brkkhmes ‐  ajufku-cd a supdrar a `kvarfma pknãtm`a qud í k \@.
A gkréa metdnd`tuan fd Eatoaemdn, a `kes`mêe`ma sk`man `rmatmva fd Jdrdcy d
k fms`dremcdetk d k ackr dqumnmbrafks fd Nmz `kcbmearac-sd para
ndcbrar-cd fd qud, apdsar fd batdr uc tacbkr fmgdrdetd, dnd traz
dqumnãbrmk ì krqudstra.
As `artas fd `detdeas fd okcdes qud ds`rdvdrac qud \kr qud ks
okcdes sàk `kck sàk   trafuzmu dc panavras sdus sdetmcdetks cd
assdiurarac qud a fmrdéàk qud du dstava tkcaefk ajufava ks okcdes a
sd abrmrdc8 d `artas fd `detdeas fd cunodrds qud ds`rdvdrac qud \kr qud
ks okcdes sàk `kck sàk pdrcmtmrac qud dnas sd sdetmssdc cams prðxmcas
fks okcdes cd assdiurarac qud du dstava aprkguefaefk k ackr dc vdz
fd fmvmfmr as gacãnmas.
 11

Nmsa Brkmfy d Fayea Cmnndr pdsqumsarac cmnoards fd pubnm`aéôds

d `od`arac fupnacdetd a prd`msàk fas cams fd 1.<<< gketds fdstd nmvrk.
Quaefk ek guturk du ndr sdus ds`rmtks, vku `kegmar ek qud du nm. Ks
airafd`mcdetks vàk tacbíc a Carna Rkbb d Cary @kndttd \nuc pkr sua
assmstêe`ma ì pdsqumsa, bdc `kck a Junmaeea Bafainma``a, Ckemha
@oaefndr, Cdnmssa Rksdestk`h, Harde Ymnske d a Rm`oarf Fkynd pkr sua
`umfafksa pdsqumsa jurãfm`a dc sua pubnm`aéàk Vod Nmbdratkr .
Airafd`mcdetks dspd`mams sàk fdvmfks a Ptdvd (Ikss) Asodr pkr sdu
suprmcdetk fmármk fd ektã`mas8 a Ptdvd @knnmes pkr `kcdetármks `umfafksks
d me`aesávdn `od`aidc fupna fks fafks8 a Duided Auiust pkr sdu
`kcdetármk dqumnmbrafk a quasd tkfks ks `apãtunks8 a Fkeea Ckriae d a
Pprmei Yomt-bd`h pkr trazdrdc sdus prdsdetds fd suavd paz ì
afcmemstraéàk fk ds`rmtðrmk8 d a Hdmto \knae pkr cd aprdsdetar ak
`kcputafkr.
Dstd nmvrk gkm iraefdcdetd apdrgdmékafk pdnks mesmiots fd 0<
ndmtkrds afm`mkeams, me`numefk k `kcdetármk aprkguefafk fd Puzaeed
Graysdr, Rke Odery, Eatasoa Jksdgkwmtz, Aarke Hmpems, Jufy Hurmaeshy
d Parm Nk`hdr, bdc `kck as rdvmsôds fd `apãtunk fd Rkb Bd`hdr, Raefy
Bures, Vkc @oafbkured, Gdrrdn @ormstdesde, Fíbkra @krndy, Irdi
Fdeems, Pac Fkwemei, Favmf Imnckrd, Odrbdrt Iknfbdri, Bru`d
Oubbarf, Rmhhm Hnmdcae, Hwmtedy Zmva, Andx Naefke, Jkoe Ca``omdttk,
Catomkwdtz Rkcaek, RN C`-Eddny, Bd`hy d Vkey Rkbbmes, @orms Rugg,
Jmc Pemd`okwshm d Bmnn Ptdpodes.
@kesuntkrds `kck Fdvkrs Braefde, Odnde Gms`odr, Caurm`d
Grmdfcae, Grdf Oaywarf, Jkoe Okkvdr, Jksdpo Hmeedy, Cm`oadn Cmnns,
Carmnye Cmnks, Jmc Ekvah, Jkd \nd`h, Jke Ryae, Curray Ptraus, Mvae
Ptrauss, Rkbdrt Yafd d Rm`oarf Ykkfs afm`mkearac bastaetd ak cdu
`keod`mcdetk d ak nmvrk.
Gmeancdetd, aníc fd Carmnye Abraoac, ikstarma fd airafd`dr ks
dsgkréks fdfm`afks fdssas kutras „Cunodrds Pmcke & P`oustdr 1–: Fawe
Carmd Faemdns, Jkaee FmIdeeark, Carmd Gnkrmk, Dvd Cdtz, Wm`tkrma
Cdydr, @arknye Rdmfy, Msknfd @. Paudr d Jdeemgdr Ydmfcae.

1 Pmcke & P`oustdr, Me`., uca fmvmsàk fa @BP @krpkratmke, í uca dfmtkra guefafa dc Ekva Mkrqud
dc 1=26 pkr Rm`oarf N. Pmcke d C. Nme`kne P`oustdr. Í uca fas quatrk camkrds dfmtkras fd nãeiua
meindsa, juetk `kc a Raefkc Okusd, \deiume d Oarpdr@knnmes.
 20

Quams sàk as dstratíimas cams mcpkrtaetds qud ks ndmtkrds qud sàk nãfdrds
pkfdc afktar ea prðxmca fí`afa;

K Cmtk fk \kfdr Cas`unmek   me`krpkra cmnoards fd dstratíimas

pkssãvdms. A êegasd aqum í eas dstratíimas cams pktdetds  ‐  aqudnas
  aqudnas `kc k
dgdmtk cams kefunafk...
 Devknvmcdetk fk pam. \kr dxdcpnk, dc vdz fd aucdetar k
apkmk ikvdreacdetan ìs càds skntdmras, rd`kcpdesar as càds
pkr vmvdrdc `kc pams ku `kc pams miuancdetd devknvmfks8
 De`ketrar dcprdsas fmspkstas a apdrgdmékar d fmstrmbumr uca
pãnuna aetm`ke`dp`mkean cas`unmea8
 \rdssmkear pkr uc @kesdnok fa @asa Brae`a skbrd Cdemeks
d Okcdes para dstufar ks prkiracas cams dgm`azds fk
cuefk para cdemeks d okcdes  ‐  d   d para fdsdevknvdr dssds
prkiracas cams uemvdrsancdetd8
 Fdsdevknvdr anmaeéas detrd ds`knas d prkiracas fd
rd`keod`mcdetk, ]'s, @nubds fd Cdemeks d Cdemeas,
\dqudeas Nmias, dt`. para `afa `rmaeéa:
 Pdr uc cdetkr d uc aprdefmz8
 Aprdefdr a nmfar `kc as `rãtm`as sdc gm`ar ea fdgdesmva
ak cdsck tdcpk dc qud sdus pams d prkgdsskrds dstàk
aprdefdefk k cdsck8
 Devknvdr-sd dc dspkrtd fd dqumpd ku dc dspkrtd
mefmvmfuan (atndtmsck8 eataéàk, imeástm`a)8
 \artm`mpar fd dspkrtds fd dqumpd pm`h-up 118
 @ketrmbumr para a `kcuemfafd ku para ks cdeks
agkrtueafks8
 Dstar `kestaetdcdetd dxpkstk ì partm`mpaéàk ek iaeok
fd fmeodmrk d trdmeacdetk prkgmssmkean dc fmgdrdetds
eãvdms a `afa aek8

11 Fa Ymhmpífma: Eks dspkrtds, uc jkik pm`h-up í uc jkik qud gkm dspketaedacdetd mem`mafk pkr uc
irupk fd jkiafkrds. Ks jkiafkrds idrancdetd sàk `kevmfafks a apard`dr fd aetdcàk, cas, ak
`ketrármk fks jkiks fd dxmbméàk, eàk oá sdesk fd kbrmiaéàk ku `kcprkcmssk fd jkiar. Ks jkiks pm`h-
up idrancdetd eàk `ketac `kc árbmtrks, k qud ks tkrea cams fdskriaemzafks d cdeks dstruturafks
qud ks jkiks rdiunards, cas k eúcdrk tktan fd jkiafkrds edssds jkiks inkbancdetd í camkr fk qud k
eúcdrk fd `kcpdtméôds gkrcams d nmias. Pdc rdiras d rdiunacdetks gkrcams, ks jkiks fd pm`h-up sàk
grdqudetdcdetd jkiafks `kc uc `kejuetk fd rdiras cdeks rãimfk.
 26

 Kriaemzar ks dstufaetds uemvdrsmtármks para qud sknm`mtdc

prkiracas fd dstufks ideuãeks fd okcdes d cdemeks d, sd
gkrdc kbstruãfks, prk`dssar a uemvdrsmfafd pkr vmknaéàk fa
`náusuna fd prktdéàk miuan fa 16ª Dcdefa8
 Dfu`ar pams d prkgdsskrds skbrd `kck mfdetmgm`ar quams
`rmaeéas pkfdc sd bdedgm`mar fd `nassds `kc anueks fd uc sð
iêedrk ku cmstas fd iêedrk, d `kck avanmar as cdnokrds
ds`knas `kc anueks fd uc sð iêedrk8
 \rdssmkear ku prkpkr prkjdtks pdnk gmc fa kbrmiatkrmdfafd
fk anmstacdetk cmnmtar dx`nusmvacdetd cas`unmek, pkr vmknar
a `náusuna fd prktdéàk miuan fa 16ª Dcdefa8
 Fdsdevknvdr uca cãfma CAEstrdac, `kck A Wkm`d gkr Cde
(Tca Wkz para ks Okcdes), ea quan ks assuetks fdstd nmvrk
pkfdc sdr fms`utmfks dequaetk a `kcpamxàk pdnas cunodrds
í caetmfa.
A mcpkrtâe`ma fa camkrma fdssds pketks-`oavd tkrea-sd dvmfdetd
quaefk ndcks K Cmtk fk \kfdr Cas`unmek , cas `kck cmeoa pdsqumsa skbrd
k devknvmcdetk patdrek eàk gkm pubnm`afa atí 2<<1 (dc Rduemàk fd \am d
Gmnok), d `kck a cmeoa pdsqumsa para uc nmvrk a sdr `oacafk A @rmsd fk
Iarktk amefa dstá dc aefacdetk (tdrá `kautkrma fd Jkoe Iray), vku usar
cdemeks d pams `kck dxdcpnks fd `kck k qud cufku d pdrcaed`du miuan
pkfd dermqud`dr k qud vk`ê mrá fds`kbrmr dc K Cmtk fk \kfdr Cas`unmek .

Cdemeks d \ams

Cdemeks prmcdmrk. Quaefk K Cmtk fk \kfdr Cas`unmek   gkm

pubnm`afk, okuvd pku`a `ke`krfâe`ma `kc a cmeoa avanmaéàk fa
vunedrabmnmfafd cas`unmea. Okjd, dc tkfk k cuefk mefustrmanmzafk, a
vunedrabmnmfafd cas`unmea detrd ks cdemeks í dvmfdetd.
A prkbabmnmfafd cumtk camkr fd ekssks gmnoks skgrdrdc fd VFAO,
WIA (vã`mk dc vmfdkiacds) d vã`mk dc vãfdks pkrekirágm`ks8 d ekssks
gmnoks dstaefk fkms ku três aeks atrás fd ekssas gmnoas dc fkms fks camkrds
prdfmtkrds fd su`dssk  ‐   ndr d ds`rdvdr (para eàk ganar fa metdnmiêe`ma
dck`mkean)  ‐   ndvarac ekssks gmnoks a sdrdc cams cdfm`afks d cdeks
mestruãfks.
 24

\ams d prkgdsskrds vddc ks smetkcas, cas oá pku`a `kes`mêe`ma fas

fdz `ausas subja`detds (as qud mrdm artm`unar dc A @rmsd fk Iarktk ) `rmaefk
uca „tdcpdstafd pdrgdmta–. Tca fdssas `ausas í a  `rds`detd ausêe`ma fd
pams: as gacãnmas qud sàk „pkbrds dc pam–.
pam– .

Pdc pam

Tca dc `afa três `rmaeéas eks Dstafks Temfks vmvd dc nards sdc
pam.
Amefa cams surprddefdetd í a tdefêe`ma: `kck cde`mkeafk a`mca,
pdna prmcdmra vdz ea omstðrma fks DTA, cams fd 4<% fas `rmaeéas eas`mfas
fd càds `kc cdeks fd 0< aeks eas`drac gkra fk `asacdetk (1). (Quasd fkms
tdréks fas `rmaeéas eks DTA eas`dc fd càds `kc cdeks fd 0<.)

