DIRECT CURRENT

MACHINES
DC machine Construction Dc motor construction

• The major advantages of DC

Field
machines are: easy speed and torque
regulation. Rotor
• The stator of the DC motor has poles,
which are excited by DC current to
produce magnetic fields.
N S
• The rotor has a ring-shaped laminated
iron-core with slots.
• Coils with several turns are placed in
the slots. The distance between the
two legs of the coil is about 180 Stator with
electric degrees. Brush with poles

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Concept of the commutator
DC machine Construction

• The coils are connected in series. I_

• The junction points of the coils are
connected to a commutator.
• The commutator consists of
insulated copper segments
mounted in a cylinder. Insulator
• Two brushes are pressed to the
commutator to permit current flow.
Copper
• The brushes are placed in the
neutral zone (magnetic field is
I+
close to zero) to reduce arcing.
coil
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DC machine Construction Dc motor stator construction

• The picture shows the stator of a

Field poles
large DC machine with several poles.
• Note the interpoles between the main Inter pole
poles. These poles reduce the field in
the neutral zone and eliminate arcing
of the commutator.
• A compensation winding is placed on
the main poles to increase field
during high load.
• The iron core is supported by a cast
iron frame.

Compensation
winding
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MACHINES
DC machine Construction DC motor rotor construction
• The adjoining picture shows the rotor
Poles Fan
of a DC machine.
Brushes
• The rotor iron core is mounted on the
shaft.
• Coils are placed in the slots.
• The end of the coils are bent and tied
together to assure mechanical
strength.
• Note the commutator mounted on the
shaft. It consists of several copper Rotor winding
segments, separated by insulation.
Bearing Commutator

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Insulator Flag
Ring
DC Machine Construction

• The adjoining picture shows the

commutator of a large DC machine.
• The segments are made out of
copper and mica insulation is placed
between the segments.
• The end of each segment has a flag
attached. The coil endings are
welded to these flags.
• An insulated ring is placed on the coil
ends to assure proper mechanical
Copper
strength.

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Stationary
Operation principles DC motor operation concept Brushes

• The poles are supplied by DC

current producing a DC magnetic
field.
• The poles are shaped in such a way
the field distribution along the pole is N S
more or less sinusoidal.
• When the rotor coil is rotated, the
flux linkage changes during the
rotation. It is maximum when the coil
is in vertical position and zero when
it is in horizontal position.
Rotating Coil Sides

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Concept of commutation

• The current direction changes as • The direction of magnetic field also

the conductor passes through the changes as the conductor passes
neutral zone. through the neutral zone.

Neutral Zone
F
B B

N S N S
I I
Magnetic field

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Induced voltage and torque calculation.

• The magnetic field is generated by the field current If.

• The flux  f is proportional to the field current.

 f = K f If .

• The Kf factor is calculated from the magnetic circuit using Amperes

Law.

• The flux change is proportional to the motor speed m.

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Induced voltage and torque calculation.

• The induced voltage after rectification is:

E a = K  f m = K K f I f  m = K m I f  m

• The out put power if the losses are neglected is:

Pdc = Ia Ea = Tm m.

• The torque is:

T m = I a E a /  m = K  f Ia = K m I f I a

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DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
Equivalent circuit.

• The DC machine can be represented by a voltage source and a

resistance connected in series. The armature winding has a resistance,
Ra.
• The field circuit is represented by a winding that generates the magnetic
field and a resistance connected in series. The field winding has
resistance Rf.
Ra

Rf f Ia
Ea Va
Vf If

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DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
Equivalent circuit.

The equations are:

 f = K f If
Ra
Ea = K  f wm = Km If m f
Rf Ia
Ea = Va + Ia Ra Ea Va
Vf If
V f = If R f

Tm = K f Ia = Km If Ia

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 DIRECT CURRENT
MACHINES
Type of DC machines.

• Separately excited machine.

– The main winding supplies the load.
– The field winding is supplied by a separate DC source whose
voltage is variable.
– Good speed control.

f
Va
Vf

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MACHINES
Type of DC machines.

