English

NOUNS
Nouns - words that refer to a person, a place, an animal, a thing, a substance, a concept or an idea, a quality, a measurement, a
condition, or an event

Kinds of Nouns
● Common Noun - refers to a general type (e.g. country, film, actress, song)
● Proper Noun - refers to a particular name of a person, place, thing, or an event (e.g. Philippines, Ang Larawan, Liza
Soberano, May Bukas Pa)
● Concrete Noun - refers to something that can be perceived through the senses (e.g. books, music, ice cream)
● Abstract Noun - refers to something that cannot be perceived by the senses (e.g. anger, freedom, love)
● Collective Noun - refers to individuals or things taken as a whole or collectively (e.g. committee, herd, set)
● Count Noun - refers to nouns that can be quantified or counted with a number (e.g. girl, puppy, rose)
● Mass Noun - also known as uncountable noun; denotes nouns which cannot be counted nor quantified and are often used
as singular (e.g. wood, smoke, adolescence)
● Compound Noun - two words combined to imply a single meaning (e.g. breakfast, take-out, swimming pool)

Plural Forms of Nouns

● Plurals of nouns require the addition of -s to the singular. (e.g. phone - phones)
● If the noun ends with s, sh, ch, x, or z, add -es to the singular. (e.g. truss - trusses, crush - crushes, hunch - hunches, tax -
taxes, waltz - waltzes)
● If the noun ends with o, preceded by a vowel, form the plural by adding -s. Same rule applies to musical terms (e.g. radio -
radios, piano - pianos)
○ If the noun ends with o, preceded by a consonant, form plural by adding -s or -es. Either form may apply for
some nouns.(e.g. avocado - avocados, mango - mango/mangoes)
● If the noun ends with y, preceded by a consonant, change y to i and add - es. (e.g. buddy - buddies)
● If the noun ends with y, preceded by a vowel (usually e), add -s to the singular. (e.g. monkey - monkeys)
● If the noun ends with f or fe, form the plural by changing the f or fe to v and add -es. (e.g. leaf - leaves, life - lives)
○ Some nouns have two plural forms, one in s and the other in -es. (e.g. dwarf - dwarfs/dwarves)
○ Other nouns only add -s to convert to plural form. (e.g. chef - chefs)
● Changing the singular of the noun may also form the plural form. (e.g. woman - women, person - people, foot - feet,
mouse - mice, ox - oxen)
● There are cases when the singular form of the noun is also its plural form. (e.g. species - species)
● If the noun is a mass noun, form the plural by adding a quantity indicator (e.g. sugar - a spoonful of sugar, rice - a kilo of
rice, coffee - three cups of coffee)
● If the noun is a compound noun, you can either form the plural form by adding s or es to the principal word of the
compound, by making both parts plural, or by simply adding -s or -es. (e.g. brother-in-law - brothers-in law, man politician
- men politicians, toothbrush - toothbrushes, fistful - fistfuls)
● If the noun is a number, letter, sign, or symbol, add an apostrophe s (‘s) to form its plural. (e.g. 10 - 10’s, A - A’s)
● Some words that are only used in their plural form

Scissors Mathematics Goods Scales

Pants Acoustics Intestines Underpants

Sunglasses Pliers Headquarters Ethics

Socks Shears Remains Clothes

● Foreign nouns and their plural forms

Criterion Criteria

Phenomenon Phenomena
 Datum Data

Appendix Appendices

Fungus Fungi

Parenthesis Parentheses

Alga Algae

Alumnus Alumni

Larva Larvae

Crisis Crises

Analysis Analyses

Phenomenon Phenomena

Memorandum Memoranda

Alumna Alumnae

Alumnus Alumni

Media Medium

Cases of Nouns - indicates the relationship of a noun to the other words in the sentence, determined by the use of the noun in the
sentence
● Nominative Case - the noun is used as the subject in the sentence. (e.g. A ​ lyssa ​is my best friend.)
○ Predicate Nominative - the noun is used as the predicate noun in the sentence. Predicate nouns are used after
linking verbs. (e.g. Miss Universe 2015 is ​Pia Wurtzbach​.)
● Objective Case - the noun is used as an object of a verb or a preposition (e.g. Someone at my p ​ izza​!, Ryan performs well
​ athematics​.)
in M
● Possessive Case - shows ownership or possession; different from adjectives (e.g. teacher - teacher’s, class - class’s,
soldiers - soldiers’, family - family’s, Philippines - Philippines’, Sabrina - Sabrina’s, mother-in-law - mother-in-law’s, Harry
and Ginny’s, Ron’s and Hermione’s)

PRONOUNS
Pronouns are substitutes for nouns. They eliminate the redundancy of nouns in a single sentence. The noun for which the pronoun
is used is called the antecedent. Every pronoun has a case which indicates the function of the noun or pronoun in the sentence.
х I thought I lost the Hunger Games book that my friend lent me, but I found the Hunger Games book that my friend
lent me in my backpack.
✓ I thought I lost the Hunger Games book that my friend lent me, but I found it in my backpack.

Some nouns need to be reused in other clauses, but inventing a new name for them will just cause confusion. To simplify
things, pronouns substitute nouns and other pronouns.

Nominative Case Objective Case Possessive Case

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

First I We First Me Us First My/Mine Our/Ours
Second You You Second You You Second Your/Yours Your/Yours
Third He, She, It They Third Him, Her, It Them Third His*, Hers, Its Their/Theirs

Relative Who, That, Which Relative Whom, That, Which Relative Whose

Cases of Pronouns
 ● Nominative Case - pronouns are used as a subject of the sentence or as a predicate pronoun after a linking verb (e.g. S ​ he
ate a cheeseburger., It is ​he​ who danced with the princess.)
● Objective Case - pronouns used are used as a direct object, an indirect object, or a preposition (e.g. Anthony picked ​her
up from the event., Danielle stood between ​them​.)
● Possessive Case - show ownership or attribution; the possessive form with apostrophe s (‘s) is only applicable for some
pronouns (e.g. This painting is ​hers​., I believe this is ​yours​.)

Kinds of Pronouns
● Personal Pronouns
○ First Person - refers to the speaker or the person doing the action (e.g. ​I​ won’t be attending the meeting.)
○ Second Person - refers to the person/people spoken to (e.g. You are the highlight of my day.)
○ Third Person - refers to the person/people or thing spoken of (e.g. They are moving to Canada.)
● Compound Personal Pronouns - formed by adding -self or -selves to certain forms of personal pronouns
○ Reflexive Pronoun - when the compound personal pronoun is the object of the verb. The subject is the
antecedent of the pronoun. (e.g. Rachel accidentally hurt herself as she attempted to learn ballet.)
○ Intensive/Emphatic Pronoun - when the compound personal pronoun is used to emphasize the antecedent it
follows. (e.g. He baked the cupcakes himself.)
● Relative Pronouns - joins the clause which is introduces as its own antecedent
○ Who - used when the antecedent is a person or as a subject of a dependent clause (e.g. Lea Salonga is a
singer who played Kim in Miss Saigon.)
○ Whom - also refers to persons and is used as an object of a dependent clause (e.g. Augustus was a boy who
has Osteosarcoma whom Hazel loved.)
○ Whose - relative pronoun in the possessive case (e.g. Kaori, whose music inspired many to learn how to play
the violin, was loved by Kousei.
○ That - introduces a restrictive clause that is essential to the sentence (e.g. This is the university that Maria
dreams of attending.)
○ Which - introduces a nonrestrictive clause that is not essential to the sentence (e.g. Abdominal exercises which
fortifies one’s midsection is recommended after each workout.)

VERBS

VERB TONE AND TENSES

SIMPLE PROGRESSIVE PERFECT PERFECT-PROGRESSIVE
Used whenever we are Used whenever we are Used whenever we are Used whenever we are talking
talking about a point in talking about a length of talking about taking about about a length of time up to a
time time a point in time before point in time
another point in time
PAST Past Tense Was/Were + Present Had + Past Participle Had Been + Present
(action completed at a Participle (action or condition Participle
specific time in the past) (action going on in the past completed before (action going on in the past
when overtaken by another) for a specific time period
another past action) when overtaken by another
past action)
PRESENT Base Form Present Participle Has/Have + Past Has/Have Been + Present
(present or habitual (currently ongoing or Participle Participle (action or condition
action) continuous action or (action or condition that being continued to the
condition) was completed recently) present)
FUTURE Will + Base Form Will be + Present Participle Will have + Past Will have been + Present
(action definitely (predicted action) Participle Participle
expected) (future action or condition (continuing future action
completed before before another; duration of
another) time that occurred before a
specific time in the future;
most often used with a time
expression)

Verb Tense Consistency

Rule 1: When you have more than one verb in a sentence, do not shift from one tense to another if the time frame for each verb is
the same. Verb tenses of the same time frame follow the law of parallelism.
✗ During the performance, Mia stood up, and walks out of the stage.
✓ During the performance, Mia stood up, and walked out of the stage.
 ✓ During the performance, Mia stands up, and walks out of the stage.

Rule 2: Do shift tense to indicate a change in time frame from one action or state to another.
✗ Before they even began deliberations, many judges reached a verdict.
✓ Before they even began deliberations, many judges had reached a verdict.

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
(​Subjects are underlined.​ ​Verbs are in bold.​)

Subject-Verb Agreement
Rule 1 Singular subjects need singular verbs; plural subjects need plural verbs

Juan​ ​dances​.
She​ ​dances ​ballet.
Students​ ​dance​ hip-hop at the auditorium.
The children​ ​dance ​to T
​ hriller​ every Friday.
Last Saturday, ​they​ danced​ barefoot in front of the audience.
​ rofessor​ ​danced ​the Thai Sri-Nuan and the Burmese Kinnara to prove her point about the similarities of traditional
My p
dances of geographically close countries.

Rule 2 Compound nouns require plural verbs

The moon and stars​ ​are ​very pretty tonight.

Both t​ he book and pen​ a ​ re​ expensive.
Kenan and Kel​ a ​ re​ going to ask two girls out to the movies.

Rule 3 Nouns in plural form but singular in meaning need a singular verb. Some nouns are always plural and always need plural
verbs.

The ​news​ i​ s​ devastating.

Measles​ i​ s​ a dangerous disease for pregnant women.
The ​acoustics​ ​in the multi-purpose hall i​ s ​great for recording our new song!
The ​politics​ of fiction f​ orces​ writers of developing countries to write autobiographically or historically.

My j​ eans​ a
​ re ​wet!
Shears​ ​are​ used to harmlessly harvest wool from sheep.
The canned ​goods​ I received ​were​ too heavy to carry.

Some other nouns that are plural in form but Some other nouns that are always plural:
singular in meaning: - Scissors
- Economics - Clothes
- Athletics - Pants
- Mathematics - Shorts
- Billiards - Eyeglasses
- Ethics - Stairs
- The Avengers​ (the movie; movie is singular) - Outskirts
- We the Kings (the band; band is singular)

Rule 4 A subject that is followed by interrupters (“with”, “together with”, “including”, “accompanied by”, “in addition to”, or “as well
as”) do not change the number of the subject. ​Match subjects with their corresponding verbs. Ignore appositives, prepositional
phrases, and other parts of speech.

Mae,​ together with her friends, ​is​ going to a road trip.

Mary​, accompanied by her classmate, ​is​ watching a movie.
Marco​, president of our school’s MUN (Model United Nations), ​is​ calling another meeting.
Coffee​, as well as tea, k
​ eeps M​ arcella awake every school day.
Holding a bouquet of red roses behind him, B ​ olin​ w
​ as​ devastated as he watched his crush kiss his brother.
In addition to classic identity markers of emerging adulthood, such as religion, political ideology, and work, ​young adults
​ se​ media preferences to express their identity.
also u
Together with Kommer and Jean Marais, including Marais’s little daughter May, ​Minke​, now matured from all his recent
experiences, ​confronted ​Engineer Maurits, the ​man​ who l​ eft​ Annelies to die in the Netherlands and who w ​ as ​about to
take away Nyai Ontosoroh’s business and money.
Rule 5 A compound subject is a type of subject where two or more nouns are joined by a coordinating conjunction (e.g. and, but,
or).
● Two or more subject joined by “and” always have a plural verb.
● When the words ​or, nor, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also​ j​ oins the parts of a compound subject, the
verb​ should be ​singular​ when ​the parts are singular​; but it should be ​plural​ if both ​parts are plural​.
Otherwise, if the parts connected differ in number, the ​verb agrees with the nearer subject part​.
● If the parts of the compound subject are thought of as one item, a singular verb is used.
● If the word “every” and “each” comes before a compound subject, a singular verb should be used.
● If the sentence compounds a positive and a negative subject and one is plural, the other singular, the verb
should agree with the positive subject.
Neither the hammer nor the nail​ w​ as​ found.
Either the students or the teachers​ ​were​ to blame.
Not only the horses but also the cow​ w ​ as​ slain.

Rule 6 A collective noun requires a ​singular verb ​when the group is thought of as a ​unit​, but it requires a ​plural verb​ if
individuals composing the group are ​acting separately​.

The ​jury​ ​were​ discussing their views on the testimony.

The ​audience​ ​was​ silent.
The ​pieces​ of homework that the teachers assigned to us ​were​ too much for just a weekend.