Quan í a rdnaéàk detrd eas`dr gkra fk `asacdetk d sdr prmvafk fd

pam; Iraefd. Já aks `me`k aeks
a eks fd mfafd, quasd 6<% fas `rmaeéas eas`mfas
gkra fk `asacdetk eàk tmvdrac `ketatk rdiunar `kc sdus pams eks fkms
aeks aetdrmkrds (2).
A ganta fd pam (ku devknvmcdetk fk pam qud í `ketrknafk pdna càd)
`ausa taetk faek ìs ekssas gmnoas quaetk aks ekssks gmnoks; Pmc. Acbks
 27

ks ekssks gmnoks d gmnoas sàk prdjufm`afks dc quasd tkfas as 0< árdas fk

fdsdevknvmcdetk ‐  fdsfd k fdsdevknvmcdetk sk`man (pkr dxdcpnk, ganta fd
dcpatma, airdssmvmfafd, fdskbdfmêe`ma, bmrras) atí a saúfd psm`knðim`a (pkr
dxdcpnk, fdprdssàk, VFAO, pdsafdnks)8 saúfd gãsm`a d fdsdcpdeok
a`afêcm`k.
Ek detaetk, sàk ks ekssks gmnoks qud sàk cams prkpdesks a
dxpdrmcdetar k "gra`assk ek naeéacdetk" d dstar ì fdrmva `kc pku`k sdesk
fd prkpðsmtk.
Quan í a `kedxàk detrd k devknvmcdetk fk pam d k sdesk fd
prkpðsmtk fd uc cdemek;
„Qudc sdrá cdu ckfdnk, aikra qud cdu ckfdnk sd gkm;– ‐   \aun
Pmcke
K qud uc rapaz pdrfd quaefk pdrfd k pam í traescmtmfk cdnokr
dc uc eãvdn dck`mkean pkr Faemdn Bdaty edstd vãfdk („ Hek`h Hek`h–).
X\kr gavkr, fê dstd nmeh aniues sdiuefks para sd rdimstrarS
ottps://www.ykutubd.`kc/wat`o;v3=d]O<AGx7yM
Pd sdu pam í uc ckfdnk fd `kcpkrtacdetk pksmtmvk ku ediatmvk, k
cdemek usa sdu pam para fds`kbrmr a cdtafd fdnd qud sàk ks ideds fd sdu
pam. Dnd pkfd gazdr mssk sd knoaefk ek dspdnok d vdefk k earmz d ks knoks fk
pam. Pd dnd eàk `keod`d sdu pam, sdu pam sd tkrea uc "pam fd panoa".
Tc pam pkfd mespmrá-nk a sdr `kck sdu pam ku dvmtar sdr `kck sdu
pam. Cas sd dnd eàk `keod`d sdu pam, ku sdetd qud sdu pam k rdjdmtku ku
abaefkeku, ku smcpndscdetd eàk sd mcpkrta, a jkreafa fa vmfa í cumtas
vdzds skbrd suas gdrmfas, ku skbrd a caedmra `kck dnd `kbrd suas gdrmfas.
Quaefk sdu pam í apdeas uc okcdc fd panoa 12, a cdtafd fd sm cdsck qud
í sdu pam sd tkrea uc „gmnok fd panoa–. Pd dnd sd tkrea bdc -su`dfmfk fk
nafk fd gkra, sdu su`dssk pkfd `diar ks kutrks para k sdu vazmk metdrmkr.

12 Ek krmimean, straw cae. A trafuéàk fmssk `kstuca sdr dspaetanok, cas kptdm pkr „okcdc fd panoa–
para `kesdrvar a smcdtrma detrd a dxprdssàk d „pam fd panoa– d „gmnok fd panoa–.
 29

K mcpa`tk fd cams fd fuas fí`afas fd „cunodrds bkas/okcdes caus–

As úntmcas fuas fí`afas acpnmarac a fmstâe`ma detrd ks ckfks

pdnks quams ks paãsds mefustrmanmzafks rdspkefdrac ìs ekssas gmnoas `ketra
ekssks gmnoks fdsfd k gmean fks aeks 7<.
\ara ekssas gmnoas, quaefk a prkspdrmfafd fks paãsds
mefustrmanmzafks pdrcmtmu a kpéàk fd fmvðr`mks eks aeks 7< d 9<, as
cunodrds sd tkrearac nmvrds fk `asacdetk d fa catdremfafd `kck a úem`a
fdgmeméàk fd prkpðsmtk gdcmemek. Gdnmzcdetd, k gdcmemsck prdde`odu prð-
atmvacdetd k „vazmk fd prkpðsmtk– fas cunodrds `kc vmsôds fd `arrdmras,
nmbdrtaéàk d miuanfafd. K ekvk sdesk fd prkpðsmtk fd uca cunodr dra
"fds`kbrmr a sm cdsca" para sdetmr "k vdetk skb suas asas"8 sdr qudc dna
qumsdssd sdr: `odgd fd dcprdsa ku `odgd fd gacãnma8 càd skntdmra ku apdeas
skntdmra. Ku aniuca `kcbmeaéàk fd tkfks ks mtdes a`mca.
@nark, mssk í caravmnoksk. D sd smcuntaedacdetd tmvíssdcks iumafk
ekssks gmnoks pdnk cdsck prk`dssk, tdrãacks uc „ckvmcdetk fd traesméàk
fd iêedrk– ‐  ku uc „ckvmcdetk fd nmbdrtaéàk fd iêedrk– ‐   ajufaefk
ekssks gmnoks d gmnoas a gazdr uca traesméàk fks papíms rãimfks fk passafk
para papíms cams gndxãvdms para k guturk.
Dc vdz fmssk, bmnoôds fd cunodrds dc tkfk k cuefk gkrac
megkrcafas fd qud iaeoavac 4= `detavks ‐   aikra 94 `detavks ‐   para k
fðnar cas`unmek pdnk cdsck trabanok. Mssk `kcprddesmvdncdetd gdz as
cunodrds sd sdetmrdc subvankrmzafas, usafas d kprmcmfas. @kck mssk eàk
í dxatk, `kck a vdrfafd gm`ku gkra fk rafar;
Dc partd, pkrqud dstufar `kck as cunodrds pkfdrmac sd nmbdrtar
fd sua kprdssàk prkcdtma uca `arrdmra pmkedmra. Dc `ketrastd, pku`as
pdsskas qudrmac fdfm`ar sua `arrdmra a dxacmear ks sdetmcdetks fk
"kprdsskr". D quanqudr uc qud bus`assd tan `arrdmra nkik fds`kbrmrma qud
edc uemvdrsmfafds, edc ikvdrek, edc guefaéôds prmvafas gmeae`marmac a
`arrdmra fd aniuíc para dstufar aqudnds "kprdsskrds" (dx`dtk, tanvdz, `kck
partd fk prkbndca). Agmean, dnds já prdde`odrac tkfks ks nmvrks fd omstðrma.
Emeiuíc vmu qud prdde`odu nmvrks fd omstðrma `kck gdmtks oucaeks, eàk
`kck sdrds oucaeks.
Detàk, uc fks cdus prme`mpams tdcas dc K Cmtk fk \kfdr
Cas`unmek  ‐   qud a gkréa `ketrknafkra fa omstðrma eàk gkm k patrmar`afk,
 2?

cas a skbrdvmvêe`ma  ‐   amefa í miekrafk. Dc vdz fmssk, ks dstufks fas

cunodrds fas prme`mpams uemvdrsmfafds d ks `ursks fd „dstufks fd iêedrk–
amefa dcaeac fk ckfdnk Carxmsta d fd Fmrdmtks @mvms fk kprdsskr vdrsus
kprmcmfks. Wdrdcks edstd nmvrk dxatacdetd pkr qud a fm`ktkcma fk
kprdsskr/kprmcmfk í mcprd`msa d, cams mcpkrtaetd, prdjufm`a k ackr d k
dcpkfdracdetk fas cunodrds.
Dc pratm`acdetd tkfas as prme`mpams uemvdrsmfafds, mssk ndva a
uca fdckemzaéàk fks okcdes d fa cas`unmemfafd qud fmstkr`d a prðprma
dssêe`ma fa cas`unmemfafd trafm`mkean ‐  sdr sk`manmzafk para sdr uc odrðm
pkr dstar fmspkstk a sd sa`rmgm`ar ea iudrra ku ek trabanok. A pkssmbmnmfafd
fd qud sdr sk`manmzafk para sdr fds`artávdn eàk í pkfdr ideuãek í, atí okjd,
`kesmfdrafk rafm`an, odrítm`k ku, cams grdqudetdcdetd, eàk `kesmfdrafk.
@kc dssa atmtufd pksmtmva fd cunodrds bkas/okcdes caus, eðs
kriunoksacdetd assmstmcks a ekssas gmnoas de`ketrardc „k vdetk skb suas
asas– d trmstdcdetd tdstdcueoacks  ekssks gmnoks dxpdrmcdetaefk uc
„gra`assk ek naeéacdetk–. A bka ektã`ma í qud, sd as atmtufds sk`mams
pufdrac tdr uc mcpa`tk tàk iraefd dc ekssas gmnoas dc cdmk sí`unk,
rdvmsmtar ekssas atmtufds pkfdc eks ajufar a rdaemcar ekssks gmnoks.
@kck vacks gazdr mssk;

Rdfdgmemefk k sdetmfk fd prkpðsmtk fk cdemek

Aetmiacdetd, ks cdemeks sd fdgmemac `kck uc okcdc fd três

caedmras: prdparaefk-sd para a iudrra8 prdparaefk-sd para k trabanok8
sdefk uc pam qud í prkvdfkr-prktdtkr. Juetks, dnds `rmavac k "sdesk fd
prkpðsmtk" fd uc okcdc.
Okjd, ks cdemeks vddc qud a prdparaéàk para a iudrra eàk í
ed`dssárma8 d qud sdr k prkvdfkr sknmtármk eàk í cams smeöemck fd
cas`unmemfafd.
D quaetk ak sdesk fd prkpðsmtk fd uc cdemek `kck guturk pam;
Wdefk a camkrma fas jkvdes cunodrds tdefk gmnoks skzmeoas, d sdu prðprmk
pam ku cumtks fks pams fd sdus `kndias fd `nassd sdrdc carimeanmzafks, dnd
pkfd vdr sua prkvávdn fds`artabmnmfafd `kck pam, atí cdsck quaefk
cdemek.
 00

Dspdrk qud k ndmtkr fd K Cmtk fk \kfdr Cas`unmek  sdja gkrtand`mfk

pdnks fafks, cas k `kcpartmnod acpnacdetd atravís fd omstðrmas pdsskams
qud tacbíc tkredc dvmfdetd qud ekssas gmnoas iaeoac quaefk ekssks
gmnoks vde`dc.
Pd vk`ê kusar sdr cams fk qud uc ndmtkr ‐  cas uc ndmtkr qud gaz a
fmgdrdeéa ‐  samba qud suas mfdmas sdràk fmstkr`mfas d vk`ê sdrá fdckemzafk.
Wk`ê tdrá qud degrdetar as burk`ra`mas qud têc tdetafk degmar a `avmnoa
rdfkefa fas rdnaéôds fd iêedrk ek bura`k quafrafk fk ckfdnk kprdsskr
vdrsus kprmcmfk, qud dra aprkprmafk para a ds`ravmfàk, cas eàk para as
gacãnmas. Wk`ê dstará iumaefk uca "cufaeéa dvknutmva". Gdnmzcdetd,
vdrdcks pkrqud a mefustrmanmzaéàk tkreku dssa cufaeéa eàk apdeas
pkssãvdn, cas ed`dssárma.
Í cmeoa dspdraeéa, sd vk`ê gkr ndmtkr d nãfdr, qud assmc `kck k
ckvmcdetk fas cunodrds rdfdgmemu as cunodrds d dxpaefmu k guturk fas
ekssas gmnoas, vk`ê dcprdiará K Cmtk fk \kfdr Cas`unmek  para rdfdgmemr ks
okcdes d dxpaefmr k guturk fks ekssks gmnoks  ‐   prdparaefk ekssks gmnoks
para sd tkreardc ks okcdes qud ekssas gmnoas sd kriunoaràk fd acar.
Yarrde Garrdnn, \o.F.
Cmnn Wanndy, @anmgðrema
www.warrdegarrdnn.`kc
www.warrdegarrdnn.kri
26 fd jaedmrk fd 2<16

EKVAP FK ATVKR

1  ‐   @omnf Vrdefs, 2<12. Dxtraãfk fd fafks fk @desk fks DTA.

ottp://www.`omnftrdefs.kri/mefdx.`gc.  @mtafk dc Jaske Fd \arnd d
Pabrmea Wavdremsd, „Gkr Ykcde Tefdr 0<, Ckst Bmrtos K``ur Kuts mfd
Carrmaid, Vod Edw ]krh Vmcds, Gdb. 19, 2<12,–
ottp://www.eytmcds.`kc/2<12/<2/1?/us/gkr-wkcde-uefdr-0<-ckst-
bmrtos-k``ur-kutsmfd-carrmaid.otcn;en3tkfaysodafnmeds&dc`3toa2
 06

2 ‐  J. Yanfgkidn, V. @ramimd, & J. Brkkhs- Iuee. (2<1<). „Graimnd gacmnmds

aef `omnf wdnnbdmei.– Vod Guturd kg @omnfrde, 2<, ?9-112.
0 ‐  Yarrde Garrdnn, Yoy Cde Dare Ckrd. Edw ]krh: Aca`kc 2<<4.
6  ‐  Yarrde Garrdnn, „Gatodr aef @omnf Rduemke.– Jdrdcy \.
Var`odr/\uteac: Edw ]krh, 2<<1. @os. 1, 2.
4 ‐  Rkbme Pmcke d Aeed Barrdtt, „Eke-Carmtan Rkcaetm` Rdnatmkesomps
aef Cdetan Odanto me Darny Afuntokkf: Fkds tod Assk`matmke Fmggdr gkr
Ykcde aef Cde;–. Jkurean kg Odanto aef Pk`man Bdoavmkr, Jued, 2<1<.
K dstufk í fd 1.<<< jkvdes afuntks skntdmrks detrd 1? d 20 aeks.
 04

