Sanskrit alphabet
(Devanāgarī)
Study Book

Volume 1
Single letters

Medhā Michika
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 Table of contents

= Introduction =

Prayer …………………………….. studied on: / / ---- 1

Alphabet chart ……..………….. studied on: / / ---- 2

= Vowels at the beginning of word =

,  …………………………….. studied on: / / ---- 3

,  …………………………….. studied on: / / ---- 4
,  …………………………….. studied on: / / ---- 4
,
…………………………….. studied on: / / ---- 5
 …………………………….. studied on: / / ---- 5
, …………………………….. studied on: / / ---- 6
,  …………………………….. studied on: / / ---- 6

= Consonants =

Introduction …………………..….. studied on: / / ---- 7

Gutturals
        ..... studied on: / / ---- 10

Palatals   
    ..... studied on: / / ---- 19

Cerebrals       ..... studied on: / / ---- 26

Dentals          ..... studied on: / / ---- 32

Labials          ..... studied on: / / ---- 46

Semi-vowels      ..... studied on: / / ---- 58

Sibilants ! " # ..... studied on: / / ---- 68


om

  ।
 

       

ू  !    "#$% ! ॥

śuklāmbaradhara viu śaśivara caturbhujam |

prasannavadana dhyāyet sarvavighnopaśāntaye ||


'  () 
! *+ $  ।
,
- *
.   /   !  ॥

sarasvati namastubhya varade kāmarūpii |

vidyārambha kariyāmi siddhirbhavatu me sadā ||

 %0  %0  %0 ॥
om śānti śānti śānti ||

1
 ू)- 34512 346%1 %%1
(Efforts) 012 (Contact) (Slightly (Slightly open) (Open)
contact)
. Hard Soft Hard Soft
(Places) 7ू/ 8ू/ 7ू/ 8ू/ 7ू/ 8ू/ 
%/' (Non- (Non-
asp.) (Aspirate) asp.) (Aspirate) (Non-aspirate) (Aspirate)
(Types of sound)
st 5th /
1 of the 2nd of the 3rd of the 4th of the Semi
class class class class vowels Sibilants Vowels
(Nasals)

 Throat
A B C D 8 */F

(
= Gutturals) ka kha ga gha a ha a/ā
 Palate J K & L M ) N O/3
(HI Palatals) ca cha ja jha ña ya śa i/ī
PQ' Roof W  X Y /  4 Z/[
(PQ 'T Cerebrals) a ha a ha a ra a /
*+ Teeth  _ * Q  H  `
(*\ Dentals) ta tha da dha na la sa 
a Lips e f g h  %* i/j
( d Labials) pa pha ba bha ma va u/ū

 – e,  ai 

 –   () * Effort of  –  

 – o, " au
 –  $ (%&' ()) ** *+ – % va
2
 Chapter 1.
Vowels at the beginning of a word

Legend: m. = masculine; f. = feminine; n. = neuter; ind. = indeclinable; a. = adjective

1 4

2 3
12 10
atha aja
a (ind.) (m.)
now brahman

1 5

2 3 4
34 3*0
ātmā ākāśa
ā (m.) (m.)
self space

3
 2

1
5  56
idam iha
i (n.) (ind.)
this here

3 2

1
70 78
0
īśa īśvara
ī (m.) (m.)
lord lord

9*  9
2
1

udakam umā
u (n.) (f.)
water pārvatī

 
3
1 2
:;0 :<
ūru ūrdhvam
ū (m.) (ind.)
thigh upward

4
 =  =* 
4
1 2 3

tam k
 (ind.) (f.)
truly mantra

4
1 2 3

4
1
3 1

There is no long  sound.

