Tagalog

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS
Lecturer: Ms. Tian Huey Ni Fanny
Code:
01 INTRODUCTION 04 MORPHOLOGY

02 RESEARCH METHODS 05 SYNTAX

03 PHONOLOGY 06 CONCLUSION

03
Introduction
Origins of Tagalog

Speaker: HANIYYAH
Where is Tagalog from?

A member of the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) language family.

Tagalog is one of the two official languages of the Philippines, alongside
English.
Spoken in the Bicol Region and the Visayas Islands; Bikol group and the
Visayan group, includes languages; Waray-Waray, Hiligaynon, and
Cebuano.
Originated on the Philippine islands; Northeastern Mindanao, Eastern
Visayas regions.
Appropriated and altered terminology from languages (Chinese, Spanish,
Japanese & English) to incorporate them into their languages.
 Eight main Tagalog dialects

Bataan and Batangas; Manila and Marinduque;

Bulacan and Lubang;

Tanay-Paete; Tayabas-Quezon.
Dialects are mutually intelligible, even though their intonation and
lexicon differ from one another.

Tagalog was written in an abugida—or alphasyllabary—called

Baybayin. Baybay means "to write".
Made up of 28 letters, which comprise the 26 letters of the English
alphabet plus the velar nasal syllables.
The voiced velar nasal, also known as "agma" is;consonantal sound that is
produced by the mouth.
Except for "Ñ" the letters' names are pronounced and collated in the same
way as in English.
Consist of 28 letters that are referred to as "títik" or "létra", These are
classified as "patínig" or "bokáblo" (vowels) "katínig" or "konsonánte"
(consonants).
Research Methods
How we conducted our research

Speaker: Qistina
Qualitative Method
Data collection was based on few different sources

journals videos articles

Information is non-numerical

Journals were scanned by document analysis method

 By reviewing these documents, we were able to gather some
information and understand in depth regarding Tagalog vs English
and get the information to help develop other data collection tools
for evaluation.

Based on these data, the hypothesis of the research is on

discovering Tagalog’s linguistic fieldwork and the differences
between Tagalog and English.
 Phonology
The study of sound patterns of
human languages
Speaker: REIHANA
 SEGMENTAL
FEATURES
of Received Pronunciation (RP) or Standard British
English and Tagalog
 1. RP- 20 VOWELS 1. TAGALOG- 11 VOWELS

Front Central Back

High

/e/ and /o/ are relatively new vowels as

a result of the Spanish influence.

Mid
These vowels generally are not influenced

by their neighbouring sounds.

Long vowels do not exist in Tagalog

Low

(Hawkins& Midgley, 2005) (Guevarra, 2015)

1.i. RP- 12 MONOPHTHONGS 1.i. TAGALOG- 5 MONOPHTHONGS

/iː/ - heed /hiːd/ /ɪ/ - hid /hɪd/

/uː/ - food /fuːd/ /ʊ/ - good /ɡʊd/ /i/ Misa = mass /misa/

/ə/ - above /əˈbʌv/ /ɜː / nurse /nɜːs/ /a/ Aral = to study /aral/

/ʌ / - bud /bʌd/ /ɑː/ hard /hɑːd/ /e/ Mesa = table / mesa/

/ɒ / - cot /kɒt/ /ɔː/ caught /kɔːt/ /u/ Uso = fad /uso/

/e/ - bed / bed/ /æ/ - bad /bæd /o/ Oso = bear /oso/
1.ii. RP- 8 DIPHTHONGS 1.ii. TAGALOG- 6 DIPHTHONGS

/aw/ Araw sun/day /araw/

/aɪ/ hide /haɪd/ /aʊ/ how /haʊ/ /ay/ Palay rice /palay/

/əʊ/ note /nəʊt/ /ɪə/ here /hɪə(r)/ /iw/ Aliw amuse /aliw/

/eə/ hair /heə(r)/ /eɪ/ day /deɪ/ /oy/ Kahoy tree /kahoy/

/ɔɪ/ boy /bɔɪ/ /ʊə/ tour /tʊə(r)/ /uy/ Kasuy cashew /kasuy/

/ey/ -

/ey/ can be found when spelt but when pronounced /ey/

will be articulated as /e/ instead of as /ey/./ey/ is most of
the time monophthongised to become the monophthong
/e/. (Pulitika, 1965)
 2. RP- 24 CONSONANTS 2. TAGALOG- 15 CONSONANTS
/p/ Lapis pencil /b/ Labis too /t/ Kutkot
/b/ /bɔːl/ ball /p/ /pen// pen /t/ /tɔːl/ tall
/lapis/ much /labis/ scratch /kutkot/