Rule 7 A title is singular and must have a singular verb.

The Fault in Our Stars​ ​ is​ a book written by John Green.
The Hunger Games​ ​is ​a trilogy written by Suzanne Collins.

Rule 8 A verbal noun is a noun derived from a verb. This can be a gerund or an infinitive. A verbal noun is always a single entity
that follows a singular verb unless joined by the conjunction “and”. ​Gerunds and infinitives are nouns, not verbs. Do not confuse the
two.
Answering​ grammar questions ​gives​ me headaches.
Letting​ go of all my attachments to my friends ​is​ difficult.
To write​ a series of novels ​is ​not an easy task.
To lose​ something, to realize that it will never return,​ is ​the mark of adulthood.

Rule 9 Indefinite pronouns

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR/PLURAL

(depending on the
antecedent)

everybody no one one one several some

either nobody another nothing others none

each neither many a many most

anything much something few more

anyone little someone both any

anybody everything somebody all

another everyone other

Each​ officer ​has​ the power to confiscate unnecessary items.

Many a​ boy ​has​ volunteered to help.
Every​ student i​ s​ subjected to the rules of the handbook.
Every​ boy and girl in the class w ​ as ​amazed.
 Every​ day i​ s​ a new day.
Everyday ​everybody​ who’s anybody i​ s​ living in fear because of the war.
None,​ neither soldier nor civilian, ​was​ found underneath the rubble.

Many​ say that the Math exam was hard.

Much​ i​ s​ left undone.

Some​ of the beads a ​ re​ missing.

Some​ of the water ​is​ gone.

Rule 10 The expression “​the number” ​requires a singular verb while “​a number”​ requires a plural verb. This is because “the
number” is an exact number while “a number” is an estimate.

The number​ of the new students ​is​ twenty- five.

A number​ of officials w
​ ere​ against the decision.

Rule 11 For fraction expressions (e.g. percent, fraction, “part of”, “majority of”, “remainder of”, “more than”), they​ take a singular
verb if the object of the OF-phrase that follows is singular. If not, then it is plural

One-fourth of the students​ ​are​ outside.

One-half of the cake​ ​was​ eaten.

Rule 12 The verb ties with a relative pronoun (what, who, whom, when, which, that) used as a subject; the relative pronoun ties
with the number of the person of its antecedent.

He​ i​ s​ ​one of the students​ who were arrested during the protest.
She​ ​is​ ​one of the most vocal girls​ who are protesting.
It​ w
​ as​ w ​ hen Napoleon wasted resources​ maintaining control in Spain that the decline of the French began.

Rule 13 In sentences that start with inverted sentences (e.g.“There”, “Here”), the verb agrees with the noun or pronoun that
immediately follows the verb.
There ​were​ ​many​ guests at the party.
There ​was​ ​dancing​ all night.

Rule 14 Use a singular verb with sums of money or periods of time.

Rule 15 The generic references with “the” require plural verb.

The English​ a
​ re ​distant while t​ he French​ ​are​ humorous.
The youth​ ​enjoy l​ istening to music.

Rule 16 Verbs in a compound predicate follow the number of the same subject they describe.

He​ k
​ nocks​ people down and ​breaks​ their spirit into pieces.
This upbeat a​ lbum​ ​won​ several international awards and i​ s​ Charles’s favorite CD.

WRITING SENTENCES
1. The Comma splice/ Run-on Sentence
Confusion caused by too much ideas poorly connected in a sentence
To correct, add a semicolon, a conjunction or divide the sentence into two sentences. Remember that clauses must have
one subject and one predicate each.

х The next essay has a lot of difficult information in it,​ ​ you should start analyzing it right now.
✓ The next essay has a lot of difficult information in it; you should start analyzing it right now.

х He was just about to raise the white flag when the soldier came from the side, he flanked the entire platoon and the
captain said his last words.
✓ He was just about to raise the white flag, when the soldier came from the side. He flanked the entire platoon, and the
captain said his last words.

2. Fragment
A subject or predicate is missing in a clause
 To correct, complete the sentence.

х Since Carlo was talking during the entire class making it impossible for anyone to concentrate.
✓ Since Carlo was talking during the entire class, making it impossible for anyone to concentrate, the teacher made
him stay after school.

х A photon emitted spontaneously by a radioactive substance.

✓ A photon emitted spontaneously by a radioactive substance is called a gamma ray.

3. Subjunctive Mood
Subjunctive mood expresses a command, a wish, a suggestion or a condition that is contrary to fact. A verb in the
subjunctive mood may have a ​different form to one with the same subject​ which is not in the subjunctive mood.

х If I ​was​ your parent, I would ground you for two weeks.

✓ If I ​were​ your parent, I would ground you for two weeks.

х I suggest that Emil w​ aits​ for the principal.

✓ I suggest that Emil ​wait​ for the principal.

х I wish he would just ​drops​ the charges.

✓ I wish he would just ​drop​ the charges.

х I know that you s​ teal​ the cookie from the cookie jar.
✓ I know that you ​stole ​the cookie from the cookie jar.

х I will not believe anything you s​ aid.​

✓ I will not believe anything you ​say​.

4. Misplaced/ Dangling Modifiers

Modifiers should describe the right noun. Make sure that modifiers are placed nearest to the noun it is describing.

х Reaching for the frame​, the ladder slipped out from under her.
✓ When he reached for the frame​, the ladder slipped out from under her.
(The ladder cannot reach for the frame).

5. Parallelism
Usually equal and similar elements must be in similar form.

х In his book on winter sports, the author discusses i​ ce-skating, skiing, hockey and how to fish in an ice covered
lake.
✓ In his book on winter sports, the author discusses ice-skating, skiing, hockey, and fishing in an ice-covered lake.

х This project aims ​to​ ​evaluate ​how many users are familiar with the more technical features of the calculator and
analyze t​ he time it takes to complete a certain task on the calculator using m
​ athematics and statistical methods
where applicable
✓ This project aims ​to evaluate​ how many users are familiar with the more technical features of the calculator and ​to
analyze​ the time it takes to complete a certain task on the calculator using ​mathematical and statistical methods
where applicable

COMMON MISUSED AND INTERCHANGED WORDS

1. PERSECUTE- to subject to ill treatment 7. AWAIT- does not require a preposition (for)
PROSECUTE- to bring to a lawsuit WAIT- usually require a preposition (for)
2. ADVICE- an offered opinion or recommendation; 8. BECAUSE- use it to denote a specific
used as a noun; used as a noun cause-and-effect relationship
ADVISE- to give counsel to; used as a verb SINCE- is acceptable in a causal sense but best
3. LOSE- verb; to miss from one’s possession used when it denotes a period of time
LOOSE- adjective; a state of laxity 9. BESIDE- means at the side of
4. ANTICIPATE- means to expect and prepare for BESIDES- means in addition to
something; active 10. BETWEEN- general, use it for two items
EXPECT- doesn’t include idea of preparation; AMONG- for more than two
passive 11. BIANNUAL- twice a year
5. LAY, LAID, LAID- to put or set something down BIENNIAL- every two years
LIE, LAY, LAIN- to recline 12. CAPITAL- is the city
LIE, LIED, LIED- to deceive CAPITOL- is the building
6. A WHILE- noun; a period of time 13. CARAT- unit of weight for precious stones
AWHILE- adverb; for a short time KARAT- measure of gold content
 14. ALL READY- adjective; all prepared ONE ANOTHER- referring to more than two
ALREADY- adverb; pertains to time, something 42. FARTHER- use in physical distance only
that had happened FURTHER- use in all other instances
15. AT PRESENT- means now 43. FEWER- refers to distinguishable units
PRESENTLY- means soon LESS- refers to bulk sum, amount, period or
16. EMINENT- respected concept
IMMINENT- pending 44. IMPLY- to suggest
17. EMIGRATE - leave INFER- to conclude
IMMIGRATE - transfer 45. IN SPITE- spelled separately
MIGRATE - DESPITE- never use with the preposition ​of
18. ACCEPT - to agree to take something 46. ALL TOGETHER- people or things gathered in
EXCEPT - to exclude something one place
19. ADAPT - to make it suitable for a particular ALTOGETHER- completely, entirely
purpose 47. CENSOR- remove something questionable;
ADOPT - to choose as one’s own person who censors
20. AFFECT - to influence CENSURE- find fault or condemns; reprimand
EFFECT - as a result or consequence 48. CITE- mention or quote someone
21. ALTAR - a platform where religious rites are SITE- a particular place
performed or sacrifices are offered SIGHT - to see at a specific location
ALTER - to change 49. COUNCIL - a committee
22. ALTOGETHER - entirely, completely COUNSEL - to give advice
ALL TOGETHER - as a group 50. DECENT - fitting, respectable
23. ALLUDE - to refer casually DESCENT - a decline or the act of moving
24. ELUDE - to escape downward
25. ALLUSION - a subtle reference DISSENT - a difference in opinion
ILLUSION - a deception or misconception 51. ELICIT - to bring out or to call forth
26. AMBIVALENT - having conflicting feelings towards ILLICIT - unlawful
something LICIT - lawful
AMBIGUOUS - unclear or having more than one 52. IRREGARDLESS - a case of nonstandard usage.
interpretation Use regardless of respective instead
27. AMORAL - having no moral standards 53. LATER - occurring after the set time
IMMORAL - violent moral principles LATTER - being the second mentioned of two
MORAL - pertaining to principles of right conduct 54. MORAL - a lesson or principle about good
28. CANVAS - a woven cloth behavior
CANVASS - to inspect carefully MORALE - shared enthusiasm for and dedication
CARCASS - a dead body to a goal
29. COMPLEMENT- pair 55. STATIONARY - not moving or not changing
COMPLIMENT- praise or flatter STATIONERY - a writing paper
30. TAKE- denotes movement away from the speaker 56. THEY’RE - a contraction of “they are”
or writer THEIR - a pronoun that shows possession
BRING- denotes movement toward the speaker THERE - a place that is far from the speaker
31. ELIGIBLE- meaning authenticated 57. CLIMACTIC- refers to the climax
ILLEGIBLE- pertains to handwriting CLIMATIC- refers to the climate
32. FILL IN- to answer; to be a substitute 58. EXPLICIT- clearly expressed or observable
FILL UP- to put something; fill completely IMPLICIT- implied or expressed indirectly
FILL OUT- supply what is needed in the forms 59. MANY- people to things that could be counted
33. AGREE TO- a proposal or something MUCH- refers to a large quantity
AGREE WITH- a person 60. WHO- requires a subject pronouns (equivalent to
34. DIFFER IN- disagree in opinion he/she)
DIFFER WITH- disagree with a person WHOM- requires an object pronoun (equivalent to
35. IN BEHALF OF- for the benefit of; in the interest of him/her)
ON BEHALF OF- representing; on the part of 61. WHO’S - contraction of “who is”
36. THAT- refers to people or things WHOSE - shows ownership
WHICH- refers only to things 62. RAISE- transitive verb; lift, heighten, promote
WHO- refers only to people RISE- intransitive verb; get up or increase
37. CITIZEN- one who exercises full civil rights of a 63. LATER- referring to time
nation either by birth or neutralization LATTER- referring to second of two persons or
RESIDENT- an inhabitant of the a state or a city things mentioned previously
NATIVE- a person born in a specific location 64. IN- means inside
38. CONTINUAL - steadily repeated INTO- suggests movement
CONTINUOUS - uninterrupted 65. HUNG- past tense of hang (suspend)
39. DECLINE- implies courtesy in rejecting HANGED- past tense of hang (execute)
REFUSE- blunt and emphatic in rejecting 66. A LARGE NUMBER OF – used with count nouns.
40. DISINTERESTED- impartial, unbiased A LARGE AMOUNT OF – used with non-count
UNINTERESTED- lacks interest nouns.
41. EACH OTHER- referring to two people
 LIST OF IDIOMS
Idiom Meaning
A breath of fresh air Something new, pleasant, or invigorating
Add fuel to the fire/flame To worsen the situation
Add insult to injury To make a bad situation worse for someone by doing
something else to upset them
Afraid of one’s shadow Scared of small or imaginary things; very easily
frightened; jumpy; nervous
Anybody’s game A contest where everyone has an equal chance of
winning
At loss for words Unable to speak or explain
At odds In conflict or disagreement; opposed
Backseat driver A bossy person in a car who always tells the driver
what to do
Bad blood Enmity, hostility
Bad seed A person who never does anything well
Beat around the bush avoid the main topic of discussion; to evade the issueA
Beat the bushes To try very hard to find or get something
Beaten black and blue Beaten with visible bruises
Belly up To go bankrupt; become a functional; to die
Blessing in disguise Some unexpected good that came about as the result
of something bad or undesirable
Bosom friend A very close friend
Catch with one’s pants down Catch off-guard, unprepared, or in an embarrassing
situation
Caught short Not having enough of something when you need it
Cheek by jowl Very close together
Chip on one’s shoulder A quarrelsome nature; readiness to be angered
Come to terms Reach an agreement; accept something difficult
Cut the mustard To do well enough in what needs to be done; to
succeed
Drape one ape, bananas, crazy, mad, nuts To irritate, frustrate or tickle someone’s fancy so badly
that they think they’re going insane
Down and out Lacking funds, resources, or prospects
Dutch treat / Go Dutch An economical form of hospitality in which each
person pay’s the other’s expenses, or which each pays
is own expenses.
Dust off To get ready to use again
Eat dirt Be humiliated
Every cloud has a silver lining Every trouble has something hopeful that you can see
in it
Face the music Take punishment or unpleasant consequence
Fair-weather friend A friend who deserts you when you’re in trouble
Fill one’s shoes To take the place of another and do as well
Fish story Improbable story said to be true
Get hitched Get married
Get the knack of Get used to
Green around the grills Pale-faced from fear or sickness; sickly; nauseated
Green-eyed monster Jealousy
Hard nut to crack Something difficult to understand or to do
Hard sell A kind of salesmanship characterized by great vigor,
aggressive persuasion, and great eagerness of the
seller
Have an eye for To be good at noticing something
Heart of gold Generous and merciful in nature
Hoist the white flag Surrender
Hold your peace Keep silent; to hold one’s tongue
Hot air Nonsense, exaggerated talk, wasted words
characterized by emotional rather than intellectual
content
In black and white Written, printed or photograph form
In cahoots with In connivance with
In cold blood Without showing emotion
In good faith Sincere
In hot water Serious trouble
In the same boat Same situation
Jack of all trades A person who is knowledgeable in many areas
Jump on the bandwagon To join a popular cause or movement
Keep mum Keep quiet (and not tell anyone)
Keep your nose clean Keep out of trouble
Keep your spirits up Don’t give up; be optimistic
Knock of one’s feet To surprise someone so much that he does not know
what to do
Labor of love Inspired work
Laughing matter A joke
Laundry list A list of things to buy or to do
Lead a dog’s life Lead a miserable life
Lead by the nose To have full control of; Make or persuade someone to
do anything
Lay waste To devastate
Let your hair down Loosen up
Let bygones be bygones Let the past be forgotten
Make a name for yourself Become well-known
Make hay while the sun shines Make progress while there is still opportunities
Mark my word Remember what I say
Meet you halfway Compromise
Mess around with To annoy
Much ado about nothing Much excitement over a trifle
New blood New people with new ideas
Not born yesterday Not gullible
Nurse a grudge (against) To feel resentful (against)
Nuts and bolts of The basic facts or details about something
On cloud nine Very happy
On pins and needles Worried; nervous
On one’s coattails Because of another’s merits, success, or popularity
On the rocks Wrecked or ruined
Out on a limb In a precarious situation
Out of one’s element Outside of your natural surroundings
Paint the town red Have a good time
Part and parcel A necessary or important part
Pass the buck Put the blame or responsibility on someone else
Penny wise and pound foolish Wise or careful in small things but not careful enough
in important things
Pie in the sky An unrealistic hope
Play safe Be careful
Play with fire Engage in a dangerous activity
Put our heads together Pool our ideas
Quick fix OR Stopgap A simple short-term solution to a problem
Rake in the money Collect huge sums of money with a little effort
Right between the eyes In a vulnerable spot
Rub elbows Meet casually
Run-of-the-mill Of a common kind; ordinary; usual
Save your skin Save your life
See things your way Agree with you
Seventh heaven A condition of perfect happiness
Sharp tongue Critical or harsh manner of speaking
Show your real face Show your real attitude
Shrug it off Disregard
Sing in a different tune To talk or act in the opposite way; Contradict
something said before
Skin deep Superficial
Slap one’s wrist To receive a light punishment
Soak the rich Overcharge the wealthy
Speak for everybody On behalf of everybody
Straight from the horse’s mouth Direct for the source; credible
Strange bedfellows Unusual companions
Stand in your way To hinder
Take by storm To capture by a sudden or very bold attack
Take heart Be more optimistic
Taken aback Startled
Take the rap To be punished
Tell it to the Marines Interjection used as a reply to express doubt or
disbelief
Time of your life Pleasant or joyous occasion
Tit for tat This for that; reciprocation
Throw down the gauntlet To challenge, especially to a fight
Trailblazer A pioneer or innovator
Turn a blind eye To pretend not to see
Turn the tables on you To reverse positions
Turn yellow Become cowardly
Under oath Obligated by promise
Under one’s nose In sight of
Up in arms In violent opposition
Walk in the park Something very easy to do or accomplish
Walk on air To feel happiness on achieving success
Weak stomach Inability to consume a variety of food
Wear pants in the family Holds the dominant position in the family
Wolf in sheep’s clothing A person who pretends to be good but really is bad
Your hands are clean Free of guilt
FILIPINO MODULE
Bahagi ng Pananalita
I. Pangngalan (Noun) ​-salita o bahagi ng pangungusap na tumutukoy sa ngalan ng tao, bagay, pook, hayop, at pangyayari

