A

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Horizontal Pressure Vessel Design with detail component

description and analysis
System Analysis and Design (Dire Dawa University)
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CONTANTE
CHAPTER PAGE
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRDACTION-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.2 Background of the project
1.3 OBJECTIVE
1.4 Scope of the project
1.5 Applications of Horizontal Pressure vessel
1.6 Types of pressure vessel
1.7 The main components of the pressure
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 MATRIAL SELECTION---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
2.2 WELDING TYPE----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 CALCULATING SHELL THICKNESS------------------------------------------------------------- 15
3.2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CLOSURE HEAD------------------------------------------------------- 18
3.3 CALCULATING HEAD THICKNESS------------------------------------------------------------- 20
CHAPTER FOURE
4.1 HEAD TO SHELL TRANSITIONS---------------------------------------------------------------- 21
4.2 SELECTING OF STANDARED FLANGE-------------------------------------------------------- 22
4.3 FLANGE AND GASKAT DESIN------------------------------------------------------------------ 24
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CALCULATING THICKNESS OF THE NOZZLE------------------------------------------------37
5.2 REINFORCEMENT OF OPENINGS------------------------------------------------------------- 38
5.3 DESIGN OF MANHOLE OR INSPACTION---------------------------------------------------- 42
5.4 SUPPORT DESIGN AND CHECK OF PRESSURE VESSLE----------------------------------- 42
5.5 FABRICATION AND WELDING METHOD---------------------------------------------------- 54
REFERENCE BOOK’S-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Abstract
This paper is indented to emphasize the possibilities to show the influence of present
standards to improve pressure vessel which it’s head is hemispherical. Pressure vessels is
the containers for fluids under high pressure. The pressure vessels (i.e. cylinders or tanks)
are used to store fluids under pressure. The pressure vessels are designed with great care
because rupture of a pressure vessel means an explosion which may cause loss of life and
property. My project is design of pressure vessel with spherical head which is used to store
Acidic solution. It is commonly used in industry to carry (store) acidic solution. For this
purpose the material I select in order to doing this pressure vessel is different from part to
part, which means I use different types of material like stainless steel, cast iron and different
types of alloy steel for the purpose of the media(acidic solution)and also this pressure vessel
in in order to stand with high load. Analyses were carried out on head, shell and nozzle. The
input parameters are type of material, pressure, temperature, and diameter and corrosion
allowance. Analysis performed the calculations of internal and external pressure, weight of
the element, allowable stresses, vessel longitudinal stress check and nozzle check.

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Acknowledgement
First of all I would like to give glory to god, next I would like to dedicate My deepest gratitude
to my instructor Ms.samrawit in commenting and directing me to accomplish this project. .
Lastly, I have thanks for everyone who had helped me by commenting on the project
especially senior students.

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CHAPTER-ONE
1. DESGIN OF PRESSURE VESSEl
1.1 Introduction
A pressure vessel is considered as any closed vessel that is capable of storing a pressurized
fluid, either internal or external pressure, regardless of their shape and dimensions. The
cylindrical vessels, to which I refer in this volume, are calculated on the principles of thin-
walled cylinders.
it is a container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure substantially different from the
ambient pressure. The fluid being stored may undergo a change of state inside the pressure
vessel for example steam boilers
.
Due to the high pressures the vessel is made to withstand its design should be done carefully
and patiently because the slightest fault in dimensioning (wall thickness) or stress
miscalculation will cause rupture or failure of the vessel thus causing an explosion which
may prove fatal and cause significant property damage.
The material of pressure vessels may be brittle such as cast iron, or ductile such as mild steel.
Pressure vessel have wide applications in thermal and nuclear power plants, process chemical
industries, in pharmaceutical industries, and in food beverage industries.
The failure of pressure vessel may result in loss of health hazard and damage of property
Pressure vessels often have a combination of high pressure together with high temperatures,
and in some case flammable fluids or highly radioactive materials. Because of such hazards it
is imperative that the design be such that no leakage can occur. With increasing demands
from industrial process for high operating pressures and higher temperature, new
technologies have been developed to handle the present-day specialized requirements.
Various parameters of pressure vessel are designed and checked according to the principles
specified in American society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) sec VIII and according to
IBR. Pressure vessels can be classified according to their intended service, temperature and
pressure, materials and geometry. Different types of pressure vessels can be classified as
follows:

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Figure 1.1 types of pressure vessel
Finally, pressure vessel are refers to those reservoirs and apparatus which work under internal
and external pressure and operate under the pressure.
1.2 Background of the project
A pressure vessel is a container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure substantially

different from the ambient pressure. Pressure vessels can be dangerous, and fatal accidents
have occurred in the history of their development and operation. Design involves parameters
such as maximum safe operating pressure and temperature, safety factor, corrosion allowance
and minimum design temperature (for brittle fracture). Construction is tested using
nondestructive testing such as ultrasonic testing, radiography, and pressure tests. Hydrostatic
tests use water, but pneumatic tests use air or another gas.
Hydrostatic testing is preferred, because it is a safer method, as much less energy is released
if a fracture occurs during the test (water does not rapidly increase its volume when rapid

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depressurization occurs, unlike gases , like air, which fail explosively). In fact, there is no
industrial plant without pressure vessels, steam boilers, tanks, autoclaves, collectors, heat
exchangers, pipes, etc. More specifically, pressure vessels represent fundamental components
in sectors of paramount industrial importance, such as the nuclear, oil, petrochemical, and
chemical sectors
1.3 OBJECTIVE
1.3.1 MAIN OBJECTIVES
 To design, develop, and build cylindrical pressure vessel with horizontal orientation and
with Bracket(lug) supporting system. And to design pressure vessels with internal pressure of
10Mpa and the service temperature 400 .
1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE

The objective of this project is to create basic understanding of pressure vessel and its
components and design pressure vessels which contains an acidic solution,and oriented
horizontally .
 Proper material selection for pressure vessels for application of acidic solution.
To provide the basic and the major concepts design procedure of horizontal bracket support
pressure vessel.
 To calculate, analytic stress and strength in pressure vessel.
 To do a proper welding type selection for pressure vessel.
 To do a design of different pipings
 To provide a proper design of support
1.4 Scope of the project
This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which contains an
acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ; and
guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes some of
the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for main
components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the support
design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.

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CHAPTER TW0
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
David Heckman [3] tested three dimensional, symmetric and axisymmetric models; the
preliminary conclusion is that finite element analysis is an extremely powerful tool when
employed correctly. Depending on the desired solutions, there are different methods that
offers faster run times and less error. The two recommended methods included symmetric
models using shell elements and axisymmetric models using solid elements. Contact elements
were tested to determine their usefulness in modeling the interaction between pressure vessel
cylinder walls and end caps.
Yogesh Borse and Avadesh K. Sharma [4] present the finite element modeling and Analysis
of Pressure vessels with different end connections i.e. Hemispherical, Ellipsoidal & Toro
spherical. They describes its basic structure, stress characteristics and the engineering finite
element modeling for analyzing, testing and validation of pressure vessels under high stress
zones. Their results with the used loads and boundary conditions which remain same for all
the analysis with different end connections shows that the end connection with hemispherical
shape results in the least stresses when compared to other models not only at weld zone but
also at the far end of the end-connection.
A. J. Dureli (1973) presented work on the stresses concentration in a ribbed cylindrical shell
with a reinforced circular hole subjected to internal pressure, by several experimental
methods and the results obtained were compared with those corresponding to a non-
reinforced hole in a ribbed and un-ribbed shell and also to a reinforced hole in an un-ribbed
shell. From the result it was found that the maximum value of hoop stress, and longitudinal
stress, in shells always occurred at the points θ = 0° and θ = 90°, respectively, along the edge
of the hole, θ being the angle measured clockwise from the longitudinal axis of the hole R.
C. Gwaltney (1973) compared theoretical and experimental stresses for spherical shells
having single non-radial

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nozzles. The stress distributions for radial and non-radial nozzle geometry are analyzed.
Stressdistributions for the non-radial and the radial nozzle attachments are quite similar but
the non-radial nozzle configuration gave the maximum normalized stress, both theoretical
and experimental, for internal pressure and for axial loads on the nozzleas well as for pure
bending moment loading in the plane of obliquity.
M.A. Guerrer, C. Betego´n, J. Belzunce [5] A finite element analysis (FEM) was used to
calculate the behavior of a pressure vessel (PV) made of high strength steel (P500) subject to
the design loads and assuming the existence of the „„worst case‟‟ crack allowed by the
European standards in order to demonstrate the safe use of these steels and the too
conservative design rules currently applied by the PV manufacture codes. analysis was
checked by the simulation of a Wide Plate Test. A good agreement was obtained with the
experimental values determined using strain gauges and with the analytical KI expression
available for this specific geometry. It was demonstrated that the presence of cracks on
pressure vessels made of P500 high strength steel non detected during non-destructive tests,
do not endanger the safety of the vessel, from the fracture mechanics point of view, since the
maximum values of the stress intensity factor along the crack tip is always much lower than
the room temperature fracture toughness of the material (coarse grain heat affected zone).
That is why, although high strength P500 steel is excluded by EN 13445 Part 2, Annex B for
the manufacture of pressure vessels, because it has a yield strength higher than 460MPa, its
application can be fully successful and safe even under the worst

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2.2Applications of Horizontal Pressure vessel
Horizontal Pressure vessels are used in a number of different industrial and manufacturing
areas like:
 Power generation industry for fossils.