MEVRKFTÉÀK Ì DFMÉÀK BRMVÂEM@A, 1==0

Dc K Cmtk fk \kfdr Cas`unmek , prkpkeok uca cufaeéa fd

parafmica dc ekssa supksméàk fd qud vmvdcks dc uc cuefk sdxmsta,
patrmar`an d fkcmeafk pdnks okcdes. Dstku prkpkefk qud, ea Irà-
Brdtaeoa d eks Dstafks Temfks, vmvdcks dc uc cuefk qud tdc smfk fd
vármas caedmras taetk cas`unmek quaetk gdcmemek, taetk patrmar`an
quaetk cuefman. @afa vdz qud fku uc dxdcpnk acdrm`aek, ks ndmtkrds
prketacdetd pkfdràk pdesar dc uc parandnk brmtâem`k. \kr dxdcpnk, ea
Irà-Brdtaeoa d eks Dstafks Temfks, a bdndza d k su`dssk pkfdc sdr
fdgmemfks fd gkrca fmgdrdetd, cas `kck dc quasd tkfks ks paãsds, k kbjdtk
sdxuan (gdcmemek) d k kbjdtk fd su`dssk (cas`unmek) sàk a prmcdmra ds`knoa
uc fk kutrk. A`ok qud k qud du `oack fd `ketmeuuc "Dstáimk M vdrsus
Dstáimk MM" í uc parafmica cams útmn ea `kcprddesàk fa rdnaéàk detrd ks
sdxks fk qud k parafmica fk patrmar`afk vdrsus k catrmar`afk. Ek
@apãtunk 2, dxpnm`k `kck, eas `unturas fk Dstáimk M, acbks ks sdxks dstàk
prdk`upafks `kc a skbrdvmvêe`ma d, quaefk as ed`dssmfafds fd
skbrdvmvêe`ma fkcmeac, edeouc fks sdxks tdc pkfdr, cas papíms (k
papdn fdna: `rmar ks gmnoks8 k papdn fdnd: gazdr fmeodmrk). Vaetk ea Acírm`a
quaetk ea Irà-Brdtaeoa, k prmcdmrk iraefd irupk fd pdsskas a dstar nmvrd
fa prdk`upaéàk `kc a skbrdvmvêe`ma gkrac cunodrds `asafas `kc okcdes
qud `kesdiumac nmbdrtar suas dspksas fd tdr qud sd `ke`detrar eas
ed`dssmfafds fd skbrdvmvêe`ma, para qud dc vdz fmssk pufdssdc sd
`ke`detrar eas cdtas fd autkrrdanmzaéàk  ‐   kbjdtmvks fk Dstáimk MM.
Mrkem`acdetd, a rdefa qud nmbdrtku a cunodr fk Dstáimk M para gazdr fdna
uca cunodr fa Gasd MM gkm gkred`mfa pkr okcdes tàk prdk`upafks dc
prkfuzmr aqudna rdefa qud dnds nmbdrtarac suas dspksas sdc eue`a
nmbdrtardc a sm cdscks.
K Cmtk fk \kfdr Cas`unmek dxpnm`a `kck gkm dssa nmbdrtaéàk gdcmemea
fa kprdssàk qud ndvku as cunodrds a tdrdc tdcpk fd nutar pkr cams kpéôds,
d `kck mssk ndvku, pkr sua vdz, taetk ea Irà-Brdtaeoa quaetk eks Dstafks
Temfks, ì dra fa Cunodr Cuntm-Kpéàk d fk Okcdc Pdc-Kpéàk. \kr
dxdcpnk, a pubnm`aéàk fa @kcmssàk Brmtâem`a fd Miuanfafd fd
Kpkrtuemfafds Cunodrds d Okcdes ea Irà-Brdtaeoa: 1==0   apketa qud,
furaetd ks aeks fd `rmaéàk fks gmnoks, cams fd 0<% fas cunodrds (`ketra
4% fks okcdes) ea gamxa fks 0< aeks eàk trabanoac gkra fd `asa (1). Fas
7=% fas cunodrds qud trabanoac gkra, cams fa cdtafd trabanoa apdeas
 6<

vaetaidc fas cunodrds. A miuanfafd gm`ku dc sdiuefk pnaek. A dssêe`ma

fk pknmtm`acdetd `krrdtk í cunodr-`kck-mek`detd, okcdc-`kck-
pdrpdtrafkr, d acbks `kegmac ea `rdeéa subja`detd fd qud ks okcdes têc
tkfk k pkfdr, `kck uca justmgm`atmva para qud ks okcdes d skcdetd ks
okcdes assucac ekvks garfks, dequaetk apdeas as cunodrds rd`dbdc
ekvas kpéôds - atí sdxuancdetd.
Assmc, `kc k dstuprk d k assífmk sdxuan ea aidefa, cumtks okcdes
aikra sdetdc qud eàk dxmstd sdxk sdiurk: amefa sd dspdra qud dnds tkcdc
as mem`matmvas sdxuams, cas sd k gazdc cumtk fdvaiar, sàk `kvarfds8 sd k
gazdc cumtk rapmfacdetd, ku `kc a pdsska drrafa, ku ea okra ku nuiar
drrafk, dnds sàk dstuprafkrds ku assdfmafkrds sdxuams. Okjd, uc okcdc
qud `knk`a sdu pêems ek `krpk fd uca cunodr `knk`a sua vmfa eas càks fd
uca cunodr. Can sabãacks qud k camkr drrk fd Krwdnn sdrma sdu sdxmsck:
sdu rdtratk dc 1=?6 fk Iraefd Mrcàk, eàk fa Iraefd Mrcà.
Dc K Cmtk fk \kfdr Cas`unmek , kbsdrvk `kck tkcacks a árda
trafm`mkean fd sa`rmgã`mk fas cunodrds  ‐   `rmar gmnoks  ‐   d a `oacacks fd
"sa`rmgã`mk", dequaetk tkcacks a árda fd sa`rmgã`mk fks okcdes  ‐   gazdr
fmeodmrk  ‐   d a `oacacks fd "pkfdr". Dssa `diudmra fas kbrmiaéôds
cas`unmeas ndvku a uca `diudmra `krrdspkefdetd dc rdnaéàk ak dstrdssd
qud ks okcdes a`ucunac fdvmfk a sdu cdfk fd eàk gkred`dr fmeodmrk
sugm`mdetd para anmcdetar sua gacãnma ‐  dstrdssd qud ndva a taxas cams antas
fd ataquds `arfãa`ks d pdrãkfks fd vmfa cams `urtks, cams an`kknmsck,
oabmnmfafds aufmtmvas cams pkbrds, cdfk fd tdrapma d `kcprkcmssk,
fmvðr`mks d sum`ãfmks. Cmeoa tdetatmva, dc K Cmtk fk \kfdr Cas`unmek , í
ajufar acbks ks sdxks a detdefdr `kck, dequaetk apdeas uc sdxk iaeoa,
acbks ks sdxks pdrfdc.

EKVAP FK ATVKR

1. Ykcde aef Cde me Brmtame: 1==0, Dquan Kppkrtuemtmds @kccmssmke,

1==0, p. 1.
2. Mbmf, p. 1<, Vabnd 41.
0. Mbmf, p. 1<, Vabnd 4.2.
6. Mbmf, p. =.
 61

4. Mbmf, p. 7, Vabnd 00.

7. Mbmf, p. 7.
9. Edmn Nyefke, Ek Ckrd Pdx Yar (Nkefke, Caefarme, 1==0) pp. 6-4.
?. Mbmf, p. 09.
 62

MEVRKFTÉÀK KRMIMEAN, 1==0

Ek quartk fd sí`unk dc qud trabanodm dc qudstôds fd cunodrds d

okcdes, eue`a okuvd uc ckcdetk dc qud vm okcdes sd sdetmefk cams
ackrfaéafks d cams prdparafks para rdckvdr suas ckrfaéas fk qud
aikra. Wdjk okcdes prk`uraefk caedmras fd dxpnkrar k úem`k dspaék qud
ks okcdes eàk qudrmac dxpnkrar ‐  sdu dspaék metdrmkr. K prðxmck quartk
fd sí`unk prkpkr`mkeará uca kpkrtuemfafd para cmnoards fd okcdes d
cunodrds sdrdc pmkedmrks edsta dxpnkraéàk. As fds`kbdrtas ajufaràk ks
okcdes a samr fk msknacdetk  ‐   d, pkrtaetk, fas frkias, fk fmvðr`mk, fa
fdprdssàk, fk sum`ãfmk d fas ckrtds prd`k`ds qud sàk k ndiafk fk
msknacdetk.
A aeiústma cas`unmea eàk í uca prdk`upaéàk fks okcdes apdeas.
K sum`ãfmk fd uc okcdc agdta sua dspksa, gmnoks, pams, `kndias d acmiks.
K cdsck a`ketd`d `kc sua ckrtd prdcatura, sdu an`kknmsck, sdu vã`mk dc
bdnas ckéas... @afa uc agdta ks nu`rks `krpkratmvks d a prkfutmvmfafd
ea`mkean. Quaefk ks okcdes sàk vãtmcas, skcks tkfks vãtmcas.
K Cmtk fk \kfdr Cas`unmek  eàk í uc rdtkrek ak okcdc fks aeks
4<8 í uc santk para k okcdc fd 2<4<. D para a cunodr fd 2<4<. Í skbrd k
cktmvk pdnk quan ks papíms cas`unmeks d gdcmemeks qud gkrac gue`mkeams
para a dspí`md pkr cmnoôds fd aeks sd tkrearac fmsgue`mkeams dc uc
mestaetd dvknutmvk.

K qud cd gdz ganar para okcdes;

Furaetd três aeks, sdrvm ek `kesdnok fd afcmemstraéàk fa

Kriaemzaéàk Ea`mkean pdnas Cunodrds (EKY) ea `mfafd fd Ekva ]krh.
Quaefk dxpnm`ava as pdrspd`tmvas fas cunodrds para ks okcdes, cumtas
vdzds pdr`dbma qud uca cunodr „`utu`ava– k okcdc `kc qudc dna
dstava, `kck sd fmssdssd: „Wdja, atí uc dspd`manmsta fmz qud mfmkta vk`ê í.–
Ndetacdetd cd tkredm bkc dc fmzdr k qud as cunodrds qudrmac kuvmr. Du
ikstava fas kvaéôds dc pí qud sd sdiumac.
K gatk fd cdu púbnm`k sdr gkrcafk pkr `dr`a fd =<% fd cunodrds
d 1<% fd okcdes (a camkrma fks quams gkm arrastafk para ná pdnas
 4<

as cunodrds eàk pkfdc kuvmr k qud ks okcdes eàk fmzdc ( As Cunodrds

eàk \kfdc Kuvmr k qud ks Okcdes eàk Fmzdc  sd tkreará k tãtunk fk cdu
prðxmck nmvrk  ‐   dc 1===). Aikra ks okcdes fdvdc assucmr a
rdspkesabmnmfafd fd fmzdr k qud qudrdc  ‐   traesgkrcar uca "Iudrra dc
qud Apdeas uc Nafk Apard`d" dc uc "Fmánkik dc qud Acbks ks Pdxks
Ganac."
Cumtas vdzds du cd surprddefk `kc a gkrca `kck ks okcdes
`kespmrac para traesgkrcar as qudstôds fd rdna`mkeacdetk dc qudstôds
gdcmemeas. Quaefk uc nmvrk `kck K Cmtk fk \kfdr Cas`unmek  `odia a uca
rdfaéàk, ks jkreanmstas fk sdxk cas`unmek `kstucac fmzdr,
rdgndxmvacdetd: „Mssk í para Carma ea \áimea fa Gacãnma ‐   dna í
dspd`manmsta dc qudstôds fd 'cunodrds' –. Í okra fd ks okcdes assucmrdc
a rdspkesabmnmfafd fd tdrcmear a „dra fas qudstôds fd rdna`mkeacdetk
`kck qudstôds fa cunodr–.
Knoar ks rdna`mkeacdetks `kck sd as cunodrds gkssdc k `detrk í
`kck knoar para k smstdca sknar `kck sd a Vdrra dstmvdssd ek `detrk. Cas,
`kck Ianmndu fds`kbrmu, apdeas cdtafd fk trabanok dstá ea fds`kbdrta8 a
kutra cdtafd dstá ea `kraidc fd aprdsdetar ks rdsuntafks. A camkrma fks
okcdes amefa mevdstd dc `kesdiumr k ackr fas cunodrds prktdidefk-as.
D cumtas cunodrds amefa mevdstd dc rd`dbdr a prktdéàk dspd`man qud
`ke`dfdcks ì vãtmca.
Ajustar ekssas supksméôds fd rdna`mkeacdetk quasd sdcprd í `kck
dsgrdiar uca nmxa ea ekssa psmqud. Cas, assmc `kck a `oavd fk cdr`afk
mckbmnmármk í „nk`anmzaéàk, nk`anmzaéàk, nk`anmzaéàk–, a `oavd para
rdna`mkeacdetks í „ds`utar, ds`utar, ds`utar–. K quaetk kuvmcks ks
okcdes fdtdrcmeará sd k rdsuntafk sdrá uc fmánkik `mvmn ku uca iudrra
`mvmn.
Pd as cunodrds kuvmrdc ek guturk cdnokr fk qud ks okcdes
kuvmrac ek passafk, ks okcdes eàk prd`msaràk ganar pkr uc quartk fd
sí`unk8 sd as cunodrds sd rdtmrardc dck`mkeancdetd, metdrrkcpdr `kc
„smc, cas–, rdspkefdr `kc a`usaéôds pdsskams („Wk`ê fdvd kfmar as
cunodrds–), ku fmzdr aks okcdes: „Pku rd`dptmv a, vk`ê a`abku fd ds`knodr
a okra drrafa para ganar–, ks okcdes vàk sd `an ar d ndvará cams fd uc
quartk fd sí`unk para dnds `kesdiumrdc uca aufmêe`ma miuan. Eue`a pard`d
k ckcdetk `drtk fd kuvmr k qud pkfdcks tdr cdfk fd ds`utar (sdcprd
pard`d uca nmxa ea ekssa psmqud).
 41

As cunodrds `ketrmbuãrac `kc uc tkc. Ks okcdes fdvdc

`ketrmbumr `kc ks fdnds aetds fd dstarcks prketks para uca sãetdsd.