5
 3
1 2
> >?0
eva ea
e (ind.) (m.)
only, just this

@A  @8  
4
1 2

aikyam aiśvaryam
ai (n.) (n.)
oneness lordship

B  BC0
6

2 3 4

om oha
o (ind.) (m.)
om lip

6
5

D? 0 DE 
1 7

2 3 4

auadhi auyam
au (f.) (n.)
herb heat

6
 Chapter 2.
Consonants followed by vowels

5 4
1 2 3 1 2 3

k + a = ka k + a = ka

5 5
1 2 3 1 2 3 4

k + ā = kā k + ā = kā

5 6
4 1 2 3

k + i = ki k + i = ki

7
 6 5

1 2 3 4

k + ī = kī k + ī = kī

1 2 3

k + u = ku k + u = ku

1 2 3

k + ū = kū k + ū = kū

1 2 3

k +  = k k +  = k

1 2 3

k + = k k + = k
4

5
1 2 3

k + e = ke k + e = ke
8
 5
4
6
1 2 3

k + ai = kai k + ai = kai
5

6
1 2 3 4

k + o = ko k + o = ko
6
5
7
1 2 3 4

k + au = kau k + au = kau

9
 *2 *F 
4
1 2 3

kathā kamalam
(f.) (n.)
ka story lotus

**0 *F0
kāka kāla
(m.) (m.)
kā crow time

*  *
0
kim kiraa
(n.) (m.)
ki
what ray of light

*GH0 *G 0
kīa kīrti
(m.) (f.)
kī warm fame

10
 *
0 *F 
kumāra kulam
ku (m.) (n.)
young boy family

*IHJ *I$0
kū&astha kūpa
kū (a.) (m.)
unchange- well
able

*K*K$$ *K *K0
0
kpā
kpā k'(a
k'(a
k (f.)(f.) (m.)
(m.)
compassionname of god
compassion

