Adgenerator Arus Searah (BHN 4)
Adgenerator Arus Searah (BHN 4)
Adgenerator Arus Searah (BHN 4)
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Objectives
State Faraday’s Law and Lenz’s Law
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DC Machine
• The direct current (dc) machine can be used as
a motor or as a generator.
• DC Machine is most often used for a motor.
• The major advantages of dc machines are the
easy speed and torque regulation.
• However, their application is limited to mills,
mines and trains. As examples, trolleys and
underground subway cars may use dc motors.
• In the past, automobiles were equipped with dc
dynamos to charge their batteries.
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DC Machine
• Even today the starter is a series dc motor
• However, the recent development of power
electronics has reduced the use of dc motors
and generators.
• The electronically controlled ac drives are
gradually replacing the dc motor drives in
factories.
• Nevertheless, a large number of dc motors are
still used by industry and several thousand are
sold annually.
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Construction
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DC Machine Construction
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DC Machines
• The stator of the dc motor has
poles, which are excited by dc
current to produce magnetic
fields.
• In the neutral zone, in the
middle between the poles,
commutating poles are placed
to reduce sparking of the
commutator. The
commutating poles are
supplied by dc current.
• Compensating windings are
mounted on the main poles.
These short-circuited
windings damp rotor
oscillations. .
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DC Machines
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DC Machines
• The coils are connected in series
through the commutator
segments.
• The ends of each coil are
connected to a commutator
segment.
• The commutator consists of
insulated copper segments
mounted on an insulated tube.
• Two brushes are pressed to the
commutator to permit current
flow.
• The brushes are placed in the
neutral zone, where the magnetic
field is close to zero, to reduce
arcing.
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DC Machines
• The rotor has a ring-shaped
laminated iron core with slots.
• The commutator consists of
insulated copper segments
mounted on an insulated tube.
• Two brushes are pressed to
the commutator to permit
current flow.
• The brushes are placed in the
neutral zone, where the
magnetic field is close to zero,
to reduce arcing.
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DC Machines
• The commutator switches the
current from one rotor coil to
the adjacent coil,
• The switching requires the
interruption of the coil
current.
• The sudden interruption of an
inductive current generates
high voltages .
• The high voltage produces
flashover and arcing between
the commutator segment and
the brush.
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DC Machine Construction
Rotation
Ir_dc/2 Ir_dc Ir_dc/2
Brush Pole
winding
Shaft
|
1
2
8
3
N 7
S
6 4
5
Insulation Copper
Rotor Ir_dc segment
Winding
• Faraday’s Law e = N dΦ / dt
– e = the induced voltage in volts (V)
– N = the number of series-connected turns of wire in
turns (t)
– dΦ/dt = rate of change in flux in Webers/second
(Wb/s)
• e=BLv
– B = the flux density in teslas (T)
– L = the length of the conductor that is in the magnetic
field in meters (m)
– v = the relative velocity between the wire and the 13
Magnetic induction in a wire moving in a
field.
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Right-hand rule for magnetic
induction.
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Wire loop rotating in a magnetic
field.
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AC generator with slip rings and
brushes.
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DC generator with commutator and
brushes.
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DC generator output
waveform.
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DC generator with field
control.
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DC generator four-pole field.
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DC generator rotor with two
coils.
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Coil and output waveforms for a
two-winding rotor.
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Rotor with several rotor coils and
commutator segments.
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2. Shunt and Compound DC
Generator
• DC Generator Equivalent circuit
• Shunt Generator Model
• Compound Generator Model
• Efficiency
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DC shunt generator model.
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More precise dc shunt generator
model.
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Shunt dc generator with field
rheostat.
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Separately excited shunt dc
generator.
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Compound generator, (a) short
shunt and (b) long shunt.
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DC Generator
Operation
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DC Generator Operation
• The N-S poles produce a v
a
B
1
rotor coil turns in this 30 Vdc
2
field. b
• A turbine or other v
Ir_dc
machine drives the rotor.
(a) Rotor current flow from segment 1 to 2 (slot a to b)
• The conductors in the
slots cut the magnetic flux B
lines, which induce a
2
v 30
v Vdc
• The coil has two sides:
1
b
one is placed in slot a, the
other in slot b. Ir_dc
(b) Rotor current flow from segment 2 to 1 (slot b to a)
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DC Generator Operation
• In Figure a, the v
a
B
1
30 Vdc
entering into the rotor
2
from the north pole, b
v
• The conductors in slot b Ir_dc
are cutting the field lines (a) Rotor current flow from segment 1 to 2 (slot a to b)
exiting from the rotor to
the south pole. B
• The cutting of the field a
2
v 30 Vdc
the conductors. v
1
• The voltages generated in b
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DC Generator Operation
• The induced voltage is v
a
B
1
30 Vdc
commutator and brushes.
