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POLITEKNIK BHAKTIASIH PURWAKARTA
2023
Hindawi
Journal of Parasitology Research
Volume 2022, Article ID 9065425, 7 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9065425

Research Article
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasite Infections and
Associated Factors among Pregnant Women in
Northwest Ethiopia

Yibeltal Aschale ,1 Awoke Minwuyelet,2 Tadesse Yirga Akalu,3 and Asmare

Talie4
1
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre
Markos, Ethiopia
2
Medical Parasitologist, Bichena Primary Hospital, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
3
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre
Markos, Ethiopia
4
Department of Midwifery, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia

Correspondence should be addressed to Yibeltal Aschale; [email protected]

Received 21 December 2021; Revised 20 April 2022; Accepted 29 April 2022; Published 9 May 2022

Academic Editor: Eric Agola Lelo

Copyright © 2022 Yibeltal Aschale et al. This is an open access article distributed under the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Background. Intestinal parasite infections are among the most common infections
worldwide. They pose a high burden in pregnant women in developing countries causing
maternal anemia, low birth weight, and prenatal mortality. This study is aimed at assessing
intestinal parasite infection prevalence, species diversity, and associated factors among
pregnant women. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among
pregnant women in Debre Elias district from March 2021 to July 2021. Three hundred
sixty-three study participants meeting the inclusion criteria were enrolled for the study,
and all submitted the required amount and quality of stool specimen. Immediately after
collection, macroscopic (gross) and microscopic (saline wet mount) examination of stool
sample was performed to detect and identify intestinal parasites. The generated data were
checked for completeness, coded, entered, and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 (SPSS
Inc., Chicago, 2011) software. Binary logistic regression was applied to show significant
association between dependent and independent variables. Statistically significant
association was declared at a P value of < 0.05. Result. Of the study participants screened
for intestinal parasite, 43.5% (158/363) were infected with at least one intestinal parasite.
From the total positives, 40.5% (147/363) were mono and 3.0% (11/363) were double
 infections. Five intestinal parasite species were recorded, of which hookworm was the
predominant, (65.2%, 103/158) followed by E. histolytica/dispar (12.7%, 20/158) and G.
lamblia (11.4%, 18/158). Ascaris lumbricoides and Taenia species comprised the least
percentage (1.9%, 3/158 each). Source of drinking water and occupation were identified as
significant factors associated with intestinal parasite infection. Farmer pregnant women
were 6.41 times (AOR = 6:41, 95% CI: 1.05-39.16; P = 0:034) more likely to be infected by
intestinal parasites than their counterparts. Pregnant women who drank tape water were 0.52
times less (AOR = 0:52, 95% CI: 0.30-0.88; P = 0:017) likely to be infected by intestinal
parasites. Conclusion. Intestinal parasite infections remained a serious health burden to
pregnant women in the study area with the dominance of a hematophagous worm
(hookworm). Community-based intestinal parasite screening and treatment are essential to alleviate the
burden caused by intestinal parasite infections.

1. Background ing condition, poor waste disposal systems, and

lack of safe water supply [2, 3].
Intestinal parasitic infections caused by
Epidemiological evidence suggested that an
pathogenic helminth and protozoan species are
estimated two billion people in the world were
prevalent in the world, mainly in developing
infected with intestinal parasites caused by
countries [1]. They are highly prevalent among
helminth and protozoa [4]. These infections are
the poor sections of the population due to
responsible for iron deficiency ane- mia,
poverty, poor liv-
vitamin deficiency, and severe chronic diarrhea
[5,
2 Journal of Parasitology Research