11
 *! 0 *! F
keśava kevala
(m.) (a.)
ke
name of only
k !a

*L F0 *L M 
kailāsa kaivalyam
(m.) (n.)
kai
name of a exclusiveness
holy place

*# H0 *#0
ko&i kośa
ko (f.) (m.)
crore sheath


*NG *N
0
kaumudī kaurava
(f.) (m.)
kau
moonlight descendant
of Kurus

12
 O 
4

1 2 3
OP0
kham khaga
(n.) (m.)
kha sky bird

O, O 
khādya khānam
khā (a.) (n.)
edible digging

O
khinna
(a.)
khi distressed

O!0 O!F
kheda khelā
(m.) (f.)
khe pain sport

13
 PP  P!0
3
1 2

gaganam gaeśa
(n.) (m.)
ga sky name of god

P *0 P ऽG
gāyaka gāyatrī
(m.) (f.)
gā singer name of
goddess

P
0 P

giri gir
(m.) (f.)
gi hill word

PG
gītā
(f.)
gī name of a sacred
scripture

14
 
P;0 
P0
guru gua
(m.) (m.)
gu teacher quality

PRI
gūha
(a.)
gū hidden

PK6  PK6J0
gham ghastha
(n.) (m.)
g
house householder

P!   P!6 
geyam geham
(n.) (n.)
ge
song house

15
 P#
0 P#$F0
gocara gopāla
(m.) (m.)
go
range cowherd

PN0 PN
G
gau gaurī
(f.) (f.)
gau cow name of
Pārvatī

1 2
SH0 S0
ghaa ghana
(m.) (m.)
gha pot cloud

S*0
ghātaka
(m.)
ghā slayer

16
ghi

SK 
ghtam
(n.)
gh
ghee

S0 FS 
raghu laghu
(m.) (a.)
ghu
name of a small, light
king

S#
S#?0
ghora ghoa
(a.) (m.)
gho violent proclamation

17
 3

1
2

)a

)i

)e

)o

18
 ब  U0
3

1 2

cakram candra
(n.) (m.)
ca wheel moon

; $ 
cāru cāpam
cā (a.) (n.)
pleasant bow

V  

cittam cira
(n.) (a.)
ci mind long time

cī

19
 ू
 
 0
pracura cumba
cu (a.) (m.)
abundant kiss

I   W
 I 
cūr(am cū+ā
cū (n.) (f.)
powder crest

!0 !X
cetana ce'&ā
(m.) (f.)
ce
conscious movement
being

 LY   Lऽ0
caitanyam caitra
cai (n.) (m.)
consciousness name of
a month

20
 # #
0
codanā cora
co (f.) (m.)
inspiration thief

N
0
caura
cau (m.)
thief

Z[ 
3
2 1
Zऽ0
chatra chandas
(m.) (n.)
cha
umbrella the Veda

Z  Zऽ0
chāyā chātra
(f.) (m.)
chā shadow pupil

21
 Z Zि 
chinna chidram
(a.) (n.)
chi
torn hole

Z! 
chedanam
(n.)
che cutting

P  F 
4
1 3

jagat jalam
(n.) (n.)
ja universe water

 0  
jāti jātu
(f.) (ind.)
jā class ever

22
 ] ^0
jihvā jijñāsu
(f.) (m.)
ji tongue one who
desires to
know

G0 G 
jīva jīra
(m.) (a.)
jī individual old

X 
P _
ju'&a jugupsā
ju (a.) (f.)
gratified disgust

IH0
jū&a
(m.)
jū matted hair

23
 KK$0 0 
KK

jpā
jbha j'(a
jbha(am
j (f.)
(m.) (n.)(m.)
compassionyawning
yawning

!
jetā
(m.)
je winner

 L  0  L0
jaimini jaina
jai (m.) (m.)
name of a name of a
teacher sage

#? 
jo'am
jo (n.)
happiness

24
 `?0 ` H 
4
1 3

jhaa jhaiti
(m.) (ind.)
jha
fish quickly

` H*
jhāikā
(f.)
jha jasmine

1 3

ña

ñā

25
 2

1
*IH0 SH0
kūa ghaa
(m.) (m.)
&a anvil pot

HaG
ippaī
(f.)
&i footnote

HG*
īkā
&ī (f.)
commentary

&u

26
&e

&o

$Gb  $b0
2
1

pīham pāha
(m.) (m.)
&ha
seat reading

$Gb C
pīhā nihā
(f.) (f.)
&hā seat firmness

27
 $ b * b
pahita kahina
(a.) (a.)
&hi
recited hard

$GbG ?CG
pīhī ahī
&hī (f.) (f.)
seat sixth

C  *b

