UJMR, Volume 6 Number 2, December, 2021, pp 87 - 95 ISSN: 2616 - 0668

https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2162.012

Received: 3rd June, 2021 Accepted: 16th June, 2021

Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Bacteria associated with

Urinary Tract Infections among Pregnant Women attending Antenatal Clinic in
Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Shika-Zaria, Nigeria
*
Abdullahi, B. Shaibu M. A. and Yakubu, H. O.
Department of Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
*
E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +2348054527359
Abstract
Bacterial urinary tract infection is one of the common health problems during pregnancy which
can lead to complications. The misuse of antibiotics against the infection has led to emergence of
antibiotic resistance bacteria. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and
antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacteria associated with urinary tract infections among
pregnant women, attending antenatal clinic in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Shika-
Zaria, Nigeria. A total of 110clean catch midstream urine (MSU) samples of pregnant women were
collected and analyzed from August to November, 2019. The samples were subjected to
bacteriological count using spread plate method. Isolation and identification of bacteria were
carried out using cultural and biochemical tests. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic
susceptibility test using Agar disc diffusion method. The results obtained showed that out of 110
samples collected, 70 (64%) were positive for UTI. Prevalence of UTI was higher among age group
<18years (72.7%). Prevalence of UTI based on gestational age showed higher rate in second
trimester (71.7%). Prevalence of UTI based on symptoms showed higher rate among women with
pain during urination (75.0%) while those with lower back pain had the lowest rate of UTI (50.0%).
Prevalence of UTI based on predisposing factors showed higher rate (73.3%) among those that
used toilet roll to clean up after defecation than those that used water (62.1%).Those that
practice the method of cleaning up from anus to vagina after defecation had higher rate of UTI
(68.8%) than those that clean up from vagina to anus (59.7%). However, the rate was not
statistically significant (p>0.05). Non-diabetic pregnant women had 63.7% prevalence of UTI while
diabetic pregnant women had (62.5%). Staphylococcus aureus account for 16.4% of UTI cases in
this study area. This was followed by Escherichia coli (10.9%), while the least implicated bacteria
was Klebsiella spp (10%). Klebsiella species was 63.6% susceptible and resistant to gentamicin and
amoxicillin respectively. Staphylococcus aureus was 94.4% susceptible and 44.4% resistance to
streptomycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole respectively. Escherichia coli had the highest
Multi-Drug Resistant in this study. Due to prevalence of UTI in this study area, it is essential to
screen pregnant women for UTI in order to avoid complications during child delivery.
Streptomycin was the drug of choice in treating the infection.
Keywords: Pregnancy; Prevalence; Bacterial UTI; Antibiotic Susceptibility; Multi-Drug Resistant
INTRODUCTION urinary tract infections (Guptaet al., 2001;
The urinary tract consists of the organs that Weekes, 2015).
collect and store urine and release it from Urinary tract infections have different
the body which include kidneys, bladder and presentations that range from symptomatic to
urethra (Ezeugoigwe et al., 2018). Different asymptomatic (Gunes et al., 2005).
types of microorganisms are able to invade this Asymptomatic bacteriuria is defined as the
tract and cause infection (UTI) (Gomi et al., presence of significant bacteriuria without the
2015). It is most often caused by bacteria, but symptoms of an acute UTI.Symptomatic UTIs
fungi and virus may also be implicated are divided into lower tract (acutecystitis) or
(Amdekar et al., 2011). Gram-negative bacteria upper tract (acute pyelonephritis) infections
cause 90% of bacterial UTI cases while Gram- (Schnarr and Smaill, 2008). Urinary tract
positive bacteria cause only 10% of the cases. infections during pregnancy are among the
The most frequent isolated bacteria is most common health problems worldwide,
Escherichia coli, accounting for 65%–90% of especially in developing counties (Dimetry et
al., 2007).

