Iso TS 07849-1-2009

TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 7849-1
First edition
2009-03-15
Acoustics — Determination of airborne

sound power levels emitted by machinery
using vibration measurement —
Part 1:
Survey method using a fixed radiation
factor
Acoustique — Détermination des niveaux de puissance acoustique
aériens émis par les machines par mesurage des vibrations —
Partie 1: Méthode de contrôle employant un facteur de rayonnement
fixe
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Reference number
ISO/TS 7849-1:2009(E)
Copyright International Organization for Standardization © ISO 2009

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ISO/TS 7849-1:2009(E)
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ii
Copyright International Organization for Standardization © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
ISO/TS 7849-1:2009(E)
Contents Page
Foreword............................................................................................................................................................ iv
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ v
1 Scope ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Normative references ........................................................................................................................... 1
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3 Terms and definitions........................................................................................................................... 2

4 Principle ................................................................................................................................................. 4
5 Measuring instrumentation.................................................................................................................. 5
5.1 General................................................................................................................................................... 5
5.2 Vibration transducer............................................................................................................................. 5
5.3 Non-contacting transducers ................................................................................................................ 5
5.4 Amplifier ................................................................................................................................................ 6
5.5 Integrator ............................................................................................................................................... 6
5.6 Calibration ............................................................................................................................................. 6
6 Installation and operation of source under test ................................................................................ 6
6.1 General................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.2 Description of the machine.................................................................................................................. 7
6.3 Installation ............................................................................................................................................. 7
6.4 Operating conditions............................................................................................................................ 7
7 Determination of the vibratory velocity on the vibrating measurement surface ........................... 7
7.1 General................................................................................................................................................... 7
7.2 Vibrating measurement surface .......................................................................................................... 7
7.3 Number of measurement positions .................................................................................................... 8
7.4 Environmental conditions.................................................................................................................... 8
7.5 Measurement procedure ...................................................................................................................... 9
7.6 Mounting of the vibration transducer ................................................................................................. 9
8 Calculations........................................................................................................................................... 9
8.1 Correction for extraneous vibratory velocity..................................................................................... 9
8.2 Determination of the mean A-weighted vibratory velocity level on the vibrating
measurement surface......................................................................................................................... 10
8.3 Calculation of the upper limit of the A-weighted airborne sound power level caused by
radiation of structure vibration generated sound ........................................................................... 11
9 Measurement uncertainty .................................................................................................................. 11
10 Information to be recorded ................................................................................................................ 13
10.1 Machine under test ............................................................................................................................. 13
10.2 Measurement conditions ................................................................................................................... 13
10.3 Measuring instrumentation................................................................................................................ 13
10.4 Acoustical data ................................................................................................................................... 13
Annex A (informative) Use of the vibration transducer................................................................................ 14
Annex B (informative) Guidance on the development of information on measurement uncertainty...... 16
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 19
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved

Copyright International Organization for Standardization iii
ISO/TS 7849-1:2009(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
In other circumstances, particularly when there is an urgent market requirement for such documents, a
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technical committee may decide to publish other types of document:
⎯ an ISO Publicly Available Specification (ISO/PAS) represents an agreement between technical experts in
an ISO working group and is accepted for publication if it is approved by more than 50 % of the members
of the parent committee casting a vote;
⎯ an ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) represents an agreement between the members of a technical
committee and is accepted for publication if it is approved by 2/3 of the members of the committee casting
a vote.
An ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is reviewed after three years in order to decide whether it will be confirmed for a
further three years, revised to become an International Standard, or withdrawn. If the ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is
confirmed, it is reviewed again after a further three years, at which time it must either be transformed into an
International Standard or be withdrawn.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/TS 7849-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 43, Acoustics, Subcommittee SC 1, Noise.
This first edition of ISO/TS 7849-1, together with ISO/TS 7849-2, cancel and replace the first edition of
ISO/TR 7849:1987, which has been technically revised.
ISO/TS 7849 consists of the following parts, under the general title Acoustics — Determination of airborne
sound power levels emitted by machinery using vibration measurement:
⎯ Part 1: Survey method using a fixed radiation factor
⎯ Part 2: Engineering method including determination of the adequate radiation factor
The following part is under preparation:
⎯ Part 3: Amplitude and phase measurements
iv
ISO/TS 7849-1:2009(E)
Introduction
This part of ISO/TS 7849 gives a procedure for the determination of the sound power of the airborne noise
caused by machinery vibration.
The determination of airborne noise emission of a machine by measuring vibration of the machine's outer
surface may be of interest when:
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⎯ undesired background noise (e.g. noise from other machines or sound reflected by room boundaries) is
high compared with the noise radiated directly by the machine under test;
⎯ noise radiated by structure vibration is to be separated from noise of aerodynamic origin;
⎯ noise radiated by structure vibration is high compared to the aerodynamic component so that the total
noise radiation is predominantly affected by the structure vibration;
⎯ sound intensity measurement techniques [ISO 9614 (all parts)[12]] cannot easily be applied;
⎯ structure vibration generated noise from only a part of a machine, or from a component of a machine set,
is to be determined in the presence of noise from the other parts of the whole machine.
ISO/TS 7849 (all parts) describes methods for the determination of the airborne noise emission of a machine
caused by vibration of its outer surface, expressed by the associated A-weighted airborne sound power being
related to normalized meteorological conditions. This airborne sound power is determined under the
assumption that this quantity is proportional to the mean square value of the normal component of the velocity
averaged over the area of the vibrating outer surface of the machine, and is directly proportional to the area of
the vibrating surface.
The calculation of the airborne sound power needs data of the radiation factor in principle. For this part of
ISO/TS 7849 a radiation factor of 1 is assumed allowing the determination of an upper limit for the radiated
A-weighted sound power level. For typical machines this upper limit may exceed the true A-weighted sound
power level determined by the intensity procedure of ISO 9614 (all parts)[12] by up to 10 dB. The A-weighted
sound power level determined according to this part of ISO/TS 7849 can be used for sound power level
comparison of relevant vibrating machinery noise of the same family with similar design.