suhu kahura
(ind.) (a.)
&hu well hard

&h

28
 1C!
anuheya
(a.)
&he object to be performed

*b#
*cb#C 
kahora kahoham
(a.) (n.)
&ho cruel guttural-labial

+a

+ā

29
 $G W
pī ita
(a.)
+i tormented

WG 
īnam
(n.)
+ī
flight

Rd IR
2
1

hakkā mū ha
(f.) (a.)
+ha
drum deluded

+ R0
rū hi
(f.)
+hi
well-known
meaning

30
  $I 
3
1 2
P0
guna pūram
(a (m.) (n.)
quality fullness

K G
t ā vīā
(ā (f.) (f.)
thirst a musical
instrument

$ 0 ; 0
pāi vārui
(m.) (m.)
(i hand name of a
sage

10
au
(m.)
(u atom

31
 f  *0
3
1 2

tattvam tarka
(n.) (m.)
ta
truth logic

$0 
*
tāpa tārakā
tā (m.) (f.)
heat star

 e  
0
titikā timira
(f.) (m.)
ti endurance darkness

G
  G2 
tīram tīrtham
tī (n.) (n.)
shore holy place

32
  
F X
tulā tua
(f.) (a.)
tu balance pleased

IG  I 
tū'(īm tūr(am
tū (ind.) (ind.)
silently quickly

K  KG
t(am ttīya
t (n.) (a.)
grass third

33
 !0 !#
teja tejomaya
te (n.) (a.)
light brilliant

 LF  6 L?G
tailam hitai'ī
tai (n.) (m.)
oil well wisher

#   #?0
toyam to'a
to (n.) (m.)
water satisfaction

NF  NM 
taulam taulyam
tau (n.) (n.)
balance equality

34
 3

1
2
2  ू2
mathanam prathama
(n.) (a.)
tha churning first

2 1J
tathā avasthā
thā (ind.) (f.)
in that state
manner

 20 1  20
tithi atithi
(m.) (m.)
thi
lunar day guest

12g 2 g
arthī caturthī
thī (m.) (f.)
one who fourth
desires

35
 2   !$20
mithunam vepathu
(n.) (m.)
thu pair trembling

I
JF
sthūla
thū (a.)
gross

J!
sthemā
the (m.)
firmness

J L  
sthairyam
thai (n.)
stability

36
 12#
atho
tho (ind.)
now

JNM 
sthaulyam
thau (n.)
bulkiness

  
2
1

daśama dayā
(a.) (f.)
da tenth compassion

  ;
dānam dāru
(n.) (n.)
dā giving wood

37
    
dinam diś
(n.) (f.)
di day direction

G$0 GS 
dīpa dīrgha
dī (m.) (a.)
lamp long

h
 hP 
durita durgā
du (a.) (f.)
discomfort name of a
goddess

i
  i? 
dūram dū'a(am
(ind.) (n.)
dū far blemish

38
 j$
jR j0
j X0
dpā
d+ha d'(a
d'&i
d (f.)
(a.) (f.) (m.)
compassionvision
firm

! !60
devatā deha
(f.) (m.)
de god body

#?0 #6 
do'a dohanam
do (m.) (n.)
fault milking

Nk   N 6ऽ0
daurbhāgyam dauhitra
(n.) (m.)
dau ill-luck daughter’s
son

39
  
1 3

2
0
dhanam dharma
(n.) (m.)
dha
wealth duty


 Y 
dhārā dhānyam
dha (f.) (n.)
stream grain

 0 9$ 0
vidhi upādhi
(m.) (m.)
dhi
order condition

G0 G

dhī dhīra
(f.) (a.)
dhī intellect intelligent

40
 
1  
adhunā sādhu
dhu (ind.) (a.)
now excellent

$I 0 I 0

dhūpa dhūma
dhū (m.) (m.)
incense smoke

K 0 1K
dh ti avadh ta
(f.) (a.)
dh firmness determined

dh

41
 !0
dhenu
(f.)
dhe cow

 L  
dhairyam
dhai (n.)
courage


1#O
adhomukha
dho (a.)
facing downward

N
dhauta
(a.)
dhau washed

42
 0 0
3
2

nama nabha
(ind.) (n.)
na salutation sky

H*0 P0
nāaka nāga
nā (m.) (m.)
actor cobra

 0 
niyama niśā
(m.) (f.)
ni regulation night

GF GW 
nīla nī am
nī (a.) (n.)
blue nest

43
 0  
dhanu jānu