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 UJMR, Volume 6 Number 2, December, 2021, pp 87 - 95 ISSN: 2616 - 0668

In pregnant women, physiological and clinic to make enquiries on their social-

anatomical changes in the urinary tract, as well demographic factors, UTI predisposing factors
as immune system changes during pregnancy and symptoms.
increase the prevalence of asymptomatic Samples Collection
bacteriuria and in some cases lead to the Midstream urine samples were aseptically
symptomatic infection, resulting in serious risks collected from the pregnant women. Clean
for both mother and fetus. The risks include catch mid-stream urine was collected into a
nausea, vomiting, frequent urination, dysuria, properly labeled, sterile, wide necked, leak
premature birth and low birth weight. There proof, plastic universal containers and were
may also be cesarean delivery, processed immediately.
morphologicalabnormalities and infant Determination of Bacteriological Count
mortality (Emamghorashi et al., 2012). There is The collected urine was mixed aseptically, 1ml
a significant statistical correlation between UTI was transferred with sterile syringe serially into
and congenital retardation (McDermott, 2000). three bottles containing 9ml each of sterile
Increasing age, parity, diabetes, number of normal saline to make concentration of 10 -1, 10-
2
childbirths, number of intercourses per week, and 10-3, then 0.1ml from 10-3 was aseptically
sickle cell anemia, history of UTI, urinary tract transferred onto already prepared Nutrient
disorders and immune deficiency may increase Agar Media, evenly spread with sterile bent
the risk of UTI in pregnant women glass rod and incubated at 37°C aerobically for
(Counningham et al., 2005; Giraldo et al., 24 hours. After the incubation period, colonies
2011; Raza et al., 2011). on plates were counted using colony counter.
The emergence of antibiotic resistance in the Positive UTI were indicated by the presence of
management of UTIs is a serious public health 100,000 colony-forming units (CFU) per
issue. Particularly in the developing world milliliter in the culture of an appropriately
where there is high level ofpoverty, illiteracy collected MSU (mid-stream urine) (Harding et
and poor hygienic practices, there isalso high al., 2002).
prevalence of fake and spurious drugs of
questionable quality in circulation [Weekes, Interpretive Criteria
2015;Fagan, 2015).The easy availabilityin the Urine bacteriological count was grouped into
community without prescription and low cost two categories. Significant bacteriuria was
make the drugs subject to abuse (Manikandan, interpreted as >100,000 CFU/ml while non-
2011). Significant bacteriuria was interpreted as
This study will provide valuable information on <100,000 CFU/ml.
the prevalence of the etiology of UTIs in
pregnant women and help clinician in using Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus,
appropriate antibiotics for the management of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Species
the infection in the study area. A loop full from each urine sample was
streaked on already prepared Mannitol Salt
MATERIALS AND METHODS Agar, Eosin Methylene Blue Agar and MacConkey
Study Areaand Ethical Approval Agar plates. The plates were incubated at 370C
The study was carried out at antenatal clinic of for 24 hours. Golden yellow colonies on
Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Mannitol Salt Agar plates were suspected to be
Shika, Zaria-Nigeria, after obtaining ethical Staphylococcus aureus, colonies with bluish
approval from the Hospital Management with black and green metallic sheen on Eosin
NHREC NO. 10/12/2015, D-U-N-S NO.954524802 Methylene Blue Agar plates were suspected to
and ABUTH/HREC/UG/6. be Escherichia coli and while those with bright
pink and mucoid characteristics on MacConkey
Sample Size, Population and Inclusion Criteria agar were suspected to be Klebsiella spp. The
One hundred and ten (110) consented pregnant suspected isolates were aseptically sub-
women that are attending antenatal clinic were cultured into fresh MSA, EMB and MacConkey
recruited for the study. Urine (Mid-stream) agar respectively, then, incubated at 370C for
sample was collected from each of the 24 hours in order to obtain pure isolates.
pregnant woman. Thereafter, were inoculated into Nutrient Agar
Slants, incubated at 370C for 24 hours and kept
Administration of Questionnaire in the refrigerator for further analysis.
Standard questionnaires were administered to
the pregnant women attending the antenatal

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 UJMR, Volume 6 Number 2, December, 2021, pp 87 - 95 ISSN: 2616 - 0668