Uri ng Pangngalan
Ø ​Ayon sa kahulugan/katangian
Ø ​ Pantangi (proper noun) -​tumutukoy sa partikular o tiyak na tao ngalan ng tao, hayop, bagay, lugar, kathang-isip, o
pangyayari.
-nagsisimula sa malaking titik
-eg. Jose Rizal, Luneta, Bathala.
Ø ​ Pambalana (common noun) -​tumutukoy sa pangkaraniwan o pangkalahatang ngalan ng tao, hayop, lugar, bagay,
kaisipan at pangyayari.
-nagsisimula sa maliit na titik.
-eg. bayani, aso, katamisan ,pagdiriwang, pusa
· Uri ng Pambalana:
o Konkreto -pambalanang nakikita o nahahawakan eg.bundok
o Di- konkreto -pambalanang nararamdaman lamang eg.pagmamahal

Ø ​Ayon sa kayarian
Ø ​ Tahas -​naranasan ng isa sa limang pandamdam at may katangiang pisikal.
- ​eg. tubig, bundok, pagkain
Ø ​ Basal - ​kaisipan o konsepto na hindi nararanasan ng limang pandamdam at walang pisikal na katangian.
-​ eg. wika, yaman, buhay
Ø ​Hango -​nilapian
-e​g. kaisipan, salawikain, katapangan
Ø ​Lansak -​tumutukoy sa isang kalipunan o karamihan. Maaaring maylapi o wala.
-​eg. madla, sangkatauhan, kapuluan
Ø ​Patalinghaga-​ang salita ay may iba pang kahulugan/hindi tuwirang patungkol sa bagay
-e​g. buwaya (imbis na kurakot), langit (imbis na ligaya), kababuyan (imbis na kasalaulaan)

Ø ​Ayon sa kasarian
Ø Panlalaki -pari, hari, tatay, kuya, manong, tandang (lalaking manok), kalaykan (lalaking kalabaw)
Ø Pambabae -madre, reyna, nanay, ate, libay (usang babae)
Ø Di tiyak -tumutukoy sa ngalang maaring babae o lalaki eg. Guro, estudyante
Ø Walang Kasarian-ngalang tumutukoy sa bagay na walang buhay eg. Upuan

Ø ​Ayon sa kaanyuan
Ø Payak -hindi inuulit, walang panlapi, o katambal
-eg.​ ​talumpati​, ​watawat​, ligalig
Ø Maylapi -binubuo ng salitang-ugat na may panlapi sa unahan, gitna, hulihan o magkabila.
-eg.​ ​sinigang​, inihaw, tindahan, ​palakasan
Ø Inuulit -inuulit na maaaring may panlapi o salitang-ugat lamang.
-eg. tau-tauhan, bagay-bagay, bali-balita
Ø Tambalan -binubuo ng dalawang salitang magkaiba na pinagsasama upang maging isa at may gitling sa pagitan nito.
-eg. kisap-mata, bahay-kubo, bantay-salakay, bukas-palad

Ø ​Ayon sa Kaukulan
Ø ​ Palagyo (subjective)
1. Simuno/paksa - ​kung ang pangngalan na ginamit ay ang pinag-uusapan sa pangungusap
-eg. Ang ​basura​ ay itinapon sa tamang lalagyan
2. Kaganapang pansimuno- ​kung ang simuno at ang isa pang pangngalan sa panaguri ay iisa
-eg. Ang basura ay ​problema​ sa ating pamayanan.
3. Pamuno sa simuno- ​ang pangngalang tumutukoy sa simuno at nasa bahagi rin ng simuno
-eg. Ang basura, isang​ problema​ sa ating pamayanan, ay nagdudulot ng mga sakit.
4. Pantawag - ​kung ang pangngalan ay sinasambit o tinatawag sa pangungusap
 -eg. Panginoon, salamat po sa pagmamahal mo sa amin.

Ø ​ Palayon (objective)
1. Layon ng pang-ukol-​kung ang pangngalan ay pinaglalaan ng kilos at kasunod ng pang-ukol
-eg. Itinapon ang ​basura​ sa tamang ​lalagyan.
2. Layon ng pandiwa- ​kung ang pangngalan ay ginagamit bilang tagatanggap ng kilos
-eg. Itinapon ang basura sa tamang ​lalagyan.

Ø ​Paari (possessive) - ​kung may dalawang pangngalan magkasunod, ang ikalawang pangngalan ay nagpapakita ng
pagmamay-ari
-eg. Si Jaime ay pinsan ni ​Tony.

II. Panghalip (Pronoun) – ​salita o katagang panghalili o pamalit sa pangngalan.

Ø ​Uri
Ø ​ Panao (personal pronoun) – ​panghalili sa ngalan ng tao.

Panauhan/ Palagyo Paukol (objective) Paari (possessive)

kailanan (subjective)

Isahan

Una ako Ko akin

Ikalawa ikaw, ka Mo iyo

Ikatlo siya Niya kanya

Dalawahan

Una kata, kita, tayo nita, natin kanita, atin

Ikalawa kayo Ninyo inyo

Ikatlo sila Nila kanila

Maramihan

Una kami Namin amin

Ikalawa kayo Ninyo inyo

Ikatlo sila Niya kanila

Ø ​ Pamatlig (demonstrative pronouns) – ​humahalili sa ngalan ng tao, bagay, atbp. na itinuturo.

paukol paturol paari patulad pahimaton gamit

kapag

dito, dine ire, yari, ito nire, nito ganito, ere, eto, malapit sa
ganire heto nagsasalita

diyan iyan, yaan niyan ganyan ayan, hayan mas malapit

sa kausap
 doon iyon, yaon noon, ganoon, ayun, hayun malayo sa
niyon gayon nag​-​uusap

Ø ​ Pananong (interrogative pronouns) – ​panghalili sa ngalan ng tao, bagay, atbp na ginagamit sa pagtatanong.

Isahan Maramihan

sino sinu-sino

ano anu-ano

alin alin-alin

kanino kani-kanino

ilan ilan-ilan

Ø ​ Panaklaw (indefinite pronouns) – ​ginagamit upang maipakita ang dami, kaisahan o kalahatan ng pangngalan.

isa alinman

iba sinuman

balana ilanman

lahat kailanman

tanan saanman

madla gaanuman

pawa magkanuman

anuman kuwan

III. Pantukoy (Article) – ​nagpapakilala sa pangngalan

Ø ​Pantangi (proper)

isahan maramihan

si sina

ni nina

kay kina
 Ø ​Pambalana (common)

isahan maramihan

ang ang mga

sa sa mga

ng ng mga

IV. Pandiwa (Verb) – ​nagsasaad ng kilos o galaw. Ito ay nagpapakilos o nagbibigay-buhay sa isang lipon ng mga salita.

· Aspekto ng Pandiwa
Ø ​ Perpektibo – ​ang kilos ay natapos na o naganap na ​(eg. kumain, uminom)
Ø ​ Imperpektibo – ​ang kilos ay nasimulan na pero hindi pa natatapos ​(eg. kumakain, umiinom)
Ø ​ Kontemplatibo​ – ang kilos ay hindi pa nasisimulan kundi iniisip o binabalak lamang. ​(eg. kakain, iinom)

V. Pangngalang Diwa – ​nagbibigay ngalan sa kilos na taglay ng pandiwa

panlapi paraan ng pagbuo pandiwa pang.diwa

um pag- + SU tumalakay pagtalakay

mag pag- + unang pantig ng SU + SU magsabi pagsasabi

mang mang-akit pang-aakit

in/hin sabihin pagsasabi

magka pagkaka- + SU magkaisa pagkakaisa

an/han pag- + SU puntahan pagpunta

maka makatawag pagtawag

ma maisip pag-isip

VI. Pang-angkop - ​nag-uugnay ng dalawang salita

Ø ​na​ – ang naunang salita ay nagtatapos sa katinig
Ø ​..ng​ – ang naunang salita ay nagtatapos sa patinig
Ø ​..g​ – ang naunang salita ay nagtatapos sa titik ​n

VII. Pang-uri (Adjective)- ​nagsasaad ng katangian. Ito ay naglalarawan sa pangngalan o panghalip.

· Kaantasan
Ø ​Lantay – ​tinutukoy ang basal na katangian ng pangngalan o panghalip na tinuturingan.
-​eg. Maganda ang mga tanawin sa Palawan.
Ø ​Pahambing ​– kapag may pinagtutulad o pinaghahambing.
1. Magkatulad ​– ito ay ginagamitan ng mga panlaping ​kapwa, gaya, paris, tulad, pareho, kahawig, magkasing-,
kasing-, magsing- a ​ t iba pa.
-​eg. Magkasing-ganda lang ang mga tanawin sa Palawan at Boracay.
2. Di-magkatulad
a. Pasahol – ​paghahambing ng maliit o sahol sa nakakalamang at ginagamitan ng mga katagang ​di-gaanonga ​ t
di-gasinong​ na may katuwang na ​tulad ni/ng o
​ ​ gaya ni/ng
b. Palamang – ​paghahambing ng malaki o nakakalamang sa maliit at ginagamitan ng mga katagang ​mas, lalong,
higit pa​ at iba pa.
 -eg. Mas maganda ang mga tanawin sa Palawan kumpara sa Boracay.
Ø ​Pasukdol – ​nagpapahayag ng pamumukod ng katangiang inilalahad at ginagamitan ng mga katagang ​di hamak na,
lubhang, totoong, sukdulan ng, ubod ng, napaka at, pinaka-.
-eg. Ang mga tanawin sa Palawan ay ubod ng ganda.