Í K Cmtk fk \kfdr Cas`unmek  k rdvdrsk fk gdcmemsck;

Pdrá tdetafkr vdr K Cmtk fk \kfdr Cas`unmek  `kck k rdvdrsk fk

gdcmemsck. Eàk í. K gdcmemsck fmz: "K cuefk í patrmar`an d fkcmeafk
pdnks okcdes". K rdvdrsk í: "K cuefk í catrmar`an d fkcmeafk pdnas
cunodrds". Dxpnm`k pkr qud í patrmar`an d catrmar`an, fkcmeafk taetk pkr
okcdes quaetk pkr cunodrds. K nmvrk dxpnm`a a fds`artabmnmfafd
cas`unmea sdc ediar a fds`artabmnmfafd gdcmemea (pkr dxdcpnk, quaefk
uc okcdc trk`a sua dspksa fd 6< para fuas fd 2<). Dssa í uca
abkrfaidc metdirafa.
@kck k gdcmemsck eks ndvku a vdr uca abkrfaidc uemnatdran `kck
metdirafa; Ak fmzdr-eks eàk qud „as cunodrds vddc k cuefk `kck
patrmar`an, sdxmsta d fkcmeafk pdnks okcdes–, cas smc qud „k cuefk í
patrmar`an, sdxmsta d fkcmeafk pdnks okcdes–. Pdcprd qud k gdcmemsck sd
rdtrata `kck uc quafrk idran, í uca gkrca fk sdxmsck  ‐   fa cdsca
caedmra qud uca abkrfaidc „cas`unmea– sdrma sdxmsta sd rdtratassd a sm
cdsca `kck k quafrk tkfk.

Pku uc nmbdrta`mkemsta fks okcdes; Tca gdcmemsta; Acbks; Ku

edeouc;

@kck tkfk cuefk, prdgmrk sdr kuvmfk a sdr rktunafk. Cas ks rðtunks
eks fàk uc pketk fd apkmk dc uc cuefk `kcpndxk. D quanqudr
ckvmcdetk qud tdeoa mcpa`tk fdsdevknvd uca mfdetmfafd  ‐   ku rðtunk ‐ 
ea cdetd fk púbnm`k. Assmc...
Du sku uc nmbdrtafkr fks okcdes (ku „cas`unmsta–) quaefk a
nmbdrtaéàk fks okcdes í fdgmemfa `kck miuanfafd fd kpkrtuemfafds d miuan
rdspkesabmnmfafd para acbks ks sdxks. Pku gdcmemsta quaefk k gdcmemsck
gavkrd`d a miuanfafd fd kpkrtuemfafds d rdspkesabmnmfafds para acbks ks
sdxks. Du cd kpkeok a acbks ks ckvmcdetks quaefk acbks fmzdc qud
 42

ekssk sdxk í k sdxk kprmcmfk d, pkrtaetk, „cdrd`dcks fmrdmtks–. Mssk eàk

í nmbdraéàk fd iêedrk, cas fmrdmtk a iêedrk.
Dc úntmca aeánmsd, eàk sku a gavkr edc fd uc ckvmcdetk fd
cunodrds edc fd okcdes, cas fd uc ckvmcdetk fd traesméàk fd iêedrk.
Ek detaetk, du cd kpkeok a miekrar k ckvmcdetk fks okcdes atí qud ks
okcdes tdeoac miuancdetd artm`unafk sua pdrspd`tmva. Detàk dstardcks
prketks para uca sãetdsd.

Tca cdesaidc aks okcdes... prme`mpancdetd

Pdrá tdetafkr fms`utmr dstd nmvrk `kc uca gdcmemsta, pkrqud dssa í
prkvavdncdetd a pdsska qud vk`ê `keod`d qud dstá cams metdrdssafa dc
papíms sdxuams. Cas mssk í `kck uc okcdc trazdefk uc nmvrk qud
qudstmkea a Bãbnma para uc `rmstàk rdeas`mfk, pkrqud dssa í a pdsska qud
vk`ê `keod`d qud dstá cams metdrdssafa ea rdnmimàk. A pdsska qud dstufa a
Bãbnma fmarmacdetd í a cdeks prkpdesa a qudstmkear sua Bãbnma fd caedmra
 justa.
Pd a sua „gacãnma– tdc cumtas gdcmemstas, vk`ê tdrá qud sd
`kegrketar skbrd k irau dc qud vk`ê prd`msa fa sua aprkvaéàk. Dstd nmvrk
`knk`ará vk`ê dc `ketatk `kc cumtks ekvks sdetmcdetks. Wk`ê tdrá qud
sdr sdiurk k sugm`mdetd para nmfar `kc a pkssmbmnmfafd fd qud tanvdz eàk
tdeoa smfk sdus sdetmcdetks qud gkrac fdsdjafks, cas smc sdu a`krfk.
@kcd`d uc irupk fd apkmk fd kutrks okcdes `kc ks quams vk`ê
pkssa dxpnkrar dssds sdetmcdetks. @kck okcdes, tdefdcks a `knk`ar tkfks
ks ekssks kvks dck`mkeams ea `dsta fa cunodr qud acacks d fdpkms
gm`acks `kc cdfk fd fmzdr quanqudr `kmsa qud pkssa ra`oar dssds kvks.
Tc irupk pdrcmtd uca gketd antdreatmva fd apkmk dck`mkean. D uc nuiar
para rdsknvdr ks sdetmcdetks qud vandc a pdea fms`utmr aetds fd fmzdr k
qud cams tarfd vk`ê ikstarma fd eàk tdr fmtk.
Dxatacdetd k qud ks okcdes fds`kbrdc quaefk `kcpartmnoac
sdus sdetmcdetks `kc kutrks okcdes; Dms uc dxdcpnk. Eks úntmcks aeks,
du pdriuetdm a cams fd 1< cmn okcdes acdrm`aeks d `aeafdesds fd tkfas
as `nassds sk`mams sd dnds prdgdrmrmac sd nm`de`mar fk trabanok pkr sdms cdsds
a uc aek fdpkms qud `afa gmnok sdu eas`dssd para sd devknvdr `kc a `rmaeéa
dc pdrãkfk metdiran. Cams fd ?<% fks okcdes fmssdrac qud k
 40

devknvmcdetk dc tdcpk metdiran `kc sdus gmnoks sdrma sua prdgdrêe`ma  ‐ 
cas skcdetd sd suas dspksas aprkvassdc d eàk dstmvdssdc prdjufm`aefk
suas gacãnmas d`kekcm`acdetd. (@dr`a fd 19% fks okcdes prdgdrmrac k
devknvmcdetk dc cdmk pdrãkfk8 `dr`a fd 0% prdgdrmrmac `ketmeuar
trabanoaefk dc pdrãkfk metdiran).
Cas kbsdrvd qud ks okcdes qud du pdsqumsdm tmvdrac qud gazdr dssa
pdriueta a sm prðprmks. D cdsck assmc, cumtks sd sdetmrac membmfks dc
ndvaetar as càks. Quaefk ks okcdes dxprdssac sdetmcdetks `kc kutrks
okcdes, `kcdéac a gazdr pdriuetas `kck dssa para sm cdscks. Dnds gm`ac
`ok`afks ak fds`kbrmr qud cumtks fdnds qudrdc anik pdnk quan dnds eue`a
pdfmrac. K qud ks dstmcuna a sd pdriuetar pkr qud dnds eue`a pdfmrac.
\kr quê; Me`kes`mdetdcdetd, ks okcdes sdetdc qud í uc
fdspdrfã`mk dstar dc `ketatk `kc ks sdetmcdetks pkrqud, bdc, „Pd du
fmssdr ì cmeoa dspksa qud du qudrk samr fk trabanok para `umfar fks gmnoks
dequaetk dna paia as `ketas, mssk `rmarma uca fms`ussàk, du vku pdrfdr, d
dna vam dcbkra8 detàk quan a utmnmfafd fmssk; – \kr qud k „sdxk `krajksk–
tdc taetk cdfk fk abaefkek fd suas dspksas; Dxatacdetd pkrqud tkfks
ks sdus kvks dck`mkeams gkrac mevdstmfks dc uca `dsta  ‐   uc prkbndca
qud uc irupk fd apkmk ajufa a rdsknvdr.
Dstd nmvrk mrá `rmar `rds`mcdetk. Cas k `rds`mcdetk í uc fdsagmk
pdsskan. \kfd dstar dc `kegnmtk `kc k ackr ‐ fdsagmar uc rdna`mkeacdetk.
Pdu prðxmck fdsagmk í gazdr `kc qud as cunodrds qud vk`ê aca sd smetac
rd`dptmvas a sdus sdetmcdetks ideuãeks. K truqud dstá dc aprdefdr a
`rds`dr sdc traesgkrcar aqudnds qud eks acac ek memcmik. @kcd`d ndefk
ks trd`oks fdstd nmvrk qud rdgndtdc ks vankrds `kcpartmnoafks pkr vk`ê.
(Eàk aprdsdetd K Cmtk fk \kfdr Cas`unmek a uca cunodr fmzdefk: „Wk`ê
prd`msa ndr mstk–.) @drtmgmqud-sd fd qud sdu tkc rdgndtd sua `kcprddesàk fd
qud quasd tufk edstd nmvrk mrá gmeancdetd dcpkfdrá-na d aprkguefar sdu
ackr.

Tca cdesaidc ìs cunodrds... prme`mpancdetd

K fdsagmk para as cunodrds sdrá dstar tàk abdrtas ì dxpdrmêe`ma fd

mcpktêe`ma fk okcdc quaetk ì fa cunodr ‐  prdk`upar-sd taetk `kc uc
okcdc qud sd jueta ak dxír`mtk pkr fmeodmrk quaetk `kc uca cunodr qud
 46

gaz sdxk pkr fmeodmrk. Ks okcdes vàk `kcpkr dssd fdsagmk pkrqud dnds eàk
tmvdrac uca vmfa metdmra fd prátm`a dc sabdr `kck ku quaefk dxprdssar
dssds sdetmcdetks para vk`ê. Detàk, quaefk dnds nddc uc nmvrk qud ks gaz
`kcdéar a qudrdr `rmar cufaeéas, dnds pkfdc sd dxprdssar dc uc tkc fd
vkz mrafk ku ds`knodr a okra drrafa. K truqud dstá dc sabdr qud, cdsck
qud a ramva sdja fmrd`mkeafa dc partd para vk`ê, sd dna gkr kuvmfa d
rd`keod`mfa (ak mevís fd fms`utmfa d fds`kesmfdrafa `kc "smc, cas"), dnd
rapmfacdetd vdrá vk`ê `kck sdu anmafk dc vdz fd sdu memcmik. Quaefk dnd
skubdr qud tdc uc acbmdetd sdiurk para sdus sdetmcdetks, sua ramva
`ketra vk`ê tdrá vmfa `urta d sdu ackr pkr vk`ê sdrá aprkguefafk.
As cunodrds cd fmzdc qud dssas ekvas pdrspd`tmvas skbrd ks
okcdes as ajufac a suavmzar suas atmtufds dc rdnaéàk a dnds quaefk
`ketmeuac sd ndcbraefk: „Dssa í a pdrspd`tmva fdnd ‐   eàk
ed`dssarmacdetd a cmeoa... Du tdeok qud pdesar dc cmc cdsca `kck
ndefk skbrd uca `untura dstraeidmra.– Quasd tufk edstd nmvrk passku ek
tdstd fa vdrfafd fks okcdes8 apdsar fas dstatãstm`as, k nmvrk rdgndtd ks
sdetmcdetks fks okcdes. Ks fafks dstàk ná apdeas para ajufar vk`ê a
sabdr qud dnd eàk í nku`k.
A cunodr prkgmssmkean ‐  ku uca cunodr pkfdrksa ‐  idrancdetd tdc
cams fmgm`unfafd dc detdefdr a mcpktêe`ma cas`unmea. \kr quê; A cunodr
pkfdrksa tdefd a sd `ked`tar `kc uc okcdc pkfdrksk. (K okcdc cdeks
pkfdrksk ‐  `kck k nmxdmrk ‐  í mevmsãvdn para dna.) D k qud dna vê fk okcdc
pkfdrksk í deiaeksk: k okcdc pkfdrksk í cdnokr dc rdprmcmr sdus cdfks.
Í cams prkvávdn qud a cunodr prkgmssmkean `keodéa k ekcd fd sua
sd`rdtárma fk qud fd sdu nmxdmrk. D, pkrtaetk, í cams prkvávdn dna sabdr
`kck sua sd`rdtárma dxpdrmcdeta ks okcdes fk qud `kck k nmxdmrk
dxpdrmcdeta as cunodrds. @kck uca cunodr cdeks pkfdrksa tdefd a
trabanoar ek ds`rmtðrmk d uc okcdc cdeks pkfdrksk tdefd a trabanoar
gkra fk ds`rmtðrmk (pkr dxdcpnk, dc trabanoks pdrmiksks), dna dstá cams
`kes`mdetd fks fmndcas fa cunodr cdeks pkfdrksa `kc qudc trabanoa.
A cunodr pkfdrksa eàk sdetd k dgdmtk fk pkfdr fa cmemssama fa sua
sd`rdtárma, sdu pkfdr fd `nmvaidc d sdu pkfdr fd gndrtd. Ks okcdes sdetdc.
A cunodr pkfdrksa tdefd a usar dssas gkrcas fd pkfdr `kc cumtk cams
`autdna ek nk`an fd trabanok pkrqud tdc kutras gkrcas fd pkfdr.
Vufk mssk juetk `dia a cunodr prkgmssmkean para a mcpktêe`ma fa
iraefd camkrma fks okcdes ‐  qud eàk dstàk ea pketa fa pmrâcmfd, cas ea
 44