Biochemical Identification of the Suspected The plates were incubated at 370C for 24 hours,
Isolates after which zone of inhibitions were measured
Suspected Staphylococcus aureus that were in millimeter using transparent meter rule. The
positive for Catalase and Coagulase Tests were measurements were interpreted as susceptible,
confirmed to be Staphylococcus aureus. resistant or intermediate using guidelines from
Suspected Escherichia coli that were positive Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
for Indole and Methyl-Red tests, negative for (CLSI) 2018.
Voges-Proskauer and Citrate Utilization tests,
and with slant and butt to be yellow/yellow RESULTS
without H2S production but gas production in Out of 110 urine sample collected from the
Triple Sugar Iron utilization test are confirmed pregnant women, 70 (63.6%) of the women
to be Escherichia coli. The suspected colonies were found to be UTI positive (Figure 1).
of Klebsiella spp. that were positive for Indole, Urinary tract infection was found to be higher
Voges-Proskauer and Citrate Utilization tests among age group <18years (72.7%) while age
but negative for Methyl-Red test, and with slant group 18-34 years had the least prevalence
and butt to be yellow/yellow without H2S (60.8%)(Table 1). The prevalence of UTI was
production but gas production in Triple Sugar found to be higher in Second trimester (71.7%)
Iron utilization test are confirmed to be and least in Third trimester (57.5%) (Table 2).
Klebsiella spp. The prevalence of UTI was found to be highest
Preparation of MacFarland Standard in pregnant women with pain during urination
McFarland standard was prepared by mixing (75.0%) and least in pregnant women with
0.5ml of 1.175% barium chloride dehydrate lower back pain (50.0%)(Table 3).Table 4 shows
(BaCl2.2H2O with 9.95ml of 1% sulfuric acid the prevalence of UTI based on predisposing
(H2SO4) which gives a precipitate of barium factors; based onmaterials used to clean up
sulfate (turbidity) and this turbidity is the after defecation, pregnant women that used
reference to which a bacterialsuspension toilet roll after defecation for cleaning up
turbidity in normal saline was compared to, to highest UTI rate (73.3%) than those that use
give an approximate bacterial concentration of water. based on method used to clean up
1.5x108 CFU/ml (Colony forming unit per ml). positive after defecation, those that used
Standardization of Inoculum forward method had the highest rate (68.8%)
To standardize the inoculum, fresh loopful of than those that used backward method.
pure bacteria isolates were suspended into 5ml Staphylococcus aureus was found to be the
sterile normal saline and the turbidity highest isolated bacteria (16.4%) in the UTI
compared to that of 0.5 McFarland standards. cases, while Klebsiella spp was the least (10%)
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test implicated bacteria (Figure 2).
Disc agar diffusion method was employed in Table 5 shows percentage of isolates that were
determining the antibiotic susceptibility of the susceptible, intermediate and resistance to the
isolated microorganisms. The following antibiotics used. Approximately, 64% of
antibiotics discs were used; Chloramphenicol Klebsiella isolates were susceptible to each of
(30µg), Amoxicillin (30µg), Ciprofloxacin (10µg), gentamycin and streptomycin, while 54.5% of
Gentamicin (30µg), Streptomycin (30µg), them were resistance to chloramphenicol. Sixty
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (30µg), seven percent of the E. coli isolated was
Erythromycin (10µg) and Gentamicin (10µg). A resistance to each of trimethoprim-
sterile cotton swab was dipped into sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol and
standardized bacterial isolates suspension, the ciprofloxacin, and also 66.7% to gentamycin.
swab stick was pressedagainst the side of the Ninety four percent (94%) of Staphylococcus
test tube to get rid of excess inoculum after aureus were susceptible to streptomycin, while
which the swab stick was swabbed evenly 44.4% of them were resistance to trimethoprim-
across the entire surface of Mueller Hinton Agar sulfamethoxazole. Table6-8shows phenotypic
plates and the plates were allowed to dry. antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the isolated
Thereafter, antibiotic impregnated discs were bacteria. Isolates resistance to 3 or more
placed on the Mueller Hinton Agar plates antibiotics were considered to be multi-drug
containing the standardized inoculum using resistant. Escherichia colishowed the highest
sterile forceps. The discs were placed at least occurrence of Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR)
15mm from the edge of the plate and not isolates (66.7%), while Staphylococcus aureus
closer than 25mm from each other. The discs showed the least occurrence isolates (22.2%) of
ware firmly pressed down to ensure their MDR (Figure 3).
contact with the agar and allowed to diffuse.

