DC Machines: Saravanan T Y Assistant Professor EEE Department Nararana Engineering College Gudur

DC MACHINES
Prepared by
Saravanan T Y
Assistant Professor
EEE Department
Nararana Engineering College
Gudur
Electrical Machine
Electrical Machine is a device, which converts one form of
energy into another form of energy. It is majorly classified
according to construction as,
1. Static Electrical Machine
2. Rotating Electrical Machine
DC Machine
DC Machine is a rotating type machine and it can acts as,
DC Generator: which converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy
DC Motor: which converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy
Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
First Law:
Whenever a conductor cuts the magnetic flux or magnetic
flux cuts the conductor, an e.m.f. is induced in that conductor.
Second Law:
The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. is equal to the rate of
change of flux linkages.
Flemings Right Hand Rule
• The Thumb represents the direction of

motion of the conductor.
• The Fore finger represents magnetic
Field.
• The Middle finger represents Current.
Construction details of DC Generator
Cross Sectional View of DC Generator
Parts of a DC Generator
The basic parts of a DC Generator are as follows

1. Magnetic Frame or Yoke
2. Pole-Cores and Pole-Shoes
3. Pole Coils or Field Coils
4. Armature Core
5. Armature Windings or Conductors
6. Commutator
7. Brushes and Bearings
1. Magnetic Frame or Yoke
• Yoke is also called as frame. It
provides protection to the rotating
and other parts of the machine from
moisture, dust etc.
• Yoke is an iron body which

provides the path for flux.
• It provides the mechanical support

for the poles.
• Materials used for yoke are cast

iron, silicon steel, cast steel, rolled
steel etc.
2. Pole-Cores and Pole-Shoes
• Pole Core contains field winding
which produces the magnetic flux.
• Pole Core is made up of by cast

steel or cast iron.
• Pole core is a Part on which Field

Winding is wound over.
• Pole shoe produces a magnetic flux

when field winding is excited.
3. Pole Coils or Field Coils
• The field winding is also called as
exciting winding.
• Current is passed through the field

winding in a specific direction, to
magnetize the pole.
• The metal used for the field

conductor is copper.
4. Armature Core
• Armature core is having slots and
teeth’s which are parallel to the
shaft axis.
• Armature conductors are placed in

these slots.
• Armature core provides a low

reluctance path to the flux
produced by the field winding.
• Cast steel or cast iron are used for

the armature core.
5. Armature Windings
• Two types of armature windings

mostly employed for producing
emf are known as,
1. Lap Winding
2. Wave Winding
• The difference between the two is

merely due to the different
arrangement of the end
connections at the front or
commutator end of armature.
Lap Winding
• It is used in machines designed for low voltage and high
current rating windings.
• For lap winding, the two coil-ends of a coil are connected to
the two adjacent commutator segments.
• No of parallel path, A=P ; P = no. of poles
Wave Winding
• It is used in machines designed for high voltage and low
current rating and windings connected in series.
• For wave winding, the two coil-ends of a coil are bent in
opposite directions and connected to commutator segments
which two pole-pitches (3600) apart.
• No of parallel path, A=2
6. Commutator
• The emf induced in the armature
conductors of a dc generator is
alternating in nature.
• It is rectified i.e. converts AC into

DC in the external load circuits by
slip rings also known as commutator.
• It is made up of two halves separated

by an insulating material like mica.
• The armature conductors are

soldered to the commutator
Segments.
7. Brushes and Bearings
• The function of brushes to collect

current from the commutator and
deliver same to the external load
circuit (in case of dc generator) or
the lead the current to it (in case of
dc motor)
• Bearing is a device which gives free

and smooth rotation to the armature.
• The function of the bearing is to

support the rotating armature and to
reduce the friction.
Principle of operation of a DC Generator
• DC generator converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy. It works based on the principle of Faradays Laws of
Electromagnetic Induction.
• i.e., Whenever a conductor cuts the magnetic flux or

magnetic flux cuts the conductor, an e.m.f. is induced in
that conductor.
• EMF causes current to flow if the conductor circuit is closed.
• The direction of current, motion and magnetic flux can be

observed by Flemings Right Hand Rule.
• It is seen (a) that in the first half revolution current flows along (ABMLCD) i.e. the brush No.
1 in contact with segment ‘a’ acts as the positive end of the supply and ‘b’ as the negative end.
In the next half revolution (b), the direction of the induced current in the coil has reversed.
• But at the same time, the positions of segments ‘a’ and ‘b’ have also reversed with the Fig.
result that brush No. 1 comes in touch with the segment which is positive i.e. segment ‘b’ in
this case.
• Hence, current in the load resistance again flows from M to L. The waveform of the current
through the external circuit is as shown in Fig. This current is unidirectional but not continuous
like pure direct current.
No. of revolutions/sec = N/ 60
Time for one revolution, dt = 60 /N (sec)
According to Faraday’s Law of electro magnetic induction
EMF generated/conductor = d = PN (Volts)

dt 60
No. of conductors (in series) in one parallel path = Z / A
EMF generated/path =  PN × Z (Volts)

60 A
 Generated EMF, Eg = Z N P (Volts)

60A
Parallel Paths for,
i) Wave winding A = 2
ii) Lap winding A=P
Open Circuit Characteristics (OCC) or No-Load or
Magnetization Characteristics of a DC Shunt Generator
The OCC of a DC Shunt Generator is used to determine the Critical field