In sub-Saharan African countries, 200-250 million people cies diversity, and associated factors of intestinal parasite
are infected with at least one or more species of intestinal infection.
nematodes [7].
According to WHO 2006 report, schoolchildren, women 2.3. Study Population Characteristics and Sampling
aged 15-49, and pregnant women are more susceptible to Techniques. Three kebeles (the smallest administrative
IPIs [8]. Intestinal parasites during pregnancy, if left unit in Ethiopia) were selected using the lottery
untreated, cause a great burden on the mother, growing method from the district. Determination and allocation
fetus, and newborn. They can lead to maternal anemia, of the proportional sample size for each selected kebele
nutritional deficiencies, immune suppression, and organ were made based on the updated number of pregnant
blockages [9]. Globally, hookworm, A. lumbricoides, and T. women found at the health extension worker’s registry
trichuria are the three commonest helminth infections, and in each kebele health post. The required sample size was
E. histoly- tica/dispar and G. lamblia are common estimated by using single popula- tion proportion
protozoan infections among pregnant women [10, 11]. formula taking intestinal parasite prevalence of 31.3%
The degree of severity of intestinal parasite infections [17] assuming a 95% confidence level, 5% margin of error.
depends on parasite factors (parasite strain, parasite load, Finally, 363 study participants meeting the inclusion
and specific tissue/organ affected), host factors (age, nutri- criteria were selected using systematic random sampling.
tional and immunological status, general health, and Participants who were conscious, able to give a stool
coexist- ing disease), and socioeconomic factors. Therefore, sample, and those not on antiparasitic medication were
it is difficult to evaluate the burden caused by intestinal included, and those with severe medical conditions were
parasitic infections as so many infections are asymptomatic excluded.
and therefore remain undetected [2]. The most important
chal- lenge of IPI is that about 90% of infected individuals 2.4. Data Collection and Laboratory Methods
remain asymptomatic at diagnosis [12].
Intestinal parasite magnitude in Ethiopia is high due to 2.4.1. Sociodemographic Data Collection. A
favorable temperature and humidity, environmental and semistructured questionnaire that addresses all
sociocultural practices, and poverty [13]. There was a high sociodemographic data and the risk factors around was
prevalence of helminthic infection in the lower altitudes, developed in the English version. It was then translated
and Ascaris lumbricoides is the most predominant intestinal into the local language of the area (Amharic). Finally,
parasite in different localities occurring together with Tri- the interview was conducted by trained data collectors.
churis and hookworm [14–16]. Although several studies
have been carried out and intervention methods are applied 2.4.2. Stool Sample Collection, Processing, and
to control and prevent IPI in Ethiopia, information on the Examination. A single stool specimen of about 5-7 g
prevalence and distribution of intestinal parasites among was collected into a dry, clean, and leak-proof plastic
pregnant women is inadequate and not updated periodically. stool-cup (30 ml capacity) container after appropriate
This study is aimed at assessing intestinal parasite infection instruction. Stool samples were transported to the nearby
prevalence and associated factors among pregnant women. health center laboratory. Gross examination (quantity,
color, consistency, appearance, and presence of intact
2. Material and Methods worm and/or tapeworm segment) was performed before
the microscopic procedure. Each stool specimen was
2.1. Study Area. The study was conducted among pregnant examined using wet mount preparations fol- lowing
women in the Debre Elias district, Northwest Ethiopia, standard operating procedures to keep the quality of
which is located approximately 42 km southwest of the East the result. A standard (not too thin and thick) fecal smear
Gojjam Zone capital city, Debre Markos, 248 km far from was prepared on the microscopic slide using 0.85%
Bahir Dar, capital of Amhara regional state, and 340 km far physio- logical saline. The smear was covered with a 22 by
from Addis Ababa. It has a total of 17 kebeles of which 16 22 mm cover slip. Then, the entire area was examined
are rural and one is urban. The district is the source of under a com- pound microscope using 10 and 40 times
wheat which is the main source of food and industrial input. objectives [18]. Finally, the result was recorded in a
The district is divided into two major agroecological zones. reporting sheet prepared for data recording.
The moist midaltitude (Woynadega) comprises 91% of the
dis- trict (2100-2300 meters above sea level), and the warm 2.4.3. Data Quality Control. The stool specimen
moist land (Kolla) comprises 9% of the Woreda (1500-2100 was col- lected using a dry, clean, and leak-proof plastic
meters above sea level). The average annual temperature is stool-cup. The purity of stool collection cups and
14.9°C. There are four health centers rendering services for applicator sticks were checked visually. All smear
inhabi- tants of the district. preparations of the participants were checked by two
laboratory personnel for confirmation of the result. If
2.2. Study Design and Period. A community-based cross- there was disagreement between two observers, the third
sectional study was conducted among pregnant women laboratory personnel checked the result.
from March 2021 to July 2021 to assess the prevalence,
spe- 2.4.4. Data Analysis and Interpretation. Data
were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0
(SPSS Inc., Chicago, 2011) software. Then, the study
findings were explained in words, tables, and graphs.
Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used
Journal of Parasitology 3
for statistical analysis to mea- sure the significant
Research
association between the outcome and
4 Journal of Parasitology Research

TABlE 1: Sociodemographic profile of pregnant women at Debre Elias district, March 2021 to
July 2021.