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 UJMR, Volume 6 Number 2, December, 2021, pp 87 - 95 ISSN: 2616 - 0668

n = 110
36.4%
Negative
63. 6% Positive

Figure 1: Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection among Pregnant Women

attending ABU Teaching Hospital

Key: n = Number of Sample Collected

Table 1: Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection Based on Age Groups among Pregnant Women
attending ABU Teaching Hospital

Age group No. examined No. positive (%) No. negative (%)
(Years)
<18 11 8(72.7) 3(27.3)
18-34 74 45(60.8) 29(39.2)
≥35 25 17(68.0) 8(32.0)
Total 110 70(63.6) 40(36.4)
χ2=0.854; P- value =0.653

Table 2: Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection Based on Gestation Period among Pregnant Women
attending ABU Teaching Hospital
Gestation period No. examined No. positive (%) No. negative (%)
First trimester 24 14(58.3) 10(41.7)
Second trimester 46 33(71.7) 13(28.3)
Third trimester 40 23(57.5) 17(42.5)
Total 110 70(63.6) 40(36.4)
χ2=2.248; P-value=0.325
Table 3: Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection Based on Symptoms among Pregnant Women attending ABU
Teaching Hospital
Symptoms Number examined Number Number χ2 P-value
positive (%) negative (%)
Abnormal vaginal
discharge
Yes 26 17(65.4) 9(34.6) 0.45 0.832
No 84 53(63.1) 31(36.9)
Abdominal pain
Yes 37 24(64.9) 13(35.1)
No 73 46(63.0) 27(37.0) 0.36 0.849
Pain during
urination 12 9(75.0) 3(25.0)
Yes 98 61(62.2) 37(37.8) 0.752 0.386
No
Lower back pain
Yes 16 8(50.0) 8(50.0)
No 94 62(66.0) 32(34.0) 1.505 0.220

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 UJMR, Volume 6 Number 2, December, 2021, pp 87 - 95 ISSN: 2616 - 0668

Table 4: Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection Based on Predisposing Factors among Pregnant
Women attending ABU Teaching Hospital
Predisposing factors Number examined Number Number χ2P-value
positive (%) negative (%)
Material used to clean up
after defecation
Toilet roll 15 11(73.3) 4(26.7) 0.7060.401
Water 95 59(62.1) 36(37.9)
Method used to clean up
Anus to vagina 48 33(68.8) 15(31.2) 0.9620.327
Vagina to anus 62 37(59.7) 25(40.3)

Are you diabetic

Yes 8 5(62.5) 3(37.5) 0.945 *0.005
No 102 65(63.7) 37(36.3)
Key: *Statistically Associated

20
n = 110

15
Percentages

Klebsiella Spp.

16.4% Staphylococcus aureus

10 E. coli
10.9%
10%
5

Figure 2: Prevalence of Bacteria Associated with Urinary Tract Infections among Pregnant
Women attending ABU Teaching Hospital
Key: n = Number of Sample Collected

Table 5: Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Bacteria Associated with Urinary Tract Infections
among Pregnant Women attending ABU Teaching Hospital
Klebsiella spp Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus

S I R S I R S I R
Antibiotics n (%) n (%) n (%)
SXT - - - 4(33.3) 0(0) 8(66.7) 9(50) 1(5.6) 8(44.4)
CH 4(36.4) 1(9.1) 6(54.5) 4(33.3) 0(0) 8(66.7) - - -
CPX 6(54.5) 0(0) 5(45.5) 4(33.3) 0(0) 8(66.7) 13(72.2) 1(5.6) 4(22.2)
CN 7(63.6) 0(0) 4(36.4) 8(66.7) 0(0) 4(33.3) 14(77.8) 1(5.6) 3(16.7)
S 7(63.6) 0(0) 4(36.4) 6(50) 1(8.3) 5(41.7) 17(94.4) 0(0) 1(5.6)
E - - - - - - 8(44.4) 4(22.2) 6(33.3)
AM 3(27.3) 1(9.1) 7(63.6) - - - - - -

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Table 7: Phenotypic Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Escherichia coli