Copyright International Organization for Standardization v
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Copyright International Organization for Standardization

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 7849-1:2009(E)
Acoustics — Determination of airborne sound power levels

emitted by machinery using vibration measurement —
Part 1:
Survey method using a fixed radiation factor
1 Scope
This part of ISO/TS 7849 gives basic requirements for reproducible methods for the determination of an upper
limit for the A-weighted sound power level of the noise emitted by machinery or equipment by using surface
vibration measurements. The method is only applicable to noise which is emitted by vibrating surfaces of solid
structures and not to noise generated aerodynamically.
This vibration measurement method is especially applicable in cases where accurate direct airborne noise
measurements, e.g. as specified in ISO 3746[7], ISO 3747[8], and ISO 9614 (all parts)[12], are not possible
because of high background noise or other parasitic environmental interferences; or if a distinction is required
between the total radiated sound power and its structure vibration generated component.
NOTE 1 One of the applications of this part of ISO/TS 7849 is the distinction between the radiation of airborne sound
power generated by structure vibration and the aerodynamic sound power components. Such a distinction is not feasible
with ISO 3746[7] and ISO 9614 (all parts)[12].
NOTE 2 Problems can occur if the noise is generated by small parts of machinery surfaces (sliding contacts, e.g. slip
ring brush or the commutator and the brush in electrical machines).
The methods described in this part of ISO/TS 7849 apply mainly to processes that are stationary with respect
to time.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5348, Mechanical vibration and shock — Mechanical mounting of accelerometers
ISO/IEC Guide 98-3, Uncertainty of measurement — Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in
measurement (GUM:1995)
IEC 61672-1, Electroacoustics — Sound level meters — Part 1: Specifications