Variables Category Frequency Percentage

(n) (%)
17-29
30-34 204 56.2
Age group 98 26.9
35-39 55 15.2
40 & above 6 1.7
Unable to read and write 217 59.8
Read and write
Educational status 60 16.5
Primary school 69 19
Secondary school 17 4.7
Farmer 266 73.3
Merchant
Occupation 59 16.2
Housewife 32 8.8
Government employee 6 1.7
Yes
Have shoes 347 95.6
No 16 4.4
Tape 175 48.2
Spring
Source of water 102 28.1
Well 65 17.9
River 21 5.8
Primigravida 83 22.9
Gravida
Multigravida 280 77.1
First 53 14.6
Trimester Second 248 68.3
Third 62 17.1

independent variables. P value < 0.05 was 3. Result

considered as statistically significant.
3.1. Characteristics of Study Participants. A total of
363 par- ticipants were included in this study, of which
2.4.5. Ethical Consideration. The study was carried out
56.2% (204/ 363) were in the age group 17-29 years
after ethical approval (Ref No.:
old, and 73.3% (266/363) were farmers. The majorities
HSC/R/C/Ser/Co/230/11/13) is obtained from the
(77.1%, 280/363) were multigravida, and 68.3%
Research and Ethics Committee of Health Science
(248/363) were in the second trimester (Table 1).
College, Debre Markos University. Informed written
consent was obtained from the study participants
following an explanation of the objective of the study.
For participants below the legal age, formal verbal
consent was obtained from their parent/guardian. Stool
examination was performed free of charge.
Participants who were positive for intestinal para- site
were linked to health center to have timely treatment.

2.4.6. Operational Definitions. Multigravida: this

refers to a woman who has been pregnant for at least
a second time.
Primigravida: this refers to a woman who is
pregnant for the first time.
Journal of Parasitology 5
3.2. Prevalence of
Research Intestinal Parasites. The
prevalence of at least one intestinal parasite was
43.5% (158/363) (95% CI: 38.3-48.2). Two
species of protozoa and three species of hel-
minths were identified. Of these five intestinal
parasites identified, hookworm was the
predominant (28.4%, 103/ 363) followed by E.
histolytica (5.5%, 20/363) and G. lamblia (5.0%,
18/363). The ratio of protozoa to helminth
infection was approximately 1 : 2.9. Of the total
infections, 40.5% (147/363) were single infections
and 3.0% (11/363) were mixed infections. All
mixed infections were double infec- tions. The
highest case of double infection was noticed in
hookworm and E. histolytica/dispar (5 cases)
followed by hookworm and Taenia species (4
cases) (Table 2).

3.3. The Relative Proportion of Intestinal

Parasites. Among the positive cases identified,
hookworm was the predomi- nant (65.2%,
103/158) of all intestinal parasites identified
followed by E. histolytica/dispar (12.7%, 20/158)
and G. lam- blia (11.4%, 18/158). Ascaris
lumbricoides and Taenia species constituted the
least percentage (1.9%, 3/158 each). Coinfec-
tions that are double constituted 6.9% (11/158)
(Figure 1).

3.4. Factors Associated with Intestinal Parasitic

Infection. Assessment of factors generally showed
that occupation and source of drinking water were
significantly associated with IPI (P < 0:05).
Pregnant women who were farmers were
6.41 times (AOR = 6:41, 95% CI: 1.05-39.16) more
likely to be infected by intestinal parasites than
others, and pregnant
6 Journal of Parasitology Research

TABlE 2: Prevalence of intestinal parasites among pregnant women in Debre Elias district, Northwest Ethiopia, March 2021
to July 2021.