· Uri
Ø ​Panlarawan – ​nagsasaad ng katangian ng tao, hayop, bagay o lugar.

Ø ​Pamilang
1. Patakaran o Kardinal – ​ginagamit sa pagbilang o pagsasaad ng dami. Ex. Isa, sangmilyon
a. Pamahagi – ​may kabuuang ibinabahagi o pinaghahati-hati. Ginagamitan ng panlaping ​ika-​ na tinatambalan ng
salitang ​bahagi. ​Ex. Ikawalong bahagi.
b. Palansak – ​nagsasaad ng bukod sa pagsasama-sama ng anumang bilang Ex. Walu-walo, waluhan
2. Panunuran o Ordinal​ – ginagamit sa pagpapahayag ng pagkakasunod-sunod ng tao o bagay. May panlaping ​ika- ​o
pang-.
a. Pahalaga ​– halaga ng salapi
b. Patakda – ​saktong bilang
c. Pamahagi - ​fraction

VII. Pang-abay (Adverb) ​– naglalarawan sa pandiwa, pang-uri o kapwa pang-abay.

Uri ng Pang-abay
· Ingklitik - ​kataga upang bigyang diin ang pandiwa, pang-uri at pang-abay

ba sana yata lamang/lang

kasi daw/raw pala man

kaya din/rin tuloy muna

na naman nga pa

· Pamanahon ​– kailan naganap, nagaganap o magaganap ang kilos

· ​Panlunan ​– lugar na pinagganapan, pinaggaganapano paggaganapan ng kilos.
· ​Pamaraan ​– naglalahad kung pano isinagawa, isinasagawa o isasagawa ang kilos.
· ​Pang-agam ​– nagsasaad ng pag-aalinlangan at di-katiyakan ng kilos na ipinahahayag
· Panang-ayon ​– nagsasaad ng pagsang-ayon
· Pananggi - ​ nagsasaad ng pagtanggi
· ​Panggaano –​ nagsasaad ng timbang o sukat o bilang o dami.
· Pamitagan – ​nagsasaad ng paggalang
· ​Pananhi –​ nagsasaad ng dahilan sa pagganap ng kilos.
· ​Benepaktibo –​ nagsasaad ng benepisyo para sa isang tao dahil sa pagganap ng kilos.

IX. Pang-ukol (Prepositions) – ​nag-uugnay sa isang pangngalan sa iba pang salita sa pangungusap
Ex. ng, ni/nina, kay/kina, ayon sa/kay, para sa/kay

X. Pangatnig (Conjunctions)​ – nag-uugnay ng dalawang salita, parirala o sugnay na pinapagsunud-sunod sa pangungusap

· panimbang– nag-uugnay ng magkakapantay na salita hal: at, o, ngunit
· pamukod – maging, o, ni
· paninsay – ang unang bahagi ay kasalungat ng kabila hal: subalit, kahit, bagaman
· panubali – nagbabakasakali hal : sana, kapag, sakali
· pananhi – sanhi o dahilan hal : sapagkat, kung kaya
· panlinaw – nililinaw ang nasabi na hal : kung ganoon, anupa’t, samakatuwid
· panulad – pagtulad hal : kung saan…doon din, kung ano…siya rin
· panapos – nagsasaad ng wakas hal : upang, nang, sa lahat ng ito
Wastong Gamit ng Salita
· Titik ​d ​at titik ​r
ü kung ang titik ​d​ ay nasa gitna ng dalawang patinig, gawin itong ​r.​ (dati-rati, maramai-rami)
ü kung ang titik sa unahan ng ​din, ditto, diyan, doon a ​ t ​daw​ ay patinig, palitan ang ​d n
​ g ​r. ​(Halika ​rito.​ Pupunta ​raw​ sila
riyan​.)
· g​ at ​ng
ü huwag tanggalin ang ​g​ kung ang pantig ay nagtatapos sa ​ng. ​(manananggal, panggitara)
· gamitin ang unlaping nagtatapos sa ​m ​kung ang salitang-ugat ay nagsisimula sa ​b​ o ​p.​ ​(mambobola, magkasimbait)
· gamitin ang unlaping nagtatapos sa ​ng ​kung ang salitang-ugat ay nagsisimula sa katinig *​hindi kasama ang d, l ,r, s,
t, b at p* (kasinghaba, magkasingsungit)
· gamitin ang unlaping nagtatapos sa ​n​ kung ang salitang-ugat ay nagsisimula sa ​d, l ,r, s a ​ t ​t. ​(kasindilaw,
magkasinsungit)
· gamitin ang ​ng-​ (ng na may gitling “-“) kung ang salitang-ugat ay nagsisimula sa patinig. ​(kasing-asul, laping-apat)
· may at mayroon
ü ang ​may​ ay ginagamit kung ang kasunod nitong salita ay pangngalan, pang-uri, pang-abay o pandiwa. Sa iba pang uri
ng salita ginagamit ang ​mayroon.
· Sila, nila, sina at nina
ü Ang ​sila ​at ​nila a
​ y panghalip – panghahalili sa pangngalan. Ang ​sina ​at ​nina ​ay pantukoy – sinusundan ng pangngalan
· Nang at ng
ü ang ​nang a ​ y ginagamit bilang pangatnig, madalas itong sinusundan ng pang-uri. Ang ​ng​ ay ginagamit bilang pang-ukol o
pantukoy, sinusundan ito ng pangngalan.
· Taga, taga-, maka, maka-
ü Ang ​taga ​at​ maka a ​ y sinusundan ng pangngalang pambalana. Ang ​taga- a ​ t ​maka- a
​ y sinusundan ng pangngalang
pantangi. eg. Makamahirap, tagabayan & maka-Jollibee, taga-Makati
· Ika- at ika
ü Ang ​ika-​ ay sinusundan ng numero. Ang ​ika​ ay sinusundan ng numerong isinulat sa pangalan nito. eg. Ikaapat & ika-10
· Pahirin/Pahiran
ü Pahirin – punasan
ü Pahiran – lagyan
· Subukin/Subukan
ü Subukin – tikman
ü Subukan - subaybayan
· Iwan/Iwanan
ü Iwan – pagtitira
ü Iwanan – huwag isama
· Walisin/Walisan
ü Walisin – alisin ang dumi
ü Walisan –alisan
· Alisin/Alisan
ü Alisin – tanggalin
ü Alisan – tanggalan
· Hagdan/Hagdanan
ü Hagdan – akyatan na baitang
ü Hagdanan – lalagyan ng hagdan
· Hanapin/Hanapan
ü Hanapin – tingnan kung nasaan
ü Hanapan – maghanap kay/sa
· Pinto/Pintuan
ü Pinto – matitinag na table
ü Pintuan – daanan ng gusali
· Abutan/Abutin
ü Abutan – bigyan
ü Abutin – kunin
· Ganito/Ganire
ü Ganito – pormal na anyo; isang instruksyon o pagbibigay panuto sa isang kinakausap\
ü Ganire – lalawigang gamit
· Niyakap/Yinakap
 · Ang mga salitang ugat na nagsismula sa “y” at “l” ay naglilipat ng panlapi– mula sa gitlapi ay nagiging unlapi.
o ​salitang ugat: “yakap”
o ​panlapi: mula sa gitlaping “-in-”, patungo sa unlaping “ni-”
o ​iba pang halimbawa: “nilapat” at hindi “linapat”

IBA PA:

Sumindi​-isang penomenong pagbukas ng isang ilaw na walang intervensyon ng tao

Sinindihan​-pagbukas ng ilaw na mayroong intervensyon ng tao

Ipambayad​-pagbibigay ​ng ​isang bagay bilang kabayaran

Ipagbayad​-pagbabayad ​para sa​ isang tao

Niyon​-panghalip at pang-uring pamatlig

Noon​-pang-abay na pamanahon at pangatnig

Kina​-anyong pangmaramihan ng “kay”

Kila​-varayti lamang ng “kina”

IDYOMA​ – salita/pariralang taliwas ang kahulugan sa tunay na kahulugan nito.

· magsagap ng alimuom – tsismis · kapit tuko – mahigpit ang kapit

· iguhit sa tubig – kalimutan · kapit sa patalim – gumawa ng lahat ng makakaya
· pampataba ng puso – nagpapasaya maging masama man ito
· nagmumurang kamyas – matandang nagpapabata · magsunog ng kilay – maglamay sa pag-aaral
· nagliliyab ang mata – galit na galit · magpatulo ng pawis – magtrabaho
· may uod sa katawan – taong di mapakali · maglubid ng buhangin – magsinungaling
· walang ilaw ang mata – bulag · magsulat sa hangin – magtala, ngunit mawawala rin
· nagbibilang ng poste – walang trabaho · nagsaulian ng kandila – binale-wala ang samahan
· anakpawis – dukha dahil sa galit
· bahag ang buntot – malaki ang takot · paniningalang pugad – panliligaw
· balat-kalabaw – walang hiya · kastilyong buhangin – pangarap na madaling
· balat-sibuyas – mahiyain gumuho
· basag ang pula – walang silbi · magpahigop ng mainit na sabaw – maghanda sa
· kaibigang putik – hindi tapat kasal
· kalatog-pinggan – laging naghihintay ng handaan · dinoktor - dinaya
· ningas-kugon – malaki ang interes sa simula na · suntok sa buwan – imposibleng maganap
kaagad nawawala · wala sa kalingkingan – hindi maihalintulad
· may hangin sa ulo – mayabang · umutang ng buhay – pumatay ng tao
· matang manok – malabo ang mata
· maikli ang pisi – hindi sapat ang panggastos

SAWIKAIN -​salita o lupon ng salita na may matalinhagang kahulugan.

-Bahagi ito ng katutubong kaalamang nagpasalin-salin na at naging bukambibig ng bayan.

A.​ Mga Sawikain Tungkol sa Tao

anak-pawis​ – dukha; mula sa sector ng manggagawa basang-sisiw ​– kaawa-awa

bahag ang buntot​ – matindi ang pagkatakot basag ang pula​ – walang silbi; inutil
balat-kalabaw​ – walang hiya buhay ang loob​ – matapang
balat-sibuyas​ – taong madaling masaktan bukas ang palad​ – maawain; handang tumulong sa
basa ang papel​ – hindi maganda ang record nangangailangan
 bukas ang aklat ng buhay​ – walang inililihim magaan ang kamay​ – madaling mamalo
butas ang bulsa​ – walang pera matang-manok​ – malabo ang mata
buto’t balat​ – taong pagkapayat-payat matigas ang ulo​ – sutil; mahirap pasunurin
kaibigang putik​ – hindi tapat na kaibigan may gatas pa sa labi​ – bata at wala pang
kalapating mababa ang lipad​ – babaeng may kamuwang-muwang sa buhay
reputasyon (masama) may hangin ang ulo​ – mayabang
kalatog-pinggan​ – taong laging nag-aabang ng malabnaw ang utak​ – mahina ang ulo
handaan o kainan nakahiga sa salapi​ – mayaman
kaututang dila​ – kapalagayang loob nagbibilang ng poste​ – walang trabaho
dugong bughaw​ – sa lahi ng pamilyang maharlika o nagmumurang kamyas​ – matandang nagpapabata
marangal ningas-kugon​ – matindi ang interes sa simula na
hampas-lupa​ – palaboy; laging nasa lansangan at kaagad nawawala
umaasa lang sa iba parang aso’t pusa​ – laging nag-aaway
hinahabol ng barbero​ – mahaba ang buhok at dapat panakip-butas​ – panghalili
ng gupitan parang biniyak na bunga​ –
isang kahig, isang tuka​ – sapat lang ang kinikita para magkamukhang-magkamukha
sa pagkain patay-gutom​ – mahirap na mahirap
maikli ang pisi​ – hindi sapat ang panggastos sakit ng ulo​ – suliranin; malaking alalahanin
malikot ang kamay​ – magnanakaw walang preno ang bibig​ – madaldal
makati ang dila​ – madaldal