 Nuclear power.
 thermal and nuclear power plants
 process and chemical industries
 pharmaceutical industries
 Manufacturing process and beverage industries.
 chemical Industry
 Pressure vessel used in garage
 High pressure chemical reactors
 High pressure mixers
 Super critical extraction system

2.3Types and components of pressure vessel
2.3.1 types of pressure vessel
2.3.1.1. Based on the dimension

a) Thin shell: - if the ratio of t/D is less than 1/10 is called thin shells.
b) Thick shell:- if the ratio of t/D is equal or greater than 1/10 is called thick shell used in
high pressure cylinders, gun, barrels and other equipment where as thin shell are used in
boiler, tanks and pipes.
2.3.1.2. Based on the end construction
a) Open end construction pressure vessels
b) Closed end construction pressure vessels
2.3.1.3. Based on the geometrical shapes
a) Cylindrical geometrical shapes
b) Conical and
c) Spherical vessel with one or two cones.

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2.3.1.4. Based on the materials

a) Brittle material pressures vessels
b) Ductile material pressure vessels
2.3.1.5 Based on the direction of force acting on the wall of vessels
a) Subjected to internal pressure (pi)
b) Subjected to external pressure (p)
2.3.1.6 Based on the position arrangement
A. Horizontal Pressure Vessel
Horizontal vessel is normally used as storage, separation tank or settling drum which used to
particulate settles to form a deposit on to the bottom of the liquid. Size of this vessel is
depending on the usage and the volume required by the industry. Large vessel can be as large
as 84 inches in diameter and length about 30 feet long. Commonly used elliptical ratio is 2:1.
B. Vertical Pressure Vessel
Vertical vessel regularly used as a surge drum or a knock out drum. As a surge drum, it acts as
an absorber that maintaining the flow rate of the liquid out of the vessel regardless of flow
rate into it. The design of this vessel is regularly using elliptical ratio of 3:1.
C. Spherical Vessel Pressure
A sphere is the optimal geometry and most efficient structural shape for a pressure vessel.
This is because of this shape is easy to fabricate and transported
2.4. The main components of the pressure
The main components of the pressure vessels are:
 Shell
 head
 nozzle
 support
 flange
 manhole

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figure2.1: components of pressure vessel

2.4.1 Shell
The shell is the primary component that contains the pressure. Pressure
vessel shells are welded together to form a structure that has a common
rotational axis. Most pressure vessel shells are either cylindrical, hemi
spherical or conical in shape.
Figure 2.2: vessel shell

2.4.2 Head
Heads are usually categorized by their shapes. Ellipsoidal, hemispherical, Teri
spherical, conical, tore conical and flat are commonly type of heads. All pressure
vessel shell must be closed at the end by heads. The ends of cylindrical vessel are
closed by head various shapes.
 All pressure vessel shells must be closed at the ends by heads.

 Heads are typically curved rather than flat. Curved configurations are
stronger and allow the heads to be thinner, lighter, and less expensive
than are heads with a flat shape.
This are:-
 Flanged plates head
 Hemispherical head
 Ellipsoidal head
 Tore spherical head
 Conical head
 Tore conical head
Even though there are several types of head for pressure vessel, but as we supposed to design
pressure vessel having hemispherical head; we select the below head.
2.4.3Hemispherical heads
The cylindrical section and hemispherical head of a vessel the thickness of the head need
only be half that of the cylinder. However, as the dilation of the two parts would then be

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different, discontinuity stresses would be set up at the head and cylinder junction. For no
difference in dilation between the two parts (equal diametrical strain) it can be shown that for
steels (Poisson’s ratio D 0.3) the ratio of the hemispherical head thickness to cylinder
thickness should be 7/17. However, the stress in the head would then be greater
than that in the cylindrical section; and the optimum thickness ratio is normally
taken as 0.6.
figure2.3: Hemispherical head
2.4.4Nozzle
A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell and/or heads of a pressure
vessel.
 Nozzles may be used for the following applications:
 Attaching piping systems that are used for flow into or out of the vessel.
 Attaching instrument connections, such as level gauges, thermos wells, or pressure
gauges.
 Providing access to the vessel interior at many ways.
 Providing for direct attachment of other equipment items, such as a heat exchanger.
Figure 2.4: Nozzle

2.4.5 Support
Support is used to bear all the load of pressure vessel, earthquake, and wind loads. There are
different types of supports which are used depending upon the size and orientation of the
pressure vessel. It is considered to be the non-pressurized part of the vessel.
Types of Supports:

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 Saddle Support
 Lug Support
 Skirt Support
 Leg Support
For our design we use saddle support.
2.4.5.1Saddle Support
Horizontal drums are typically supported at two locations by saddle support. It spreads over a
large area of the shell to prevent an excessive local stress in the shell at support point. One
saddle support is anchored whereas the other is free to permit unstrained longitudinal thermal
expansion of the drum.
Figure 2.5: saddle support

2.4.5.2. Lug support:-
This is a common means of support for vertical vessels that are mounted on beams. If the
vessel is made of carbon steel, the lugs may be directly welded to the vessel.
2.4.5.3. Support skirts:-Most vertical vessels are supported by skirts. These supports
transfer the loads from the vessel by shear action. They also transfer the loads to the
foundation through anchor bolts and bearing plates.
2.4.5.4. Bracket support
-Brackets, or lugs, can be used to support vertical vessels. The bracket may rest on the
building structural steel work, or the vessel may be supported on legs;
The main load carried by the brackets will be the weight of the vessel and contents; in
addition the bracket must be designed to resist the load due to any bending moment due to
wind, or other loads. If the bending moment is likely to be significant skirt supports should be
considered in preference to bracket supports.

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2.4.6. FLANGE
A flange is an external or internal rib, or tip which is used for strength, or for a glade or for
attachment to another object.
Types of flange, and selection several different types of flange are used for various
applications. The principal types used in the process industries are:
Figure 2.6: flange
1. Welding-neck flanges.
2. Slip-on flanges hub and plate types.
3. Lap-joint flanges.
4. Screwed flanges.
5. Blank, or blind, flanges
6. A bolt and nut.
2.4.6.1. Welding-neck flanges:

have a long tapered hub between the flange ring and the welded joint. This gradual transition
of the section reduces the discontinuity stresses between the flange and branch, and increases
the strength of the flange assembly. Welding-neck flanges are suitable for extreme service

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conditions; where the flange is likely to be subjected to temperature, shear and vibration
loads. They will normally be specified for the connections and nozzles on process vessels and
process equipment.
Figure 2.7 welding-neck flange
2.4.6.2. Slip-on flanges:

slip over the pipe or nozzle and are welded externally and usually also internally. The end of
the pipe is set back from 0 to 2.0 mm. The strength of a slipon flange is from one-third to
two-thirds that of the corresponding standard welding-neck flange. Slip-on flanges are
cheaper than welding-neck flanges and are easier to align, but have poor resistance to shock
and vibration loads. Slip-on flanges are generally used for pipe work. Figure 13.33b shows a
forged flange with a hub; for light duties slip-on flanges can be cut from plate.