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ISO/TS 7849-1:2009(E)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
structure vibration generated sound
airborne sound caused by structure vibration in the audible frequency range
NOTE For the purposes of this part of ISO/TS 7849, structure vibration generated sound is determined either from
the vibratory velocity or the vibratory acceleration of the surface of the solid structure.
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3.2
machine
〈airborne sound power level measurement〉 equipment which incorporates a single or several noise sources
3.3
vibratory velocity
v
root-mean square (r.m.s.) value of the component of the velocity of a vibrating surface in the direction normal
to the surface
NOTE 1 The vibratory velocity, v, is the time integral of the vibratory acceleration, whose r.m.s. value is given for
sinusoidal vibration by:
a
v= (1)
2πf
where
a is the r.m.s. acceleration;
f is the frequency.
The vibratory velocity, v, is the time derivative of the vibratory displacement, s, ds/dt. For sinusoidal vibration, the r.m.s.
velocity, v, is given by:
v = 2πfs (2)
where s is the r.m.s. displacement.
NOTE 2 In this part of ISO/TS 7849, the vibratory velocity is usually applied with A-weighting, denoted vA.
3.4
A-weighted vibratory velocity level
LvA
ten times the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the square of the r.m.s. value of the A-weighted vibratory
velocity, vA, to the square of a reference value, v0, expressed in decibels:
v2
L vA = 10 lg A dB (3)
v 02
2
ISO/TS 7849-1:2009(E)
where
vA is the A-weighted r.m.s. value of the vibratory velocity, in metres per second1);
v0 is the reference value for the velocity and is equal to 5 × 10–8 m/s2).
NOTE For airborne and structure vibration generated sound, the reference value, v0 = 50 nm/s has the property that it
leads, together with p0 = 2 × 10−5 Pa, to the reference value of the intensity level I0 = 1 × 10−12 W/m2 and to the
characteristic impedance of air by p0/v0 = 400 N s/m3.
3.5
A-weighted radiation factor
εA
factor expressing the efficiency of sound radiation given by:
PA
εA = (4)
2
Z c S vA
where
PA is the A-weighted airborne sound power emitted by the vibrating surface of the machine,
determined according to ISO 9614 (all parts)[12];
S is the area of the defined outer surface of the machine under test (vibrating measurement surface;
see 3.8);
v A2 is the squared A-weighted r.m.s. value of the vibratory velocity averaged over S;
Zc is the characteristic impedance of air.
The four quantities εA, PA, v A2 , and Zc relate to the same period of time and to the same meteorological
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NOTE
conditions (atmospheric temperature, θ, and barometric pressure, B).
3.6
A-weighted airborne sound power level
LWA
ten times the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the A-weighted airborne sound power emitted by the
surface of a machine, PA, to a reference value, P0, expressed in decibels
PA
LW A = 10 lg dB (5)
P0
where the reference value, P0, is 10–12 W
3.7
upper limit of A-weighted airborne sound power level
LWA,max
A-weighted airborne sound power level determined in accordance with the method described in this part of
ISO/TS 7849
1) A subscript “eff” is dropped, since only r.m.s. values are used throughout this part of ISO/TS 7849.
2) In ISO 1683[1], two reference values for the velocity level are mentioned: v0 = 10−9 m/s and 5 × 10−8 m/s. The latter is
intended for cases of airborne and structure vibration generated sound and is therefore used in this part of ISO/TS 7849. A
choice of v0 = 10−9 m/s results in a vibratory velocity level which is 34 dB higher than the level used in this part of
ISO/TS 7849. Therefore, if v0 = 10−9 m/s is used, subtract 34 dB from the right-hand sides of Equations (7), (8),
and (11).
ISO/TS 7849-1:2009(E)
3.8
vibrating measurement surface
surface of a machine radiating the structure vibration generated sound where the measurement positions are
located
NOTE Its area is designated by the symbol S.
3.9
extraneous vibratory velocity level
vibratory velocity level, caused by all sources other than the source under test
NOTE Extraneous vibratory velocity levels originate, for example, from coupled assemblies.
4 Principle
4.1 The A-weighted airborne sound power radiated by a machine or equipment caused by structure
vibrations of its outer surface only, PA, is generally determined by Equation (6) [see also Equation (4)]
2
PA = Z c v A S εA (6)
For the purpose of this part of ISO/TS 7849, the A-weighted radiation factor εA = 1 3), and for Zc the
normalized characteristic impedance Zc,n = 411 N s/m3 is used.
NOTE The normalized characteristic impedance Zc,n = 411 N s/m3 is used in accordance with the basic International
Standards for which ISO 3740[2] gives usage guidelines, and corresponds to meteorological conditions for atmospheric
temperature, θ0 = 23,0 °C, and barometric pressure, B0 = 1,013 × 105 Pa.
These assumptions yield the upper limit of the A-weighted airborne sound power
2
PA,max = Z c,n v A S (7)
which forms the basis for the method described in this part of ISO/TS 7849, requiring only v A2 and S to be
determined.
4.2 The value of v A2 is obtained from measurements of the A-weighted r.m.s. vibratory velocity component
perpendicular to the outer surface of the machine and taken for a sufficient number of measurement positions
distributed over its relevant outer surface. The array and number of measurement positions can be regarded
as sufficient if the value of v A2 remains stable within the precision of the method for an increasing number and
changed array of measurement positions.
It may be desirable to subdivide the surface area of the machine in order to rank the sound power radiated
from different components. The implication of this subdivision is that each area radiates sound independently.
The spatial variation of vibration velocity depends on
a) the number of resonant modes excited simultaneously in the frequency band of interest;
b) the degree of non-uniformity of the structure (e.g. stiffness and inertia variation);
c) the spatial distribution of the exciting forces.
3) Under certain specific conditions, values εA > 1 are possible, but they seldom occur in the practice of machinery noise
radiation. However, it may be assumed that, within the measurement uncertainty to be expected, the upper limit of the
A-weighted sound power level determined in accordance with this part of ISO/TS 7849 also covers deviations caused by
radiation factors larger than 1.
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ISO/TS 7849-1:2009(E)
A major problem occurs when only a very few modes are excited within a frequency band of interest.
4.3 The area of the relevant outer surface of the machine, S, can be calculated easily if the shape of the
outer surface of the machine is simple (e.g. cylindrical, spherical or composition of flat plates).
One problem is the radiation from connected structures, such as pipes, mounts, and supports, and the
radiation from the framework, rib surfaces, perforated surfaces, and supporting structures.
It is recommended that S be defined for specific kinds of machinery.
5 Measuring instrumentation
5.1 General
Measuring instrumentation using vibration transducers and other non-contacting equipment is described here.
For contacting accelerometers, it is convenient to make use of low mass-loading accelerometers, keeping in
mind the frequency range of interest. However, for special purposes, other kinds of equipment and
measurement techniques may be needed, e.g. non-contact devices and laser-Doppler methods (see Annex A).
5.2 Vibration transducer
The vibration transducer usually loads the vibrating surface.
For vibration measurements covering a wide frequency range, piezoelectric accelerometers are preferred.
When selecting an accelerometer for a particular application, allowance should be made for the parameters of
the transducer and the environmental conditions in which it is to be used.
Measurements are normally limited to the flat portion of the frequency response of the accelerometer, which is
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limited by the resonance of the transducer at the high frequency end. As a rule of thumb, the upper frequency
limit for the measurements can be set to one-third of the resonance frequency of the accelerometer so that
vibration components measured at this limit are not affected by more than 1 dB compared with those at lower
frequencies.
Small, low-mass accelerometers may have high resonance frequencies but, in general, they have low
sensitivity (dynamic range). Therefore, a compromise has to be made because high sensitivity normally
entails a large piezoelectric assembly and, consequently, a relatively large, heavy unit with low resonance
frequency.
The mass of the accelerometer becomes important when measuring low-mass test objects for the highest
frequency of interest (see Annex A).
5.3 Non-contacting transducers
There are several transducers available for a non-contacting vibration measurement: capacitive transducers,
eddy current transducers, and magnetic transducers. Holographic methods, laser triangulation sensors and
laser Doppler vibrometers may also be used.
The transfer coefficient of capacitive transducers is inversely proportional to the distance between the
transducer and the vibrating surface. Therefore, when using a capacitive transducer, a very fine geometric
model of the surface of the structure vibration generating sound source is required, as well as an exact
positioning system in order to keep the required (small) measurement distance. The same applies for
magnetic transducers; furthermore, the transfer coefficient depends on the permeability of the outer surface.
When using laser holographic methods, the vibration data can be determined for a mesh of the whole surface
in one shot, but for each point of the mesh only one magnitude and phase value can be received. Although
necessary for sound radiation calculations, no spectral resolution of an operational deflection shape is
possible with holography.
ISO/TS 7849-1:2009(E)
Laser Doppler vibrometers determine the vibration displacement with a resolution of the order of nanometres.
The distance between transducer and vibrating surface can be chosen within a wide range (usually using
focusing optics) and has no influence on the measured value. Since a laser Doppler vibrometer determines
the time signal of the vibration, a fast Fourier transform analysis can be performed.
In summary, among the methods considered, the use of a laser Doppler vibrometer is particularly
recommended for non-contacting vibration measurements on surfaces of machines or equipment.
5.4 Amplifier
Amplify the signals generated by the vibration transducer and indicate them as r.m.s. values. Measure
structure vibration generated noise with a sound level meter or an equivalent measurement system complying
with the relevant requirements of IEC 61672-1, Class 2, with the microphone replaced by the vibration
transducer.
5.5 Integrator
If an integrator to transform acceleration signals to velocity signals is used, it shall have characteristics which
match the dynamic range of the measuring system. If this requirement is not satisfied and the signal to be
measured is too low, calculate the vibratory velocity levels directly from the vibratory acceleration levels.
5.6 Calibration
Information on the calibration of vibration and shock transducers is given in ISO 16063 (all parts)[13].
If the vibration transducer is calibrated by a sinusoidal acceleration signal, the resulting A-weighted vibratory
velocity level, LvA, in decibels, is given by:
aˆ j
L vj = 20 lg dB (8)
2πf j v 0 √ 2
where
âA is the A-weighted peak acceleration value;
f is the frequency;
v0 is the reference value, 5 × 10−8 m/s, for the velocity.
EXAMPLE For a calibration with an âA of 9,81 m/s2 and an f of 100 Hz, LvA is 106,9 dB.
Check the calibration of the entire measurement system at one or more frequencies within the frequency
range of interest before each series of measurements. Use every component of the measurement system
within the manufacturer's specifications.
NOTE Further information on the calibration of vibration and shock transducers is given in ISO 16063 (all parts)[13].
6 Installation and operation of source under test
6.1 General
In most cases, the emitted sound power depends on both the installation and the operating conditions (for
general recommendations, see 6.2 to 6.4). If, however, airborne noise measurement test codes for the
relevant family of machines exist, use the installation and operating conditions specified in those codes.
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ISO/TS 7849-1:2009(E)
6.2 Description of the machine
If the machine includes auxiliary equipment or components which emit sound, these should be identified.
Specify the items of auxiliary equipment required to run during the test.
Sources of extraneous vibratory velocity levels should be identified.
The procedures specified in this part of ISO/TS 7849 do not allow the direct measurement of extraneous
vibratory velocity levels. The use of correlation measurements or the comparison of vibration spectra of
coupled assemblies may be necessary.
Decomposition of the noise emitted by auxiliary equipment and the main noise source (machine) is also useful.
6.3 Installation
As far as possible, install and mount the machine in a fashion that is typical of its operation.
6.4 Operating conditions
Operate the machine in a manner that is representative of its normal use. One or more of the following
operating conditions may be appropriate (see also 6.1):
a) machine under nominal load or nominal operating conditions;
b) machine under full load, if different from a);
c) machine under no load (idling);
d) machine under operating conditions corresponding to maximum sound generation within the range of
normal operation;
e) machine under simulated load, operating under precisely defined conditions.
7 Determination of the vibratory velocity on the vibrating measurement surface
7.1 General
The specifications of 7.2 to 7.6 are of a general nature, but if test codes for the relevant family of machines
exist, use the specific requirements in those codes.
NOTE The accuracy of the measurement results depends to a large extent on the number and distribution of the
measurement positions, and the distribution of the vibratory velocity on the vibrating measurement surface.
7.2 Vibrating measurement surface
7.2.1 General
Select suitable measurement surfaces in accordance with the criteria outlined in 7.2.2 to 7.2.4.
The area of the measurement surface should be determined with a maximum deviation of 10 %,
corresponding to a maximum deviation of 0,4 dB for 10 lg (S/S0) dB, where S0 is the reference area, 1 m2.
The results of any preliminary investigations (see 7.2.4) and the structures of the radiating areas (e.g. the
presence of stiffeners) should be taken into account when selecting the measurement surface.
7
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ISO/TS 7849-1:2009(E)
7.2.2 Uniformly repeated structures
If the machine possesses uniformly repeated structures, and if there are geometrical symmetries and
symmetries in the excitation forces, then, provided that preliminary investigations have proved all elements to
be equivalent with respect to the mean A-weighted vibratory velocity level, measurements may be carried out
on a single structure.
7.2.3 Uniformly distributed measurement positions
The vibrating measurement surface area, S, shall be divided into N elements, each of area S/N. One
measurement position shall be situated in the centre of each partial surface.
7.2.4 Non-uniformly distributed measurement positions
If elements of the vibrating measurement surface are known from preliminary investigations to vibrate more
intensely than others, the measurement positions may be distributed more densely over those parts vibrating
more intensely.
In this case, each measurement position, i, represents one partial surface area, Si (see 8.2).
7.3 Number of measurement positions
The initial number of measurement positions on the vibrating measurement surface may be chosen from
Table 1.
Table 1 — Initial number of measurement positions
Vibrating measurement surface area