Parasite species Frequency Percentage

(N) (%)
Entamoeba histolytica/dispar 20 5.5%
Giardia lamblia 18 5.0%
Hookworm
Monoinfection 103 28.4%
Ascaris lumbricoides 3 0.80%
Taenia species 3 0.80%
Total 147 40.5%
Hookworm+Taenia species 4 1.1%
Hookworm+E. histolytica/dispar 5 1.4%
Double infection
Hookworm+Giardia lamblia 2 0.5%
Total 11 3.0%
Overall total 158 43.5%
N.B: both single and mixed infections were considered to calculate the prevalence.

1.9 1.9
% child bearing age group are commonly affected by both
%
6.9 pro- tozoan and helminthic parasites. According to a
% 11.4 recently published review report done by Chelkeba et al.,
% the overall prevalence of IPI was 29%, hookworm being the
predomi- nant isolate followed by A. lumbricoides and E.
histolytica [19]. Another most recent review also revealed
12.7 the pooled prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection to be
%
27.3%. Hookworm and Ascaris lumbricoides have been the
most prevalent parasite species [20]. These two reviews
reported that Oromia and Amhara regions had the highest
prevalence of intestinal parasites in pregnant women
65.2 compared to others.
% In the present study, the overall prevalence of at least
one intestinal parasite was 43.5% as examined by the
direct wet mount method. Five intestinal parasite species
Species keys were identified; hookworm (28.4%), E. histolytica/dispar
A.lumbricoides E.histolytica/dispar (5.5%), G. lamblia (5.0%), Taenia species (0.8%), and A.
Taenia species Hookworm lumbricoides (0.8%). Mixed infection was noted accounting
G.lamblia Co-infections for 3.0% of parasitic infections. Among the positive cases,
hookworm was found to be the predominant intestinal
FigurE 1: Relative proportion of intestinal parasites among parasite identified (65.2%) followed by E. histolytica/dispar
pregnant women in Debre Elias District, March 2021-July 2021.
(12.7%) and G. lamblia (11.4%). A. lumbricoides and Tae-
nia species accounted for the least percentage (1.9% each).
This finding is in line with a study done in Hawassa,
women who were housewives were 8.84 times (AOR = 8:84, Southern Ethiopia, with an overall intestinal parasitic
95% CI: 1.29-60.28) more likely to be infected by intestinal infection rate of 45.9%, A. lumbricoides being the predom-
parasites. Pregnant women who drank tape water were inant isolate followed by S.mansoni [21]. The present find-
0.52 times less (AOR = 0:52, 95% CI: 0.30-0.88) likely to be ing was also supported by a study conducted by Bolka and
infected by intestinal parasites. No significant association Gebremedhin (38.7%), A. lumbricoides, hookworm, G.
was observed between IPI and educational status, frequency lamblia, and E. histolytica being the predominant parasitic
of shoe wear, trimester, and gravidity (P > 0:05) (Table 3). species isolated [22], and Abraham et a. (43.8%) with the
predominance of hookworm and A. lumbricoides [23]. A
4. Discussion study conducted in West Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethio-
pia, also reported an overall intestinal parasite prevalence
In Ethiopia, health care coverage to combat infectious dis- of 37.3%, hookworm being the leading cause of IPI
eases is minimal. Hence, the burden of intestinal parasitosis followed by E. histolytica/dispar and G. lamblia [24].
and other neglected parasitic diseases has been continued. In contrast, this finding is lower than a study done at
Intestinal parasitosis continued to be the major public health Yifag Health Center, Northwest Ethiopia, with an intestinal
concern causing substantial illness and death. Women of parasite prevalence of 53.4% among pregnant women.
the
Journal of Parasitology 7
Research
TABlE 3: Bivariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated with intestinal parasites among pregnant women at Debre Elias district,
March 2021 to July 2021.