2
• In Figure, the induced b
v
voltage in b is positive, and in Ir_dc
a is negative. (a) Rotor current flow from segment 1 to 2 (slot a to b)
• The positive terminal is
connected to commutator B
segment 2 and to the a
conductors in slot b. S N
2
v 30
v Vdc
• The negative terminal is
1
connected to segment 1 and b
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DC Generator Operation
• When the coil passes the v
a
B
neutral zone:
– Conductors in slot a are S N
1
30 Vdc
then moving toward the
2
south pole and cut flux lines b
the coil. S N
2
v 30
v Vdc
• The voltage induced in a
1
is now positive, and in b is b
negative.
Ir_dc
(b) Rotor current flow from segment 2 to 1 (slot b to a)
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DC Generator Operation
• The simultaneously the v
a
B
1
terminals, which assures 30 Vdc
2
that the output voltage b
(Vdc) polarity is v
unchanged. Ir_dc
2
conductors in slot a. v 30
v Vdc
1
– The negative terminal is
b
connected to segment 2 and
to the conductors in slot b. Ir_dc
(b) Rotor current flow from segment 2 to 1 (slot b to a)
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Generator
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DC Generator Equivalent circuit
• The magnetic field produced by the stator poles induces a
voltage in the rotor (or armature) coils when the
generator is rotated.
• This induced voltage is represented by a voltage source.
• The stator coil has resistance, which is connected in
series.
• The pole flux is produced by the DC excitation/field
current, which is magnetically coupled to the rotor
• The field circuit has resistance and a source
• The voltage drop on the brushes represented by a battery
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DC Generator Equivalent circuit
Vbrush
Rf Ra Load
max
Iag
Vf If Eag Vdc
Mechanical Electrical
power in power out
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DC Generator Equivalent circuit
• The magnetic field produced by the stator poles
induces a voltage in the rotor (or armature) coils
when the generator is rotated.
• The dc field current of the poles generates a
magnetic flux
• The flux is proportional with the field current if
the iron core is not saturated:
ag K1 I f
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DC Generator Equivalent circuit
• The rotor conductors cut the field lines that
generate voltage in the coils.
E ag 2 N r B g v
• The motor speed and flux equations are :
Dg
v ag B g Dg
2
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DC Generator Equivalent circuit
• The combination of the three equation
results the induced voltage equation:
Dg
E ag 2 N r B g v 2 N r B g N r B g Dg N r ag
2
E ag N r ag N r K1 I f K m I f
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DC Generator Equivalent circuit
• When the generator is loaded, the load current produces
a voltage drop on the rotor winding resistance.
• In addition, there is a more or less constant 1–3 V voltage
drop on the brushes.
• These two voltage drops reduce the terminal voltage of
the generator. The terminal voltage is;
E ag Vdc I ag Ra Vbrush
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EXAMPLES PROBLEM
Numerical Example.
GENERATOR:
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EXAMPLES PROBLEM
Numerical Example. GENERATOR:
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EXAMPLES PROBLEM
Numerical Example. GENERATOR.
• Generated voltage:
Ea = Vt + Ia Ra = 250 + (80)(0.3) =274 V
• Torque:
Te = Ea Ia / m = (274)(80) / 136.131 = 161.0 Newton m
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Generator Efficiency
• Pin = T nr / 7.04
– Pin = the input power in watts (W)
– T = the input shaft torque in foot-pounds (ft-
lbs)
– nr = the rotation speed of the shaft in
revolutions per minute (rpm)
• η = Pout / Pin = Vt It / (T nr / 7.04)
– η = the efficiency (dimensionless)
– Vt = the generator terminal voltage in volts (V)
– It = the generator output current in amperes (A)47
Generator Losses
• Rotor Copper Loss
– This is the I2R loss in the rotor due to the resistance of the wire.
– This loss varies with the square of the rotor current.
• Rotor Core Loss
– Because the rotor core (the iron upon which the rotor windings
are wound) is rotating inside a magnetic field, there will be
eddy current and hysteresis losses in the rotor core.
– These losses vary with the field flux and the rotor speed.
• Field Copper Loss
– The I2R loss in the field windings due to the resistances of the
wire.
– This loss varies with the square of the field current.
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Generator Losses (continued)
• Brush Loss
– There is power loss in the brush-commutator interface.
– This loss is proportional to the rotor current and brush drop and
is VbIa.
• Friction
– These are losses due to mechanical friction.
– They include the friction of the shaft bearings and the friction
created by the commutator and brush assembly.
• Windage
– These are losses due to the wind resistance of the rotor.
– In most generators, cooling fins are attached to the rotor to
circulate air through the generator, thus promoting cooling and
allowing the generator to be operated at higher output currents.
– These cooling fins increase the windage loss.
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