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Figure 2.8 Slip-on flanges

2.4.6.3. Lap-joint flanges:
are used for piped work. They are economical when used with expensive alloy pipe, such as
stainless steel, as the flange can be made from inexpensive carbon steel. Usually a short
lapped nozzle is welded to the pipe, but with some schedules of pipe the lap can be formed on
the pipe itself, and this will give a cheap method of pipe assembly. Lap-joint flanges are
sometimes known as “Van-stone flanges”.
Figure 2.9 Lap-joint flanges

2.4.6.4. Screwed flanges:
are used to connect screwed fittings to flanges.
They are also sometimes used for alloy pipe which is
difficult to weld satisfactorily.
Figure 2.10 Screwed flanges

2.4.6.5. Blind flanges (blank flanges):

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are flat plates, used to blank off flange connections, and as covers for manholes and
inspection ports. R[1]
Figure 2.11 blind flanges
2.4.6.6. A bolt and nut:

In combination is a fastening device used to hold two parts together. The body of
the bolt, called shank is cylindrical in form, the head; square or hexagonal in
shape, is formed by forging. Screw threads are cut on the other end of the shank.
Nuts in general are square or hexagonal in shape. The nuts with internal threads
engage with the corresponding size of the external threads of the bolt.
Figure 2.12 bolt and nut

2.4.7 MANHOLE
Identical to a nozzle except it does not bolt to piping and it has a cover plate (or blind
flange), which is bolted to the flange. When unbolted it allows access to the inside of the
vessel. Generally 18 in. or larger in size

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CHAPTER-THREE
3.1. METHEDOLOGY OF THE PROJECT

In general, in order to design horizontal pressure vessel, the selection of Code is important as
a reference guide to achieve the safety pressure vessel. Hence horizontal pressure vessels
designed in accordance with the ASME Code, Section viii (division 2), rules and do not
require a detailed evaluation of all stresses. While the Code gives formulae for thickness and
stress of basic components, it is up to the designer to select appropriate analytical procedures
for determining stress due to other loadings. It is recognized that high localized and
secondary bending stresses may exist but are allowed for a higher safety factor and design
rules however, that all the forces applied to a vessel or its structural attachments must be
considered. The designer must also select the most probable combination of simultaneous
loads for an economical and safe design.
3.1.1. Code Selection

There are many engineering standards which give information on the design, and fittings of
an air receiver. The ASME is normally followed in Malaysia, but other national or
international standards may also be used. For this design, ASME viii (division 2)

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"Construction of Pressure Vessel Codes" are selected according to above statement. It is

emphasized that any standard selected for Manufacture of the air receiver must be followed
and complied with in entirety and the design must not be based on provisions from different
standards.
1 .Data collection
2. Component and construction
3.Material selection
4 .Design consideration
5 .Design analysis
3.2 MATERIAL SELECTION
No two materials have the same properties and the choice is usually decided by the best
possible combination of material properties and Economical factors which necessitates an
optimum solution. Material selection task requires a through and scientific approach and the
following major aspects need to be satisfied:
a) Functional properties: The correct combination of mechanical, physical and chemical

properties to meet the function and operating conditions of the component.
b) Manufacturing properties: Processing or fabrication properties of the material for the

conversion processes needed to convert the material into required shape, such as ease of
casting, forming, joining, and machining.
c) Economics: Cost of the material as well as cost of processing the material into required
shape. As part of overall economics, both availability and recycling aspect should also be
taken into account.

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For this project, I have selected stainless steel material that has low carbon content. Type 304
stainless steel is an austenitic alloy containing 18% chromium and 8% nickel. Stainless steel
has been selected for reasons of:
 It has Excellent corrosion resistance

 Ease of fabrication and the most versatile
 Good strength and toughness at cryogenic temperatures
 Excellent formability, poor conductor of electricity and wear resist.
 Weld ability and forming properties of type 304 are excellent whilst mach
inability is reasonable.
 They are nonmagnetic and possess greatest resistance to corrosion and good
mechanical properties at elevated temperature. The alloy also benefits from
very good draw ability [9].
The important properties, which determine the utility of the materials, are: physical, chemical
and mechanical properties. The main factors that influence material selections are: -
 Strength
 Corrosion resistance
 Resistance to hydrogen attack
 Fracture
 cost
Mechanical Properties of Metals: -The mechanical properties of the metals are those which
are associated with the ability of the material to resist mechanical forces and load.
These mechanical properties of the metal
Mechanical properties
 strength stiffness
 fatigue hardness
 elasticity
 plasticity
 ductility
 brittleness
 machinenability
 tougheness

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Chemical properties
 oxidation stability
 corrosion resistance
 degradation
 toxicity
 flammability
Physical properties
 density
 specific heat
 thermal expansion
 conductivity
 melting point
 electric properties
 magnetic properties
Material Types
 ductile
 brittle
 Plastics
 Composites
 Ferrous
 non-ferrous
 alloys
Manufacturing process
cast sanding
shell molding
hot working
cold working
machining
joining
powder metal gory
Heat treatment

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 annealing
 tempering
 quenching
According to different kind of standard such as ASMS the following given below are used
for the selection of materials
A) Strength
B) Corrosion resistance
C) Resistance to hydraulic attack
D) Fracture toughness
E) Fabricability
A Strength-It is the ability of a material to resist the externally applied force without
breaking or yielding. The internal resistance offered by apart to an externally applied force is
called stress.
B Stiffness-It is the ability of a material to resist deformation under stress. The modulus of
elasticity is the measure of stiffness.
C Elasticity-It is the property of a material to regains its original shape after deformation
when the external forces are removed.
D Plasticity-it is the property of a material which retains the deformation produced under
load permanently. This property of the material is necessary for forgings, in stamping images
on coin and in ornamental work.
E Ductility-It is the property of a material enabling it to be drawn into wire the application
of tensile force. A ductile material must be both strong and plastic. The ductility is usually
measured by the terms, percentage elongation and percentage reduction in area.
F Brittleness-It is the property of a material opposite to ductility. It is the property of

breaking of a material with little permanent distortion.
G Malleability-It is a special case of ductility which permits material to be rolled or

hammered into thin sheets and etc.
A) Manufacturing Processes. The knowledge of manufacturing processes is of great

importance for a design engineer. The following are the various manufacturing processes
used in Mechanical Engineering.

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 Primary shaping processes. The processes used for the preliminary shaping
of the machine component are known as primary shaping processes. The
common operations used for this process are casting, forging, extruding,
rolling, drawing, bending, shearing, spinning, powder metal forming,
squeezing, etc.
B) Machining processes. The processes used for giving final shape to the machine
component, according to planned dimensions are known as machining processes. The
common operations used for this process are turning, planning, shaping, drilling, boring,
reaming, sawing, broaching, milling, grinding, hobbling, etc.
C) Surface Finishing Processes. The processes used to provide a good surface finish
for the machine component are known as surface finishing processes. The common
operations used for this process are polishing, buffing, honing, lapping, abrasive belt
grinding, barrel tumbling, electroplating, super finishing, sherardizing, etc.
D) Joining Processes. The processes used for joining machine components are known as
joining processes. The common operations used for this process are welding, riveting,
soldering, brazing, screw fastening, pressing, sintering, etc.
E) Processes Effecting Change in Properties. These processes are used to impart certain
specific properties to the machine components so as to make them suitable for particular
operations or uses. Such processes are heat treatment, hot-working, cold-working and shot
preening.
3.2.1 STRESSES
Stresses occur in any material that is subject to a load or any applied force. There are many
types of stresses, but they can all be generally classified in one of six categories:
• residual stresses
• structural stresses
• pressure stresses
• flow stresses,
• Thermal stresses, and fatigue stresses.
3.2.1.1Residual Stresses

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Residual stresses are due to the manufacturing processes that leave stresses in a material.
Welding leaves residual stresses in the metals welded. Stresses associated with welding are
further discussed later in this module.
3.2.1.2Structural Stresses
Structural stresses are stresses produced in structural members because of the weights they
support. The weights provide the loadings. These stresses are found in building foundations
and frameworks, as well as in machinery parts.
3.2.1.3Pressure Stresses
Pressure stresses are stresses induced in vessels containing pressurized materials. The loading
is provided by the same force producing the pressure. In a reactor facility, the reactor vessel is
a prime example of a pressure vessel.
3.2.1.4Flow Stresses
Flow stresses occur when a mass of flowing fluid induces a dynamic pressure on a conduit
wall. The force of the fluid striking the wall acts as the load. This type of stress may be
applied in an unsteady fashion when flow rates fluctuate. Water hammer is an example of a
transient flow stress.
3.2.1.5Thermal Stresses
Thermal stresses exist whenever temperature gradients are present in a material. Different
temperatures produce different expansions and subject materials to internal stress. This type
of stress is particularly noticeable in mechanisms operating at high temperatures that are
cooled by a cold fluid.
3.2.1.6Fatigue Stresses
Fatigue stresses are due to cyclic application of a stress. The stresses could be due to
vibration or thermal cycling. The importance of all stresses is increased when the materials
supporting them are flawed. Flaws tend to add additional stress to a material. Also, when
loadings are cyclic or unsteady, stresses can effect a material more severely. The additional
stresses associated with flaws and cyclic loading may exceed the stress necessary for a
material to fail.
3.2.2. Types of Applied Stress

Stress intensity within the body of a component is expressed as one of three basic types of
internal load. They are known as Tensile, Compressive, and Shear. They are different types
of stress.