Result
Variables Category P value
Positive Negative COR (95% CI) AOR (95% CI)
Unable to read & write 112 105 0.52 (0.18-1.43) 0.37 (0.12-1.13) 0.08
Read & write
Educational status 19 41 1.18 (0.38-3.66) 1.04 (0.32-3.39) 0.95
Primary school 21 48 1.25 (0.41-3.82) 0.86 (0.26-2.83) 0.81
Secondary school 6 11 1.00 1.00
Farmer 119 147 2.47 (0.45-13.72) 6.41 (1.05-39.16) 0.034∗
Merchant
Occupation 26 33 2.54 (0.43-14.95) 4.62 (0.73-29.26) 0.104
Housewife 9 23 5.11 (0.79-32.97) 8.84 (1.29-60.28) 0.026∗
Government employ 4 2 1.00 1.00
Tape 64 111 0.55 (0.34-0.91) 0.52 (0.30-0.88) 0.017∗
Spring
Source of water 52 50 1.05 (0.41-2.70) 0.77 (0.29-2.05) 0.60
River 11 10 1.20 (0.45-3.23) 0.80 (0.28-2.28) 0.68
Well 31 34 1.00 1.00
Yes
Shoe wearing habit 151 196 1.00 1.00
No 7 9 1.01 (0.37-2.77)
Always 81 133 1.00 1.00
Frequency of shoe use Sometimes 68 60 0.54 (0.34-0.84) 0.70 (0.42-1.19) 0.19
Never 2 3 0.91 (0.15-5.58) 0.78 (0.12-5.04) 0.79
Primigravida 32 51 1.00 1.00
Gravida
Multigravida 126 154 0.77 (0.46-1.26) 0.99 (0.50-1.98) 0.99
First 25 28 0.81 (0.39-1.69) 0.72 (0.32-1.59) 0.41
Trimester Second 107 141 0.95 (0.54-1.67) 1.05 (0.57-1.93) 0.88
Third 26 36 1.00 1.00
∗
Statistically significant; AOR: adjusted odds ratio; COR: crude odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.

Taenia species, G. lamblia, E. histolytica/dispar, hookworms, use of only saline wet mount to detect intestinal parasites
A. lumbricoides, S. mansoni, H. nana, S. stercoralis, and E. might underestimate the prevalence of intestinal parasites.
vermicularis were the identified intestinal parasites in the
decreasing order of proportion [25]. As reported by Derso 4.2. Conclusion and Recommendation. This study demon-
et al., the present study was higher than a study conducted strated that the prevalence of at least one intestinal parasite
in Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital (31.5%) with a predomi- among pregnant women was 43.5%, and hookworm was
nance of G. lamblia followed by E. histolytica and hookworm found to be the predominant intestinal parasite followed by
[26]. The variation in prevalence of intestinal parasites E. histolytica/dispar and G. lamblia. Prevalence of intestinal
might be due to differences in geographical location, climatic parasitic infection was significantly associated with occupation
condi- tion, hygienic practice, shoes wearing habits, and and source of drinking water. This magnitude highlights the
level of awareness. need for control programs. Appropriate intervention mea-
Regression analysis of potential factors revealed that the sures targeting pregnant women should be implemented to
source of drinking water and occupation (being a farmer) of prevent the burden inflicted by intestinal parasite infection
pregnant women had statistically significant association and associated morbidities. Community-based intestinal
with intestinal parasite infection (P < 0:05). The present parasite screening and treatment and improvement of envi-
finding was supported by Hailu et al. [24] and Yesuf et ronmental sanitation practice are highly recommended
al. [23] who reported occupation (being farmer) as a which can be achieved by the involvement of health
significantly associated factor for IPIs. Eating raw extension workers and/or other health care providers,
vegetables and raw meat and having poor personal hygiene community, and religious leaders. Pregnant women should
were also reported be encouraged to have uninterrupted antenatal care (ANC)
previously to be associated factors of intestinal parasitic visits and checked for any intestinal parasite regardless of
infections [25]. signs and symptoms.