B.​ Mga Sawikaing Naglalarawan ng Kilos

bilugin ang ulo​ – lokohin magsunog ng kilay​ – maglamay sa pag-aaral

buhatin ang sariling bangko​ – purihin ang sarili magpatulo ng pawis​ – magtrabaho
kalamayin ang loob​ – magpakatatag; tanggapin nang maglubid ng buhangin​ – magsinungaling
maluwag sa dibdib mapagtanim ​ – hindi maalis ang galit
kapit-tuko​ – mahigpit ang kapit nagdilang anghel​ – nagkatotoo ang sinasabi
kumapit sa patalim​ – gumawa ng lahat ng makakaya nagpuputok ang butse​ – naiinis
pati na ang paggawa ng masama dahil sa nagpantig ang tainga​ – biglang nagalit
kagipitan nagsaulian ng kandila​ – binale-wala ang
kumukulo ang dugo​ – nagagalit pagkukumpare dahil sa galit o away
dinadaan sa bibig​ – panay salita ngunit kulang sa pagbuhatan ng kamay​ – saktan
gawa tumayo ang balahibo​ – nahintakutan
ibangon ang puri​ – ibalik sa dati ang nadungisang puri nagtataingang kawali​ – nagbibingibingihan
ipagtirik ng kandila​ – ipagdasal paniningalang-pugad​ – panliligaw
ligaw-tingin​ – panliligaw na hindi nagsasalita pagbuhatan ng kamay​ – sakta
lumitaw ang tunay na kulay​ – magpakita ng tunay na
ugali

C.​ Mga Sari-saring Sawikain

kastilyong buhangin​ – pangarap na madaling gumuho

kuwentong barbero​ – balitang hindi dapat paniwalaan
dinaanan ng bagyo​ – sira-sira
dinoktor​ – dinaya ang mga papeles
dumanak ng dugo​ – magkapatayan
guhit ng palad​ – kapalaran
hulog ng langit​ – swerte
magpahigop ng mainit na sabaw​ – maghanda sa kasal
may pakpak ang balita​ – mabilis kumalat ang balita
mitsa ng buhay​ – dahilan ng pagkakamatay
sumakabilang-buhay​ – namatay
suntok sa buwan​ – imposibleng maganap
wala sa kalingkingan​ – hindi maihahambing; palayo sa pinagtutularan
umutang ng buhay​ – pumatay ng tao
Mga Kasanayan sa Pag-unawa ng Tekstong Pasulat
a. Paghula sa kahulugan ng nawawala o di-kilalang salita batay sa konteksto
-Gumamit ng mga ​clues​ gaya ng kayarian ng salita at pagkakaugnay-ugnay.
b. Paghanap ng pamaksang pangungusap
-Tukuyin ang kinaroroonan ng pangungusap na nagsisilbing paglalahad o ​generalization​; madalas ito ay nasa unahan, gitna, o
hulihan ng talata.

c. Pagbibigay ng pangunahing ideya

-Ano ang nais sabihin o talakayin ng awtor tungkol sa paksa?
–karaniwang matatagpuan sa pamaksang pangungusap
d. Pag-alam sa paksa
-Tungkol saan ang inilalahad o tinatalakay sa teksto?
–maaaring ipinahihiwatig o tuwirang isinasaad ng pamagat, pamaksang pangungusap, o ilustrasyon ng teksto
e. Pagklasipika ng mga ideya sa pangunahing paksa at mga detalye
-Ikategorya ang mga salita o ideya ayon sa kaugnayan ng bawat isa; tukuyin ang panlahat na ideya at espisipikong ideya.
f. Pagkilala sa hulwaran ng organisasyon
-Bigyang tuon ang mga salitang naghuhudyat o nagsisignal ng hulwarang ginamit ng awtor (enumerasyon, sanhi at bunga,
comparison at kontras, order o pagsusunod-sunod ​(pagsusunud-sunod)​ problema at solusyon)
-Pag-isipan kung paano isinasaayos ng awtor ang kaniyang mga ideya or impormasyon sa teksto.
g. Pagbibigay ng konklusyon
-Pagsama-samahin ang mga ideya at impormasyon mula sa iba’t ibang bahagi ng teksto at paghango ng bago o karagdagang ideya
h. Pagbuo ng hinuha at pagtukoy ng patunay
-Pag-isipang mabuti ang posibleng nangyari, hakbang na ginawa o gagawin ng tauhan batay sa mga pahiwatig ng awtor.

Filipino Reading Comprehension

Si Amang​- ​Percival Campoanor Cruz; Asian Journal. Mayo, 2011

1 Ang paksa ng ating kuwento ay si Guillermo Tolentino, na ang magiliw na tawag sa kanya ng mga kamag-anakan at kasamahan
sasentro ng mga ispiritista ay Amang.

3 Ipinanganak siya noong 1890 sa Malolos, Bulakan at noong 1922, siya ay pumasok sa Regge Istituto di Belle Arti, kung saan siya
ay nakapagtapos ng pag-aaral nang bahagya sa pamamagitan ng lingap ng kolonyang Italyano sa Maynila.

5 Sa Roma, gumanap ang kanyang unang pang-isahang eksibisyon kung saan kabilang ang Saluto Romano (Saludong Romano).

6 Noong 1926, siya ay inatasan bilang guro sa Paaralan ng Pinong Sining ng Pamantasan ng Pilipinas at kinalaunang naging
propesor, kalihim, at sa huli tagapamahala. Namuno siya ng Paaralan mula sa 1953 hanggang sa kanyang pagreretiro bilang
Emeritong Propesor noong 1955.

9 “Nakilala si Tolentino sa buong bansa nang dahil sa Monumento ni Bonifacio na may maraming pigurang kasinlaki ng tao na
dinisenyo noong 1930 at inilantad noong 1933. Nakapaglikha din siya ng iba pang mga tanyag na bantayog tulad ng mga Oblasyon
ng Pamantasan ng Pilipinas, ang bantayog ni Pangulong Ramon Magsaysay sa bulwagang pasukan ng GSIS, at ang Lualhati ng
Pamantasan ng Silangan.

12 “Kinumpleto niya ang ugnay-ugnay ng anim na pansilangang mananayaw, kabilang ang mananayaw na pambibliya na si
Salome, Maria Clara, Persyana, Havanesa, at mga mananayaw Tsino.

14 “Isang produkto ng pampaaralang pinamulihanang naayon sa nakapamihasnan, Si Tolentino ay isang kampeon ng klasisismo.

15 “Mula Hulyo hanggang Oktubre 1948 sa Magasing Sunday Times at sumunod sa This Week, kinasundo niya si Victorio Edades
sa isang pagtatalo sa pagsusulat sa klasikal at makabagong aestetika, tumutuligsa sa 'pagpalipit' at muling pagsasandata ng halaga
ng sining na naayon sa nakapamihasnan.
18 Bagama't ang pagsasanay ni Tolentino ay klasikal, ang kanyang mga likha ay lumalagos ng palaibig na kakayahang makadama
na mamayani ang Kanluraning daigdig mula sa unang ika- 19 na siglo hanggang sa dekadang 20. Kaya, ang kanyang mga likha ay
nakatuon na may damdamin, lalung-lalo na may pagkamakabansa mula't sapul na siya'y marubdob na Rizalista.

21 Ang bahay ni Amang sa Retiro, sa may hanggahan ng Maynila at Quezon City, ay tagpo ng mga mahihiwagang pangyayari. May
mga testigo na nakakikita sa mga pangyayari katulad ng malimit na pagsalo ni Amang ng mga tila binhi o buko ng halaman na
nahuhulog mula sa itaas, na kung saan nagmumula ay walang nakaaalam. Binubuksan ni Amang ang nasasalong bagay (“aportes”
ang tawag) at nakakikita siya ng mga mensahe sa loob ng mga ito.

25 Minsan ay may ibig magpagawa kay Amang ng rebulto ni Hesu Kristo. Sabi niya ay hindi niya matatanggap ang trabaho.“Bakit
po, bawal ba sa inyong relihiyon?”, tanong ng nagpapagawa.

27 Sagot ni Amang, “Hindi naman. Ang dahilan kung kaya’t hindi ko matatanggap ang inyong pakiusap ay hindi ko kayang gawin
ang pinagagawa ninyo.”

29 “Nguni’t kayo po ang pinakamagaling na iskultor sa Pilipinas!” tutol ng tao.

30 “Totoong makagagawa ako ng rebulto at ipagpapalagay natin na ang nagawa ko ay rebulto ni Hesu Kristo, nguni’t iya’y
pagsisinungaling,” dugtong ni Amang.

32 “Hindi ko kayo maintindihan,” sabi ng tao.

33 “Hindi ko alam kung ano ang itsura ni Hesu Kristo! Hindi ko pa siya nakikita! Upang maililok ko ang kanyang kaanyuan, kailangan
na makita ko siya,” paliwanag ni Amang.

35 Lumipas ang mga araw at mga buwan. Minsan ay pinapunta niya sa kanyang “studio” ang taong nagpapagawa ng rebulto ni
Hesu Kristo. At nang ang tao ay dumating ay nakita niya na nakapatong sa isang mesa ang isang kalilikhang rebulto ni Amang–ang
mukha ni Hesu Kristo!

38 Paano niya ito nalikha? Ayon sa sariling salaysay ni Amang, nagkaroon siya ng masidhing pagnanais na makita ang mukha ni
Hesu Kristo at nang ito ay maihubog niya sa isang rebulto. Isang araw na siya ay abala sa kanyang “studio” ay may kumatok sa
pinto. Nang buksan ni Amang ang pinto ay nagpakilala ang panauhin at nagsabi, “Masdan mo ang aking anyo. Ngayong nakita mo
na ako, magagawa mo na ba ang aking rebulto?”

43 Totoo man o hindi ang pangyayari, may isang obra si Amang na ang kawangis ay ang anyo ng mukha ni Hesu Kristo at ang
pinagmulan nito ay nababalot ng hiwaga

1. Naging tagapamahala si Guillermo Tolentino ng ______.

a. Katipunan
b. Magasing Sunday Times
c. Paaralan ng Purong Sining
d. Malolos, Bulacan

2. ​Paano nakapagtapos si Guillermo Tolentino sa Regge Instituto de Bella Arti?

a. Pagpuslit ng mga Italyano sa kanya mula sa mga Espanyol.
b. Tulong pinansyal ng pamahalaan ng Italya
c. Paglingap ng pamahalaang Espanyol
d. Binayaran ng Pamantasan ng Pilipinas ang kanyang matrikula.
3. ​Ano ang tawag sa tayutay na ginamit sa linya 12- 13?
a. Alusyon
b. Pagwawangis
c. Pagtutulad
d. Walang tayutay na ginamit.
4. ​SI Tolentino ay isang iskultor na sumusunod sa _____.
a. Makabagong Estilo
b. Klasismo
c. Filipinong Estilo
d. Realismo
5. ​Ang pagsasanay ni Tolentino ay klasikal ngunit _____.
a. Hindi niya ito magawa nang maayos
b. Ang mga Rizalista at Gobyerno lang ang nagpapahalaga sa estilong ito.
c. Ang kanyang mga likha ay mas katulad ng palaibig na estilo.
d. Ayaw niyang tumaliwas sa kanyang natural na estilo.

6. ​Ano ang pinakamalapit sa ibig sabihin ng salitang “binhi” mula sa ika- 22 na linya?
a. Bunga o buto
b. Imahinasyon
c. Ideya
d. Dahon

7. Bakit ayaw gumawa ni Tolentino ng rebulto ni Hesus?

a. Dahil labag daw ito sa Ika- 2 na utos ng Diyos.
b. Dahil hindi Katoliko si Tolentino
c. Dahil hindi alam ni Tolentino ang tunay na itsura ni Hesus
d. Dahil hindi siya pinahintulutan ng Diyos na gumawa ng rebulto
8. Ano ang damdamin ng nagpagawa ng rebulto sa linya 35-37?
a. Pagkainis
b. Pagkagulat
c. Pagkalingat
d. Pagkapagod
9. Sino ang kumatok sa linya 39?
a. Ang nagpagawa
b. Si Hesus
c. Ang Espirito Santo
d. Ang Kartero
10. Ano ang ibig sabihin ng salitang “kawangis” sa linya 43?
a. Katulad
b. Mukha
c. Labas
d. Rebulto
 READING COMPREHENSION MODULE

Types of Materials
Fiction – not based on fact; products of the writer’s imagination
o Fable – story of animals exhibiting human characteristics
o Fairy Tales – tale of legendary deeds and creatures; usually for children
o Legend – a popular story whose truth cannot be ascertained
o Novel – a long narrative prose
o Poem – literature in rhyme and meter
o Short Story – a short narrative prose
o Comics – graphic story
Nonfiction – deals with accurate and factual information
o Autobiography – an account of a person’s life written by himself/herself
o Biography – an account of a person’s life written by another person
o Essay – composition that shows the author’s view on a subject
o Journal – a personal record of experiences and reflections
o History – a chronological record of past events
o Diagram – graphs and charts
General Tactics
1. Motivate yourself before tackling Reading Comprehension.
a. Don’t worry too much about not finishing the test.
2. If you can, first tackle the passages that interest you or that deal with a topic you know well.
3. In tackling long passages, read the questions, and then read the passages.
a. As you read each question, be on the lookout for key words, either in the question itself or among the answer
choice.
b. Scan the passage, looking for those keywords or synonyms.
c. When you locate a keyword, read the sentence that it is in and a few sentences around it.
d. Based on the small portion of the passage, try to answer the questions. If you can’t, skim the whole passage, then
answer the questions.
4. In tackling short passages: Read the passage first, and then read the questions.
a. Read as fast as you can with understanding.
i. Do not subvocalize. You can’t read faster when you speak.
b. Read actively.
i. Purpose?
ii. Central idea?
iii. General structure?
iv. In which parts of the passages does the author make major points?
5. Try to answer all questions on a particular passage.
a. Answer first all the “easy” questions on the same passage and go back to the difficult ones later.
b. If you still can’t answer a question or two, move on to the next passage. Make it a point to go back.
6. Learn to identify the major reading question types.