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Mathematically, there are only two types of internal load because tensile and compressive
stress may be regarded as the positive and negative versions of the same type of normal
loading. However, in mechanical design, the response of components to the two conditions
can be so different that it is better, and safer, to regard them as separate types. Tensile or
compressive stress lies perpendicular to the axis of operation of the force from which it
originates. The plane of a shear stress lies in the plane of the force system from which it
originates. It is essential to keep these differences quite clear both in mind and mode of
expression.
The main factors that influence material selections are:
Strength-it is the capability or property of material to with stand or sustained to high load
under tension is called strength.
Strength of the material is based on the mechanical properties .it is used for the most
easy, strong &low cost of productions. Some of the mechanical properties are (toughness,
ductility yield strength, ultimate strength (UST) and creep strength and machine ability).
o Yield strength – the stress level at which the plastic begin deformation .is a region
where the material changes from plastic to elastic deformation .the material we select
for our pressure vessel are shown below
Table 3.1 yield strengthof alloys R[5]
Metal alloys Aluminum Copper Nickel Cast Stain less

iron steel18Cr/8Ni(
304)
Yield 35 69 138 197 240
strength(MPa)
Table 3.2 Material selection
Material Yield UTS CHEMICAL Tensile Fracture Designed

strength strength toughness stress
(MPa) (ust)
((Stainless9304) 240MPa Acidic 515MPa 107MPa

steel solution

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18cr/8ni
(unstablized (304))
Machinability
 Property of material which enables to machined easily in the desired shape by cutting
tools.
 It signifies how much force & power are required to remove stock from the material.
Ultimate tensile strength (UTS)-when basic strength of material reaches the maximum
value .Its measured by a standard tensile test.
Table3.3 ultimate tensile strength
Material Aluminum stainless Cast Copper Nickel

steel iron
18Cr/8Ni(30
4)
UTS(MPa 90 510 414 200 520
)
Creep strength- is ability of the material which resist the slow and &continuous deformation
under steady load &some temperature.
B. Corrosion resistance
Corrosion: is gradual distraction of metals by the chemical or electrochemical reaction with
the environment.
 It made the material dissolve, softening & wearing away.

 Our natural environment are caused for corrosion are : air ,salt & water
Example of corrosion
Rusting of iron when it exposed to atmospheric corrosion. So by use of the following
corrosion resistance method, we minimize the destruction done by corrosion
 by using of cathodes protection
 by using of protective coating or surface coating
 galvanization

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 hot dipping
 tinning
C. Resistance to hydraulic attack
 The tensile strength (uts) & elastic modulus of metals decrease with increasing the
temperature.
 Hydrogen attack cause irreversible damage through the component thickness
&damage carbon &low alloy steel.
So because of the above reason we have to take consideration on tensile strength, design
stress when we design something.
Table 3.4 temperature effect on UTS R[1]
Material Cast Aluminum Nickel copper Steen less steel

iron 18Cr/8Ni(304)
Tensile 414 90 520 200 510
strength(ULT)MPa
Design stress at -- -- 220 -- 107.6
temperature
(4000C)MPa
D. Fracture toughness
The ability of the material that absorb energy up to fracture .brittle fracture
without applicable deformation and by rapid crank propagation .The direction the crack
motion is very nearly perpendicular to the direction the applied tinsel stress and yield
stress related with fracture surface. Brittle fracture is depended on the stress consternation
(K). And stress consternation facer is shown blow.
Table 3.5 fracture toughness R[5]
Material Stainless Aluminum Copper Nickel Cast

steal18Ni/8Cr iron
Fracture 76 44 Low Low Low
toughness(K),MPa

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E. Fabric ability: Construct or manufacture (industrial product), especially from prepared

component .It is based on how it made & cost of production .some properties of material we
construct our pressure vessel is given below
S – Satisfactory
D – Difficult, special technique needed U – Unsatisfactory
Table 3.6
Material Mashing Cold Hot Casting Welding Annealing

work work temperate(oC
)
Cast iron S U U S U/D _
Nickel S S S S S 1150
Aluminum S S D S S 550
Copper(dioxides) D S S S D 700
Material Machining Cold Hot Casting Welding Annealing

work work
Stainless steel S S S D S 10500c

18cr/8Ni
(unstablized)
CONCLUSION ABOUT THE MATERIAL SELECTION
When I conclude I select, material of construction stainless steel 18cr/8Ni, un

stabilized (304),it has good yield strength ,tensile strength, good fracture toughness ,good
resistance of temperature ,&has good resistance to corrosion & it can be fabricated in
different method except casting-because difficult & special technique needed.
Table3.7 Revision on property of stainless steel
Material Tensile strength Modules of Hardness brinell Specific gravity

elasticity
Stainless steel 515MPa 190 166 8.0

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(304)18cr/Ni
3.3 WELDING TYPE

A welding joint is a permanent joint which is obtained by the fusion of the edges of the two
parts to be joined together with or without the application of pressure and a filler material.
Welding is extensively used in fabrication as an alternative method for casting or forging and
as a replacement for bolted and riveted joints.[2]
3.3.1. TYPES OF WELDED JOINTS:
Gas Welding
A gas welding process wherein coal scene is produced by heating the work with a gas flame
or flames obtained from the combustion of acetylene with oxygen followed by the application
of pressure.
Fusion Welding
The term fusion welding is intended to mean shielded metal arc welding or oxyacetylene
welding except where otherwise specifically indicated.
Forge Welding
A group of welding processes wherein coalescence is produced by the heat in a forge or by

other suitable means, such as electrical resistance, oxy-acetylene flame, Thermite reaction,
induction, and by applying pressure or blows.
Flash Welding
A resistance welding process wherein coalescence is produced, simultaneously over the entire
area of abutting surfaces, by the heat obtained by resistance to the flow of electric current
between the two surfaces, and by the application of pressure after heating is substantially
completed. Finishing and upsetting are accompanied by expulsion of metal from the joints.
Carbon-Arc
Welding Arc welding process wherein coalescence is produced by heating with an electric arc
between a carbon electrode and the work and no shielding is used. Pressure and filler metal
may or may not be used.
Arc Welding
A group of welding processes wherein coalescence is produced by heating an electric arc
with or without application of pressure or use of filler metal.

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Advantage of welding joint

The welding structures are usually lighter than riveted structures.
The welding joints provide maximum efficiency (may be 100%).
Welding joint has prater strength.
The welding provides very rigid joints.
It is possible to weld any part of a structure at any point.
Welding processes
The welding processes may be broadly classified into the following two groups
Welding processes that use alone e.g. fusion welding
Welding processes that use a combination of heat and pressure
e.g. forge welding
Stress for welding joint
The stresses in welded joints are difficult to determine because of the variable and
unpredictable
Parameters like homogeneity of the weld metal, thermal stresses in the welds, changes of
physical Properties due to high rate of cooling etc.
The stresses are obtained, on the following assumptions:
The load is distributed uniformly along the entire length of the weld, and
The stress is spread uniformly over its effective section
3.2. CODE REQUIREMENTS
According to the type of joint the Code establishes requirements based on service, material
and location of the welding. The welding processes that may be used in the construction of
vessels are also restricted by the Code.
The Code-regulations are tabulated on the following pages under the titles:-
A. types of welded joints: (There is Joints permitted by the code, their efficiency and
limitations of their applications.)
B. design of welded joints: Types of joints to be used for vessels in various services and
under certain design conditions.
C. joint efficiencies and stress reductions: Efficiencies of joints at certain locations and
reduced allowable stress to be used in calculations of vessel components. The data of the
table are based on the following Code regulations: Full, spot, partial radiographic
examination or no radiography of A, B, and C joints.
For longitudinal stress calculation the efficiency of partially radio graphed joints is the same
as for spot radio graphed joints.
Seamless vessel sections and heads with Category B,C or D butt joints that are spot radio
graphed shall be designed for circumferential stress using a stress value equal to 85% of the
allowable stress value of the material, When the joints are not radio graphed and for joint
efficiency, E the value in column of table “Types of welded joints” are used, in all other
design calculation, a stress value equal to 80% of the allowable stress value of material shall
be used except for un stayed flat heads, etc.
3.3. APPLICATIONS OF VARIOUS WELDING PROCESSES
Forge welding is used in olden days for joining metals as a lap and butt joint.
Metallic arc welding is used for welding all ferrous and non-ferrous metals using consumable stick
electrodes.
Carbon arc welding is used for welding all ferrous and non-ferrous metals using electrodes and
separate filler metal. But this is a slow welding process and so not use now-a-days.
Submerged arc welding is used for welding ferrous metals, thicker plates and for more production.