4.1. Strength and Limitations of the Study. This study was a Abbreviations
community-based study which can be representative and
esti- mate the actual prevalence of intestinal parasites. IPI: Intestinal parasite infection
However, WHO: World Health Organization.
8 Journal of Parasitology Research

Data Availability
[5] World Health Organization, “Control of
The data sets used and/or analyzed during the current study neurocysticercosis: report by the secretariat,” in 56th
are available from the corresponding author upon reason- World Health Assembly, World Health Organization,
able request. Geneva, 2012.
[6] K. N. Opara, N. I. Udoidung, D. C. Opara, O. E. Okon,
Ethical Approval E. U. Edosomwan, and A. J. Udoh, “The impact of
intestinal para- sitic infections on the nutritional status
The study was carried out after ethical approval (Ref No.: of rural and urban school-aged children in Nigeria,”
HSC/R/C/Ser/Co/230/11/13) is obtained from the Research International Journal of MCH and AIDS, vol. 1, no. 1,
and Ethics Committee of Health Science College, Debre pp. 73–82, 2012.
Markos University.
[7] A. Hall and M. Chan, “Intestinal worms: strategies to
control disease,” Africa Health, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 23–
Consent
26, 1994.
Informed written consent was obtained from the study par- [8] World Health Organization, Preventive chemotherapy
ticipants following an explanation of the objective of the in human helminthiasis. Coordinated use of
study. For participants below the legal age, formal verbal con- anthelminthic drugs in control interventions: a manual
sent was obtained from their parent/guardian. Stool exami- for health professionals and program managers,
nation was performed free of charge. Participants who were World Health Organization, 2006.
positive for intestinal parasite were linked to health center [9] A. D. Blackwell, “Helminth infection during
to have treatment. pregnancy: insights from evolutionary ecology,”
International Journal of Women's Health, vol. 8, pp.
Conflicts of Interest 651–661, 2016.
The authors declared that they have no conflict of interests. [10] A. Taghipour, S. Ghodsian, M. Jabbari, M. Olfatifar, A.
Abdoli, and F. Ghaffarifar, “Global prevalence of
Authors’ Contributions intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk
factors in pregnant women: a systematic review and
YA conceived the study and was involved in data collec- meta-analysis,” Transactions of The Royal Society of
tion, data analysis, interpretation, and drafting of the man- Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 115, no. 5, pp.
uscript. AM, AT, and TY were involved in data analysis 457–470, 2021.
and quality assessment. All authors reviewed and approved [11] R. Haque, “Human intestinal parasites,” Journal of
the manuscript.
Health, Population, and Nutrition, vol. 25, no. 4, p.
387, 2007.
Acknowledgments
[12] J. Rice, S. A. Skull, C. Pearce, N. Mulholland, G.
We authors would like to acknowledge Debre Markos Davie, and
University for funding the research. We are grateful to data J. Carapetis, “Screening for intestinal parasites in
collectors, supervisors, and study participants involved in recently arrived children from East Africa,” Journal of
this study. Our appreciation also goes to Debre Elias district Pediatrics and Child Health, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 456–
Health Office and Health Center focal persons for 459, 2003.
facilitation. [13] World Health Organization, Prevention and Control of
Intesti- nal Parasitic Infections, WHO Technical
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Journal of Parasitology 1
Research 1

HASIL ANALISIS JURNAL

A. JURNAL IDENTITAS
Judul Jurnal : Prevalensi Infeksi Parasit Usus dan Terkait Faktor-faktor di
antara Wanita Hamil di Ethiopia Barat Laut
Penulis : Yibeltal Aschale,1 Bangun Minwuyelet,2 Tadesse Yirga
Akalu,3 dan Asmare Talie
Tahun Terbit : 2022
Halaman : 10
Negara : Ethiopia Barat Laut
Nama Jurnal : Journal of Parasitology Research Kata kunci :
Link Jurnal :
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2022/9065425/

B. ISI JURNAL
1. Pendahuluan
Infeksi parasit usus yang disebabkan oleh cacing patogen dan spesies protozoa
banyak terjadi di dunia, terutama di negara berkembang. Mereka sangat lazim di
antara kondisi buruk, sistem pembuangan limbah yang buruk, dan kurangnya pasokan
air bersih. Bukti epidemiologi menunjukkan bahwa diperkirakan dua miliar orang di
dunia terinfeksi parasit usus yang disebabkan oleh cacing dan protozoa. Infeksi ini
bertanggung jawab atas anemia bagian populasi yang miskin karena kemiskinan,
kehidupan yang menyebabkan defisiensi besi, defisiensi vitamin, dan diare kronis
yang parah Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk eksplorasi keyakinan bidan tentang sejauh
mana dan batasan-batasan dalam menggunakan hak hukum mereka untuk melakukan
perlawanan terhadap aborsi atas dasar keyakinan pribadi, serta untuk memahami
pandangan dan pengalaman bidan terkait dengan perlawanan terhadap aborsi.
1 Journal of Parasitology Research
2