How to Read a Poem

1. Take note of the title.
a. Poem’s subject and theme?
2. If a word is unfamiliar, use context clues to figure out its meaning.
3. Identify the poem’s situation
a. Who is talking?
b. To whom?
c. Where is the setting?
d. What are the circumstances?
4. Examine the interaction between characters or objects of the poem.
5. Find out if an analogy is made in the poem. There are two kinds:
a. Internal – two characters or objects being compared in the poem; find out similarities and differences
b. External – The poem’s situation needs to be compared to an aspect of human experience that it is most closely
related to; look for the poem’s social relevance
2. Decide the poem’s mood and examine the speaker’s attitude. Take hint on the words that are used to describe the poem’s
situation (e.g. metaphors, onomatopoeias)
3. Don’t make far-flung interpretations. Stick as close to what is being presented to you.

How to Read a Comic Strip

1. Read the speech balloons from left to right and top to bottom.
2. Examine the words that are used.
3. Examine the pictures.
a. Setting
b. Characters’ clothes
c. Their facial expressions
d. Their actions
4. Examine the transitions that will tell you the flow of the story.

How to Read an Editorial Cartoon

1. Give the cartoon one look and take note of the most attention-grabbing element.
2. Similar to reading a comic, examine the details of the cartoon:
a. Reference to real people
b. Use of widely recognized symbols
c. Reference to real events
d. Setting
e. The characters’ clothes
f. Their expressions
g. Their actions
3. Identify what issue the cartoon presents and makes a commentary on.
a. Beforehand, familiarize yourself with current affairs and history, especially the local ones.
4. Decide whether the cartoon is for or against the issue that is presented.

How to Read a Graph

1. Know what the graph is about (i.e. title, x-axis, y-axis).
2. Identify what scale is used.
3. Locate the information that you need.
a. Take note of the question.
b. With the y-axis as your reference, look for the point of interest in the graph.
c. From the point, trace down and see what the corresponding answer is. That is the correct answer.

Types of Questions
1. Main Idea - questions that test your ability to find the central thought of the passage or to judge its significance
a. Check the opening and closing sentences of each paragraph.
b. Eliminate the choices that refer to small parts of the passage or go beyond the scope of the passage.
c. When asked to choose a title, watch out for choices that are too specific or too broad.
2. Specific Details - questions that test your ability to understand what the author states explicitly; relatively easy to answer
a. Spot key words in the question and scan the passage to find them or their synonyms.
3. Interferences - questions that test your ability to go beyond the author’s explicit statement and see what these statements
imply; ask you to “read between the lines”
a. Look for the key words, locate the key words in the passage, and read between the lines.
b. Base your answers on what the passage implies, not what it states directly.
4. Tone/Attitude - questions that test your ability to sense an author’s or a character’s emotional state; concerned with the
general “feel” of the selection or the attitude of the author on the ideas presented in the selected
a. Look for words that convey emotions, express values, or paint pictures.
b. If possible, arrange the answer choices from the most negative to most positive.
5. Vocabulary in Context - questions that test your ability to work out the meaning of words from their context
a. When asked for the meaning of an unfamiliar word, look for nearby context clues.
6. Technique - questions that test your ability to recognize a passage’s method of organization or techniques; can also talk
about the logic behind the passage
a. Concern yourself with why the article was written.
b. Familiarize yourself with the technical terms used to describe a passage’s organization.
 7. Evaluation - questions that test your critical thinking or your ability to apply what you have learned from the passage to a
given situation; take you “beyond the selection”

REMEMBER:
1. When you can answer the question straightaway, there’s no need to return to the passage.
2. The order of the questions are the same as the order of the passage. The first questions are answerable using the data
provided in the first part of the passage.
3. Answer one passage at a time.
4. Apply the elimination process in questions asking for the meaning of the word, its synonym, or antonym. Use your skill in
recognizing context clues.
5. Every question is answerable by the data provided in the passage.
6. Follow what is stated in the passage. Don’t abide by rational thinking because there may be answers that oppose facts but
is correct according to the passage.
7. Draw conclusions and infer using the ideas and data in the passage. Questions regarding the author’s message and a
substitute title for the passage may be asked.
8. To make inferences, read between the lines. Search for metaphorical language and descriptive words to examine the
author’s mood, their tone, and the purpose of writing the passage.
9. For coherence, identify the relationship between the sentences by arranging the sentences into some rational and
distinguishable order, depending on the kind of material in the paragraph. The four general principles of organization are
Chronological Order (e.g. narration, process, cause & effect), Spatial Order (e.g. descriptions, illustrations) , Climatic
Order (e.g. comparison & contrast, analogy), and Topical Order (e.g. classification & division, definition).
10. Identify unnecessary sentences by searching for sentences that do not assist the rest of the sentences and the direction
that the ideas are taking.
 Language Proficiency

Grammar
Instructions: Do as instructed for each part. This test is good for 30 minutes.

Identifying Errors
Each sentence contains either a single error or no error at all. If a sentence contains an error, encircle the letter of the
underlined part that must be changed to make the sentence correct. If the sentence is correct, choose letter E.

1. Captain America Comics #1​, which went ​on​ sale December 20, 1940, one year ​in to​ World War II, showed the protagonist, who
A B
bears and throws an ​American-themed​ shield, joining the allied forces ​in crushing​ the opposition. No error.
C D E

2. The twenty kilometers you need to travel ​are​ not a significant distance ​for the​ travellers from outer space, ​who​ could have
A B C
assisted you if they ​had known​ of your car troubles. No error.
D E

3. A study of​ the martial arts of Taekwondo can let you learn ​to avoid​ directly matching ​your strength against your opponent's
A B C
and find a good balance ​between​ mental and physical preparedness. No error.
D E

4. The meeting on the proposed Avengers Initiative ​is happening​ in the newly christened Triskellion Building​,​ ​which
A B
was ​reportedly​ the pet project of the ​uncorruptible​ leader of SHIELD Nick Fury. No error.
C D E

5. The ​once-mighty​ ​17th-century​ vessel, named the London, ​has lain​ in the silt of the Thames estuary since the ​1700's​. No error.
A B C D

6. Raining hard,​ we ​had the picnic​ and Ana t​ ook our pictures.​ ​No error.
A B C D.

7. Sylvia Plath ​has begun​ ​writing poems​ ​when she was eight. ​ ​No error.
A B C D

8. My ​new poem​ ​will have been​ published in ​Esquire​ next month.​ No error.
A B C D

9. She is​ married​ with​ a ​lawyer who has ​a firm down second street. N
​ o error.
A B C D

10. I ​have been munching​ on ​mashed potatoes​ when ​you called me in for work​. ​No erro​r.
A B C D

Sentence improvement
For each sentence, encircle the letter that best replaces the erroneous (underlined) phrase.

11. If I ​had had a million Dollars​, I would buy a brewery and turn the planet into alcoholics.

A. had a million Dollars, D. had had a million Dollars

B. had had a million Dollars- E. had a million Dollars
C. had had a million Dollars,

12. The flood happened in August​, e.g., ten months ago.

 A. , ie, ten months ago. D. e.g. ten months ago.
B. , e.g., ten months ago. E. , i.e., ten months ago
C. i.e. ten months ago.

13. The helium-filled balloon ​rose in the air.

A. rose in the air. D. was rising in the air.

B. rose into the air. E. had rose in the air.
C. would rise in the air.

*Things move into the air, not in it. "In" means something is already there rather than moving there.

14. On June 30 of this year, Noynoy Aquino ​will be president of the Republic of the Philippines​ for six years.
A. will be president of the Republic of the Philippines
B. will be President of the Republic of the Philippines
C. will have been president of the Republic of the Philippines
D. will have been President of the Republic of the Philippines
E. will be going to be President of the Republic of the Philippines

*future perfect tense (will + have + past participle of the verb): denotes that an action will have been finished in at some point
in the future

15. The upstart senator wants ​less coins in circulation​ by 2016 to allow the government to save around one billion pesos.

A. less coins in circulation D. fewer coins out of circulation

B. fewer coins in circulation E. few coins out of circulation
C. less coins out of circulation

Sentence Completion

Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath each sentence are
five words or sets of words labeled A through E. Encircle the letter of the word or the sets of words that, when inserted in the
sentence, best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

16. The ________ of our expedition is still so far away that I feel we'll never get there.

A. nadir D. prelude
B. terminus
C. zenith

17. Criminals convicted of murder, treason and other crimes of similar magnitude were __________ in public places as a deterrent to future
crime.

A. hung D. hunged
B. hanged
C. hang

18. According to the _______ scientists from the Journal of Sports Science and Nutrition, there is no evidence for the claim of natural food
companies and their lobbying groups that diet soda has any detrimental health effects.

A. uninterested D. jaded
B. disinterested
C. curious

19. For many decades scientists ________ that climate change was not caused by human activity, but in recent years nearly all of them
_________ that there is a strong causal link between the two.

A. agreed... insist D. argued... deny

B. contended... recognize
C. denied... concur
20. During the time of the Bubonic Plague in the developing European country, the forlorn ______ of the church bells was almost a daily
sound.

A. knell D. delectation
B. prepossession
C. credence

Subject-verb Agreement, Verb Mood and Verb Tenses

Encircle the letter that best fulfills the mood, tense, and subject-verb agreement.

21. A large pile of broken bricks and stones _____ left in the playground.
A. was B. were C. is D. are

22. The coach’s remarks concerning Anna _____ most flattering.

A.is B. were C. are D. was

23. Deputies from the sheriff’s office _____ trying to calm the mob
A.were B. are C. is D. was

24. Ria, along with Jen, Hannah, Gab and Luis _____ decided to become engineer.
A.has B. have d. are had

25. One of these books _____ mine.

A.had B. are C. has D. is

26. If I ___ an astronaut, I would explore the universe and discover more planets.
A.am B. was C. were D. can be

27. The teacher advised he __ for the periodical exam.

A.study B. studied C. studies D. had study

28. I cannot understand what the teacher __ on the board.

A.wrote B. had written C. write D. writes

29. Neither John nor Gab ___ in the clinic.

A.are B. have been C. is D. were

30. Bread and butter ____ my breakfast.

A.is B. are C. were D. was

31.Neither of us __ abstract art.

A.like B.likes C.liking D.have like

32.Every child __ the right to education.

A.have B.had C.having D.has

33. There could be a mansion on the moon if I __ astronaut.

A. are B.am C.were D.was

34. The book __ to either him or me.

A. have belong B.belonging C.belongs D.belong

35. None of them __ to any club.

A.belongs B.belong C.have belong D.has belong

Idioms
Instructions: Identify the meaning of the idioms underlined based on the context of the sentence.

36. In every spacewalk, it is least expected of an astronaut to ​turn yellow.

 A. be cowardly B. be dead C. be careful D. be superficial

37. Frank Sinatra’s voice sends me to ​seventh heaven.

A. a vulnerable spot B. a place of opposition C. a condition of perfect happiness D. a pleasant or joyous occasion

38. Grandma used to tell my sister to always make informed decisions and to ​never play with fire.
A. have a good time B. engage in a dangerous activity C. worsen a situation D. keep out of trouble

39. Who would have thought that you would have the ​time of your life​ in Spain?

A. serious trouble B. Unusual companions C. Become well-known D. Pleasant or joyous occasion

40. Don’t you remember the time you’ve ​gone out on a limb​ for a friend?

A. In compliance B. In a precarious situation C. In violent opposition D. In the same situation

41. Zaha Hadid’s architectural works prove that she has ​an eye for ​form and function.

A. To be good at noticing something B. to annoy C. to feel resentful D. to hinder

42. At some point in his life, Oedipus had to ​face the music​.

A. To be punished B. to reverse positions C. To feel happiness on achieving success D. To take punishment or unpleasant
consequence

43. I prefer people who don’t ​beat around the bush​. Do you?

A. avoid the main topic of discussion B. Reach an agreement C. Keep silent D. Free of guilt

44. Do you really have to go to New York to ​make a name for yourself?

A. Show your real attitude B. Overcharge the wealthy C. Become well-known D. be more optimistic

45. Times like these make it easier to stop caring and ​hoist the white flag​.

A. Have a good time B. to surrender C. to feel resentful (against) D. to be careful

Synonyms
Encircle the letter of the word has the same meaning as the underlined word.
46. Criticism, one of the most important components of a functioning democracy, is almost routinely bullied into ​acquiescence​ by
powerful institutions or the state itself.

A. dissent D. submission
B. obligation E. courtesy
C. resistance

47. Many of the advertisements ​allude​ to themes such as youth culture and immoderation, although many do not explicitly show them.

A. imply D. divulge
B. blast E. expose
C. conceal

48. President Barack Obama dampened the growing optimism that a bipartisan agreement might be reached with remarks calculated to
rankle​ the opposition.