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CO2 welding (gas metal arc welding) is used for welding ferrous metals using continuously fed filler
wire and shielding the weld metal and the arc by carbon-dioxide gas.
TIG welding (inert gas arc welding) is used for welding ferrous metals, stainless steel, aluminum and
thin sheet metal welding.
Atomic hydrogen welding is used for welding all ferrous and non-ferrous metals and the arc has a
higher temperature than other arc welding processes. CAMTECH/E/14-15/Welding/1.0 Handbook on
Welding Techniques Draft 5
Electro-slag welding is used for welding very thick steel plates in one pass using the resistance
property of the flux material.
Plasma arc welding: The arc has a very deep penetrating ability into the metals welded and also the
fusion is taking place in a very narrow zone of the joint.
Spot welding is used for welding thin sheet metal as a lap joint in small spots by using the resistance
property of the metals being welded.
Seam welding is used for welding thin sheets similar to spot welding. But adjacent weld spots will be
overlapping each other to get a continuous weld seam.
Projection welding is used to weld two plates one over the other on their surfaces instead of the
edges by making projection on one plate and pressing it over the other flat surface. Each projection
acts as a spot weld during welding.
Butt welding is used to join the ends of two heavy section rods/ blocks together to lengthen it using
the resistance property of the rods under contact.
Flash butt welding is used to join heavy sections of rods/ blocks similar to butt welding except that
arc flashes are produced at the joining ends to melt them before applying heavy pressure to join
them.
Oxy-acetylene welding is used to join different ferrous and non-ferrous metals, generally of 3 mm
thickness and below.
Oxy-other fuel gases welding: Fuel gases like hydrogen, coal gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are
used along with oxygen to get a flame and melt the base metal and filler rod. Since the temperatures
of these flames are lower than the oxyacetylene flame, these welding are used to weld metals where
less heat input is required.
Air-acetylene gas welding is used for solder, heating the job etc.
Induction welding is used to weld parts that are heated by electrical induction coils like brazing of
tool tips to the shank, joining flat rings etc.
Thermite welding is used for joining thick, heavy irregularly shaped rods, like rails, etc using chemical
heating process.
Friction welding is used to join the ends of large diameter shafts etc. by generating the required heat
using the friction between their ends in contact with each other by rotating one rod against the
other rod.
3.4 THE ECONOMY OF WELDING
If the two preceding factors allow free choice, then the aspect of economy must be the deciding
factor some consideration concerning the economy of welding:
V-edge preparation, which can be made by torch cutting, is always more economical than the use of J
or U preparation. Double V preparation requires only half the deposited weld metal required for
single V preparation. Increasing the size of a fillet weld, its strength increases in direct proportion,
while the deposited weld metal increases with the square of its size.
Lower quality welding makes necessary the use of thicker plate for the vessel. Whether using
stronger welding and thinner plate or the opposite is more economical, depends on the size of
vessel, welding equipment, etc. this must be decided in each particular case.
A) Category A: longitudinal welded joints within the main sheet, communicating Chambers, nozzles
and any welded joints within a formed or flat head.
B) Category B: circumferential welded joints within the main shell Communicating chambers,
nozzles and transitions in diameter including joints between the translations and a cylinder at either

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the large of small end, circumferential welded joints connecting from heads to main shells to nozzles
and to communicating chambers.
C) Category C: welded joints connecting flanges, tubes sheets and flat heads to main shells, to
formed heads, to nozzles or to communicating chambers and any welded joints connecting one side
plate to another side plate of a flat sided vessel.
D) Category D: welded joints connecting communicating chambers or nozzles to main shells, to heads
and to flat sided vessels and those joints connecting nozzles to communicating chambers.
Figure 7: Weld joint categories

The welding structures are usually lighter than riveted structures.
The welding joints provide maximum efficiency (may be 100%).
Welding joint has prater strength.
The welding provides very rigid joints.
It is possible to weld any part of a structure at any point.
Types of Welded Joints
Following two types of welded joints are important from the subject point of view:
1. Lap joint or fillet joint
2. Butt joint.
Figure8. Types of lap or fillet joint

Welding and Defects
Pressure vessel which is supported by twin saddle supports are joined by welding. All
pressure vessel welds, including the welds that attach heads, nozzles, small fittings, and non-
pressure components to a shell, must conform to ASME Code requirements. The other
welding zones are primary circumferential and longitudinal welds. The ASME Codespecifies
weld detail requirements for vessel fabrication (e.g., type and size of weld, weld locations,
etc.). So while we doing welding the most common defects for which welds are examined are
as follows:

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i. Poor weld shape due to part misalignment,

ii. Cracks in welds or HAZ of the base metal,
iii. Pinholes on the weld surface,
iv. Slag inclusions or porosity in the form of voids.
V. Incomplete fusion between weld beads or between the weld and the base metal,
vi. Lack of penetration or an insufficient extent of penetration of the weld metal into the
joints, vii. Undercut an intermittent or continuous groove that is located adjacent to the weld
and that is left unfilled by weld metal
CONCLUTION ABOUT WELDING
I select Category a(type 1) and butt joint for the shell and head . And its
radiographic examination (full), joint efficiency is (E=1). R [1]

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2.3 Review different type of head R[7]
There are different kinds of pressure vessel closed heads. Some of them are listed
below
a) Flanged head
b) Hemispherical head
c) Elliptical head
d) Tori spherical head
e) Conical head
f) Or conical head
Where P=internal design pressure

E=joint efficiency
R0= external radius
Ri=internal radius
S= allowable shear
tH=thickness of the head
a)Flanged head
Formed domed heads are made with a short straight cylindrical section, called a
flange or skirt. This ensures that the weld line is away from the point of discontinuity
between the head and the cylindrical section of the vessel.
b) ASMS hemispherical
The design thickness of hemispherical head is given by
t=PRi/ (2SE-0.2P)

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c)ASMS elliptical head

The design thickness of elliptical head is given by t=PDK/ (2SE-0.2P) where D-
shell diameter, K-stress intensity factor
K= [1/6 + (a/b)2] a and b semi-major, semi-miner axes of ellipse
d) ASMS Tori spherical head
The design thickness of Tori spherical head is given by

t=PLM/ (2SE-0.2P) where L-spherical cross radiuses
1/2
M=1/4[1/3 + (L/r) ] M-shear intensity factor
r-knuckle radiuses
e) ASMS conical head
The design thickness conical head is given by

t=PD/2cosα (SE-0.6P) where α-seim-apex angel
f) ASMS tori conical head
The design thickness tori conical head is given by

For conical region tc= PD/2cosα (SE-0.6P)
For Tori spherical region tk=PLM/ (2SE-0.2P)

M=1/4[1/3 + (L/ r) 1/2] M- shear intensity factor
L=D1/cosα

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CHAPTER-FOUR
4.1 Design Analysis of Vessel
Table4.1 given parameters
Types Pi V S.F Medium
Horizontal & 10Mpa 4m3 2 Acidic solution
cylindrical with
hemispherical
head supported
by bracket
support
4.1 length and diameter of vessel and their ratio
 To determine the length and diameter of pressure vessels shell by using length to
diameter ratio.
L
=K, But K is constant number which is depends on the internal pressure of
D
vessel.

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Pin(psi) Mpa
L/D
3 0—250 0.001—1.202
4 250—500 1.202—3.45
5 >500 >3.45
Table 4.1: length to diameter ratio
There is the ratio of L/D=5 and L=5D because the design pressure greater than 3.45Mpa
Where L=length of shell
D=inner diameter of shell
 Nominal volume is the sum of volume of the head & volume of the shell
V=V h +Vs where V h=volume of the head (sphere)
Vs=volume of the shell (cylinder)

Vh= 4 /3 π r 3
Vs= π r 2 L V= π r 2 L+4 /3 π r 3
D 3
= π× (D/2)2×L+ 4 /3 π ( )
2
L=5D
D 3
V= π× (D/2)2×5D+ 4 /3 π ( )
2
3 3
πD 5 D
= +4/3 π ( )
4 2
π D3 5 4 π D3
= +
4 24
=5/4 π D3 +¿ 4/24 π D3

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3 5 1
= πD ( + )
4 6
= 1.416 π D3
4 m3 = 1.416 π D 3
3
D =4 m3 /1.416
3
D =0.8991
D=0.956 ≈ 1 m
D=1m
Therefore, L=5D
L=5×1m
L=5m
D=2r
r=D/2
r=0.5m
4.2 Calculate the shell thickness R [2]
For cylindrical shell thickness required to resist internal pressure can be determined from the
formula.
a) Circumferential stress (longitudinal joints) It means that the governing stresses will be
the circumferential stress (hoop stress) in the long seam. For this it has to satisfy that P does
not exceed 0.385SE .In which case we shall use the following formulae for thickness of shell.