S Number of measurement positions
m2
S<1 5
1 u S u 10 10
S > 10 S/S0 where S0 = 1 m2
Increase the number of measurement positions if the difference between the highest and lowest A-weighted
vibratory velocity level, in decibels, is larger than double the number of positions given in Table 1.
7.4 Environmental conditions
7.4.1 General
Select the measuring equipment according to the environmental conditions following the manufacturer's
specifications. The influence of any cable (see Clause A.2) may be reduced by using vibration transducers
with integrated impedance transducers.
7.4.2 Criterion for extraneous vibratory velocity
The A-weighted vibratory velocity levels due to the level of the extraneous vibratory velocity averaged over the
measurement positions on the measurement surface shall be at least 3 dB below the mean vibratory velocity
level due to the noise source under test in operation when measured in the presence of this vibratory velocity
(see 8.2).
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ISO/TS 7849-1:2009(E)
7.5 Measurement procedure
For the specified operating conditions, determine the A-weighted vibratory velocity level (uncorrected, see 8.2),
L ′vA , at each measurement position. It may be determined from the acceleration signal by direct integration
(see 5.5), thus avoiding calculations. Carry the measurement out by using the “slow” time-weighting
characteristic of the sound level meter or by an integrating-averaging sound level meter.
Choose the measurement time period so that it is appropriate for the type of sound radiated by the structure
and the signal processing techniques.
For steady sound, for example, the measurement time should be at least 10 s. For time-varying sound, the
measurement time shall be chosen in such a way that the noise of the machine is measured unambiguously
for the specified operating mode.
If the preliminary investigations have shown that at particular measurement positions the vibratory velocity
levels of the extraneous sound are less than 10 dB below the levels of the machine under test when operating,
they shall also be determined by a suitable method (see 6.2, paragraphs 3 and 4) and a correction made
(see 8.1).
NOTE If it is not possible to determine the vibratory velocity levels of the extraneous sound separately (e.g. owing to
the inseparable coupling of the machine under test with other assemblies), the results calculated in accordance with
Clause 8 are overestimated.
7.6 Mounting of the vibration transducer
Mount the vibration transducer so that it senses as closely as possible the true velocity of the vibrating surface
at the measurement position over the frequency range of interest. Mount it in accordance with ISO 5348 with
its vibration axis normal to the vibrating surface. For recommendations on mounting methods, see Annex A.
8 Calculations
8.1 Correction for extraneous vibratory velocity
Correct the measured levels for extraneous vibratory velocity according to Table 2.
If ∆Lv > 10 dB, K1A is assumed to be zero.
If ∆Lv < 3 dB, the accuracy of the result(s) is reduced and the value of K1Ai to be applied in this case is 3 dB
(the value for ∆Lv = 3 dB). In this case, state clearly in the text of the report, both in graphs and tables of
results, that the data from the test represent an upper boundary to the sound power level of the noise source
under test.
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Copyright International Organization for Standardization© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 9
ISO/TS 7849-1:2009(E)
Table 2 — Correction for extraneous vibratory velocity
Difference between the A-weighted vibratory velocity levels Correction to be subtracted from the vibratory
of the machine when operating and the levels of the velocity levels in order to obtain the level
extraneous vibratory velocity generated by the machine alone
∆Lv K1A
dB dB
3 3
4 2
5 2
6 1
7 1
8 1
9 1
10 0
8.2 Determination of the mean A-weighted vibratory velocity level on the vibrating
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measurement surface
The A-weighted vibratory velocity levels, LvAi, determined in accordance with 7.5 and corrected, if necessary,
in accordance with 8.1, at the measurement positions i = 1 ... N, are given by:
L vA i = L′vAi − K 1A i − K m,A i (9)
where
L′vAi is the uncorrected measured vibratory velocity level;
K1Ai is the correction, in decibels, for extraneous vibratory velocity (see 8.1);
Km,Ai is the correction, in decibels, for the mass of the vibration transducer.
NOTE The correction Km,Ai is equal to zero for non-contacting transducers, and can be neglected if the mass of the
contacting transducer is not greater than 0,1 times the effective (dynamic) mass of that part of the surface where the
transducer is mounted. The influence can be tested for specific machinery by checking the L′vAi -values by a repeated
measurement using a non-contacting transducer system: K m,A i = L′v A i (contacting) − L′vA i (non-contacting) .
The mean value, L vA , in decibels, as an arithmetic average over the vibrating measurement surface, S, is
calculated in accordance with either Equation (10) or (11), as appropriate:
a) uniformly distributed measurement positions in accordance with 7.2.3
⎛1 N ⎞
∑ 10
0,1LvA i
L vA = 10 lg ⎜ ⎟ dB (10)
⎜N ⎟
⎝ i =1 ⎠
b) non-uniformly distributed measurement positions in accordance with 7.2.4
⎛1 N ⎞
∑ S i 10
0,1Lv A i
L vA = 10 lg ⎜ ⎟ dB (11)
⎜S ⎟
⎝ i =1 ⎠
10
ISO/TS 7849-1:2009(E)
where
LvAi is the A-weighted vibratory velocity level at the measurement position i;
N is the number of the non-uniform partial surfaces;
N
S= ∑ Si
i =1
Si is the partial area of the outer surface of the vibrating machine associated with the measurement
position i.
8.3 Calculation of the upper limit of the A-weighted airborne sound power level caused by
radiation of structure vibration generated sound
From the values of L vA calculated in accordance with 8.2, the upper limit of the A-weighted sound power level,
LWA,max, in decibels, is calculated from Equation (12) [derived from Equations (5) and (6)]:
S 411
LW A,max = L vA + 10 lg dB + 10 lg dB (12)
S0 Z c, 0
where
L vA is the mean vibratory velocity level (reference value:5 × 10−8 m/s) on the vibrating measurement
surface (see 8.2);
S is the area of the vibrating measurement surface;
S0 is the reference area, 1 m2.
The sound power level determined by Equation (12) is the level, using the normalized characteristic
impedance of air, Zc,n, of 411 N s/m3 (for the conditions, see 4.1, Note). The reference value for the acoustic
impedance of air, Zc,0, is 400 N s/m3.
9 Measurement uncertainty
The uncertainties associated with sound power levels determined in accordance with this part of ISO/TS 7849
shall be evaluated preferably in compliance with ISO/IEC Guide 98-3. A guideline on how to draw up a
quantitative uncertainty statement following ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 is given in Annex B.
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Users of this part of ISO/TS 7849 are encouraged to collect knowledge in respect to the uncertainty quantities
in order to improve the application of the concept of ISO/IEC Guide 98-3.
Otherwise, the uncertainties of the upper limit of sound power levels, u(LWA,max), determined in accordance
with this part of ISO/TS 7849 may be estimated by:
(
u LW A,max ≈ σ tot ) (13)
where σtot is the total standard deviation given by
σ tot = σ R2,M + σ omc