Isolate Susceptible Intermediate Resistance Multi-Drug
code Resistant(MDR)
PE1 SXT,CH,CPX,CN,S +
PE6 SXT,CH,CPX,CN,S +
PE8 SXT,CPX,CN,S CH -
PE14 CN,S CPX,CH,SXT +
PE15 SXT,CH,CN,CPX,S +
PE23 CN,S SXT,CH,CPX +
PE24 CN S CPX,CH,SXT +
PE25 S CN,CH,CPX,SXT +
PE73 CH,CPX,CN,S,SX -
T
PE92 CH,CPX,CN,SXT S -
PE99 CH,CN CPX,S,SXT +
PE102 S,CH,CN,CPX,SX -
T
Key: R=Resistance; I=Intermediate; S=Susceptible; CH=Chloramphenicol;
SXT=Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; CPX=Ciprofloxacin; CN=Gentamycin;
S=Streptomycin;

Table 8: Phenotypic Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Staphylococcus aureus

Isolate Susceptible Intermediate Resistance Multi-Drug Resistant(MDR)
code
PS1 SXT,E,CPX,CN,S -
PS2 SXT,CPX,CN,S E -
PS6 CN,S SXT,CPX,E +
PS7 CPX,CN,S SXT E -
PS11 CN,S,E SXT,CPX -
PS34 CN,S,CPX,SXT E -
PS37 CN,S,E SXT,CPX -
PS38 CN,S,CPX,SXT E -
PS73 S CN CPX,SXT,E +
PS74 CPX,CN,S E SXT -
PS75 S,CPX,CN,SXT E -
PS77 E,CPX,S SXT,CN -
PS78 S CPX SXT,CN,E +
PS79 CPX SXT,CN,E,S +
PS83 SXT,E,CPX,CN,S -
PS87 SXT,E,CPX,CN,S -
PS100 SXT,E,CPX,CN,S -
PS101 SXT,E,CPX,CN,S -
Key: R=Resistance; I=Intermediate; S=Susceptible; E=Erythromycin; SXT=
Trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole; CPX=Ciprofloxacin; CN=Gentamycin; S=Streptomycin;
90
77.8
80
66.7
Percentages

70
60 54.5
50 45.5
40 33.3 Non-MDR
30 22.2 MDR
20
10
0
Klebsiella spp Staphylococcus aureus E. coli

Figure 3: Occurrence of Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Urinary Tract

Infections
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DISCUSSION Prevalence of UTI was higher in pregnant