• Shunt DC machine.
– The armature and field windings are connected in parallel.
– Constant speed operation.

Va
f

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MACHINES
Major Types of DC machines.

• Series DC machine.
– The armature and field winding are connected in series.
– High starting torque.

Va
s

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MACHINES
Major Types of DC machines.

• Compound DC machine.
– The machine has two field windings: One connected in series; the
other in parallel.
– The series winding provides additional, load dependent excitation.
Reduced voltage drop at high load.

s

Va
f

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Numerical Example.
GENERATOR:

A 20 kW, 250 V, 1300 rpm, separately excited generator has an armature

resistance of Ra = 0.3 ohm, and a field coil resistance of Rf = 180 ohms.
• At no load, the terminal voltage is 250 V, the field current is 1.5 A.
• At full load, the terminal voltage is also 250 V.

a) Draw the equivalent circuit. 0.3

b) At full load, calculate:
– the generated voltage Ea 180 Ia
– the developed torque Ea 250V
– the Field circuit current and voltage Vf If

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DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
Numerical Example. GENERATOR:

• Calculation of the machine constant K from no-load data:

– Machine speed: m= 2 p n/60 =2 p 1300/60 = 136.13 1/sec

– Machine constant: Ea_nl = K  f m = Km I f m

Km = Ea_nl / I f m = 250 / (1.5 )( 136.13) = 1.224
• Load current: Ia = 20000 / 250 = 80 A

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DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
Numerical Example. GENERATOR.

• Generated voltage:
Ea = Vt + Ia Ra = 250 + (80)(0.3) =274 V

• Torque:
Te = Ea Ia / m = (274)(80) / 136.131 = 161.0 Newton m

• Excitation/ field current and voltage at full load:

I f = Ea / (Km m ) = 274/ (1.224) (136.131) =1.64 A
Vf = Rf I f = (1.64)(180) = 296 V

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 LECTURE 22

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DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
Motor speed characteristics
Numerical Example

• Motor equations
E a = Km I f m
Ea = Va - Ia Ra - Vbrush
V f = If R f
Tm = K m I f Ia

• The first two equations yield:

V  VBrush Ra  I a
m  
Km I f KmI f
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DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
Motor speed characteristics.

The substitution of Ia from the fourth equation results in :

V  VBrush Ra
m   2
 Tm
KmI f (Km I f ) Tm

300 0.2
m    Tm
0.935  2 (0.935  2) 2

 m  140.25  0.0571  Tm Starting torque

Tm  2456.21  17.51  m m
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DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
Motor starting
Numerical Example

•
Equivalent circuit for starting
This current is too high. It must be
limited to 2-3 times the rated
current by a resistance connected 0.2 
in series with the armature.
4V R Ia
Ea=0 300V
• 2 Ia = (2)(62.3) = (300-4)/(0.2+R)
f 150 

• From this equation R = 2.17 ohm

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DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
Motor starting
Numerical Example

• The torque equation is : • The starting torque is

T m = K m I f Ia Tm = (0.935)(2)(124.8) = 233.4 Newton m
• The Km is calculated from the no-
load data.
Km = 0.935 Vsec /A 0.2 
• The field current is : 4V R Ia
300 / 150 =2 A Ea=0 300V
• The load current is : f 150 
(300-4) /(0.2+2.17) = 124.8 A

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DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
Numerical Example
MOTOR.

A 15 kW, 240 V, shunt motor has an armature resistance of Ra = 0.25 ohm, and
a field coil resistance of Rf = 120 ohms. At rated terminal voltage the motor
current is 8 A and runs at 1000 rpm.
Equivalent circuit
a) Draw the equivalent circuit.
b) Calculate the motor constant Im
0.25
c) Calculate the speed and torque
characteristics
Ia
Ea 240 V
f 120

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DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
Numerical Example.