2
(14)
ISO/TS 7849-1:2009(E)
in which
σR,M is the standard deviation of reproducibility of the method, applied for a source of stable sound
emission (σomc = 0);
σomc is a standard deviation describing the uncertainty due to the limited stability of the operating and
mounting conditions.
The standard deviation of reproducibility of the method, σR,M, is determined by interlaboratory tests according
to ISO 5725 (all parts)[10] using sources with a constant sound emission (deviations in the sound emission of
the source are covered by σomc). The standard deviation for the operating and mounting conditions, σomc,
may be determined by calculating the standard deviation from at least six repeated sound power
measurements carried out at the same test site and using the same instrumentation. The operating conditions
have to be varied as much as permitted by the underlying noise test code throughout these measurements.
The values for σR,M and σomc should be determined for families of noise sources, e.g. a certain type of
machinery, and published in the relevant noise test codes.
The expected value for the standard deviation of reproducibility, σR,M, of the upper limit of the A-weighted
sound power levels determined in accordance with this part of ISO/TS 7849, according to present knowledge,
is given in Table 3.
Table 3 — Expected standard deviation of reproducibility of the method, σR,M, of the upper limit
of the A-weighted sound power levels determined in accordance with this part of ISO/TS 7849
Standard deviation of reproducibility of the method