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From typical design stress table find the stress for stainless steel:-
Design stress: ( δ d ¿ =107Mpa
δ
Tensile strength: (¿¿ s)=¿ 515Mpa
¿
PD
t= +CA
2 SE−1.2 P
Where:
S = allowable stress (Design stress)
E = joint factor
Pin=internal pressure
R=internal radius of shell
t=thickness of shell
Table 4.3
Notation MKS
P=internal design pressure 10 MPa
D=inside diameter 965 ≈ 1000 Mm

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S= Allowable stress 107 MPa
E= joint efficiency 1
CA=Corrosion allowance 2
From the above table the value of:
Pin= 10N/mm2
S=107Mpa
E=1
R=500mm=0.5m
PD
t=¿ +CA……………...
2 SE−1.2 P
PD
t=¿ +CA
2 SE−1.2 P
N
10 ∗1000 mm
mm 2 = 49.5mm+2mm
t=
2 (107× 1)−1.2(10)
t1=51.5mm
t1= 51.5mm = 0.0515m

t1=0.0515m
b) Longitudinal stress (circumferential joints)
PD
t2 ¿ +CA
4 SE−0.8 P
PD
t2 ¿ +CA
4 SE−0.8 P

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N
10 ∗1000 mm
t2 mm 2 =23.8mm+2mm
¿
4( 107× 1)−0.8(10)
t2=25.8mm=0.0258m
t2=0.0258m
And the smallest value is t=0.0258m and for standard value let’s take 0.03m.
Finally let’s find the external diameter,
DO = t + D= 1+2*0.03m
DO = 1.06m
 Therefore the shell classified as thin wall.

And calculate the volume of the cylinder shell
2
πD L
Vs= ----------shell volume (cylindrical shell)
4
π D2 L 3.14 × 1 x 5
Vs= = = 3.925m3
4 4
Vs=3.925m3
4.3 Calculate the stress on the shell using a thin shell theory.
Calculate the stress. On the shell using lame’s equation

Thus the wall of a cylindrical shell subjected to an internal pressure has to withstand tensile
Stresses of the following two types:
(a) Circumferential or hoop stress, and
(b) Longitudinal stress.
These stresses are discussed, in detail, in the following articles
 Hoop stress: - is the tensile stress in the direction tangential to the

circumference.
 Longitudinal stress: - tensile stress acting in the direction of the axis is called
longitudinal stress. It’s acting in the transverse or circumferential section or
on the ends of the vessel.
Since, if the stress is less than the maximum tensile strength of the material, then the
design is safe. Now calculate the value of stress.

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Figure4.1Hoop stress
Pd 10 MPa ×1 m
σh = = =166.66 MPa
2t 2 ×0.03 m
Figure 4.2; longitudinal stress

Pd 10 MPa ×1 m
σL= = =83.33 MPa
4t 4 × 0.03 m
4.4 CALCULATIE REQUIRED HEAD TICKNESS R [1]
My pressure vessel is hemispherical head in shape and 10MPa internal design pressure is
applied on it and it’s thickness is given blow
Given values Ri = 0.5m
Ro=0.53m
P=10MPa
t=30mm=0.030m
E=1
C.A=2mm=0.002m
t=P*D/4SE-0.4P+CE
=(10MPa*1)/4*(107MPa)*(1)-0.4*10MPa+0.002
=25mm

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4.5Head to shell transition
Heads to shells attachment by butt welded joints of plates of unequal thickness. Joining plates
of un equal thicknesses with butt weld.R[1]
Figure 4.3
To joined the head and shell I use butt walled joint and the head shell have deferent
thickness in according to CODE UW-9(c),UW-13. Joining of a plate unequal thickness with
butt weld, the thickness of the plate shall be tapered is more than 3.125mm (1/8in).
Figure4.4 welding type of head to shell

Thickness of head (th=25mm) and shell (ts=30mm), their deference (2.5mm). Tapered is less
than 3.125mm (1/8in) or 3.175mm.
y≥1/2(ts-th)
y ≥1/2(30-25)mm

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y≥2.5mm
l < 3*y and y≥2.5mm
l ≥ 3*2.5mm.
l≥7.5mm
4.6 FLANGE DESIGN

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SELECTION OF FLANGE BASED ON THE TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

RATING R [2]
For selecting the standard dimension and material for the flange by applying the
American National Standard ANSI B16.5-1981 of temperature and pressure rating. The
given temperature is 400oC (752oF) and pressure is 10MPa .
Class 300lb.
Hydrostatic test/design pressure MPa(PSi) 7.756(1125)
Temperature ,oC(oF) Maximum allowable non-shock pressure,
MPa(PSi)
400(750) 3.48(505)
Table 8 .Temperature pressure rating R [2]
We know that the flange is class 300lb and the material is Forged steel SA 105 R [2]. I
select Welding-neck flanges, because have a long tapered hub between the flange ring and the
welded joint. This gradual transition of the section reduces the discontinuity stresses between
the flange and branch, and increases the strength of the flange assembly. Welding-neck
flanges are suitable for extreme service conditions; where the flange is likely to be subjected
to temperature, shear and vibration loads. They will normally be specified for the connections
and nozzles on process vessels and process equipment. R [1]
There are 4 flanges that I used for my pressure vessel their diameter value is the
same D=40mm
Table 9. 300lb. Flanges standard ANSI B16.5
Nominal Diam Length Diameter Diameter of Outside Thickness Outside bolting

pipe size, eter through the of the hub the hub at the diameter of the diameter
mm(in) of hub [C] at the base [G] flange flange [J] the
the point of [H] raised
bore, welding face [K]
mm(i [E]
n)
[A]
40.0(1.57 52.37 69.85(2.75) 60.452(2.3 84.1375(3.312 165.1(6.5) 22.225(0.8 92.075(3. M12

5) 1(2.0 8) 5) 75) 625)
7)

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fig4.w
elding neck flange 4.3FLANGE AND GASKAT DESGIN R [1]
A) FLANGE APPLIED LODE AND FALNGE MOMEANT
The lode on the flange can be given as fallow
m=gasket factor
Pi=internal pressure of flange
Pi=3.48MPa
B=in side diameter of a flange for each pipe
B=A/2
b=effective gasket selling width
2b=effective gasket pressure width
tf=thickness of flange
tf=J
hd= (G + H – 2E)/4
hg= (H - G)/4
ht= (G + H)/4
G’=mean diameter of gasket
=B + (ht-hg)
Hg=gasket reaction forces (pressure forces)

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=πG’ (2b) mPi
H=total pressure
= (π/4)G’2Pi
Hd=pressure force of area inside the flange
= (π/4) B2Pi
Ht=pressure for a flange face
= H - Hd
The moment on the flange is
Mop=Hd*hd + Ht*ht + Hg*hg
Let’s calculate the lode and moment
 There gasket factor width and internal pressure for the flange
m=1.25, b=10mm and Pi=3.48MPa
hd= (G + H – 2E)/4
For 40mm = (84.1375+168.1-2*60.452)mm/4=32.83mm

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hg= (H - G)/4
For 40mm= (168.1-84.1375)mm/4 =20.99mm
ht=(G+H)/4
For 40mm= (168.1+84.1375)mm/4=63.06mm
tf=J
For 40mm=22.225mm
B=A/2
For 40mm=52.371mm/2=26.19mm
G’=B + (ht - hg)
For 40mm=26.19mm + (60.06-20.99) mm=65.24mm
H= (π/4) G’2Pi
For 40mm= (π/4)(65.24mm)2*3.48MPa=11,627.24N
Hd= (π/4) B2Pi
For 40mm= (π/4)(26.19mm)2*3.48MPa=1,873.78N
Ht =H-Hd
For 40mm= (11,627.25-1873.78)N=9,753.47N
Hg=πG’ (2b)mPi
For 40mm=π(65.24mm)(2*10mm)1.5*3.48MPa=21,386.72N
The moment is
Mop=Hd*hd + Ht*ht + Hg*hg
For 40mm pipe
Mop=(1873.78N)(32.83mm)+(8753.47N)(63.06mm)+(21,386.37N)(20.99mm)
=1,062,409.92Nmm=1062.41Nm
The minimum load required bolt load under the operating condition given by
Wm1=H + Hg
Wm1, 40mm=11,627.25N + 21,386.72N=33.01kN, The force and the momentum must be

checked under the bolting up conditions. The moment is given by

lOMoARcPSD|10365890
Matm=Wm2*hg
Where Wm2 is the bolt load required to sat the gasket, given by
Wm2=yπG’b
y=gasket sating pressure (stress) =2.8MPa
Wm2, 40mm=2.8MPaπ65.24mm*10mm =5735.90N=5.7359KN
Matm, 40mm =5735.90N*20.99mm =120,396.56Nmm=120.39Nm
B) Flange stress R [2] and R [3]
Flange stress are given by
Longitudinal hub stress
σhb=F1M
Radial flange stress
σrd=F2M
Tangential flange stress
σtg=F3M - F4σrd
where M is taken as Mop/B’ or Matm/B’, whichever is the greater; and the factors F1, F2,
F3 and F4 are functions of the flange type and dimensions, and are obtained as followed
F1= 1/λ gt2 gt= (G-A)/2