Resistance and Critical Speed.
Circuit Diagram Characteristics

Steps to plot OCC of a DC Shunt Generator
• Make the connections as per circuit diagram and keep the minimum
resistance in Variable rheostat.
• Adjust the motor field rheostat till the rated speed of the generator is
achieved.
• Note down the residual voltage (voltmeter reading).
• Excite the generator field rheostat in steps till the generator builds up to
125% of its rated voltage and note down the corresponding values of
generated emf and the shunt field current.
• Plot the graph between field current (vs) no-load generated emf.
To determine critical field resistance:

• After plotting the magnetization characteristics draw a tangent line to its
initial portion, which passes through the origin.
• Calculate the slope of this tangent line, which gives the critical field
resistance (Rc) at the rated speed of the generator.
• Critical Field Resistance is the maximum circuit field resistance at which
the DC generator is in just excited condition.
• The critical speed of a shunt generator is the minimum speed below which
it fails to excite.
Principle and Operation of a DC Motor
• An electrical motor is a machine which converts electrical

energy in to mechanical energy.
• Its action is based on the principle that when a current carrying

conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a
mechanical force whose direction is given by FLEMINGS LEFT
hand rule and whose magnitude is given by
F = BIL (Newton)
• The same DC machine can be operated both like a generator as

well as motor. So the construction of the machine will be same
for both DC motor and DC generator.
Fleming Left Hand Rule
• If the thumb, middle finger and the
index finger of the left hand are
displaced from each other by an
angle of 90°,
Middle Finger - direction of the

magnetic field
Fore or Index Finger - direction of the
current
Thumb Finger - direction of forces
acting on the conductor
• While coming to the operation, the armature coil consists the
commutators and brushes. The commutators convert the AC
induces in the armature into DC and brushes transfer the current
from rotating part of the motor to the stationary external load.
• Consider that the armature has only one coil which is placed
between the magnetic field shown above in the Figure-i.
• When the DC supply is given to the armature coil the current
starts flowing through it. This current develops their own
magnetic field around the coil. Figure-ii shows the field induces
around the coil.
Performance Characteristics of DC Motor
The performance characteristics of a DC motor can be obtained by
conducting Brake Test or Direct Load Test on a DC Motor.
Steps to plot performance characteristics of a DC Motor
• Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

• Initially keep the field rheostat in minimum resistance position.
• Close the DPST switch and start the motor with the help of 3-
point starter.
• Adjust the speed of motor to the rated speed by varying motor
field rheostat.
• Gradually apply the load on the motor up to the rated value and
note down corresponding supply voltage, line current, speed and
spring field readings.
• Gradually reduce the load to zero, and then open the DPST
switch to disconnect the circuit.
performance characteristics of a DC Motor E b = Z N P
60A
Po/p α Ia
Eb = V – (IaRa)
Eb α N
Calculations
Speed Control of DC Motors
• The speed control methods for a DC Motor can be classified

into two types. They are,
i. Armature Voltage Control Method (used for below rated
speeds control)
ii. Field Flux Control Method (used for above rated speeds
control)
Armature Voltage Control Method
Eb = V – (IaR)
E b = Z N P
60A
Eb
Eb α N
Steps to control the speeds below the rated speed
• Make the connections as per the circuit diagram show in above
and keep the motor armature rheostat at maximum resistance
position.
• Switch ON the DC supply and start the motor by using the 3-
point starter.
• Decrease the external resistance (R) in the armature circuit with
the help of armature rheostat note down voltage across the
armature and speed of the motor at each step.
• Disconnect the Circuit from supply.
Field Flux Control Method
Vf
Vf = V – (IfR) E b = Z N P
60A
Vf α Φ
Nα 1
Φ
Steps to control the speeds below the rated speed
• Make the connections as per the circuit diagram show in above
and keep the motor field rheostat at minimum resistance position.
• Switch ON the DC supply and start the motor by using the 3-
point starter.
• Increase the external resistance in the field circuit with the help
of field rheostat and note down field current, speed of the motor
at each step.
• Disconnect the Circuit from supply.

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DC MACHINES

Flemings Right Hand Rule

• The Thumb represents the direction of

The basic parts of a DC Generator are as follows

• Yoke is an iron body which

• It provides the mechanical support

• Materials used for yoke are cast

• Pole Core is made up of by cast

• Pole core is a Part on which Field

• Pole shoe produces a magnetic flux

• Current is passed through the field

• The metal used for the field

• Armature conductors are placed in

• Armature core provides a low

• Cast steel or cast iron are used for

• Two types of armature windings

• The difference between the two is

• It is rectified i.e. converts AC into

• It is made up of two halves separated

• The armature conductors are

• The function of brushes to collect

• Bearing is a device which gives free

• The function of the bearing is to

• i.e., Whenever a conductor cuts the magnetic flux or

• EMF causes current to flow if the conductor circuit is closed.

• The direction of current, motion and magnetic flux can be

According to Faraday’s Law of electro magnetic induction

EMF generated/conductor = d = PN (Volts)

EMF generated/path =  PN × Z (Volts)

 Generated EMF, Eg = Z N P (Volts)

The OCC of a DC Shunt Generator is used to determine the Critical field

Circuit Diagram Characteristics

To determine critical field resistance:

• An electrical motor is a machine which converts electrical

• Its action is based on the principle that when a current carrying

• The same DC machine can be operated both like a generator as

Middle Finger - direction of the

• Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

• The speed control methods for a DC Motor can be classified

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