1st SEMINAR PRESENTATION

ON

Touch Screen Technology

REPORT

submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BY

MAHTAB ALAM
ROLL NO-1805631902

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BABU BANARASI DAS NORTHERN INDIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
LUCKNOW

LUCKNOW, UTTAR PRADESH-226028 (INDIA)

JUNE, 2021
Table of Content

1) Introduction of technology

2) Working & Components

3) Mode of Touch Screen

4) Touch Screen Diversity

5) Real time application

6) Properties

7) Advantages

8) Disadvantages

9) Applications
Introduction
Touch screen technology is the direct manipulation type of gesture-based
technology. Direct manipulation is the ability to manipulate the digital world
inside a screen. A Touch screen is an electronic visual display capable of
detecting and locating a touch over its display area. This is generally referred to
as touching the display of the device with a finger or hand. This technology
most widely used in computers, user interactive machines, smartphones, tablets,
etc to replace most functions of the mouse and keyboard.

Touch screen technology has been around for a number of years but advanced
touch screen technology has come on in leaps and bounds recently. Companies
are including this technology in more of their products. The three most common
touch screen technologies include resistive, capacitive, and SAW (surface
acoustic wave). Most low-end touch screen devices contain a standard printed
circuit plug-in board and are used on SPI protocol. The system has two parts,
namely; hardware and software. The hardware architecture consists of a stand-
alone embedded system using an 8-bit microcontroller, several types of
interface, and driver circuits. The system software driver is developed using an
interactive C programming language.

A touch screen technology is the assembly of a touch panel as well as a display

device. Generally, a touch panel is covered on an electronic visual display
within a processing system. Here the display is an LCD otherwise OLED
whereas the system is normally like a smartphone, tablet, or laptop. A consumer
can give input through simple touch gestures by moving the screen using a
special stylus otherwise fingers. In some kinds of touch screens, some normal
otherwise gloves are used which are coated to work properly whereas others
may simply work with the help of a special pen.

The operator uses the touch screen to respond to what is displayed and if the
software of the device permits to control how it can be exhibited like zooming
the screen to enhance the size of the text. So touch screen allows the operator to
communicate directly through the displayed information instead of using a
touchpad, mouse, etc. Touch screens are used in different devices like personal
computers, game consoles, EVMs, etc Touch screens are also essential in
educational institutions like classrooms in the colleges.

The first concept of a touch screen was described & published in the year 1965
by E.A. Johnson. So, the first touch screen was developed in the 1970s by
CERN engineers namely Bent Stumpe 7 Frank Beck. The first touch screen
device was created & used in year 1973. The first resistive touch screen was
designed in 1975 by George Samuel Hurst however wasn’t launched 7 used
until 1982.

Working & Component

User interact with glass panel by touching the sensor screen & Electrostatic
field generated panel is changed by touch. Attached controllers scan the
capacitive touch and changes in the static field, which send signal to controller.
Controller resolves the capacitive changes to define actual touch points and
software acts on the controller's input

Different types of touchscreen technology work in different methods. Some can

detect simply one finger at a time & get very confused if you seek to push in
two positions at once. Other types of screens can simply notice and differentiate
above one key push at once. There are different components used in touchscreen
technology which include the following.
A basic touch screen is having a touch sensor, a controller, and a software driver
as three main components. The touch screen is needed to be combined with a
display and a PC to make a touch screen system

 Touch Sensor
 Controller
 Software Drive

Touch Sensor
The sensor generally has an electrical current or signal going through it and
touching the screen causes a change in the signal. This change is used to
determine the location of the touch of the screen.

Controller
A controller will be connected between the touch sensor and PC. It takes
information from the sensor and translates it for the understanding of PC. The
controller determines what type of connection is needed .

Software Drive
It allows computers and touch screens to work together. It tells OS how to
interact with the touch event information that is sent from the controller.
Modes of Touch Screen
The operation of the touch screen can be done in different ways like single tap,
double-tap, touch and hold, swipe, pinch

 In a single tap, a single touch is used to tap on the screen to open an app
otherwise choose an object.
 In double-tap, multiple touches are used for serving different
functionalities like zooming a display, choose a word or set of words.
 The touch and hold option is mainly used to choose an object to drag it
and also it gives the option to unlock the screen otherwise powering
ON/OFF.
 Swiping a finger over the screen is used to type the letters using the
keyboard on the screen. It is also used to move the pages from right to left
and also close unwanted apps.
 In pinch, two fingers are used to zoom in or zoom out a display.