MOTOR.
• Calculation of field current:
I f = 240 / 120 = 2 A
• The armature current at no load is:
• Ia = 8 - 2 = 6 A
• Generated voltage at no load is:
Ea = Vt - Ia Ra = 240 - (6)(0.25) = 238.5 V

• No load speed:
m_nl = 2  n / 60 = 2  1000 / 60 = 104.72 / sec

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DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
Numerical Example
MOTOR.

• Machine constant:
Ea = K  f m_nl = Km I f m_nl
Km = Ea / I f m_nl = 238.5 / (2) (104.72) = 1.139
• Load current:
Im = 15000 / 240 = 62.5 A

• The armature current is:

Ia = 62.5 - 2 = 60.5 A

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DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
Numerical Example.
MOTOR.

• Generated voltage at full load is:

Ea = Vt - Ia Ra = 240 - (60.5)(0.25) = 224.9 V
• Motor speed at full load:
Ea = K f wm = Km I f m
wm = Ea / Km I f = 224.8 / (1.139)( 2) = 98.8 rad./sec
nm = 60 m / 2  = 942.7 rpm.
• Torque:
Te = Ea Ia / m = (224.8)(60.5) / 98.8 = 137.65 Newton m

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DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
Motor starting.
Numerical Example
Equivalent circuit for starting

a) Calculate the staring current of

the previous example. 0.2 

• The induced voltage is zero 4V Ia Im

because the speed is zero. Ea=0 300V
f 150 
• The starting current is :
I start = (300 -4) / 0.2 = 1480 A.

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DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
Student Class Room Exercise
Numerical Example

A 25 Hp, 300V, shunt motor has an armature resistance of Ra = 0.20 ohm,

and a field coil resistance of Rf = 150 ohms. The brush voltage drop is 4 V.
At no load and rated voltage, the motor current is13 A and the speed is1500 rpm.

a) Draw the equivalent circuit.

b) Calculate the speed and torque at full load.

0.2  Im

4V Ia
Equivalent circuit Ea 300V
f 150 

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DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
Questions to ponder
• For each of the basic types of DC motors (shunt, series,
compound) which is used for railways?

• What type of motor is recommended for electric cars?

• How is the speed of electric cars controlled?

• What type of motor would you select for conveyor belt, punch
press and fan?

• What are the components of a DC drive system?

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 TEST 4

Induction Machine

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 LECTURE 23

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 DCshunt motor

A dc shunt motor is supplied through a feeder with a battery. The motor drives a pump.

1
Motor data are rpm  min

Prated  1hp Vrated  24V Ra  0.1 Rf  10

Motor is tested and the test results are:

Vtest  Vrated Itest  90A n test  850rpm

Battery and feeder data are:

Vbatt  25V Rbatt  0.1 Rfeeder  0.2

The pump torque vs speed characteristcs n  600rpm

2 2
a  1N m b  0.002 N m sec Tpump ( n )  a  b  n Tpump ( n )  1.2 N m

Ppump ( n )  Tpump ( n )  2  n Ppump ( n )  0.101hp

Tpump ( 0rpm)  1 J

1) Draw the equivalent circuit nad calculate motor parameters

2) Calculate the curents and voltages as a function of the speed
3) Plot the motor and pump torque vs. speed charcteristics
4) Determine to operation point, speed and torque

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 DC Series motor operation analysis
A 40 kW, 240 V, series motor has an armature resistance of R a = 0.25 ohm, and a field coil
resistance of Rf = 0.3 ohms.

The motor current, speed and voltage are measured to determine the motor constant. The
measured values are: At rated terminal voltage the motor current is 8 A and runs at 500 rpm

Derive the motor operation characteristics, which are efficiency vs. speed, torque vs. speed.

1
Data of the shunt motor are: rpm 
min
Rated values

Pm  20kW Vdc  240V Ra  0.25 Rf  0.3

Measured values for motor constant calculation

Imo  8A n mo  500rpm Vmo  Vdc

Draw the motor equivalent circuit in no-load condition to determine the motor constant

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