A. annoy E. confuse
B. appease
C. negotiate
D. analyze
49. A half-dozen neighbors of a house on Baker Street reported that the house is ​derelict​ and provides easy access to curiosity seekers
and rodents alike.
 A. populated D. avoided
B. dingy E. untouched
C. negotiate

50. The mansion across the street used to be fawned over by our neighbors; however, it has turned old and ​decrepit​ ever since it s
owners went abroad.

A. colorful D. luxurious
B. tranquil E. immaculate
C. dilapidated

Antonyms
Encircle the letter of the word that has the opposite meaning of the given word.

51. Despotic
A.Humble B.Authoritarian C.Dogmatic D.Ambiguous E.Limited

52. Dote
A.Antidote B.Foolish C.Aversion D.Care E.Cajole

53. Nexus
A. Connection B. Vinculum C. Exterior D. Detach E. Blueprint

54. Onus
A. Millstone B. Relief C. Capability D. Creed E. Responsibility

55. Satiety
A. Filling B. Virility C. Emptiness D. Wanton E. Weakness

Analogy
Circle the letter of the word with the same logic as the following pair.

56. _______: Speech :: Coordinated : Movement

A.Prophetic B.Articulate C.Clear D.Rapid

57. ________ : Arrival :: Inception : Conclusion

A.Upshot B.Entrance C.Departure D.Escape

58. ________ : Waterway :: Arable : Land

A.Impenetrable B.Shallow C.Fertile D.Navigable

59. ________ : Wood :: Shard : Pottery

A.Splinter B.Smoke C.Branch D.Tree

60. _______ : Actor :: Solo : Singer

A.Performance B.Drama C.Epic D.Monologue

Correct Sentence Form

Choose the best form of sentence

61.
a. Every day, the postman reads the paper, drinks his coffee, and pats his dog before leaving for work.
b. Every day, the postman read the paper, drank his coffee, and pat his dog before leaving for work.
c. Every day, the postman reads the paper, drinks his coffee, and patted his dog before leaving for work.
d. Every day, the postman reads the paper, drank his coffee, and pats his dog before leaving for work.
62.
a. The museum was filled with rare artifacts and maps that are old.
b. The museum was filled with rare artifacts and old maps.
c. The museum was filled with artifacts that are rare and old maps.
d. The museum was filled with rare artifacts and maps that were old.
63.
a. Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon.
b. Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk in the moon.
c. Neil Armstrong had been the first man to walk on top of the moon.
d. Neil Armstrong had been the first man to walk in the moon.

64.
a. A number of refugees were given first-aid assistance, food, and post-traumatic stress debriefing.
b. A number of refugees was given first-aid assistance. food, and post-traumatic stress debriefing.
c. A number of refugees were given first-aid assistance, food and post-traumatic stress debriefing.
d. A number of refugees were given first-aid assistance, food and, post-traumatic stress debriefing.

65.
a. Every morning, I run to the gym, walk back home, and bike to work.
b. Every morning I run to the gym, walk back home, and bike to work.
c. Every morning I ran to the gym, walked back home, and bike to work.
d. Every morning, I ran to the gym, walked back home and bike to work.
Filipino Test
Pagpapalawak ng Talasalitaan
I.Bilugan ang titik na kukumpleto sa pangungusap.(5)

1.________ kayang pasok bukas?

a. Meron
b. May
c. Mayroon
d. Meyron

2. Sa ilog _______ maliligo ang magpipinsan.

a. raw
b. daw
c. rew
d. rit

3. Huwag kang _________ sa akin kung ayaw mong madulas.

a. bumitaw
b. bitaw
c. bitawan
d. bumitiw

4. Pagkatapos mong manahi, ___________ mong muli ng sinulid ang bobi ng makina.
a. ikutan
b. ikitan
c. iikot
d. ikot

5. _________ mo ang mga tuyong dahon sa bakuran.

a. Walisin
b. Walisan
c. Iwalis
d. Niwalis

II. Piliin at bilugan ang titik na may ​kasingkahulugan​ n

​ g salitang nakasalungguhit. (5)

1 balot ng ​salimsim
a. Kababalaghan
b. Katatakutan
c. Kahiwagaan
d. Kapangyarihan

2. May ​matatalos​ doon.

a. Matutuklasan
b. Malalaman
c. Makikita
d. Mamamasid

3. Gawang ​pambimbin-bimbin​.
a. Dalus-dalos
b. Patigil-tigil
c. Paunti-unti
d. Pagbubuo

4. Ako ay ​namamalikmata​.
a. Tagabulag
b. Natulala
c. Di-makapaniwala
d. Pagbubuo

5. lungkot ng ​panambitan​.
a. Pag-awit
b. Pagsusumamo
c. Pagtatanong
 d. Pagsasabi

III. Piliin at bilugan ang titik na ​taliwas ​o ​kasalungat​ ​ng salitang nakasalungguhit. (5)

1. matinding ​kapighatian.
a. galit
b. lungkot
c. tuwa
d. pakiramdam

2. Siya ay ​nagtutumangis​.
a. umiiyak
b. tumatawa
c. pumapalakpak
d. naglalaro

3. Ang sementeryo ay ​malamlam

a. maliwanag
b. malamig
c. malungkot
d. mainit
4. ​malabay​ ang pagkakagawa.
a. mahina
b. matibay
c. malaki
d. maliit

5. dinigang ​taghoy​.
a. hagulgol
b. iyak
c. halakhak
d. sigaw
IV. Piliin ang uri ng salita na may salungguhit sa bawat pangungusap (5)

1. “Naramdaman niya ang ​pananabik​ sa tinig ni Caridad nang sumagot ito.”

a. Pang-uri
b. Pandiwa
c. Pangngalan
d. Pang-abay

2. “Malabo sa kanyang gunita ang larawan ng kanya​ng​ kausap.”

a. Pangatnig
b. Pang-abay
c. Pang-angkop
d. Pandiwa

3. ​Kumaripas​ ng pedal si Mark nang siya ay pinituhan ng traffic enforcer upang huminto.
a. Pangngalan
b. Pang-abay
c. Pandiwa
d. Pangatnig

4. “​Matamang​ nakikinig si Caridad sa pinag-uusapan ng tatlo nang maramdaman niyang lumapit sa kanya si Leni.”
a. Pang-uri
b. Pandiwa
c. Pangngalan
d. Pang-abay

5. “Iniabot sa kanya ni Salvador ang flashlight, at sinipat niya ang orasan ​sa ibabaw​ ng kanyang tokador.”
a. Pang-angkop
b. Pangatnig
c. Pang-ukol
 d. Pang-uri
Pagpapakahulugan mula sa Konteksto (context clue) ng Pangungusap.
I.Piliin at bilugan ang titik na may kasingkahulugan ng salitang nakasalungguhit. (10)

1. Sa tagal ng panahong hindi siya nakakabayad sa mga nakuha niya sa tindahan ay maaaring ​isulat sa tubig ​na lamang ang kanyang
pagkakautang.
a. kalimutan
b. aalahanin
c. ilista
d. tandaan

2. Tiyak na gagaan ang mga paghihirap na ​kinukuyom​ ko sa aking dibdib.

a. dinaramdam
b. itinatago
c. sinisiwalat
d. niloloob
3. Sapagka't sumisikat ang araw na may hanging nakakasunog, at ​naluluoy​ ang damo.
a. nabubuhay
b. sumisigla
c. nalalanta
d. nauubos

4. Ang pagkawagi ng kanilang koponan ay resulta ng kanilang ​masugid ​na pagsasanay.

a. mabuti
b. pinagpaguran
c. masigasig
d. magaan
5. Malayang nakagagala ang mga Amerikanong sundalo sa mga ​bulwagan​ ng Olongapo.
a. museo
b. kabahayan
c. dangal
d. gusali
6. Malaking tulong ang pagbabahagi ng ​ayuda​ sa mga nabiktima ng bagyong Yolanda.
a. pataba
b. ambag
c. damit
d. Premyo
7. Simula ng makaranas ng isang maikling bakasyon sa Cebu, ang Manilenong si Asyong ay dinadala na ng ​makakating paa​ sa kung
saan-saang destinasyon.
a. Mahilig maglakbay o gumala
b. Tamad
c. Mapagpanggap
d. Hindi mapakali

8. ​Mahapdi ang bituka​, tumatawag sa ulo ng misa, para sa abuloy, abuloy. Pahingi ng tinapay at abuloy.
a. Sinisikmuraan
b. Nasasaktan
c. Gutom
d. Nagiginhawahan

9. Nang marinig ko ang malakas na palahaw ni Inay, alam kong dumating na ang ​kaututang dila ​niyang si Aling Marce.
a. Katsimisan, laging kausap
b. Kapitbahay
c. Isang taong mahilig mag-ingay
d. Matalik na kaibigan

10. Hindi ko na nakilala si Anna, ang aking ​talusirang​ kaibigan, sa kaniyang pagbalik.
a. Madaling magbago
b. Sira ang ulo
c. Pikon
d. Mainit ang ulo

Analohiya
I. Bilugan ang titik na angkop sa analohiya. (5)

1. Pakikitalad : Pagsuko :: Marangya : ___________

a. Masaya
b. Mahirap
c. Mabuway
d. Mayaman

2. Kisame : Pambahay :: Alahas : _________

a. Panlalaki
b. Pambabae
c. Pampaganda
d. Pangkatawan

3. Naglalarawan : Deskriptib :: Nanghihikayat : _______

a. Naratib
b. Informatib
c. Prosijural
d. Persweysib
4. Ibarra : Maria Clara :: Elias : ______
a. Isabel
b. Laura
c. Salome
d. Paulita

5. Makatotohanan : Realismo :: Kagandahan : __________

a. Feminismo
b. Humanismo
c. Romantisismo
d. Eksistensyalismo

II. Piliin at bilugan ang titik ng pares na may ugnayan na halintulad ng nasa unang set. (5)
1. Suklay : buhok
a. Gunting : papel
b. Kutsilyo : karne
c. Martilyo : pako
d. Kutsara : kanin

2. mga tanim : tagtuyo

a. manunulat : patnugot
b. alaala : utak
c. hayop : sakit
d. tao : lason
3. Tao : kanser
a. asero : rust
b. daga : pusa
c. yaman : magnanakaw
d. balon : hukay

4. kuwit : tuldok
a. magsimula : huminto
b. hiwain : sirain
c. bimbin : pagkamatay
d. pahinga : tigil

5. saknong : tula
a. duweto : koro
b. badya : mimikra
c. tugma : berso
d. akto : dula

Isaayos ang sumusunod na pangungusap para makabuo ng isang talata. (7)

 a. Mag-aapatnapung taon na ang guro samantalang ang mag-aaral niya ay labing-anim na taon pa lamang.
b. Malaki ang agwat ng edad nina Leo at Bheng.
c. At nangyari ang pakikipagkalas na yaon nang makilala ang iniidolo niyang guro.
d. Katunaya’y nagkaroon na siya ng boy friend, subali’t sa napakaikling panahon lamang.
e. Subali’t kahima’t buko pa lamang kumbaga sa bulaklak si Bheng, dahil sa di pangkaraniwang ganda at talino ay di
kataka-takang magkaroon ng hukbo ng mga tagahanga at manliligaw.
f. Kinalasan niya agad ang unang kasintahan sa isang malalim na dahilang hindi niya maarok.
g. Kumbaga sa santaon, ang dalaga’y buwan pa lamang ng Mayo, buwan ng pamumukadkad ng bulaklak, at ng paglulunti ng
paligid sa pagpatak ng ulan.

Tamang Ayos: _____________

8. Ano ang akmang panimulang pangungusap ng akda?

9. Ano ang akmang huling pangungusap ng akda?

10. Sa anong bahagi ng akda naipahayag ang pagpapakilala ng karakter ni Bheng? Pumili ng dalawang pangungusap na sumasagot sa
tanong na ito.
 READING COMPREHENSION
PASSAGE #1

Written by D.H. Lawrence, an English novelist

It begins the moment you set foot ashore, the moment you step off the boat’s gangway. The heart suddenly, yet vaguely, sinks.
It is no lurch of fear. Quite the contrary. It is as if the life-urge failed, and the heart dimly sank. You trail past the benevolent policeman
and the inoffensive passport officials, through the fussy and somehow foolish customs—we don’t really think it matters if somebody
smuggles in two pairs of false-silk stockings—and we get into the poky but inoffensive train, with poky but utterly inoffensive people,
and we have a cup of inoffensive tea from a nice inoffensive boy, and we run through small, poky but nice and inoffensive country, till we
are landed in the big but unexciting station of Victoria, when an inoffensive porter puts us into an inoffensive taxi and we are driven
through the crowded yet strangely dull streets of London to the cozy yet strangely poky and dull place where we are going to stay.

And the first half-hour in London, after some years abroad, is really a plunge of misery. The strange, the grey and uncanny,
almost deathly sense of dullness is overwhelming. Of course, you get over it after a while, and admit that you are exaggerated. You get
into the rhythm of London again, and you tell yourself that it is not dull. And yet you are haunted, all the time, sleeping or walking, with
the uncanny feeling: It is dull! It is all dull! This life here is one vast complex of dullness! I am dull! I am being dulled! My spirit is being
dulled! My life is dulling down to London dullness.