In this study, the prevalence of UTI was 64%. women that clean up from anus to vagina after
This rate is higher than the 31.6% recorded in defecation (68.8%) than those that cleaned up
Kano (Jido et al., 2006) and 14.6% in Mwanza, from vagina to anus (59.7%). This was nearly
Tanzania (Masinde et al., 2009). The higher similar with the one observed by Hala et al.
rate in our study could be due to the higher (2016) in Menoufia Governorate, where UTI
number of pregnant women sampled. It may prevalence was (50.7%) among those that
also be due to poor personal hygiene, cleaned up from vagina to anus.
difference in social-demographic factors, Prevalence of UTI was higher in pregnant
predisposing factors and alteration in vaginal women without diabetes (63.7%) than those
microflora which encourages vaginal with diabetes (62.5%). However, it's not
colonization with coliforms and this can result statistically significant (p> 0.05).This findings
to UTI (Kolawale et al., 2009). was in contrast to Majeda et al., (2016) where
Prevalence of UTI was higher among age group the prevalence was (10.9%) among non-diabetes
<18 years (72.7%) followed by ≥35 years (68.0%) pregnant women in Oman. This difference
and least in 18-34 years (60.8%). These findings could be due to higher number of pregnant
were in contrast to the one recorded against women without diabetes in the study.
age group 26-30 years (31.7%) in Abuja, Nigeria Staphylococcus aureus was more encountered
by Yunusa et al., (2015). The difference could among pregnant women with UTI (16.4%), this
be as a result of early teenage pregnancy or was followed by Esherichia coli (10.9%). The
may be as a result of higher sexual activities least encountered bacterium was Klebsiella spp
among this age group which in turn increased with 10% occurrence.
UTI risk. However, there was no association This trend is similar to the findings of Sanusi et
between the age groups and UTI (p>0.05). al., (2016) in terms of how higher their
Prevalence of UTI was higher among pregnant occurrence is in Maiduguri, where
women at 2ndtrimester (71.7%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and
those at 1st trimester (58.3%) and least was Klebsiella species were 9%, 5% and 2%
among pregnant women at the 3rd trimester respectively. However, these findings were in
(57.5%). This findings was in contrast to the one contrast to several studies conducted which
recorded in Abuja by Yunusa et al., (2015), showed that Escherichia coli were more
where UTI was higher in 1sttrimester (48.%) encountered in UTI than Staphylococcus aureus
than other trimesters, 3rd trimester (44.2%) and (Mohammad, 2013; Masinde et al., 2009;
2nd trimester (37.7%). The difference may be Dimetry et al., 2007). Presence of members of
due to the fact that most of the pregnant Enterobacteriaceae family such as Escherichia
women in our study area came for antenatal coli, Klebsiella spp means that the infection
care during Second trimester. was as a result of an increase in levels of amino
Prevalence of UTI was higher among pregnant acids and lactose during pregnancy that
women with abnormal vaginal discharge (65.4%) particularly encourages Escherichia coli growth.
than those without abnormal vaginal discharge It could also be due to infection by fecal
(63.1%). However, it was not statistically contamination due to poor hygiene (Obiogbolu
significant (p> 0.05).This findings was in et al., 2009). Nworie and Eze, (2010),
contrast to the one recorded in Maiduguri, attributed the high prevalence of
Nigeria by Sanusi et al., (2016), where Staphylococcal infection to poor hygiene.
prevalence was (31.5%) in those without Klebsiella species was 63.6% susceptible and
abnormal vaginal discharge. resistance to gentamicin and amoxicillin
Prevalence of UTI was higher among pregnant respectively. The percentage susceptibility was
women with abdominal pain (64.9%) than those similar to that of Sanusiet al., (2016) in
without abdominal pain (63.0%). However, Maiduguri, Nigeria, where he reported that
there was no statistical significant (p> 0.05). Klebsiellaspecieswere64% susceptible to
Prevalence of UTI was higher in pregnant gentamicin and the resistance to amoxicillin
women that used toilet roll to clean up after was in contrast where there was 10.5%
defecation (73.3%) than those that used water resistance of Klebsiella species to amoxicillin.
(62.1%). This could be as a result of the fact Escherichia coli were 66.7% susceptible and
that there would be remain of feaces when resistance to gentamicin and chloramphenicol
toilet roll is used. However, there was no respectively. The susceptibility outcome of E.
statistical association between material of coli was nearly similar to that of Sanusi et al.,
cleaning up and the infection. (2016) in Maiduguri, where they were 65%
susceptible to gentamicin (65%).

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 UJMR, Volume 6 Number 2, December, 2021, pp 87 - 95 ISSN: 2616 - 0668

Staphylococcus aureus was 94.4% susceptible toilet roll after defecation to minimize rate of
and 44.4% resistance to streptomycin and exposure to UTI. Pregnant women should be
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole respectively. advised to clean up from vagina to anus after
This was in contrast to Onoh et al., (2013) in defecation to minimize exposure to UTI. Health
Abakaliki, where the organism was 50% talks on preventive measures of the diseases
susceptible to streptomycin. associated with pregnancy should be often
Escherichia coli had the highest multi-drug provided. Specific guidelines should be set for
resistant isolates in this study, likewise as testing antimicrobial susceptibility.Early
reported to have higher resistance towards treatment reduces the likelihood of
different antimicrobials in Latin American and complications and costs of patient care.
Costa Rica, respectively (Gales et al., 2002;
Williams et al., 2003). ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We acknowledge the Health Research Ethics
CONCLUSION Committee of Ahmadu Bello University
Urinary tract infection is the most common Teaching Hospital, Shika-Zaria, Nigeria, for the
cause of admission in Obstetrics wards. The ethical approval given to carry out this
prevalence of UTI in this study was 64%. research. Also, we acknowledge the technical
Staphylococcus aureus had the highest assistance rendered by staff of Medical
occurrence rate (16.4%) followed by Escherichia Microbiology of same Institution during the
coli (10.9%) and Klebsiella spp (10%). course of the research.

RECOMMENDATION
Pregnant women and general public should be
advised to use water for cleanup instead of

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