λ=δ + γ δ=t3/d and γ=α/T α=te+1
d= (u/v)hogo2 go=J and ho= (B’go)1/2=(B’J)1/2
= (u/v) (B’J)1/2J2 B’=(G-A)/2
2
F2=β/λt t=thickness of the flange=J
β=1.333te+1
F3=y/t2 y=(1-v2)u
F4=z z=k-factor
K=A’/B’ A’= (H-G)/2 and B’= (G-A)/2
= (H-G) / (G-A)
K40mm=(150-64)mm/(64-28.3)mm
=2.4089
And from R[3] we find this table
Nominal pipe K T Z Y, MPa U
Dia.(mm)
40 2.4 1.37 1.42 2.36 2.59
Table 10.value of (K, T, Z, Y and U) R [3]

Y-gasket seating design stress

lOMoARcPSD|10365890
 Let’s find the value of (e)

e=F/ho =F/(B’J)1/2
Let’s find the value of F (in y-axis) by using ASME code, section viii, Dev 1.in x-axis
g1/go(or B’/J) and (**)
h/ho(or (C-J)/(B’-J)1/2)
After calculating of this value I fined F for flange

And the values are shown blow.
F40mm=0.9
e40mm=0.9/18.79mm=0.048/mm
and let’s find (α and β)

lOMoARcPSD|10365890
α40mm=10mm (0.048/mm)+1=1.48
β40mm=1.333*10mm (0.048/mm)+1=1.639
and γ will be
γ40mm=1.48/1.43=1.035
lets find the value of v from ASME code Viii Div. 1 using by the value of (**) and it
will be
v40mm=0.33
d will be
d40mm=(2.84/0.33)(15.88mm*22.225mm)1/2(22.225mm)2
=798,608.8mm3
The value of δ will be
δ40mm=(10mm)3/798,608.8mm3
=0.00125
Let’s find the value of λ
λ40mm=1.0475
y will be
y40mm= (1-0.332)2.84=2.53
gt will be
gt=15.88mm
Nominal Dia. F1(1/mm2) F2 (1/mm2) F3(1/mm2) F4
(mm)
40 0.0038 0.0156 0.0253 1.51
Table 11.value of the constant
To find the stress on the flange we must the value of the moment M and it is the largest of
them (Mop/B’ or Matm/B’). And it is given below
Nominal diameter(mm) Mop, Nm(KNmm) Matm(Nm)
40 1,062.41(1,062.41) 120.39
Table 12.
There for M=Mop/B’ the stress is
σhb=F1M
For 40mm=0.0038(1/mm2)(1,062.41KNmm/23.8125mm)
=169.53MPa
σrd=F2M
For 40mm=0.0156(1/mm2)(1,062.4KNmm/23.8125mm)
=695.99MPa
σtg =F3M-F4σrd
For 40mm=0.0253(1/mm2)(1,062.7KNmm/23.8125mm)- 1.51*695.99MPa
=78.14MPa
The flange must be sized so that the stresses given by equations satisfy the
following criteria: when ffo=102.04MPa(14.8KPSi) is the maximum allowable design stress
for the flange material at the operating conditions. R[1] and [2]
σhb > 1.5ffo

lOMoARcPSD|10365890
For 40mm 169.53MPa > 153.06MPa ---- (satisfied)

σrd > ffo
For 40mm 695.99MPa > 102.04MPa ------ (satisfied)

0.5(σhb+σrd) > ffo
For 40mm 432.760MPa8 > 102.04MPa --- (satisfied)
0.5(σhb+σtg) > ffo
For 40mm 123.835MPa > 102.04MPa --- (satisfied)

lOMoARcPSD|10365890
4.7 BOLT DESIGN
The bolt spacing must be selected to give a uniform compression of the gasket. It
will not normally be less than 2.5 times the bolt diameter, to give sufficient clearance for
tightening with a wrench or spanner. The following formula can be used to determine the
maximum bolt spacing:
From the table R [1] and R [2] the material [SA-193-B7] and maximum allowable stress (fb)
for the bolt is 172.37MPa (25KPSi).
The minimum bolt area is given by
Abf=Wm/fb
Where Wm greatest of Wm1or Wm2
Nominal Dia.(mm) Wm1(KN) Wm2(KN)
40 33.01 5.7359
Abf=Wm/fb
For 40mm =33.01KN/172.37MPa=192mm2
The bolt spacing must be selected to give a uniform compression of the gasket. It will
not normally be less than 2.5 times the bolt diameter, to give sufficient clearance for
tightening with a wrench or spanner. The following formula can be used to determine the
maximum bolt spacing:
Pb=2db+6tf/ (m+0.5)
Where Pb-bolt pitch (spacing), mm
db- bolt diameter, mm
tf- flange thickness, mm
m- Gasket factor, 1.25
Pb will be
For 40mm
=2*12mm+6*22.225mm/(1.25+0.5)
=100.2mm

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4.8 NOZZLE DESIGN R [2]
To find the thickness of the nozzle
tn= PR/ (SE-0.6P) + C.A
Where tn-thickness of the flange

P-maximum allowable
E-joint efficiency (E=1)
S-maximum allowable stress
R-internal radius of the pipe
C.A-corrosion allowance
For The nozzle of this pressure vessel I selects SA-106-B from the table and
S=83.63MPa (13.0KPSi). R [2]
Nominal Dia. (mm) P, MPa(PSi) C.A, mm(in) Radius(mm)
40 21.6 (3139) 1.6 (1/16) 20
E=1
S=83.63MPa
tn will be
tn,40mm=[(21.6MPa*20mm)/(83.63MPa*1- 0.6*21.6MPa)]+1.6mm =7.715mm
4.9 REINFORCMENT OF OPENING

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The “equal area method” is the simplest method used for calculating the amount of
reinforcement required, and is allowed in most design codes and standards. The principle
used is to provide reinforcement local to the opening, equal in cross-sectional area to the area
removed in forming the opening. If the actual thickness of the vessel wall is greater than the
minimum required to resist the loading, the excess thickness can be taken into account when
estimating the area of reinforcement required. Similarly with a branch connection, if the wall
thickness of the branch or nozzle is greater than the minimum required, the excess material in
the branch can be taken into account. Any corrosion allowance must be deducted when
determining the excess thickness available as compensation. The standards and codes differ
in the areas of the branch and shell considered to be effective for reinforcement, and should
be consulted to determine the actual area allowed and the disposition of the various types of
reinforcement. For branch connections of small diameter the reinforcement area can usually
be provided by increasing the wall thickness of the branch pipe. Some design codes and
standards do not require compensation for connections below 89 mm (3 in.) diameter. If
anything, the equal area method tends to over-estimate the compensation required and in
some instances the additional material can reduce the fatigue life of the vessel. More
sophisticated methods for determining the compensation required have been introduced into
the latest editions of the codes and standards. The equal-area method is generally used for
estimating the increase in thickness required to compensate for multiple openings. R [1]
First calculate the reinforcement area R [3]
A=D*t*F where tr-shell thickness=0.64((D+tn) tn)1/2
F-correction factor=1
D-diameter of the pipe
tn- nozzle material thickness
E-joint efficiency=1
t- Shell material thickness= (for shell 49.5mm or for head mm)
A=D*t*F
A40mm=40mm*49.5mm*1=1980mm2
By taking A1 as the largest of the A11 or A12 calculating the reinforcement area of the
vessel
A11= (Et-F*tr) D and A12=2(E*t-F*tr)*(t + tn)
A11, 40mm = (1*49.5mm-1*12.26mm) 40mm=594.61mm2
A12, 40mm =2(1*49.5mm-1*12.26mm)*(49.5mm+7.715mm) =4261.3732mm2
There for A1 (reinforcement in shell) will be the largest value of (A11 or A12)
A1, 40mm=4261.3732
By taking A2 as the smaller of A11 or A22 and calculate the available nozzle wall.

lOMoARcPSD|10365890
A21= (tn-trn)5t and A22=2(tn-trn)(2.5tn-te) , te=0(no pad)
A21, 40mm=(7.715mm-1.126mm)5*49.5mm=1627.065mm2
A22, 40mm=2(7.7mm-1.126m)(2.5*7.7mm-0)=253.099mm2
A2 will be
A2, 40mm=253.1mm2 total
Atotal=A1+A2
A total = (4261.3732+253.099) mm2
=4514.4722mm2
4514.4722 mm2 >1890 mm2
Atotal > A
So,it is adequately reinforced so we do not have to use plastic pad