sua basd. D sdc k pkfdr sdxuan fd cumtas fas cunodrds qud tacbíc dstàk
ea basd.
Aniucas cunodrds, quaefk têc uc vmsnucbrd fk irau dc qud
 juniac can ks okcdes, sdetdc-sd uc pku`k skbrd`arrdiafas, `kck sd
fmssdssdc „K qud pkssk gazdr;– Gdnmzcdetd, a camkr partd fa sknuéàk í
bastaetd smcpnds. A camkrma fks okcdes qudr pku`k cams fk qud sd sdetmr
vankrmzafa d `kcprddefmfa  ‐   fa pdrspd`tmva cas`unmea (eàk a vdrsàk
@ksckpknmtae ku Inackur  fa pdrspd`tmva cas`unmea). \krtaetk, fê tdcpk
para qud dnd rdvdnd sua vdrsàk fd sm cdsck, prkpkr`mkeaefk uc acbmdetd
sdiurk (sdc sd agastar), cdsck quaefk dssds sdetmcdetks devknvac
`rãtm`as a vk`ê. Du eue`a tmvd uc okcdc vmefk atí cmc d fmzdefk: „Du
qudrk k fmvðr`mk8 cmeoa par`dmra cd detdefd .–
Vdeok kuvmfk rdpdtmfacdetd fas cunodrds qud, quaefk dnas dstàk,
pkr dxdcpnk, dc uca gdsta d `kcpartmnoac dssas pdrspd`tmvas `kc ks
okcdes, dnas nkik sd vddc `dr`afas pkr okcdes qud dstàk fdspdjaefk sdus
sdetmcdetks skbrd dnas! Assmc dnds `kcdéac a vdr ks okcdes fd uca ekva
caedmra. Í edssd pketk qud a cunodr `kcdéa a acar rdancdetd ks okcdes.
Aetds fmssk, dna dstava acaefk uca mcaidc fd okcdes. (Ku tanvdz eàk
acassd ks okcdes.) Eàk gkm `unpa fdna tdr acafk apdeas aqudna mcaidc
 ‐   dra tufk k qud dnd ckstrava8 eàk dra `unpa fdnd qud dnd ckstrassd dssa
mcaidc ‐  dra mssk qud dnd a`oava qud dna acarma.
Quaetk cams uc okcdc í prmvafk fd dxprdssar sdetmcdetks, cams
dnd sd sdetd acafk quaefk gmeancdetd sd sdetd kuvmfk. A cunodr qud
dxpdrmcdeta dssa ekva vmsàk fks okcdes tkrea-sd dspd`man, dc partd,
dxatacdetd pkrqud pku`as cunodrds k gazdc.

\ara acbks ks sdxks

K Cmtk fk \kfdr Cas`unmek   vmkna k mestmetk bmknkim`acdetd

odrfafk fd acbks ks sdxks para prktdidr a gêcda. \rktdidr a cunodr
mcpnm`ava kuvmr suas ed`dssmfafds d rdprmcmr as prðprmas  ‐   atí cdsck a
pketk fd ckrrdr. \krtaetk, sdrá nmtdrancdetd eaturan de`ketrar ganoas
Xedstd nmvrk 22S `kck uca fdgdsa para eàk kuvmr a vmsàk fd cuefk
cas`unmea. Dxmstdc ganoas sugm`mdetds para de`ketrar, cas pdék-nod qud
22 A`rís`mck fk trafutkr.
 9?

21 ‐ 
21  ‐  Aníc
  Aníc fmssk, ?7% fks fmpnkcafks dc deideoarma sàk okcdes8 ?0%
fks gkrcafks dc omstðrma fa artd sàk cunodrds. Megkrcaéôds eàk
pubnm`afas, Fdpartacdetk fd Dfu`aéàk fks DTA, Ds`rmtðrmk fd \dsqumsa
d Apdrgdmékacdetk Dfu`a`mkean, @detrk Ea`mkean fd Dstatãstm`as fa
Dfu`aéàk, „M\DFP @kcpndtmkes Ptufy–, 1=?=, 1==<. Detrdvmsta dc 1 fd
 jueok fd 1==2, `kc Ekrcae Braeft, fk Fdpartacdetk fd Dfu`aéàk
Df u`aéàk fks
DTA.
22 ‐ 
22 ‐  K
 K sanármk mem`man fd uca deideodmra dx`dfd k fd uc okcdc dc TP $
491 pkr aek. Wdja k Ykcde me Deimeddrmei fa Deimeddrmei Caepkwdr
@kccmssmke (Yasomeitke, F.@.: Assk`maéàk Acdrm`aea fd Pk`mdfafd fd
Deideoarma XAADPS), Bkndtmc DC@ ek. ==, Fdzdcbrk fd 1=?=, tabdna 4.
20 ‐ 
20 ‐ Pkeem
Pkeem Dgrke, „Okedy, M Porueh tod Edst Dii– („Qudrmfa, du de`knom
k emeok fd kvks–),
kvks–), Nks Aeidnds Vmcds, 2< fd jueok fd 1==2, prmcdmra
páimea.
26 ‐ 
26  ‐  Dc
  Dc uca detrdvmsta dc 11 fd gdvdrdmrk fd 1==2, Jkoe Kffmske, fk
ikvdrek fks DTA, megkrcku qud ==% fks bkcbdmrks cuem`mpams
vknuetármks sàk okcdes. Fd tkfks ks bkcbdmrks cuem`mpams, =76.<<< sàk
vknuetármks d 26<.<<< sàk prkgmssmkeams.
24  ‐  G. Vokcas Justdr d Graeh \. Ptaggkrf, „ Vod Annk`atmke kg Vmcd:
Dcpmrm`an Gmefmeis, Bdoavmkran Ckfdns, aef \rkbndcs kg Cdasurdcdet –
(„A Ank`aéàk fk Vdcpk: Fds`kbdrtas Dcpãrm`as, Ckfdnks
@kcpkrtacdetams d \rkbndcas fd Cdfméàk–
Cdfméà k–), ), Jkurean kg D`kekcm`
Nmtdraturd, vkn. 2=, jueok fd 1==1, p. 699. K tdcpk cífmk fdna, taetk
fdetrk quaetk gkra fd `asa, skca 478 k fdnd, 71.
27 ‐    Cartoa Omnn, \attdres kg Vmcd Tsd me Vmcd, Ikkfs, aef Ydnn-Bdmei
27  ‐  Cartoa
(\afrôds fd Tsk ek Vdcpk, Bdes d Bdc-Dstar) (Aee Arbkr: Mestmtutk fd
\dsqumsa Pk`man, Temvdrsmfafd fd Cm`omiae, 1=?4), df. G. Vokcas Justdr
d Graeh \. Ptaggkrf. Wdr tacbíc Jksdpo O. \nd`h, Dspksas
Vrabanoafkras / Carmfks Vrabanoafkrds (Bdvdrny Omnns: Paid
\ubnm`atmkes, 1=?4), p. 61, tabdna 2.0.
29 ‐ 
29 ‐  @arkn
 @arkn J. @astaedfa, Pae Fmdik Temke, Cay 21, 1=??.
2?  ‐  Grdfdrm` Oaywarf, „ Vod Cand's Tepamf Rknd: Bkfyiuarf aef
\rktd`tkr –  (K \apdn eàk Rdcuedrafk fks Okcdes: Iuarfa-@ksta d
\rktdtkr), rdprkfuzmfk dc Grae`ms Baucnm, \o.F., Cde Grddmei Cde
 9=

(Okcdes Nmbdrtaefk Okcdes) (Jdrsdy Cde, E. J.: Edw Atnaetms \rdss,

1=?4), p. 20?.
2=  ‐  Eakcm Ydmsstdme, „ Ykcde as Emiidr – („Cunodrds `kck ediras–),
ediras– ),
\sy`oknkiy Vkfay, vkn. 0, e.º 4 fd kutubrk fd 1=7=, p. 2<. Dstd artmik í
`kesmfdrafk uc `nássm`k fa nmtdratura gdcmemsta. Wdja, pkr dxdcpnk,
Ydefy Cartme, Vod Acdrm`ae Pmstdrokkf: Yrmtmeis kg tod Gdcmemst
Ckvdcdet grkc @knkeman Vmcds tk tod \rdsdet  (A Mrcaefafd Acdrm`aea:
Ds`rmtks fk Ckvmcdetk Gdcmemsta fdsfd ks Vdcpks @knkemams atí k
\rdsdetd) (Edw ]krh: Oarpdr & Rkw, 1=92), pp. 2=2-=?.
0<  ‐   Airafd`dcks a Nawrde`d Fmiis pkr aniucas fdssas mfdmas
rdna`mkeafas a sãcbknks fd fdgdrêe`ma, `ketmfas dc sua gmta fd áufmk
`oacafa "Metrkfuéàk ìs qudstôds cas`unmeas" (\.K. Bkx 61, Rksnye, PF
49271).
01  ‐   Fdpartacdetk fd Dfu`aéàk fks DTA, @detrk Ea`mkean fd
Dstatãstm`as fa Dfu`aéàk, Rdsuck fas Dstatãstm`as fa Dfu`aéàk fd 1==1,
p. 179, tabdna 171, „Catrã`una tktan dc mestmtuméôds fd desmek supdrmkr–
ckstra qud as cunodrds sàk 46% fas catrm`unafas ea ga`unfafd8 p. 206,
tabdna 22?, „Iraus @kegdrmfks pkr Mestmtuméôds fd Desmek Pupdrmkr–,
ckstra qud as cunodrds rdprdsdetac 44% fas pdsskas qud rd`dbdc
ba`oardnafk ea ga`unfafd.
02 ‐ 
02  ‐  As
  As cunodrds qud sàk `odgds fd gacãnma têc uc patrmcöemk nãqumfk
161% camkr fk qud k fks okcdes qud sàk `odgds fd gacãnma. Dstds sàk ks
fafks cams rd`detds fmspkembmnmzafks pdnk Ds`rmtðrmk fk @desk fdsfd 1==2.
Wdr Fdpartacdetk fd @kcír`mk fks DTA, Ds`rmtðrmk fk @desk, Rdsucks
Dstatãstm`ks fks DTA, 1=?=, kp. `mt.
00 ‐ 
00 ‐  @nassmgm`aéôds
 @nassmgm`aéôds fd A. @. Emdnsde, 1=?6.
06 ‐ 
06 ‐  Detrdvmsta,
 Detrdvmsta, 1? fd gdvdrdmrk fd 1=?4, `kc Jkoe Carhdrt, pdsqumsafkr
mefdpdefdetd d `knabkrafkr fk Rkcaetm` Vmcds d autkr fd "Carhdtmei
Nkvd", fmssdrtaéàk dc aefacdetk.
04 ‐ 
04  ‐  A
  A Gkrbds rdnata qud k `kcprafkr cífmk fd rkcae`ds iastku TP $
1.2<< dc 1==1. K rkcae`d cífmk `usta `dr`a fd TP $ 4 dc 1==1, ndvaefk
ì `kcpra fd aprkxmcafacdetd 26< nmvrks pkr aek, ku 2< nmvrks pkr cês.
\ara as cunodrds qud tacbíc nddc ks nmvrks fd sdus acmiks,
a cmiks, k eúcdrk fd
nmvrks qud nddc í cams fd 2< pkr cês8 para as cunodrds qud eàk gazdc mssk,
cas `kcprac aniues nmvrks fd `apa fura, k eúcdrk í megdrmkr a 2< pkr
 ?<

cês. Wdja Faea Yd`osndr Nmefde d Catt Rdds: „ M”c oueiry. But ekt gkr
 gkkf – („Dstku `kc gkcd. Cas eàk fd `kcmfa–
`kcmfa–), Gkrbds, 7 fd junok fd 1==2,
pp. 9<-94.
 ?1

@A\ÃVTNK 2
FK DPVÁIMK M AK DPVÁIMK MM:
@KCK OKCDEP BDC-PT@DFMFKP NMBDRARAC AP CTNODRDP
(CAP DPQTD@DRAC FD NMBDRVAR A PM CDPCKP)