/d/ /dʌl/ dull /k/ /keɪk/cake /g/ /ɡʌn/ gun /d/ Kudkod /k/ Titik letter /h/ Hipon
scrape/kudkod/ /titik/ shrimp /hipon/

/s/ /sɪt/ sit /z/ /ziːl/ zeal /f/ /fæn/ fan

/s/ Sipag /m/ Masa /n/ Nayon town
diligence /sipaɡ/ mass /masa/ /najon/
/v/ /ˈveri/ very /j/ /jɑːd/ yard /r/ /rʌn/ run
/ŋ/ Ngayon /w/ Wari’ /ʔ/ Bata’ child
now /ŋajon/ seems /wariʔ/ /bataʔ/
/l/ /lʌk/ luck /w/ /wɪn/ win /θ/ /θɪn/ thin
/r/ Rito here
/j/ Yari’ finish /l/ Lupa earth
/ʒ/ /ˈmeʒə(r)/ / ʃ// /ʃɪp/ /rito/
/jariʔ / /lupa/
/ð/ /ðɪs/ this

measure ship

/ŋ/ in Tagalog can occur in the initial position, medial position and also the
/dʒ/ /dʒʌdʒ/ /tʃ/ /tʃeə(r)/
)8102 ,hcaoR(

/h/ /hæd/ had final position. In Engllish /ŋ/ mostly in the final position.
judge chair Initial position /ŋ/ Ngayon now /ŋajon/
Medial position /ŋ/ Langit heaven /laŋit/
/m//mæn/ Final position /ŋ/ Singsing ring /siŋsiŋ/
/n/ /nʌl/ null /ŋ/ /sɪŋ/ sing /p,t,k / are not aspirated in Tagalog even in the intial position unlike
man
English.
2.i. RP- CONSONANTS TABLE
2.i. TAGALOG- CONSONANTS TABLE

(Narayan & Gelman, 2006)

 What does this mean for L1 Tagalog
speakers learning English?

What can be understood from comparing the segmental feature of Tagalog and
English is that L1 speakers of Tagalog may find English difficult to pronounce do to
lacking the same number of monophthongs, diphthongs and also consonants that
(RP) English has. For instance, Tagalog speakers may find it tough to pronounce
words that have the /θ/ sound. Tagalog is also spoken the way it is spelt therefore,
since the autography effects how they speak it might affect how they speak
English.

 Morphology
The study of internal structure of words in a language

Speaker: SHAKINAH
Pronouns // Personal Pronouns Tagalog PPs are able to
reflect listener
exclusion/inclusion.
English: We are going to the
park. (Listener included or not
included?)
Tagalog: Pupunta tayo (inc.) /
kami (exc.) sa parke.

Tagalog PPs are gender-

neutral.

English does not have the

unique Tagalog PP ‘kita’. It's
unique, and has no
(Let's Go Tagalog, 2020)
equivalent in English.
 Predicate Subject (G1 Subject (G1 Predicate
Inverter
(Adj., N or V) pronoun) pronoun) (Adj., N or V)

Matalino ka matalino
Ikaw (You) ay
(adj., smart)

You are smart.

You are
smart.

Predicate-final Predicate-initial

Ikaw ay matalino. Matalino ka

You are smart.

The difference lies in the focus of the sentence.

Predicate-final focuses on 'ikaw' (G1 pronoun for 'you').
Predicate initial focuses on someone who is 'smart'

Predicate initial Predicate final

Matalino ka Ikaw ay matalino

focus, but subject, Subject

NOT the not the AND focus
subject focus
 Predicate-initial Predicate-final

Subject (G1 Predicate Predicate (Adj., N or Subject (G1

INVERTER
pronoun) (Adj., N or V) V) pronoun)

Tayo Mga Pilipinos tayo

ay mga Pilipinos
(inc. listener)

We are Filipinos

We are Filipinos.

Kami Matatalino kami

ay matatalino
(exc. listener)

We are smart

We are smart.

 Group 2 has a lot to do

Group 2 with verbs.
Verbs are the most
important and
daunting part of
learning Tagalog.
In actor-focus
sentence, the doer of
the action is the focus.
In object focus
sentence, the receiver
of the action is the
focus.