nu (n.) (n.)
bow knee

I  I  
nūtana nūnam
nū (a.) (ind.)
new surely

KK$$0  0
K
Kl
npā
npa n'(a
ntyam
n (f.)
(m.) (n.)(m.)
compassiondance
king

44
  !ऽ   !
netram netā
(n.) (m.)
ne eye leader

  L!, 
 L P*
naisargika naivedyam
nai (a.) (n.)
natural offering

#
no
no (ind.)
no

N0 N*
nau naukā
nau (f.) (f.)
boat boat

45
 3

$  $

1 2

padam parama
pa (n.) (a.)
foot best

$F0 $b0
pāla pāha
pā (m.) (m.)
protector study

$$ $
pipāsā pitā
(f.) (m.)
pi thirst father

$G $GW
pīta pī ā
(a.) (f.)
pī yellow pain

46
 
$0 $c  
puna puyam
(ind.) (n.)
pu again result of
righteous
action

$I  
$I
pūjā pūrvam
(f.) (ind.)
pū
worship before

$K 2G $KC0
pthivī phata
p (f.) (ind.)
earth behind

$!   $!? 
peyam pe'a(am
pe (n.) (n.)
drink grinding

47
 $#?  1$#6 
poaam apohanam
(n.) (n.)
po nourishing forgetfulness

$Nऽ0 $N;?!
pautra pauru'eya
pau (m.) (a.)
grandson made by man

mF  mn 
4
1 2 3

phalam phalgu
(n.) (a.)
pha fruit useless

phi

48
 mo
phulla
(a.)
phu open

m! 0
phea
phe (m.)
foam

p 60 pF 
4
1 2
3

bahi balam
(ind.) (n.)
ba outside power

pF0 pq0
bāla bāhu
bā (m.) (m.)
boy arm

49
 p 0 pr0
bimba bindu
(m.) (m.)
bi image drop

pG 
bījam
bī (n.)
seed


p /0 p e
 0
buddhi bubhuku
(f.) (m.)
bu
intellect one who is
hungry

I 
 F
tāmbūlam
(n.)
bū betel leaf

50
 pKpK6$  pK0
bpā
bhat b'(a
b (f.)
(a.) (m.)
compassion
big

*p!
0
kubera
be (m.)
name of a devatā

p# 
bodhanam
bo (n.)
knowledge

pN/0
bauddha
(m.)
bau buddhist

51
   0
3
2
1

bhajanam bhava
(n.) (m.)
bha
worship being

? 
0
bhāā bhārata
bha (f.) (m.)
language India

e 
bhikā bhinna
(f.) (a.)
bhi
taking of different
alms

G 0 G?
bhīti bhīā
(f.) (f.)
bhī fear fear

52
 
 s0 
P0
bhukti bhujaga
(f.) (m.)
bhu enjoyment snake

0I I
bhū bhūta
bhū (f.) (a.)
earth past

KP0 K 
bh gu bh śam
(m.) (ind.)
bh name of a intensely
sage

bh

53
 !0 !*0
bheda bhedaka
(m.) (m.)
bhe difference separator

 L
G
bhairavī
bhai (f.)
Durgā

#  #s
bhojanam bhoktā
(n.) (m.)
bho food experiencer

N * N
bhautika bhauma
(a.) (a.)
bhau elemental earthly

54
 3

1 2
 0 0
mati mana
ma (f.) (n.)
intellect mind

 P0
mātā mārga
mā (f.) (m.)
mother way

ऽ  t
mitram mithyā
mi (n.) (ind.)
friend falsely

G0 G
mīna mīmā.sā
mī (m.) (f.)
fish analysis

55
  0
O   0
mukha muni
mu (m.) (m.)
face wise person

IF  I 0
mūlam mūrti
mū (n.) (f.)
root form

KKP$0 0 0
K
Kl
mpā mtyu
mga
m (m.)
m'(a (m.)
deer death
(f.) (m.)

56
 !S0 !
megha medhā
(m.) (f.)
me cloud intellect

Lऽ 
maitram
(n.)
mai friendship

#e0 #60
mok'a moha
mo (m.) (m.)
liberation confusion

N  N F0
maunam mauli
mau (n.) (m.)
silence head

57
 0 2
3
1 2

yaśa yathā
(n.) (ind.)
ya fame in which
manner

P0 ऽ
yāga yātrā
yā (m.) (f.)
ritual journey

 L  *0
naiyāyika
(m.)
yi logician

 G Lऽ ! G
māyī maitreyī
(m.) (f.)
yī one who name of a
has māyā wife of
yājñavalkya