Fk `kcpaeodmrk fd papdn ì anca iêcda

\kr cmnoards fd aeks, a camkrma fks `asacdetks dstava ek Dstáimk

M  ‐   gk`afa ea skbrdvmvêe`ma. Fdpkms fa Pdiuefa Iudrra Cuefman, ks
`asacdetks gndrtarac `afa vdz cams `kc k Dstáimk MM  ‐   uc gk`k fd
autkrrdanmzaéàk. Ek Dstáimk M, a camkrma fks `asams drac `kcpaeodmrks fd
papdn: a cunodr `rmku ks gmnoks d k okcdc ndvaetku k fmeodmrk. Ek Dstáimk
MM, ks `asams fdsdjavac `afa vdz cams sdr ancas iêcdas. \kr quê; Ì
cdfmfa qud ks `asams atdefmac ìs suas ed`dssmfafds fd skbrdvmvêe`ma, dnds
„aucdetarac a apksta– d rdfdgmemrac k ackr.
Ek Dstáimk M, uca cunodr `oacava fd „ackr– sd de`ketrassd uc
okcdc qud gkssd uc bkc prkvdfkr d prktdtkr8 dnd `oacava fd "ackr" sd
dna gkssd bkemta d pufdssd `umfar fd uca `asa d gmnoks. Ackr smiemgm`ava
uca fmvmsàk fd trabanok qud ndvava a uca fmvmsàk fd metdrdssds gdcmemeks
d cas`unmeks. Ek Dstáimk MM, k ackr smiemgm`ava metdrdssds `kcues d
vankrds `kcues. A fdgmeméàk fk ackr dstá dc traesméàk.
Cdsck aetds fa Pdiuefa Iudrra Cuefman, aniues pams `kcdéarac
a rdfdgmemr k ackr. Cas dnds ekrcancdetd sð pkfdrmac gazdr mssk fdpkms
qud sdu úntmck gmnok sd `asassd, `kck a`ketd`du `kc Vdvyd d Iknfd fd
Gmffndr ke tod Rkkg (Wmknmemsta ek Vdnoafk) (1):
VDW]D: Iknfd... Wk`ê cd aca;
IKNFD: Pd du td ack; \kr 24 aeks du navdm suas rkupas, `kzmeodm
suas rdgdméôds, nmcpdm sua `asa, fdm-nod gmnoks, krfdeodm a va`a. Fdpkms fd 24
aeks, pkr qud ganar skbrd ackr aikra;...
VDW]D: Cas cdu pam d cmeoa càd fmssd qud aprdefdrãacks a eks
acar... Wk`ê cd aca;
 ?2

IKNFD: \kr 24 aeks du vmvm `kc dnd, nutdm `kc dnd, passdm gkcd `kc
dnd. \kr 24 aeks cmeoa `aca gkm fdnd. Pd mssk eàk í ackr, k qud í;
As pdsskas `kc cams nmbdrfafd para rdfdgmemr k ackr gkrac as
cunodrds qud sd `asarac `kc ks okcdes cams bdc-su`dfmfks. Dssas
cunodrds `kcdéarac a gazdr pdriuetas ek Dstáimk MM, `kck „\kr qud du
fdvdrma cd `asar `kc uc okcdc qud pkfd cd ckstrar sua `artdmra, cas
eàk cd ckstrar sdu ackr;–8 „\kr qud du sku `oacafa a sra. Jkoe Fkd ‐ 
qudc sku du;–8 „\kr qud du dstku sdcprd sdrvmefk  a dnd, `dfdefk a suas
kpmemôds;–8 „Quaefk as `rmaeéas `rds`drdc, cmeoa vmfa tdrá uc
smiemgm`afk;– Dna tdcma qud sdu prðprmk carmfk eàk a rdspdmtassd fd
vdrfafd8 fdpkms sd `astmiku pkr dstar tàk prdk`upafa `kc k qud dnd
pdesava, fd tkfk ckfk. Dna dxprdssku suas prdk`upaéôds dc vkz anta.
Puas prdk`upaéôds gkrac mestmtu`mkeanmzafas: k ckvmcdetk fd nmbdrtaéàk
fas cunodrds.
As prdk`upaéôds fdnd gkrac rdprmcmfas. Dnd iuarfku para sm a fkr
dc rdnaéàk a sua dspksa, qud pard`ma cams metdrdssafa eas `rmaeéas, eas
`kcpras d dc sm cdsca fk qud ednd. Dnd sd sdetmu `rmtm`afk pkr trabanoar
atí tarfd, dc vdz fd aprd`mafk pkr trabanoar atí tarfd. \ara dnd, sua
dspksa pard`ma fdgmemr `kcuem`aéàk `kck dna dxprdssaefk sdus
sdetmcdetks ediatmvks, cas eàk dnd dxprdssaefk ks fdnd. Dna pard`ma dvmtar
cams sdxk fk qud sd fmvdrtmr. Dnd sd sdetmu caikafk pkrqud nkik fdpkms fk
`asacdetk sua dspksa prdstku cdeks atdeéàk dc caetdr k pdsk d `kcdéku
a sd vdstmr fd gkrca fdsndmxafa, a cdeks quaefk `keod`ma kutras pdsskas.
Fdsprdzafk d eàk aprd`mafk, dnd rdtucbku metdreacdetd: „K qud
du iaeok `kc dssd `asacdetk; Rdstauraetds `kzmeoac `kcmfa cdnokr d
cd fàk uc cdeu metdmrk para ds`knodr8 as ikvdreaetas eàk pdfdc cdtafd
fa cmeoa rdefa8 d cmeoa sd`rdtárma í cams atradetd, tdc cams rdspdmtk pkr
cmc d dstá cams smetkemzafa `kc cdu trabanok. Aníc fmssk, vdefdr k
\rkfutk _ fmgm`mncdetd í k qud du `oack fd 'mfdetmfafd'–. Ak `ketrármk
fdna, pkríc, dnd eàk dxprdssku suas prdk`upaéôds. Puas prdk`upaéôds sd
tkrearac ún`dras, ataquds `arfãa`ks, `âe`dr d an`kknmsck.
Quaefk dnd dxprdssku suas prdk`upaéôds, dnas gkrac rdjdmtafas
`kck sua "`rmsd fa cdma-mfafd cas`unmea". Dssde`mancdetd, pkríc, a
nmbdrtaéàk fas cunodrds d a `rmsd fa cdma-mfafd cas`unmea gkrac a cdsca
bus`a ‐  pkr rdanmzaéàk pdsskan, vankrds `kcues, rdspdmtk cútuk, ackr. Cas
dequaetk a nmbdrtaéàk fas cunodrds gkm pdesafa `kck prkcktkra fd
 ?0

mfdetmfafd, a `rmsd fa cdma-mfafd cas`unmea gkm pdesafa `kck uca `rmsd

fd mfdetmfafd. Fa cdsca gkrca, a nmbdraéàk fas cunodrds gkm `oacafa fd
mesmiot, autkfds`kbdrta d autkapdrgdmékacdetk  ‐   sdcdnoaetd ì
caturmfafd8 a `rmsd fa cdma-mfafd cas`unmea dra `oacafa fd „tdcpk fk
pnaybky– d dikãsck ‐   sdcdnoaetd ì mcaturmfafd. Pua `rmsd iaeoku uca
cá rdputaéàk.

K dstáimk MM gkm fd ackr me`kefm`mkean ku cams `kefm`mkean;

Cmeoa càd `kstucava fmzdr: "Quaefk k fmeodmrk para fd

detrar pdna pkrta, k ackr `kcdéa a samr pdna jaedna."
- BRMAE, 61 aeks, fms`utmefk a rdira eàk ds`rmta fk
dstáimk M fk ackr.

Í tdetafkr pdesar ek ackr fk Dstáimk MM `kck uc ackr

me`kefm`mkean. Ea prátm`a, dnd í cams `kefm`mkean. Ks `asams aikra dspdrac
oabmnmfafds fd `kcuem`aéàk, pardetanmfafd `kejueta, trabanok fkcístm`k
`kcpartmnoafk, rdanmzaéàk sdxuan, tkcafa fd fd`msàk `kejueta, uca
`kedxàk dspmrmtuan, atraéàk cútua d rdspdmtk cútuk. Dnds qudrdc taetk
dstabmnmfafd quaetk cufaeéa8 taetk metdrfdpdefêe`ma quaetk uc
par`dmrk qud sdja mefdpdefdetd. Dnds qudrdc tdcpk para `rds`dr d tdcpk
para fds`kbrmr k `rds`mcdetk uc fk kutrk. Ek dstáimk M, dssas atmvmfafds
tkcarmac k tdcpk fd `rmar ks gmnoks, pnaetar d gazdr fmeodmrk.
"Fds`kbrmefk uc ak kutrk" gkm uca Bus`a Vrmvman fk Dstáimk M. Mssk
acdaéava a skbrdvmvêe`ma.

\kr qud k fmvðr`mk gkm a `ketrapartmfa para k prkirdssk fk rdna`mkeacdetk

@asams qud bus`avac ks vankrds fk Dstáimk MM `rmarac uc ekvk

`kejuetk fd prkbndcas: as prðprmas quanmfafds qud tkreavac uc „`asan
pdrgdmtk– dc uc `asacdetk ek Dstáimk M drac „pdrgdmtas para k fmvðr`mk–
dc uc `asacdetk ek Dstáimk MM ‐ dna dra vmsta `kck „prdk`upafa `kc k
nar d detdfmaetd...–8 dnd dra vmstk `kck „prdk`upafk `kc k trabanok ‐  d
`kc cdfk fa metmcmfafd–. K `ketrastd detrd ks papíms fk Dstáimk M d ks
 =4

K qud tkreku as cunodrds tàk mrrmtafas `kc ks okcdes;

As cunodrds gm`arac zaeiafas `kc ks okcdes, dc partd pkrqud sd

`kcparavac ak okcdc brae`k odtdrkssdxuan bdc-su`dfmfk  ‐   eàk ak
skgrmcdetk fk okcdc edirk d eatmvk acdrm`aek, ku ak kstra`msck fk
okcdc iay, ku ì mevmsmbmnmfafd fk pkbrd okcdc. Cas mssk gkm apdeas partd
fmssk...

As cunodrds `kck k sdxk fds`artávdn

Ks fmvðr`mks tmrarac cmnoôds fd cunodrds fa `nassd "Vdc-Vufk".

Cas a cunodr qud sd fmvkr`mku, sdefk cams grdqudetdcdetd as fd 6< aeks
fk qud as fd 2<, gkm jkiafa ek cdr`afk fd okcdes cams vm`mafks dc fuas
cunodrds fd 2< fk qud dc uca 6<. @kcprddesmvdncdetd, dna gm`ku `kc
ramva.
Ek Dstáimk M, rdgkréar k vã`mk fks okcdes pdna cunodr fd 2< aeks
fd mfafd gue`mkeava para dna  ‐   k vã`mk k gazma `ke`krfar dc sustdetá-na
pkr tkfa a vmfa8 k tabu fk fmvðr`mk gazma `kc qud dnd caetmvdssd k a`krfk.
Quaefk k tabu skbrd k fmvðr`mk sd degraqud`du d dna passku a tdr 6< aeks,
k vã`mk fdnd dc fuas cunodrds fd 2< trabanoku `ketra dna. Dna sd sdetmu
fds`artávdn. K fmvðr`mk antdrara a rdnaéàk psm`knðim`a detrd okcdes d
cunodrds.
Quaetk cams bkemta dra a cunodr quaefk cams jkvdc, cams dna dra
tratafa `kck uca `dndbrmfafd ‐   k qud du `oack fd `dndbrmfafd ideítm`a
 ‐   d, pkrtaetk, cams dna sd sdetma `kck uca `dndbrmfafd. Í cams fmgã`mn
pdrfdr anik qud vk`ê tdvd fk qud eue`a tdr tmfk, para `kcdéar. @kegkrcd
dna sd tkreava `afa vdz cams mevmsãvdn, dna sd sdetma `afa vdz cams
fds`artávdn d `afa vdz cams mrrmtafa.
Pmcuntaedacdetd, as cunodrds qud eue`a oavmac detrafk ea
`nassd fas "Cunodrds Vdc-Vufk" ‐  a Ekva Rdandza ‐  tacbíc sd sdetmac
`kck uc gra`assk. Fd caedmras fmgdrdetds, acbks ks irupks fd cunodrds
sd sdetmrac rdjdmtafas  ‐   pdnks okcdes. D, pkrtaetk, `kc ramva  ‐   fks
okcdes.
 =7

A cunodr fmvkr`mafa `kc gmnoks sdetmu-sd fupnacdetd fds`artávdn.