Actor
focused

Object
focused

V S O V S O

ang
Kumain ako ng tinapay Kinain ko
tinapay

I ate a
bread


bread.
I ate the

Nouns // Case Markers

In Tagalog, nouns are dependent. Nouns are preceded by case markers

There are two types of case markers corresponding to two types of nouns;
common nouns & proper nouns.
There are singular & plural case markers.

Types Singular Plural

Proper noun Si + name Sina + names

Common noun (in-focus) Ang + noun Ang mga + noun

Common noun (out-of-focus) Ng + noun Ng mga + noun

 Types Singular Plural

Proper noun Si + name Sina + names

Example Si June Sina June, Kate at Pippa.

Common noun Ang + noun Ang mga + noun

Examples Ang aso Ang mga aso

Common noun Ng + noun Ng mga + noun

Examples Ng libro Ng mga libro

aso = dog libro = book

Verb // Focus

Focus system is a unique part of Tagalog

language.
Tagalog grammatical roles (a.k.a thematic roles, or
triggers) of the subject; (1)actor, (2)object,
(3)benefactor, (4)location, (5) instrument, and
(6)cause.
Actor-focused

in-focus marker out of focus marker

Bumasa ang estudyante ng libro sa agham.

The student read a science book.

Object-focused
A student read the science book
Binasa ng estudyante ang libro sa agham.

out of focus marker in-focus marker

Verb // Aspect

Tense =/= aspect.

A focus-marked verb has its own inflections for each aspectual
category; completed, progressive, contemplative, recently
completed, infinitive and imperative.
ROOT = PASOK (enter)

Aspect Examples

Completed (Past) Pumasok siya sa

eskwelahan

He entered the
school.

Incompleted (Present) Pumapasok siya

sa eskwelahan

He's entering the

school.

Contemplative (Future) Papasok siya sa eskwelahan

school.
He will enter the
 Syntax
the study of how words are arranged in a language

Speaker: SHAKINAH
Word Order Tagalog word order is flexible!

}
1. Nagbigay ng libro ang lalaki sa babae
gave OBJ book SUBJ man to woman The man
2. Nagbigay sa babae ng libro ang lalaki gave the
3. Nagbigay sa babae ang lalaki ng libro
woman a
4. Nagbigay ang lalaki sa babae ng libro
5. Nagbigay ang lalaki ng libro sa babae book
Predicate - focus marker - subject (PFS)
Predicate can be a verb, adjective, or noun. Let's take adjective as predicate.

Singular
English: The house is beautiful. (Det-N-aux-adj)
Tagalog: Maganda ang bahay. (Adj-Det-N)

Plural
English: The houses are beautiful.
Tagalog: Magaganda ang mga bahay.
'Ay' inverter
NOT a copula verb (am, is, are, etc). Tagalog lacks linking verbs.
often mistaken as one, because of its similar functions.

Ay has two meanings:

1. expression 2. grammatical usage
ay dios ko! (Oh my god!) switches VAOL to AVOL / VSO to SVO.
1
*1PL = 1st person pronoun, plural
*INV = inverter

A V L
ENGLISH: We will go to the store.

V A L
TAGALOG: Pupunta kami sa tindahan
AV-go us (1PL) prep store

2 A V L
ENGLISH: We will go to the store.

A V L
TAGALOG: Kami ay pupunta sa tindahan
us(1PL) INV AV-go prep. store
 English Tagalog
SVO/ AVOL VSO/ VAOL

S S

NP VP VP NP
| |
N V
Aux V PP
We Pumunta N PP
Will go
kami
Prep NP
Prep NP
to
sa
Det N N
the store tindahan
 English Tagalog
SVO/ AVOL SVO/AVOL

S S

NP VP NP INV VP
| | ay
N N
Aux V PP V PP
We Kami
Will go pumunta
Prep NP Prep NP
to sa
N
Det N
tindahan
the store
English Tagalog

S S

NP VP AdjP NP
|
Det N V AdjP Adj Det N
The house is | Maganda ang bahay
Adj
beautiful
Conclusion
Speaker: Qistina
There are 9 fundamental
grammatical features !
Pandiwa (verbs)
Pangngalan (nouns)
Pang-uri (adjectives)
Pang-abay (adverbs)
Pang-ukol (prepositions)
Panghalip (pronouns)
Pangatnig (conjunctions)
Pang-angkop (ligatures)
Particles
There are no parallels in word meanings between
Tagalog and English, but there are few similarities
in tenses.

Ba Daw Nga

These are monosyllabic grammatical terms used in

Tagalog to give subtlety to the meaning of a
statement ot an inquiry.

The results reported here show that Tagalog has no

linking or copula verbs.