58
 P 0  0
 u
yuga yuyutsu
(m.) (m.)
yu cycle of one who desir-
time es to fight

$I 0 I 0
yūpa yūti
(m.) (f.)
yū
sacrificial union
post

vK /0
vyddhi
y (f.)
decline

!
ू 
prāye(a
ye (ind.)
generally

59
 #P0 # 0
yoga yoni
(m.) (m.)
yo union origin

N P* N 
yaugika yauvanam
(a.) (n.)
yau derivative youth

1

0
20
rati ratha
(f.) (m.)
ra pleasure chariot


P0
rājā rāga
rā (m.) (m.)
king passion

60

$0 

ripu vāri
ri (m.) (n.)
enemy water

G 0 
G
 
rīti śarīram
rī (f.) (n.)
style body

; 0 ;0
ruci taru
ru (f.) (m.)
taste tree

+$  + R0
rūpam rū+hi
rū (n.) (f.)
form custom

61
r

!O
!m0
rekhā repha
re (f.) (m.)
line r-sound

L0
rai
rai (m.)
wealth

#P0
#
roga rocana
(m.) (a.)
ro disease bright

62
 F F 0
4

3 1

2
latā laya
(f.) (m.)
la creeper absorption

F0 FFH0
lābha lalā&a
(m.) (m.)
lā
gain forehead

FO  F $0
likhanam lipi
li (n.) (f.)
writing script

FG FGF
līna līlā
(a.) (f.)
lī
absorbed sport

63
 wx Ow
lupta khalu
lu (a.) (ind.)
disappeared indeed

y
lūtā
(m.)
lū
spider

F!O F!$ 
lekhā lepanam
le (f.) (n.)
line ointment

lai

64
 F#*0 F#$0
loka lopa
lo (m.) (m.)
world disappearance

FN **
laukika
(a.)
lau worldly

  0
3
1 2

vanam vaca
(n.) (n.)
va forest word

*  0
vāk vāda
vā (f.) (m.)
word discussion

65
 
P0  0
virāga vinaya
(m.) (m.)
vi dispassion modesty

G
0 G  
vīra vīryam
vī (m.) (n.)
hero strength

K?0 K*0
v'abha vka
v (m.) (m.)
bull wolf

66
 !0 !0
veda vedhā
ve (m.) (m.)
the Veda brahmājī

L *0 L 
vaidika vaibhavam
vai (m.) (n.)
one who greatness
follows the
Veda

#R
vo+hā
vo (m.)
porter

N?H 
vau'a&
vau (ind.)
exclamation
in offering

67
 0   
4
1 3
2

śama śayanam
(m.) (n.)
śa calmness sleeping

F  
śālā śāsanam
śā (f.) (n.)
hall order

0 
0
śiva śira
śi (m.) (n.)
name of head
god

GF  G
śīlam śīta
śī (n.) (a.)
character cold

68
    0
śubha śuci
śu (a.) (m.)
auspicious purity

I
IY
śūra śūnya
śū (a.) (a.)
brave empty

zPF0
ś gāla
ś (m.)
jackal

69
 !O
0 !?0
śekhara śe'a
śe (m.) (m.)
crest remaining

Ll 
śaityam
śai (n.)
coldness

#*0 #?0
śoka śo'a
śo (m.) (m.)
sorrow dryness

N  
śauryam
śau (n.)
strength

70
 ? 0 #?0
4

1 2
3

vi'aya do'a
(m.) (m.)
'a subject fault

? 
0 G?
tu'āra manī'ā
'ā (m.) (f.)
snow desire

5 ?* = ?0
i'ikā 'i
'i (f.) (m.)
bush sage

{?G* 
h'īkam
'ī (n.)
sense organ

71
 5?0 *G?0
i'u cikīr'u
'u (m.) (m.)
arrow one who
desires to do

? I 0 ?I  
vi'ūci niūdanam
'ū (m.) (n.)
mind one who kills

1 ?!*0 ?!0
abhieka niedha
'e (m.) (m.)
anointing prohibition

?#W ?#R
'o+aśa 'o+hā
'o (a.) (ind.)
sixteenth in six ways

72
 *K   j
4
1 3

sakt sadśa
(ind.) (a.)
sa once similar


0  
sāra sādhanam
sā (m.) (n.)
essence means

60 1 0
si.ha asi
si (m.) (m.)
lion sword

G 
G
sītā sarasī
sī (f.) (f.)
name of the lake
wife of Rāma

73
 
0 

0
suta sura
su (m.) (m.)
son god

Iऽ  1I 
sūtram asūyā
sū (n.) (f.)
thread envy

K X0 ूK
s i pras ta
s (f.) (a.)
creation extended

!0 !
setu sevā
se (m.) (f.)
bridge service

74
 #0 #R
soma so+ha
so (m.) (a.)
moon endured

Nk  
saubhāgyam
saubhāgyam
sau (n.)
(n.)
good fortune
good fortune

6
0 60
3
1
2

hari hanu
(m.) (m.)
ha name of jaw
lord

60 6
0
hāsa vihāra
(m.) (m.)
hā
laughter sporting
ground

75
 6  6 
hitam himam
hi (n.) (n.)
welfare snow

6G 6G
hīna mahī
hī (a.) (f.)
low earth

q  pq
hutam bahu
hu (n.) (a.)
oblation many

3| 0 ||0
āhūti hūhū
(f.) (m.)
hū
invoking name of a
celestial

76
 {   {?G* 
h dayam h īkam
h (n.) (n.)
heart sense organ

6!0 6!%0
hetu hemanta
he (m.) (m.)
cause winter

6LG 
6L*
haimavatī haituka
(f.) (a.)
hai Pārvatī causal

6#0 6#
homa hotā
ho (m.) (m.)
fire ritual priest

77