σR,M
dB
A-weighted 3,0
NOTE Determine values for σtot,typ according to Equation (14).
ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 requires an expanded measured uncertainty, U, to be reported, such that the intervals
(LWA,max − U, LWA,max + U) cover a certain percentage of the values of LWA,max that might reasonably be
attributed to the measurand. To that purpose, a coverage factor, k, is used, such that
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(
U = k u LW A,max = k σ tot ) (15)
For the purposes of this part of ISO/TS 7849, a normal distribution is assumed. Thus, a coverage factor, k = 2,
is used corresponding to a coverage probability of 95 %.
If the purpose of determining the sound power level is to compare the result with a limit value, it may be more
appropriate to apply the coverage factor for a one-sided normal distribution. In that case, the coverage factor,
k = 1,6, corresponds to a coverage probability of 95 %.
The A-weighted airborne sound power level, LW A,max, determined by this part of ISO/TS 7849, using εA = 1
deviates systematically from the true airborne sound power level, LWA, by a value, ∆LW A = LW A,max − LW A > 1 .
The systematic deviation characterized by a supplementary extra charge, ∆LWA, may increase the A-weighted
sound power level for typical machines by up to 10 dB compared to the relevant sound power level
determined with the reference method [ISO 9614 (all parts)[12]].
12
ISO/TS 7849-1:2009(E)
10 Information to be recorded
10.1 Machine under test
Record at least the following information:
a) a description of the machine (dimensions, construction elements of the radiating structure);
b) the installation conditions;
c) the operating condition;
d) the test environment;
e) identification of the different sound sources of the machine operating during the measurement, if relevant;
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f) the date of test.
10.2 Measurement conditions
a) atmospheric temperature, in degrees Celsius;
b) barometric pressure, in pascals.
10.3 Measuring instrumentation
a) the measuring instrumentation used, including type, serial number, and manufacturer;
b) the calibration method used for the measuring system, and the date and place of calibration;
c) the mounting of the vibration transducer.
10.4 Acoustical data
a) a description of the vibrating measurement surface, its dimensions and distribution of measurement
positions (drawing);
b) the uncorrected A-weighted vibratory velocity level for each measurement position;
c) the corrections, in decibels, if applied, for extraneous vibratory velocity and for the mass of the vibration
transducer;
d) the mean A-weighted vibratory velocity level, L vA , together with the reference value;
e) the area of the vibrating measurement surface, S;
f) the upper limit of the A-weighted airborne sound power level, LWA,max, for the structure vibration
generated sound;
g) the expanded measurement uncertainty of the results, in decibels, together with the associated coverage
probability.

Copyright International Organization for Standardization 13
ISO/TS 7849-1:2009(E)
Annex A
(informative)
Use of the vibration transducer
A.1 Recommendations for mounting the vibration transducer

Follow the recommendations outlined in ISO 5348.
The preferred method of mounting is to screw the vibration transducer to the vibrating surface, but for
measurements up to 10 kHz it is more convenient to use adhesives recommended by the manufacturer.
Adhesive wax, used in thin layers, is also suitable up to 10 kHz, but not for surfaces at elevated temperature.
For smooth flat surfaces of steel, clamping magnets may also be used at frequencies below 2,5 kHz. The
maximum acceleration which can be measured depends on the adhering force and the mass of magnet plus
vibration transducer. For a typical magnet, the maximum adhering force as a function of plate thickness is
shown in Figure A.1.
If a magnet, with a mass of 110 g, is used in combination with a 30 g vibration transducer, the maximum
admissible acceleration would be 1 000 m/s2 provided that the steel plate exceeds 4 mm in thickness. Follow
the advice of the vibration transducer manufacturer.
The adhering force of a magnet is considerably diminished if the vibrating surface is not smooth and flat or if it
is painted; this can lead to unreliable measurements. Smoothing the surface may be much more time-
consuming than using adhesives.
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Key
d thickness of steel plate
F adhering force
Figure A.1 — Maximum adhering force as a function of plate thickness for a typical magnet
14
ISO/TS 7849-1:2009(E)
A.2 Recommendations on positioning the cable of the vibration transducer

Vibration of the cable relative to the vibration transducer may induce extraneous voltages in the circuit. In
order to avoid this, fix the cable on the machine at a point as close as possible to the vibration transducer (see
Figure A.2).
The problem can also be solved by using vibration transducers with integrated impedance transducers (see
ISO 5348).
Key
1 wrong
2 right
3 fixing by adhesive
Figure A.2 — Cable mounting
A.3 Recommendations for non-contacting equipment

Use a laser Doppler vibrometer for a non-contacting vibration measurement.
Orient the laser beam perpendicular to the surface in order to gather the normal component of the vibration
velocity. When a scanning laser vibrometer is used, the laser beam can only be perpendicular to the surface
once per scan. Therefore divide the whole surface into partial areas and always arrange the scanning laser
vibrometer in such a way that for the measurement position in the middle of the partial area the laser beam is
perpendicular to the surface. Ensure that the angle between the laser beam and the normal direction does not
exceed a given degree in relation to the total measurement uncertainty.
Some surfaces do not provide enough backscattering of laser light. In this case, attach an appropriate retro-
reflecting foil, coating or spray-paint to the surface.
The holographic method using a microphone array (referred to as near-field acoustical holography) provides
the operational deflection shape for plane, cylindrical or spherical surfaces only. The use of this method to
determine vibration data requires intensive documentation and validation. It lies outside the scope of this part
of ISO/TS 7849.
Laser triangulation sensors determine the distance between the vibration surface and the transducer with a
resolution in the range of several micrometres. Hence, the distance resolution of triangulation systems is too
small in respect to the vibration displacement of machinery surfaces — especially above 1 kHz.
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ISO/TS 7849-1:2009(E)
Annex B
(informative)
Guidance on the development of information

on measurement uncertainty
B.1 General
The information on measurement reproducibility given in Clause 9 can be helpful towards the derivation of
measurement uncertainties, but it is incomplete. In particular, it gives no indication of any systematic bias
which might occur between sound power levels determined using the methods of different standards, nor does
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it give a final analysis of the various components of measurement uncertainty and their magnitudes. The
accepted format for expressing the uncertainties, generally associated with methods of measurement, is that
given in ISO/IEC Guide 98-3. This format incorporates an uncertainty budget, in which all the various sources
of uncertainty are identified and quantified, from which the combined total uncertainty can be obtained. The
data necessary to enable such a format to be adopted in the case of this part of ISO/TS 7849 were not
available at the time it was being prepared. However, the intention of this annex is to provide a basis for the
development of suitable information and to encourage relevant investigations by which ISO/IEC Guide 98-3
could be applied.
B.2 Expression for the calculation of the sound power level