Types of Touch Screen Technology

The Touch screen is a 2-dimensional sensing device made of 2 sheets of
material separated by spacers. There are four main touch screen technologies:
Resistive, Capacitive, Surface Acoustical wave (SAW), and infrared (IR).

Resistive

The resistive touch screen is composed of a flexible top layer made of polythene
and a rigid bottom layer made of glass separated by insulating dots, attached to
a touch screen controller. Resistive touch screen panels are more affordable but
offering only 75% of the light monitor and the layer can be damaged by sharp
objects. The resistive touch screen is further divided into 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8- wired
resistive touch screen. The construction design of all these modules is similar
but there is a major distinction in each of its methods to determine the
coordinates of the touch

Capacitive

A capacitive touch screen panel is coated with a material that stores electrical
charges. The capacitive systems can transmit up to 90% of the light from the
monitor. It is divided into two categories. In Surface-capacitive technology,
only one side of the insulator is coated with a conducting layer.

Whenever a human finger touches the screen, the conduction of electric charges
occurs over the uncoated layer which results in the formation of a dynamic
capacitor. The controller then detects the position of touch by measuring the
change in capacitance at the four corners of the screen.

In projected capacitive technology, the conductive layer (Indium Tin Oxide) is

etched to form a grid of multiple horizontal and vertical electrodes. It involves
sensing along both the X and Y axis using clearly etched ITO pattern. For
increasing the accuracy of the system, the projective screen contains a sensor at
every interaction of the row and column.
Infrared

An infrared touch screen technology, an array of X and Y axis is fitted with

pairs of IR LEDs and photodetectors. Photodetectors will detect any image in
the pattern of light emitted by the Leds whenever the user touches the screen.

Surface Acoustic Wave

The surface acoustic wave technology contains two transducers placed along the
X-axis and Y-axis of the monitor’s glass plate along with some reflectors. When
the screen is touched, the waves are absorbed and a touch is detected at that
point. These reflectors reflect all electrical signals sent from one transducer to
another. This technology provides excellent throughput and quality.
Virtual Touch Screen Technology
A virtual touch screen is a user interface system that enhances essential objects
into reality either using an optical display or projector using sensors to follow
an interaction of a person through an object. For example, a person can create a
rear projector system or a display to create three-dimensional images which
come into view to float within midair.

Some systems use a display with an optical head-mounted to enlarge the

practical objects onto the crystal clear display through sensors to decide visual
as well as physical interactions through the projected virtual objects.

PCAP Touch Screen Technology

The PCAP or Projected Capacitive touch screen technology provides the
accessible multi-touch experience through tablets, smartphones to operate
through extremely light touch using an extremely tough glass surface. These are
strong and easily set with protecting glass & the main feature of this technology
is a multi-touch function for up to ten fingers by enabling signal control.

These touch screens are equipped with a network of electrodes such as Silver
Nanowire, Metal Mesh & ITO which project an electromagnetic field the passes
throughout a protecting glass. Once the field alters at one end because of a
touching finger, the position of touch can be designed as well as forward toward
the controller.

The PCAP touch screens include a mainly scratch-resistant glass surface. Using
optional protecting glasses, these screens are vandal-proof & can be utilized in
public areas. But, the several touchpoints may change based on the force of the
protecting glass used. These types of touch screens are ideal for recent True Flat
designs like smartphones otherwise tablet PCs .

Optical Imaging Touchscreen Technology

Optical sensors are used to identify the touch; so this technology is very popular
because of scalability & versatility. This technology mainly depends on infrared
lights. Two IR imaging sensors are arranged at the summit, which doubles up
like emitters as well as retro-reflective tapes on the three sides. The produced
lights are replicated back toward the imaging sensors, which turn into blocked
at the end of touch & generate a shadow to place the touch.
Acoustic Pulse Recognition Touchscreen
An Acoustic Pulse Recognition Touch screen is designed with a glass cover &
four transducers connected to the back exterior. Once the screen is stroked, the
friction will create acoustic signals. The transducers notice the audio signal, and
then it is changed into a signal. These screens are durable, scalable & water-
resistant.