This is the nightmare that haunts you the first few weeks of London. No doubt if you stay longer you get over it, and find the
London as thrilling as Paris or Rome or New York. But the climate is against me. I cannot stay long enough. With pinched and wondering
gaze, the morning of departure, I look out of the taxi upon the strange dullness of London’s arousing; a sort of death; and hope and life
only return when I get my seat in the boat-train, and hear all the Good-byes!

Good-bye! Good-bye! Thank God to say Good-bye!

1. Why can’t the author stay long enough?

a. He is haunted by the dullness
b. People in London are offensive
c. The climate is against him
d. London is poky
2. What is the nightmare that haunts the author?
a. Depression
b. Loneliness
c. Dullness
d. Homesickness

3. The usage ​of the pronoun ‘you’ in the passage indicates:

a. The author is talking to the reader
b. The passage is relatable
c. A unique writing style
d. Usage of active voice

4. How will the author get over the ‘nightmare’?

a. Leave London
b. Admit that he is exaggerated
c. Get used to the climate
d. Stay longer in London

5. How did the author feel when he said Good-bye?

a. Happy
b. Dull
c. Sad
d. Indifferent
PASSAGE #2

From the Department of Social Welfare and Development

Total Number of Poor Households with People With Disability by Region (2011)
REGION TOTAL

ARMM (Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao) 480,028

CAR (Cordillera Administrative Region) 54,214

NCR (National Capital Region) 256,855

Region I (Ilocos Region) 212,301

Region II (Cagayan Valley) 104,664

Region III (Central Luzon) 294,129

Region IV-A (CALABARZON) 334,785

Region IV-B (MIMAROPA) 184,411

Region V (Bicol Region) 359,354

Region VI (Western Visayas) 345,103

Region VII (Central Visayas) 275,338

Region VIII (Eastern Visayas) 300,571

Region IX (Zamboanga Peninsula) 304,508

Region X (Northern Mindanao) 271,098

Region XI (Davao Region) 251,712

Region XII (Soccsksargen) 275,467

Region XIII (Caraga) 162,111

GRAND TOTAL 4,466,649

6-10. Choose 'A' if the statement is TRUE, choose 'B' if the statement is FALSE, and 'C' if there is NO BASIS for the statement based on the
given table.

6. Zamboanga Peninsula has the fifth biggest number of households with persons with disability.
A.
B.
C.

7. Persons with Disabilities create 10% of the Philippines’ total population.

A.
B.
C.

8. Central Luzon has the 8th biggest number of households with persons with disability.
A.
B.
C.

9. ARMM has the most number of poor households with persons with disabilities because it has the biggest total population out of all the
regions.
 A.
B.
C.

10. There’s a greater difference between the total number of poor households with people with disabilities of Davao Region and
Soccsksargen than between Central Luzon and Central Visayas.
A.
B.
C.

PASSAGE # 3
Ulat ni Roberto E. Javier, Jr.
(Source: ​https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=9873​ ; p. 60-61)

Kaakibat ang pakikipag-kapuwa-tao sa anumang isasagawang paghahagilap sa kalooban, lalo na nga iyong nakatuon sa
damdaming nararanasan partikular ang pagdurusa. Ayon nga kina Carmen Enrile Santiago at Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez (nasa Pe-Pua
2011, pp. 155-160) sa pananaliksik ay may inaasahang pagtutunguhang nakatuan sa pakikipagkapuwa ng mananaliksik at ng kalahok.
May walong antas ang pagtutunguhang nakikipagkapuwa, ang unang lima ay karaniwang inaasahan na antasan o iyong pakikitunging
pang-isang-tao at, ang huling tatlo ay pagtutunguhang pinalalalim kung saan ang pagturing sa kapuwa ay inaasahang sa anatas na hindi
na sila ibang-tao sa isa’t isa.

Ang unang limang antas sa eskala ng pagtutunguhan ng mananaliksik at kalahok na pang-ibang tao ay ang pakikitungo,
pakikisalamuha, pakikilahok, pakikibagay, at pakikisama, at ang tatlong huli nito na pang-hindi-ibang tao ay pakikipagpalagayang-loob,
pakikisangkot, at pakikiisa (Enrile-Santiago at Enriquez nasa Antono at Tiamsom-Rubin, 2003, p. 66). Sa pakikitungong pang ibang-tao,
tinatantiya pa muna o pinakikiramdamang (Conaco nasa Macapagal, Onfreneo, Montiel at Nolasco 2013, p. 16) ang kalooban ng iba
subalit ang turingan ay kapuwa. Samantalang sinisikap nilang pareho na maabot man lang ang makipagpalagayang-loob sa isa’t isa.
Sakaling parehong mapakiramdaman nilang palagay na ang kanilang loob ang turingan nila ay hindi na ibang-tao sa isa’t isa.

Subalit hindi naman parati ay nararating ang antas na ito dahil dinamiko ang ugnayan pati ang sitwasyo’t kondisyon sa
kinaroroonan. Sa gayon, patuloy ang pagtutunguhan sa pagnanais na makipagpalagayang-loob kundi man makiisang-loob sa kapuwa.
Kaya nga nakikipagkapuwa sa pananaliksik at inaasahang bubuti’t lalong lalapit sa loob ang pagtutunguhan, kung maaabot pa nga ang
antas ng pakikiisa sa kapuwa mapatotohanan na nito mismo ang katuturan ng nabatid buhat sa kalahok.

11. Ayon sa pahayag, ilang ang antas ng pakikitungo ng mananaliksik at kalahok?

a. 8
b. 3
c. 5
d. 2

12. Alin sa mga nakalistang antas ng pagtutunguhan ng mananaliksik at kalahok ang tumutukoy sa pakikipag-ugnayan sa “hindi-ibang-tao”?
I. Pakikisalamuha
II. Pakikiisa
III. Pakikipagpalagayang-loob
IV. Pakikiisa
a. I at II
b. I at III
c. III at IV
d. II lamang

13. Itinalakay sa pahayag ang lahat nang ito MALIBAN SA:

a. Mabuting bigyang-pansin ang relasyon ng mananaliksik sa kanyang mga kalahok.
b. Layunin ng mananaliksik na umabot man lang sa antas ng pakikipagpalagayang-loob sa kanyang pananaliksik.
c. Hindi maaabot ng mananaliksik ang pakikipagpalagayang-loob sa lahat ng panahon.
d. Magsisinungaling sa mananaliksik ang kanyang kalahok kapag hindi niya ito itinuturing bilang “hindi-ibang-tao”.

PASSAGE #4

All that I love

I fold over once
And once again
And keep in a box
Or a slit in a hollow post
Or in my shoe.
 All that I love?
Why, yes, but for the moment-
And for all time, both.
Something that folds and keeps easy,
Son’s note or Dad’s one gaudy tie,
A roto picture of a queen,
A blue Indian shawl, even
A money bill.

It’s utter sublimation,

A feat, this heart’s control
Moment to moment
To scale all love down
To a cupped hand’s size

​ y Edith Tiempo)
(Excerpt from the poem ​Bonsai b

14. What is considered the “feat” in the poem?

a. To fold love once and once again
b. To scale all love down to a cupped hand’s size
c. To find your Dad’s one gaudy tie
d. To control your heart moment to moment

15. The author views love as…

a. Something immeasurable that can be compared to everyday objects
b. Made up of material possessions
c. Something messy that needs to be easy to clean up
d. A feeling that needs to be contained and hidden

PASSAGE # 5
From The New York Times’ ​The Future of Not Working​ by Annie Lowrey:

“The basic or guaranteed income is a curious piece of intellectual flotsam that has washed ashore several times in the past
half-millennium, often during periods of great economic upheaval. In “Utopia,” published in 1516, Thomas More suggests it as a way to
help feudal farmers hurt by the conversion of common land for public use into private land for commercial use. In “Agrarian Justice,”
published in 1797, Thomas Paine supports it for similar reasons, as compensation for the “loss of his or her natural inheritance, by the
introduction of the system of landed property.” It reappears in the writings of French radicals, of Bertrand Russell, of the Rev. Dr. Martin
Luther King Jr.

Silicon Valley has recently become obsessed with basic income for reasons simultaneously generous and self-interested, as a palliative
for the societal turbulence its inventions might unleash. Many technologists believe we are living at the precipice of an
artificial-intelligence revolution that could vault humanity into a postwork future. In the past few years, artificially intelligent systems
have become proficient at a startling number of tasks, from reading cancer scans to piloting a car to summarizing a sports game to
translating prose. Any job that can be broken down into discrete, repeatable tasks — financial analytics, marketing, legal work — could
be automated out of existence.

In this vision of the future, our economy could turn into a funhouse-mirror version of itself: extreme income and wealth inequality, rising
poverty, mass unemployment, a shrinking prime-age labor force. It would be more George Saunders than George Jetson. But what does
this all have to do with a small village in Kenya?

A universal basic income has thus far lacked what tech folks might call a proof of concept. There have been a handful of experiments,
including ones in Canada, India and Namibia. Finland is sending money to unemployed people, and the Dutch city Utrecht is doing a trial
run, too. But no experiment has been truly complete, studying what happens when you give a whole community money for an extended
period of time — when nobody has to worry where his or her next meal is coming from or fear the loss of a job or the birth of a child.

And so, the tech industry is getting behind GiveDirectly and other organizations testing the idea out. Chris Hughes, a Facebook founder
and briefly the owner of The New Republic, has started a $10 million, two-year initiative to explore the viability of a basic income. (He
has also been a major donor to GiveDirectly.) The research wing of Sam Altman’s start-up incubator, Y Combinator, is planning to pass
out money to 1,000 families in California and another yet-to-be-determined state. Then there is GiveDirectly itself, which has attracted
$24 million in donations for its basic-income effort, including money from founders of Facebook, Instagram, eBay and a number of other
Silicon Valley companies. Many donors I spoke with cited their interest in the project as purely philanthropic. But others saw it as a
chance to learn more about a universal basic income, a way to prove that it could work and a chance to show people the human face of a
hypothetical policy fix.”

16. What was the motivation for the universal basic income initiative by GiveDirectly?
 a. No basic income experiment has been sufficient enough to qualify as a proof of concept
b. Tech industry giants resort to charity to evade taxes
c. The Kenyan government asked for their people to be the guinea pigs for the experiment.
d. Facebook has more money than it can spend.

17. How much has GiveDirectly attracted in donations?

a. $10 million
b. $124 million
c. $90 million
d. $24 million

18. How does the author describe the future, which she claims stands at the precipice of a postwork revolution?
a. extreme income and wealth inequality, rising poverty, mass unemployment, a growing prime-age labor force
b. extreme income and wealth inequality, rising poverty, mass unemployment, a shrinking prime-age labor force
c. Extreme income and wealth inequality, shrinking poverty, mass unemployment, a shrinking prime-age labor force
d. Extreme income and wealth inequality, mass new employment, a shrinking prime-age labor force
19. What is referred to in the article as the human face of a hypothetical policy fix?
a. Sam Altman’s Y-Combinator
b. The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative
c. GiveDirectly
d. The New Republic

20. How did the writer Thomas Paine justify the need for a universal basic income?
a. It could serve as compensation for the “loss of his or her natural inheritance, by the introduction of the system of landed
property.”
b. It is a way to help feudal farmers hurt by the conversion of common land for public use into private land for commercial use.
c. It is what fairness and justice calls for.
d. It was the best way to return people to prehistoric communal living, where there was no private property and everyone had
equal access to natural resources.
Language Proficiency 37. c
(English) 38. b
39. d Filipino Exam Answer
Identifying errors 40. b
41. a Key
1. b 42. d
2. a 43. a
3. e 44. c
4. d 45. b Pagpapalawak ng
5. d Synonyms Talasalitaan (15)
6. a
46. d
7. a I.
8. b 47. a
48. a
1. C
9. b
49. b
2. B
10. a
Sentence improvement 50. c 3. D
Antonyms 4. A
11. a 5. A
12. e 51. e
52. c
13. b II.
14. c 53. d
54. b
1. C
15. B
Sentence Completion 55. c 2. A
Analogy 3. B
16. b 4. C
17. b 56. b 5. B
18. b 57. c
19. b 58. d
59. a
III.
20. a
60. d 1. C
Subject-verb Agreement, Verb
Mood and Verb Tenses Correct Sentence Form 2. B
3. A
21. a 61. a 4. A
22. b 62. b 5. C
23. b 63. a
24. a 64. a
65. a
IV.
25. d
26. c
1. C
27. a 2. C
28. a 3. C
29. c 4. D
30. a 5. C
31. b
32. d Pagpapakahulugan mula sa
33. c Konteksto (context clue) ng
34. c
Pangungusap. (10) 
35. b

I.
Idioms
1. A
36. a
2. B  
3. C
4. C  
5. B
 
6. B
7. A Reading Comprehension 
8. C
9. A 1. C 
10. A 2. A 
3. B 
Analohiya (10) 4. D 
5. A 
I.
6. A 
1. B 7. C 
2. D 8. B 
3. D 9. C 
4. C 10. A 
5. C 11. A 
12. C 
II. 13. D 
14. B 
1. C 15. A 
2. C 16. A 
3. A 17. D 
4. D 18. B 
5. D 19. C 
20. A 
Paragraph Organization(10)
 
I. Tamang Ayos:
BAGEDFC

8. B
9. C
10. E, G