Dna eàk dra apdeas uca cunodr, dna dra uc pa`ktd: uca cunodr `kc
gmnoks. Ndcbrk-cd fd uc acmik cdu vkntar dc êxtasd fd sdu de`ketrk
`kc @arkn. Tca sdcaea fdpkms, dnd gkm ì `asa fd @arkn d dna
k aprdsdetku a sdus três gmnoks. Quaefk tkfks saãrac dc uc
gmc fd sdcaea fd dsqum, dnd iastku cams fd TP $ 1.<<< eas
`rmaeéas. Dnd sabma qud eàk prd`msava, cas, "Du eàk qudrma
sdr cdsqumeok, detàk du paiudm pkr sdus tãqudtds fd shm-nmgt,
quartks para dnds sdparafks fd eðs, aniucas fd suas
rdgdméôds, iunksdmcas...
Cdu acmik já dstava sustdetafk sua dx-dspksa d fkms gmnoks. Dnd
tdcma sdr pam fd fuas gacãnmas d sdr uc útdrk gmeae`dmrk para fuas gacãnmas.
Dnd tdcma sd tkrear uc okcdc `kc quatrk dcprdiks. Cams prd`msacdetd,
dnd tdcma gazdr `afa trabanok fd gkrca meafdquafa. Dnd nkik rd`uku fk
rdna`mkeacdetk. @arkn sd sdetmu caikafa d eue`a cams ganku `kc dnd. Dnd
sd sdetmu fds`artávdn `kck acmik sð pkrqud eàk pkfma sd `kcprkcdtdr a
sdr uca `artdmra8 dna sd sdetma fds`artávdn `kck par`dmra `kejuian. Ea
vdrfafd, acbks gkrac vãtmcas fk gdeöcdek pðs-fmvðr`mk qud du `oack fd
„cunodr-`kck-uc-pa`ktd– (dna eàk dra apdeas uca cunodr, cas uca
cunodr d três gmnoks). Pd dnds tmvdssdc detdefmfk `kck dnds drac acbks
vãtmcas fd uca kriaemzaéàk, dnds pkfdrmac cams ga`mncdetd tdr
pdrcaed`mfk acmiks.
K fmvðr`mk gkréku a cunodr fd `nassd cífma qud `kstucava tdr uc
dcprdik fd qud ikstava cams cas qud paiava cdeks a arrucar uc
dcprdik fd qud ikstava cdeks cas qud paiassd cams. Quaefk k
gdcmemsck dxpnm`ku qud as cunodrds drac sdirdiafas eks dcprdiks cams
can rdcuedrafks d sdc sdetmfk, dna sd sdetma fdsvankrmzafa. K gdcmemsck
dra tàk pkfdrksk qud a `diava para ks okcdes ì sua vknta qud tacbíc
drac sdirdiafks dc fmgdrdetds tmpks fd dcprdiks can rdcuedrafks d sdc
sdetmfk: k `kzmeodmrk fd prmcdmra krfdc d k navafkr fd nkuéa dc sua
`agdtdrma nk`an8 ks trabanoafkrds cmiraetds qud ds`knomac ks ndiucds para
a cdsa fdna8 ks iuarfmôds d navafkrds fd `arrks, ks ajufaetds fd iarékc d
ks atdefdetds fd pkstks fd iasknmea... \kr dstardc `dias para k quafrk
tkfk ‐  quaefk uc ku kutrk sdxk tmeoa oabmnmfafds cãemcas dnds rd`dbmac
sanármks cãemcks dc fmgdrdetds tmpks fd dcprdiks sdc sdetmfk  ‐ , as
cunodrds gm`avac `afa vdz cams mrrmtafas.
 =9

As cunodrds metdrprdtavac a tdefêe`ma fks okcdes fd iaeoar

cams pkr trabanok fmgdrdetd `kck rdsuntafk fk fkcãemk cas`unmek d eàk
fa subsdrvmêe`ma cas`unmea: dnas eàk vmac mssk `kck uc rdsuntafk fa
kbrmiaéàk cas`unmea ‐  kbrmiaéàk fd mr kefd k fmeodmrk dstava, eàk kefd a
rdanmzaéàk dra. \ara dnd, sdiumr fmeodmrk dra prmcármk8 sdiumr a rdanmzaéàk,
sd`uefármk. \ara dnd, k fmvðr`mk tacbíc `rmku uca cufaeéa: dnd amefa
sdiuma k fmeodmrk para apkmar uca gacãnma d`kekcm`acdetd, cas sdc uca
gacãnma para apkmá-nk dck`mkeancdetd.
Pmcuntaedacdetd, as gdcmemstas sd `ke`detrarac ek
gatk fd qud as cunodrds `kck uc tkfk iaeoavac cdeks
„pdnk cdsck trabanok–. D dc brdvd ks prdsmfdetds fks DTA
 ‐  atí k prdsmfdetd Kbaca ‐  rdpdtmac a agmrcaéàk `kck uc
gatk. Dnds `ke`nuãrac qud k cktmvk dra a fms`rmcmeaéàk.
Dnds miekrarac as trdzd razôds pdnas quams as cunodrds iaeoavac cdeks
qud fms`utm dc K Cmtk fk \kfdr Cas`unmek , dc 1==0. Ea cmeoa kpmemàk, a
ganta fd vketafd fd fmaiekstm`ar k prkbndca fdmxku as cunodrds apdeas
`kc k „pkfdr fd vãtmca– („í fms`rmcmeaéàk, pkrtaetk du cdrdék aéàk
agmrcatmva–, uca bknsa fd dstufks, ku uc okcdc paiaefk pkr cmc–) ak
mevís fd pkfdr rdan: a `apa`mfafd fd fdtdrcmear pkr qud dna dstá iaeoaefk
cdeks d uca `kcprddesàk fas `ketrapartmfas devknvmfas dc iaeoar
cams.
As gdcmemstas tdefdc a dqua`mkear antks sanármks `kc pkfdr. Ea
vdrfafd, a dstrafa para k antk sanármk í uca dstrafa `kc pdfáimk . Ku sdja,
quaefk pdsqumsdm k cdu nmvrk pubnm`afk dc 2<<4 metmtunafk Yoy Cde
Dare Ckrd: Vod Ptartnmei Vruto Bdomef tod \ay Iap  ‐ aef Yoat Ykcde
@ae Fk Abkut Mt   (\kr qud ks okcdes iaeoac cams: a vdrfafd
surprddefdetd pkr trás fa na`uea sanarman d k qud as cunodrds pkfdc gazdr
a rdspdmtk fmssk), mfdetmgmqudm 24 fmgdrdeéas cdesurávdms detrd as fd`msôds
cas`unmeas d gdcmemeas rdnatmvas ak trabanok. Fds`kbrm qud `afa uca fas
ds`knoas fks okcdes rdsuntava dc okcdes iaeoaefk cams8 qud `afa uca
fas ds`knoas fas cunodrds rdsuntava dc cunodrds `kc vmfas cams
dqumnmbrafas ‐   d, pkrtaetk, idrancdetd vmfas cams gdnmzds. Fds`kbrm qud,
para a camkrma fas pdsskas, a dstrafa para k antk sanármk í uca dstrafa
`kc pdfáimk: ks pdfáimks fd trabanoar cams okras, vmajar furaetd a ekmtd
d gmes fd sdcaea, cufar para nk`ams mefdsdjávdms, gazdr trabanoks
pdrmiksks, trabanoks mesanubrds, tureks ektureks d assmc pkr fmaetd.
 1<6

@kck a gacãnma gue`mkean sd tkreku a gacãnma fmsgue`mkean

Assmc `kck caetmvdcks ks pafrôds fks `asacdetks fk Dstáimk M

ek Dstáimk MM d ks rktunacks `kck uc gra`assk, atuancdetd caetdcks ks
pafrôds fas gacãnmas fk Dstáimk M ek Dstáimk MM d as rktunacks `kck
fmsgue`mkeams. @dr`a fd =9% fas ekssas gacãnmas fd krmidc sàk
`kesmfdrafas fmsgue`mkeams. Detàk, dequaetk ek Dstáimk M, "pkupd a vara,
dstraiud a `rmaeéa" mcpnm`ava qud, sd vk`ê eàk usassd a vara, vk`ê abusava
fa `rmaeéa, ek Dstáimk MM, sd vk`ê usassd a vara, vk`ê abusava fa `rmaeéa.
\kr quê;
Ek Dstáimk M, usar a vara dra `kesmfdrafk gue`mkean  ‐  desmeava ìs
`rmaeéas qud eàk kbdfd`dr `ausarma fkr. K qud dra vdrfafd  ‐   as rdiras
gkrac `rmafas para dvmtar a gkcd. Cas ek Dstáimk MM, ks kbjdtmvks fd
autkrrdanmzaéàk dxmimac dstar dc `ketatk `kc ks prðprmks sdetmcdetks. K
usk fa vara fds`ked`ta as `rmaeéas fd sdus sdetmcdetks d, pkrtaetk, í cams
prkvávdn qud sdja fmsgue`mkean.
Ek dstáimk M, a fdpdefêe`ma cútua dra k `mcdetk ea guefaéàk fd
uca gacãnma. Detàk fmgm`mncdetd pkfdrma oavdr cumta mefdpdefêe`ma. A
`kfdpdefêe`ma dra gue`mkean ek Dstáimk M. Cas quaefk ks fmvðr`mks eks
kbrmiarac a eks prdparar para a mefdpdefêe`ma, a `kfdpdefêe`ma
grdqudetdcdetd sd tkreava dx`dssmva d, pkrtaetk, fmsgue`mkean. Assmc, a
gacãnma gue`mkean fk Dstáimk M tkreku-sd a gacãnma fmsgue`mkean fk Dstáimk
MM.
Du ikstarma fd eks vdr parar fd fds`rdvdr ekssas gacãnmas fd krmidc
`kck fmsgue`mkean d `kcdéar a fds`rdvê-nas `kck gue`mkean fd Dstáimk M.
Mssk nods fá `rífmtk pdna `ketrmbuméàk qud fdrac para atdefdr a ekssas
ed`dssmfafds fd skbrdvmvêe`ma, fd ckfk qud tdeoacks a nmbdrfafd fd
fd`mfmr k qud í gue`mkean ek Dstáimk MM. Vacbíc pdrcmtd qud eks
rdikzmjdcks `kc a kpkrtuemfafd fd bus`ar dssa nmbdrfafd dc vdz fd sd
sdetmr `unpafks d `unpafks pkr dstraiar tufk.
 1<4

@asacdetk

As gdcmemstas supôdc qud as trafméôds catrmckemams, `kck k pam

faefk a ekmva para k carmfk, drac uc rdgndxk fk patrmar`afk. Cas
quaefk k pam fava a ekmva dnd dstava faefk sua rdspkesabmnmfafd fd
prktdidr. (Emeiuíc fava k okcdc pkrqud emeiuíc prktdima uc okcdc.
K trabanok fks pams dra traesgkrcar k gmnok dc uc prktdtkr, eàk detrdiá-
nk a uc prktdtkr.)
Ekssks pams drac grdqudetdcdetd `rmtm`afks pkr
fdsde`krajar uc gmnok fd "sdiumr suas me`nmeaéôds". Cas `kck
Wme`det vae Ikio can `kesdiuma sd sustdetar (cumtk cdeks
uca gacãnma `kc grdquêe`ma), dra tardga fks pams iaraetmr qud
k gmnok eàk sd tkreassd uc artmsta d desmear ìs gmnoas qud sdr
`krtdjafa pkr tan okcdc dra eackrar k fdsastrd. As `rmaeéas cumtas vdzds
kuvmac dssas mestruéôds d as metdrprdtavac `kck sd gkssdc ks pams
dxdr`defk k pkfdr. Ea vdrfafd, eàk dra k pkfdr fks pams, dra k afmacdetk
fk pkfdr patdrean  ‐   k afmacdetk fa `apa`mfafd fd Vdvyd d Iknfd fd
prk`urar a autkrrdanmzaéàk d bus`ar uc ackr cams prkguefk. Assmc,
Vdvyd sð gkm `apaz fd gazdr pdriuetas a Iknfd ek Dstáimk MM fdpkms qud a
gmnoa dstava prdstds a sd `asar.
@kck a gdnm`mfafd dra sd`uefárma, bdbdfdmra, grustraéàk d abusk
drac dx`dssmvks. Cas ek Dstáimk M, eàk dra gue`mkean pdrcmtmr k fmvðr`mk:
`kc kmtk gmnoks dc `asa d sdc `apa`mfafd fd sustdetar fuas `asas, samr eàk
dra uca kpéàk. Detàk, tkndrávacks bdbdr d abusar dc vdz fd fmvkr`mar d
passar gkcd.
Dc rdsuck, as idraéôds aprdefdràk a sd acar cams rapmfacdetd
sd eðs vmrcks sua sk`manmzaéàk `kck Gue`mkean fd Dstáimk M, dc vdz fd
rktuná-nas `kck fmsgue`mkeams8 sd rd`keod`drcks qud as `rmaeéas cams
`apazds fd bus`ar ks vankrds fk Dstáimk MM okjd dc fma pkfdc gazê-nk
dxatacdetd pkrqud sdus pams tmeoac ks vankrds fk Dstáimk M. As fms`ussôds
skbrd ks vankrds fa gacãnma sdc fmstmeéôds detrd as gacãnmas fk Dstáimk M d
fk Dstáimk MM sàk, pkrtaetk, `kegmiuraéôds para fdprd`maéàk dc vdz fd
aprd`maéàk.
 1<7