2. Metode Penelitian
Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pengumpulan
Data Sosiodemografi. Kuesioner semi terstruktur yang membahas semua data
sosiodemografi dan faktor risiko di sekitarnya dikembangkan dalam versi bahasa
Inggris.

3. Hasil Penelitian
1. Karakteristik Peserta Studi. Sebanyak 363 peserta dilibatkan dalam penelitian
ini, dimana 56,2% (204/363) berada pada kelompok umur 17-29 tahun, dan
73,3% (266/363) adalah petani. Mayoritas (77,1%, 280/363) adalah
multigravida, dan 68,3% (248/363) berada pada trimester kedua
2. Prevalensi Parasit Usus. Prevalensi setidaknya satu parasit usus adalah 43,5%
(158/363) (95% CI: 38,3-48,2). Dua spesies protozoa dan tiga spesies cacing
diidentifikasi. Dari lima parasit usus yang teridentifikasi, cacing tambang adalah
yang dominan (28,4%, 103/363) diikuti oleh E. histolytica (5,5%, 20/363) dan G.
lamblia (5,0%, 18/363). Rasio infeksi protozoa terhadap cacing kira-kira 1 : 2,9.
Dari total infeksi, 40,5% (147/363) merupakan infeksi tunggal dan 3,0% (11/363)
merupakan infeksi campuran. Semua infeksi campuran adalah infeksi ganda. Kasus
infeksi ganda tertinggi ditemukan pada cacing tambang dan E. histolytica/dispar (5
kasus) diikuti oleh spesies cacing tambang dan Taenia (4 kasus)
3. Proporsi Relatif Parasit Usus. Di antara kasus positif yang diidentifikasi, cacing
tambang adalah predominan (65,2%, 103/158) dari semua parasit usus yang
diidentifikasi diikuti oleh E. histolytica/ dispar (12,7%, 20/158) dan G. lam blia
(11,4%, 18/ 158). Spesies Ascaris lumbricoides dan Taenia merupakan persentase
paling kecil (masing-masing 1,9%, 3/158). Koinfeksi ganda merupakan 6,9%
(11/158)
4. Faktor-faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Infeksi Parasit Usus. Penilaian faktor
secara umum menunjukkan bahwa pekerjaan dan sumber air minum berhubungan
signifikan dengan IPI (P < 0:05). Ibu hamil yang menjadi petani 6,41 kali (AOR =
6:41, 95% CI: 1,05-39,16) lebih mungkin terinfeksi parasit usus daripada yang lain,
dan hamil
Journal of Parasitology 1
Research 3

C. KESIMPULAN
Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi setidaknya satu parasit usus di antara wanita
hamil adalah 43,5%, dan cacing tambang ditemukan sebagai parasit usus yang dominan
diikuti oleh E. histolytica/dispar dan G. lamblia. Prevalensi infeksi parasit usus
berhubungan bermakna dengan pekerjaan dan sumber air minum. Besaran ini menyoroti
perlunya program pengendalian. Tindakan intervensi yang tepat yang menargetkan ibu
hamil harus dilaksanakan untuk mencegah beban yang ditimbulkan oleh infeksi parasit usus
dan morbiditas terkait. Penapisan dan pengobatan parasit usus berbasis masyarakat dan
peningkatan praktik sanitasi lingkungan sangat dianjurkan yang dapat dicapai dengan
melibatkan penyuluh kesehatan dan/atau penyedia layanan kesehatan lainnya, masyarakat,
dan tokoh agama. Wanita hamil harus didorong untuk melakukan kunjungan perawatan
antenatal (ANC) tanpa gangguan dan memeriksa parasit usus apapun tanda dan gejalanya.