Preliminary estimations show that the upper limit of the sound A-weighted airborne sound power level of a
noise source, LWA,max, is a function of a number of parameters, indicated by:
LW A,max = L L ( vA , )
S, δ slm , δ mount , δ rep , δ pick , δ ε dB (B.1)
where
L vA is the mean measured A-weighted vibratory velocity level over the measurement surface;
S is the area of the relevant vibrating measurement surface;
δ mount is an input quantity to allow for any variability in the mounting conditions of the noise source
under test;
δ pick is an input quantity to allow for any uncertainty due to the finite number of measurement
positions;
δ rep is an input quantity to allow for any deviation in the operating conditions of the noise source
under test from the nominal conditions;
δ slm is an input quantity to allow for any uncertainty in the measuring instrumentation;
δε is an input quantity to allow for the deviation of the real radiation factor from that specified for this
part of ISO/TS 7849 (ε = 1).
NOTE The input quantities included in Equation (B.1) were thought to be applicable in the state of knowledge at the
time this part of ISO/TS 7849 was being prepared, but further research could reveal that there are others.
16
ISO/TS 7849-1:2009(E)
B.3 Contributions to measurement uncertainty

A probability distribution (normal, rectangular, Student-t, etc.) is associated with each of the input quantities.
Its expectation (mean value) is the best estimate for the value of the input quantity and its standard deviation
is a measure of the dispersion of values, termed standard uncertainty.
The combined standard uncertainty, u (LWA,max), associated with the value of the sound power level depends
on each of the input quantities, their respective standard uncertainties, ui, and sensitivity coefficients, ci. The
sensitivity coefficients are a measure of how the values of the sound power level are affected by changes in
the values of the respective input quantities. Mathematically, these coefficients are equal to the partial
derivatives of the function LWA,max [Equation (B.1)] with respect to the relevant input quantities (see
References [26] and [27]). The contributions of the relevant input quantities to the overall uncertainty are then
given by the products of the standard uncertainties, ui, and their associated sensitivity coefficients, ci.
B.4 Determination of total standard deviation

The combined standard uncertainty, u( LW A,max ), is approximated by the total standard deviation, σtot, which
is given by the standard deviation of reproducibility of the method, σR,M, and by the standard deviation of the
operating and mounting conditions, σomc, according to Equation (14). Thereby the uncertainty components
δ mount and δ oc are already covered by σomc, and σR,M includes the remaining uncertainty components, δ, of
Equation (B.1).
To determine σomc for specific families of noise sources, carry out repeated sound power determinations (see
Clause 9). Expected standard deviations of reproducibility of the method, σR,M, are generally given in Table 3.
Values of σR,M for specific families of noise sources can be determined by interlaboratory tests according to
ISO 5725 (all parts)[10]. Such tests yield σtot values, from which σR,M can be calculated using Equation (14).
For the case of negligible correlation between the input quantities described by Equation (B.1), σR,M can be
calculated according to the modelling approach of ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 by:
NM
σ R,M = ∑ (c i u i ) 2 (B.2)
i =1
where
ci are sensitivity coefficients;
NM is the number of input quantities in Equation (B.1) relevant for the method (i.e., except δ mount and
δ oc );
ui are the standard uncertainties relevant to the various input uncertainty components which are
relevant for the method.
Finally the total standard deviation is given by
NM
∑ (ci u i )
2
σ tot = σ R2,M + σ omc
2
= 2
+ σ omc (B.3)
i =1
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ISO/TS 7849-1:2009(E)
B.5 Expanded measurement uncertainty

ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 requires an expanded measurement uncertainty, U, to be specified, such that the interval
[LWA,max - U, LWA,max + U] covers e.g. 95 % of the values of LWA,max that might reasonably be attributed to
LWA,max. To that purpose, a coverage factor, k, is used, such that U = k σtot. The coverage factor depends on
the probability distribution associated with the measurand.
By convention, a coverage probability of 95 % is usually chosen, and assuming a normal distribution the
associated two-sided coverage factor is 2. To avoid misinterpretation, the coverage probability shall be stated
in test reports, together with the expanded measurement uncertainty.
NOTE 1 If the purpose of determining the sound power level is to compare the result with a limit value, it might be more
appropriate to apply the coverage factor for a one-sided normal distribution. In that case, a coverage probability of 95 %
corresponds to a one-sided coverage factor of 1,6.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
NOTE 2 The expanded measurement uncertainty as described in this part of ISO/TS 7849 does not include the
standard deviation of production which is used in ISO 4871[9] for the purpose of making a noise declaration for batches of
machines.
18
ISO/TS 7849-1:2009(E)
Bibliography
[1] ISO 1683, Acoustics — Preferred reference values for acoustical and vibratory levels
[2] ISO 3740, Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels of noise sources — Guidelines for the
use of basic standards
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[3] ISO 3741, Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound
pressure — Precision methods for reverberation rooms
[4] ISO 3743 (all parts), Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels of noise sources —
Engineering methods for small, movable sources in reverberant fields
pressure — Engineering method in an essentially free field over a reflecting plane
[6] ISO 3745, Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise
sources using sound pressure — Precision methods for free-field test rooms and hemi-free-field test
rooms4)
pressure — Survey method using an enveloping measurement surface over a reflecting plane
[8] ISO 3747, Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise
sources using sound pressure — Engineering/survey methods for use in situ in a reverberant
environment
[9] ISO 4871, Acoustics — Declaration and verification of noise emission values of machinery and
equipment
[10] ISO 5725 (all parts), Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results
[11] ISO 7574-1, Acoustics — Statistical methods for determining and verifying stated noise emission values
of machinery and equipment — Part 1: General considerations and definitions
[12] ISO 9614 (all parts), Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound
intensity
[13] ISO 16063 (all parts), Methods for the calibration of vibration and shock transducers
[14] JUNGER, M.C., FEIT, D. Sound, structures, and their interaction, 2nd edition. M.I.T. Press, Cambridge,
MA, 1986. 448 p.
[15] HÜBNER, G. Analysis of errors in measuring machine noise under free-field conditions. J. Acoust. Soc.
Am. 1973, 54, pp. 967-977
[16] GÖSELE, R., KÖTTER, W. Einfluss der Befestigung von Schwingungsaufnehmern auf die
Messgenauigkeit [Influence of attachment of vibration absorbers on measurement accuracy]. Konstr.
Masch. Apparate Geräteb. 1979, 31, pp. 393-398
[17] RICHARDS, E.J. Noise from industrial machines. In: W HITE, R.G., W ALKER, J.G., editors. Noise and
vibration, pp. 525-545. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1982
4) To be published. (Revision of ISO 3745:2003)