Transparent Touch Screen Technology

Transparent touch screens work by using two modern technologies to make a
cutting-edge display that is tough to ignore. These touch screens deliver 4K
images or HD based on the display size similar to a normal professional screen.
The main difference between a transparent and normal touch screen is a clear
screen substrate. White pixels appear completely transparent, black pixels not
clear. The full variety of RGB colors has the properties of semi-transparent.
Transparent touch screens are available in different types like transparent LCD
screens and transparent OLED screens.

Once a bare finer is used to tap on the screen then it registers the commands. If
you use a gloved finger otherwise a stylus pen then it doesn’t register the
commands. So the main reason is conductive properties. There are different
kinds of touchscreen technologies available in the market, but the capacitive
type is more popular as compared to others because 90% of the touch screens
sold and shipped worldwide are powered through capacitive technology.

These touchscreens depend on conductivity to notice touch commands. If you

use a stylus or gloved finger to control them, then they won’t record the
commands otherwise react to your commands .

A Real-time Application

Remote Control using Touch Screen Technology

The touch screen is one of the simplest PC interfaces to use, for a larger number
of applications. A touch screen is useful for easily accessing the information by
simply touching the display screen. The touch screen device system is useful in
ranging from industrial process control to home automation.
Touch Screen based Robotic Vehicle- Transmitter
In real-time by simply touching the touch screen and with a graphical interface,
everyone can monitor and control complex operations.

Touch Screen based Robotic Vehicle-Receiver

At the transmission end using a touch screen control unit, some directions will
send to the robot for moving into a specific direction like forwarding, backward,
rotating left, and rotating right. At the receiving end, four motors are interfaced
with the microcontroller. Two of them will be used for Arm and grip movement
of the robot and the other two are used for body movement.

Some remote operations can be done with touch screen technology using
wireless communication for answering calls, locating and communicating with
staff, and operating vehicles and robots. For this purpose RF communication or
infrared communication may be used.

Controlling Home Appliances using Touch Screen Technology

It is possible to control the electrical appliances at home using touch screen
technology. The whole system works by sending input commands from the
touch screen panel through the RF communication which are received at the
receiver end and control the switching of loads.

At the transmitter end, a touch screen panel is interfaced with the

Microcontroller through a touch screen connector. When an area on the panel is
touched, the x and y coordinates of that area are sent to the Microcontroller
which generates a binary code from the input.

This 4-bit binary data is given to the data pins of the H12E encoder which
develops a serial output. This serial output is now sent using an RF module and
an antenna.

At the receiver end, the RF module receives the coded serial data, demodulates
it and this serial data is given to the H12D decoder. This decoder converts this
serial data into parallel data which pertains to the original data sent by the
microcontroller at the transmission end. The microcontroller at the receiver end
receives this data and accordingly sends a low logic signal to the corresponding
optoisolator which in turn switches on the respective TRIAC to allow AC
current to the load, and the respective load is switched on
Touch Screen Properties
The main properties of the touchscreen include the following.

 Ball drop test

 Clarity and Brightness
 Mechanical and Mounting
 4K vs Full-HD
 HID Compatible
 Touchpoints
 Response Time
 Touch Resolution
 Raised Bezel
 Latency / Lag / Touch Response

Advantages
The advantages of touchscreen technology include the following.

 Easy to Clean and Maintain

 Engaging and Interactive
 Self-Service Feature
 Keyboard and Mouse are not required
 Speed and Efficiency
 Mobility and Space
 Durability and Resilience
 Easy User Interface

Disadvantages
The disadvantages of touch screen technology include the following.

 The display of the device has to be large to operate the screen properly
 The display will get dirty
 These are expensive as compared to normal devices
 Indirect sunlight, it is less efficient to read the screen
 Battery life is low due to the big bright screen and uses massive
computing power
 Accuracy & Feedback
 Issues on On-screen Keyboard
  Issues due to Sensitivity
 Screen Size
 Accidental Dialing

Applications
The applications of touchscreen technology include the following. Some of the
examples of touchscreens like smartphones, a tablet or a computer & a point of
sale device.

 All-in-One computer
 Touch screen printer
 Ticket machine
 Arcade game
 Tablet
 ATM
 Car GPS
 Smartphone
 Signature pads
 Camera
 POS machine
 Car stereo
 Medical equipment
 Cash register
 Large interactive screen
 Digital camcorder