Rdnmimàk dc traesméàk

Ek Dstáimk M, a mirdja gkred`ma rdiras rãimfas d rmtuams fdstmeafks a

ndvar as pdsskas a gazdr sa`rmgã`mks pdna prðxmca idraéàk sdc qudstmkear.
Ek Dstáimk MM, k qudstmkeacdetk í ed`dssármk para nmfar `kc as kpéôds fa
vmfa, d a rmimfdz í uc trdmeacdetk meafdquafk para as acbmiumfafds fa
vmfa.
As rdnmimôds fk Dstáimk M tmvdrac qud rdstrmeimr k sdxk prí-carmtan
pkrqud k sdxk aetds fk `asacdetk ndvava a iravmfdz sdc uca iaraetma
para a prktdéàk fas `rmaeéas d fas cunodrds. Ek Dstáimk MM, k `ketrknd fd
eatanmfafd pdrcmtmu qud k sdxk sd tkreassd cams assk`mafk ì satmsgaéàk, ì
`kcuem`aéàk d ì `kedxàk dspmrmtuan  ‐   kbjdtmvks fk rdna`mkeacdetk fk
Dstáimk MM. Assmc, as rdnmimôds fk Dstáimk MM pkfdc sd `ke`detrar cdeks
dc rdstrmeimr k a`dssk fks sdxks aks `krpks uc fk kutrk d cams dc ajufar
ks sdxks a tdrdc a`dssk ìs ancas uc fk kutrk.
As mirdjas fk Dstáimk MM dstàk aikra cams nmvrds para desmear `kck
a membméàk sdxuan cumtas vdzds sd tkrea uca membméàk dspmrmtuan. \kr
dxdcpnk, desmear as cunodrds a rdprmcmr k sdxk artmgm`mancdetd desmea ks
okcdes a fmzdr ìs cunodrds k qud dnds a`oac qud as cunodrds qudrdc
kuvmr, dc vdz fk qud dnds rdancdetd dstàk sdetmefk. A fdskedstmfafd membd
a dspmrmtuanmfafd. As cunodrds `kcdéac detàk a usar sua sdxuanmfafd para
kuvmr k qud qudrdc kuvmr, dc vdz fd aprdefdr a ikstar fd sua sdxuanmfafd.
Dnas grdqudetdcdetd `ketrastac a sdxuanmfafd `kc a dspmrmtuanmfafd dc
vdz fd vdr `kck uc vãe`unk sdxuan `ketrmbum para uc vãe`unk dspmrmtuan.
A rdprdssàk sdxuan fas cunodrds í uca gkrca dgm`az fd far ìs cunodrds k
`ketrknd skbrd ks okcdes, cas gaz `kc qud ks okcdes sdjac cdeks qud
sme`drks.
Cumtas cunodrds dstàk `kcdéaefk a prdgdrmr okcdes sme`drks aks
okcdes qud pkfdc `ketrknar. Dc rdsuck, a êegasd fa rdnmimàk fk Dstáimk
M dc rdiras rãimfas prdparava uc `asan para sdr `kcpaeodmrks fd papíms
furafkurks. A êegasd fa rdnmimàk fk Dstáimk MM ea `kcuem`aéàk prdpara
uc `asan para sdr anca iêcda.
As mirdjas fk Dstáimk M `ketmeuaràk a prk`urar okcdes para nmfdrar
`kck sãcbknk fa rdspkesabmnmfafd fks okcdes fd sdrdc sknu`mkeafkrds fd
prkbndcas d sanvafkrds. Dssas mirdjas atramràk prme`mpancdetd sdiumfkras
gdcmemeas fk Dstáimk M d nãfdrds cas`unmeks fk Dstáimk M. As mirdjas fk
 111

Vdcks qud nmfar `kc ediar ìs cunodrds k vktk8 tratar cunodrds `kck
prkprmdfafd d `mfafàs fd sdiuefa `nassd8 kbjdtmgm`aefk-as `kck
`ke`ubmeas, as cunodrds qud vmvmac eks oaríes d as prkstmtutas8 apdfrdjá-
nas `kck bruxas8 eàk as cde`mkeaefk eas `kestmtuméôds8 ediaefk-nods
a`dssk a papíms fd nmfdraeéa, dcprdiks gkra fd `asa d assmc pkr fmaetd.
Vdcks qud vdr sd "pkfdr", "patrmar`afk", "fkcmeaéàk" d "sdxmsck" sàk
panavras fd `ðfmik para k prmvmníimk cas`unmek ku para a fds`artabmnmfafd
cas`unmea.

EKVAP FK ATVKR

1  ‐   Jksdpo Ptdme, Wmknmemsta ek Vdnoafk (Ekva ]krh: @rkwe, 1=76),

basdafk eas omstðrmas fd Poknkc Andm`odc. \artmtura fd Jdrry Bk`h8 Ndtra
fd cúsm`a Podnfke Oarem`h.
2  ‐   Odrbdrt Omnfdbraeft, Dfwme Cmnndr d Fdd Dfmeitke, Vod Edwny
\rkcktdf Dxd`utmvd  (K dxd`utmvk rd`detdcdetd prkckvmfk) (ckekiragma,
Temvdrsmfafd fd Cm`omiae, Ds`kna fd Afcmemstraéàk fd Dcprdsas, Aee
Arbkr, 1=?9).
0 ‐   A Ndm fd Miuanfafd Panarman fd 1=70 gaz partd fk @ðfmik fks DTA,
tãtunk __M_. Aníc fmssk, k Vãtunk WMM fa Ndm fks Fmrdmtks @mvms fd 1=76
prkãbd a fms`rmcmeaéàk ek dcprdik `kc basd ek sdxk.
6 ‐  Wdja Jdssmd Bdrearf, Vod Guturd kg Carrmaid  (K Guturk fk @asacdetk)
(Edw ]krh: Ykrnf \ubnmsomei, 1=92), tabdna 2<, Pkcd Pdnd`tdf Pk`mk-
D`kekcm` Warmabnds Ackei Edvdr-Carrmdf Yomtd Cde aef Ykcde 64 ‐46
]dars kg Aid  (Aniucas Warmávdms Pk`mkd`keöcm`as Pdnd`mkeafas Detrd
Okcdes d Cunodrds Brae`ks Eue`a @asafks detrd 64 d 46 Aeks fd Mfafd).
Bdrearf `mta k Fdpartacdetk fd @kcír`mk, Ds`rmtðrmk fk @desk, 1=7<:
Dstafk `mvmn, tabdnas 6, 4 d 7.
4 ‐   Dc 1=2<, a dxpd`tatmva fd vmfa fas cunodrds dra fd 46,7 aeks. Dc
1==<, dra fd 9?,? aeks. Dstd í uc aucdetk fd 66,0%. Dc 1=2<, a
dxpd`tatmva fd vmfa fks okcdes dra fd 40,7 aeks. Dc 1==<, a dxpd`tatmva
fd vmfa fks okcdes dra fd 92,< aeks. Dstd í uc aucdetk fd 06,0%. As
dstatãstm`as fd 1=2< sàk fk @detrk Ea`mkean fd Dstatãstm`as fd Paúfd,
Rdnatðrmk Cdesan fd Dstatãstm`as Wmtams, vkn. 0?, e.º 4, supndcdetk, 27 fd
sdtdcbrk fd 1=?=, p. 6. As dstatãstm`as fd 1==< sàk fk @detrk Ea`mkean fd
 112

Dstatãstm`as fd Paúfd, Rdnatðrmk Cdesan fd Dstatãstm`as Wmtams, vkn. 0=,

eàk. 10, 2? fd aikstk fd 1==1, p. 19.
7 ‐   Dssa vmsàk í grdqudetdcdetd vdm`unafa pkr omstkrmafkrds gdcmemstas
`kck Bkeemd P. Aefdrske d Jufmto \. Zmessdr dc sua A Omstkry kg Vodmr
Kwe (Ekva ]krh: \drdeeman Nmbrary, 1=?=), p. 610, pkr pknãtm`ks
gdcmemstas `kck a `keirdssmsta \atrm`ma P`orkdfdr, d pkr nãfdrds gdcmemstas
`kck Inkrma Ptdmedc.
9 ‐  \aun Brkfdur, Zappmei kg Acdrm`a (Edw ]krh: Y. Y. Ekrtke, 1=99),
p. 199.
? ‐  76% fas cunodrds qud trabanoac fdmxac a gkréa fd trabanok pkr sdms
cdsds ku cams para `umfar fa gacãnma8 1,4% fks okcdes k gazdc.
Fdpartacdetk fd @kcír`mk fks DTA, Ds`rmtðrmk fk @desk, Rdnatðrmks
\kpuna`mkeams Atuams, sdr. \-20, e.º 107, Nmgd-tmcd Ykrh Dxpdrmde`d aef
Mts Dggd`t ke Daremeis  (Dxpdrmêe`ma fd trabanok dc tdcpk rdan d sdu dgdmtk
eks nu`rks), 1=?6, p. 7, tabdna A, Ykrh Metdrruptmke Omstkry, by Ra`d,
Ppaemso Krmime aef Pdnd`tdf @oara`tdrmstm`s: Cands   (Omstðrma fa
Metdrrupéàk fk Vrabanok, pkr Raéa, Krmidc Dspaeokna d @ara`tdrãstm`as
Pdnd`mkeafas: Okcdes), d p. 9, tabdna B, Ykrh Metdrruptmke Omstkry, by
Ra`d, Ppaemso Krmime aef Pdnd`tdf @oara`tdrmstm`s: Gdcands  (Omstðrm`k fa
Metdrrupéàk fk Vrabanok, pkr Raéa, Krmidc Dspaeokna d @ara`tdrãstm`as
Pdnd`mkeafas: Cunodrds). A partmr fd 1==2, dstds sàk ks úntmcks fafks
fmspkeãvdms skbrd nm`deéas fd trabanok. Detrdvmsta `kc Ja`h C`Edmn,
Ds`rmtðrmk fk @desk, 22 fd junok fd 1==2.
=  ‐   Du detrdvmstdm euca rduemàk fa Assk`maéàk Acdrm`aea fd
Pub`ketratafks dc Pae Fmdik dc 1 fd camk fd 1==2.
1< ‐  Wdja a tabdna 9.0 fd Cartoa Omnn, \attdres kg Vmcd Tsd me Vmcd, Ikkfs,
aef Ydnn-Bdmei  (\afrôds fd Tsk ek Vdcpk, Bdes d Bdc-Dstar) (Aee
Arbkr: Temvdrsmfafd fd Cm`omiae, Mestmtutk fd \dsqumsa Pk`man, 1=?4),
dfmtafk pkr G. Vokcas Justdr d Graeh \. Ptaggkrf. Ks fafks fk Purvdy
Rdsdar`o @detdr fa Temvdrsmfafd fd Cm`omiae me`krpkrarac k sdiuefk
dcprdik ìs dstatãstm`as fd "okras trabanoafas" d de`ketrarac uca
fmgdrdeéa fd cams fd ekvd okras. (Ks fafks fk Ds`rmtðrmk fd Dstatãstm`a fk
Vrabanok eàk me`krpkrac ks fafks fk sdiuefk dcprdik d aprdsdetac
uca fmgdrdeéa fd pku`k cams fd quatrk okras para k prmcdmrk dcprdik.)
Ks okcdes skntdmrks tacbíc trabanoac ekvd okras a cams ek nk`an fd
trabanok fk qud as cunodrds skntdmras, cas dssa ackstra airupa k trabanok
 110

dc tdcpk metdiran, cdmk pdrãkfk d ks eàk trabanoafkrds. Detrdvmsta `kc

Cartoa Omnn, 10 fd camk fd 1==1.
11  ‐   Du `kcpndtdm a pdsqumsa skbrd dssas varmávdms d dnas dstàk sdefk
prdparafas para k cdu prðxmck nmvrk, skbrd k fdsdjk fas cunodrds vdrsus
ks fks okcdes pdna miuanfafd.
12  ‐   G. Vokcas Justdr d Graeh \. Ptaggkrf, Vod Annk`atmke kg Vmcd:
Dcpmrm`an Gmefmeis, Bdoavmkran Ckfdns, aef \rkbndcs Cdasurdcdet (A
Ank`aéàk fk Vdcpk: Fds`kbdrtas Dcpãrm`as, Ckfdnks @kcpkrtacdetams
d Cdfméàk fd \rkbndcas), Jkrean fd Nmtdratura D`keöcm`a, vkn. 2=, e.º 2,
 jueok fd 1==1, p. 699.
10 ‐  Mbmf.
16  ‐  K dstufk gkm rdanmzafk pkr Ndekrd J. Ydmtzcae, Vod Fmvkr`d
Rdvknutmke (A Rdvknuéàk fk Fmvðr`mk) (Edw ]krh: Vod Grdd \rdss, 1=?4).
Ydmtzcae kbsdrvku apdeas k prmcdmrk aek apðs k fmvðr`mk  ‐   quaefk as
cunodrds iaeoavac cdeks d ks okcdes iaeoavac cams ‐  d eàk k sdiuefk
aek apðs k fmvðr`mk d aníc, furaetd k quan a rdefa cífma fa cunodr í
miuan ku camkr qud sua rdefa ek ckcdetk fk fmvðr`mk. Wdja Irdi J.
Fue`ae d Paun F. Okggcae, D`kekcm` @kesdqude`ds kg Carmtan Mestabmnmty 
(@kesdquêe`mas d`keöcm`as fa mestabmnmfafd `kejuian), gmiura 16.0 d
tabdna 16. A.? dc Okrmzketan Dqumty, Te`drtamety, aef D`kekcm` Ydnn-
Bdmei (Dqumfafd Okrmzketan, Me`drtdza d Bdc-Dstar D`keöcm`k)
(@om`aik: Temvdrsmty kg @om`aik \rdss, 1=?4), dfmtafk pkr Cartme Favmf d
Vmcktoy Pcddfmei. Wdja tacbíc Pusae Ganufm, Ba`hnaso: A Iudrra Eàk
Fd`narafa @ketra a Cunodr Acdrm`aea (Edw ]krh: @rkwe, 1==1), pp. 1=-
24, 27.
14 ‐ Dcbkra dssa prátm`a gkssd `kcuc dc tkfk k cuefk, dna í rdtratafa
fd caedmra bkemta ek gmncd mrnaefês \naybkys (1==2).