ISO/TS 7849-1:2009(E)
[18] FAHY, F.J. Structure-fluid interaction. In: W HITE, R.G., W ALKER, J.G., editors. Noise and vibration,
pp. 247-267. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1982
[19] HÜBNER, G. Determination of sound power radiated by structural components of machinery using
vibration measurements — A direct finite element method. Rev. Acoust. 1983, 10, pp. 163-166
[20] MILLOT, P., GUYADER, J.L., BOISSON, L. Recommandations d'une procédure expérimentale pour la
mesure d'énergie vibratoire des plaques [Recommendations for an experimental procedure to
measure the vibratory energy of plates]. In: Proceedings of the 11th lCA Congress, Paris, 1983
[21] W ALLACE, C.E. Radiation resistance of a rectangular panel. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1972, 51, pp. 946-952
[22] BIJL, L.A. Measurement of vibrations complementary to sound measurements. Oil Companies'
International Study Group for Conservation of Clean Air and Water in Europe, The Hague, 1977.
(CONCAWE Report No. 8/77.)
[23] FÖLLER, D. Der Abstrahlgrad von Platten [The radiation degree of plates]. In: Proceedings of
Jahrestagung für Akustik (DAGA), pp. 237-240. VDE, Berlin, 1980
[24] HÜBNER, G., GERLACH, A. Determination of the airborne sound power radiated by structure-borne
sound sources of arbitrary shape — Using non-contacting vibration measurements. In: Proceedings of
InterNoise 1998, Christchurch, New Zealand, 1998
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[25] HÜBNER, G., GERLACH, A. Schallleistungsbestimmung mit der DFEM [Sound power level regulation
with the DFEM]. Schriftenreihen der Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin,
Dortmund/Berlin, 1999. (Fachbericht [Technical report] 846.)
[26] HÜBNER, G. Remarks on the Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM). In:
Proceedings of InterNoise 2002, Dearborn, MI, 2002
[27] HÜBNER, G. A contribution for reduction of the measurement effort in determining the sound power of
machines. In: Proceedings of InterNoise 2003, Napoli, 2003
20
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ISO/TS 7849-1:2009(E)
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TECHNICAL ISO/TS

Acoustics — Determination of airborne

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3 Terms and definitions........................................................................................................................... 2

© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved

⎯ Part 1: Survey method using a fixed radiation factor

⎯ Part 2: Engineering method including determination of the adequate radiation factor

The following part is under preparation:

⎯ Part 3: Amplitude and phase measurements

⎯ noise radiated by structure vibration is to be separated from noise of aerodynamic origin;

© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved

Copyright International Organization for Standardization

Acoustics — Determination of airborne sound power levels

ISO 5348, Mechanical vibration and shock — Mechanical mounting of accelerometers

IEC 61672-1, Electroacoustics — Sound level meters — Part 1: Specifications

3 Terms and definitions

a is the r.m.s. acceleration;

where s is the r.m.s. displacement.

Zc is the characteristic impedance of air.

where the reference value, P0, is 10–12 W

NOTE Its area is designated by the symbol S.

The spatial variation of vibration velocity depends on

c) the spatial distribution of the exciting forces.

It is recommended that S be defined for specific kinds of machinery.

5.2 Vibration transducer

The vibration transducer usually loads the vibrating surface.

5.3 Non-contacting transducers

âA is the A-weighted peak acceleration value;

v0 is the reference value, 5 × 10−8 m/s, for the velocity.

6 Installation and operation of source under test

6.2 Description of the machine

Sources of extraneous vibratory velocity levels should be identified.

6.4 Operating conditions

a) machine under nominal load or nominal operating conditions;

b) machine under full load, if different from a);

c) machine under no load (idling);

e) machine under simulated load, operating under precisely defined conditions.

7 Determination of the vibratory velocity on the vibrating measurement surface

7.2 Vibrating measurement surface

© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved

7.2.2 Uniformly repeated structures

7.2.3 Uniformly distributed measurement positions

7.2.4 Non-uniformly distributed measurement positions

7.3 Number of measurement positions

Table 1 — Initial number of measurement positions

Vibrating measurement surface area

7.4 Environmental conditions

7.4.2 Criterion for extraneous vibratory velocity

7.5 Measurement procedure

7.6 Mounting of the vibration transducer

8.1 Correction for extraneous vibratory velocity

If ∆Lv > 10 dB, K1A is assumed to be zero.

Table 2 — Correction for extraneous vibratory velocity

L vA i = L′vAi − K 1A i − K m,A i (9)

L′vAi is the uncorrected measured vibratory velocity level;

a) uniformly distributed measurement positions in accordance with 7.2.3

b) non-uniformly distributed measurement positions in accordance with 7.2.4

LvAi is the A-weighted vibratory velocity level at the measurement position i;