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4.10 DESIGN OF MANHOLE OR INSPECTION R [9]
All pressure vessels for use with compressed air and those subject to internal
corrosion, erosion or mechanical abrasion, shall be provided with suitable manhole, hand
hole, or other inspection openings for examination and cleaning. The required inspection
openings shown in the table below are selected from the alternatives allowed by the Code,
UG46, as they are considered to be the most economical. The inside diameter of my pressure
vessel is 1m(39.37in).
di=500mm
to calculate the thickness of manhole
t=pdi/2s-p
=10mpa*500/2(100)-10mpa
=26.3mm or 0.0263m
When corrosion allowance 2mm is added
t=26.3mm+2mm
t=28.3mm

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CHAPTER-FIVE
5.1 SUPPORT DESIGN
WEIGHT
STRESS DUE TO WEIGHT OF VESSEL & ATTACHMENT
It is assumed that weight of the vessel and its attachments results in compressive stress only
& eccentricity doesn’t exist and the resulting force coincides with the axis of the vessel.()
The weight shall be calculated for the various conditions of the tower as follows.
A. Erection weight
B. Operating weight
C. Test weight
The compressive stress due to the weight is given by
S = W / ct --------------------------------------------- (a)
Where S = unit stress, MPa
W = weight of vessel above the section under consideration, N
c = circumference of shell on the mean diameter, mm
t = thickness of shell mm
A) ERECTION WEIGHT
1) SHELL=ρshell*Vshell *g
=8,000Kg/m3*3.925m3*9.82m/s2=305.8KN
2) HEADS = ρheadVhead*g
=8,000Kg/m3*1.34m3*9.82m/s2 =105.3KN
3) FLANGES (6) = n* (SIZE) =4*4350Kg*9.82m/s2
=170.52KN
ERECTION WEIGHT=581.62KN
B) OPERATING WEIGHT

lOMoARcPSD|10365890
Which include the weight of the erection + operating liquid
ERECTION WEIGHT = 581.62KN
 since our solution is acidic ,I can take the density of various types of acids but for now I
select acetic acid as a medium or working fluid,so its density is 1050Kg/m3
WEIGHT FOR OPERATING LIQUID = ρliquid*vpressure vessel*g
= 1050Kg/m3*4m3*9.82m/s2
=41.244KN
Total weight=41.244KN + 581.62KN=622.86KN
STRESS DUE TO WEGHT
Putting values in the formula (a)
Where, c = π * D mean
t = 30mm
Dmean=D-t
=1000-30=970mm
C=π*970
=3047.34mm
Sw = 622.86KN/(3047mm*30mm) =6.8139MPa (compressive)----------(1)
C) STRESS DUE TO WIND

Design wind pressure shall be determined by the following formula:-

lOMoARcPSD|10365890
F=wind lode=q*G*Cf* A
P = qs*G*CfA/A=q*G*Cf
Where, P= Design wind pressure, MPa
Cf = Pressure coefficient (shape factor):
Round or elliptical towers---------------------------------------0.8
G = Combined height, exposure and gust factor coefficient as tabulated:
Coefficient G
Height above ground, ft. Exposure C Exposure B
0-20 1.2 0.7
20-409 1.3 0.8
40-60 1.5 1.0
60-100 1.6 1.1
100-150 1.8 1.3
150-200 1.9 1.4
Table 5.1 .Coefficient of C and B R[2]
Exposure C---------------------The most severe exposure
Exposure B ---------------------Intermediate exposure
qs =0.089MPa (13psf)
Cf = 0.8-------------------------For circular vessel
G = 1.3 ---------------Intermediate exposure & vessel height of 2m
There for the value of wind pressure using the above formula will be;
P = 0.089MPa
qz G Cf hz Af F M
0-17ft 20.2 1.15 0.9 17.5ft 123ft2 2517lb 2314ft-lb

lOMoARcPSD|10365890
We will take the wind pressure 0.089MPa.
QUANTITIES FORMULAS
Shear V= Pw*D1*H
Moment at base M=Pw*D1*H*h1
Moment at height h(t) Mt = M- ht{V-0.5PwD1ht}
Stress S= 12M / R2*π*t
Table 18. Formula R [2]
Where, D1= width of the vessel with insulation, 1.06m=1060mm
E = Efficiency of the welded joints = 1.0
h1= lever arm, ft = H / 2 = 1m=1000mm
ht = distance from base to section under consideration, 1.25m=120mm
H = length of vessel section, 2m=2000mm
M = Maximum moment (at the base), Nm
Mt= Moment at height h t, Nm
Pw= Wind pressure, 0.089MPa
R = Mean radius of vessel, 0.5m=500mm
S = Stress due to wind, MPa =?
V = Total shear, N

lOMoARcPSD|10365890
t = Thickness of shell excluding corrosion, 30mm
Shear V = 0.089MPa*1.0654m*2m
V = 0.340928MN
Moment (at base) M = 0.089MPa*1.06m*2m*1m
=0.51139MNm
Moment at height M=M-ht(v-0.5PwDeht)
=0.511392-1.25(0.340928-05*0.10654*1.6*1.25)
=0.218407MN-m
Stress due to wind = 12*M / (R)2*π*t
=12*0.218407MNm/ (0.5m)2*π*0.049m
= 34.05MPa------------ (tensile)
d) STRESS DUE TO SEISMIC LOAD

lOMoARcPSD|10365890
a) PERIOD OF VIBRATION
As a result of wind tall towers develop vibration. The period of vibration

should be limited, since large natural periods of vibration can lead to fatigue failure. The
allowable period has been computed from the maximum permissible deflection.
QUANTITIES FORMULAS
Period of vibration, T sec T=0.0000265(H / D)2*(w*D /t)½
Maximum allowable period of vibration, Ta Ta=0.80(WH /Vg) ½s

sec
Table 19 .Formula for time of vibration R [2]
Where, D = Outside diameter of vessel, 1.006m=1006mm
H = Length of vessel 2000m=2000mm
g = 9.81m / sec2 gravitational acceleration
t = Thickness at the base, 10mm
V = Total shear = ZICW/Rw (calculated ahead) =1038.6N
W= Weight of tower, =622.86KN
w= weight of tower per mater of height, = 102.93KN
Putting values to get period of vibration for methanator
T = 0.0000265(2/1) 2*(102.93*1.006*1/0.01) ½
T = 0.28 sec
Now allowable period of vibration
Ta = 0.80 {W*H / V*g} ½ =0.8{(622.86*1.006*2)/(9.8*1038.6)}1/2
Ta = 0.53sec
As ‘T’ is less than ‘Ta’ hence the condition is satisfied
STRESS DUE TO EARTHQUAKE

lOMoARcPSD|10365890
The loading condition of the tower under seismic forces is similar to that of the
cantilever beam when the load increases uniformly towards the free end
FORMULAS
Shear Moment
V=ZICW/Rw M=[FtH+(V-Ft)(2H /3)]
Mx= M(x/H)
Where C= Numerical coefficient=1.25S/T2/3
= 1.25*1/(0.28) 2/3 =2.62
=2.62(should not be more than 2.75)
Rw=Numerical coefficient (use 2.9 for vessels)
E = Efficiency of welded joints = 1.0
Ft = Total horizontal seismic force at the top of the vessel, 0N(because T < 0.7)
= 0.07TV (Ft shall not exceed 0.25V)
= 0, for T < 0.7
H =Length of vessel including skirt, 6.524m=6524mm
I = Occupancy importance coefficient (use 1.0 for vessels)
K = Horizontal force factor (use 2.0 for vessels)
M = Maximum moment at the base, Nm
Mx= Moment at distance x, Nm
S = Numerical coefficient for site structure resonance
= 1.0
The product CS shall not exceed 0.14
W = Weight of the vessel, 671.52KN
Z = Seismic factor

lOMoARcPSD|10365890
= 0.15
Shear = (0.15*1*0.0299*671.52KN)/2.9
V = 1038.6N
Ft = 0.07*T*V =0.07*0.28*1038.6N=20.36N
0.25V = 259.65N
As condition is that Ft should not exceed 0.25V so it is satisfied for methanator
Therefore Moment
M = [20.36*6.524 + (1038.6-20.36)*(2*6.524/3)]
M =4,561.5Nm
Moment at skirt to head joint
Mt = M(x/H) where x=H/3=6.524m/3=2.17m
=4,561.5Nm*(2.17m/6.524m)
=1,468.3Nm
Therefore stress due to earthquake

lOMoARcPSD|10365890
Seq = 12* Mt / R2 *π* t
= 12*1,468.3/ (0.5)2*π*0.03
=0.75MPa
COMBINATION OF STRESSES
The stresses induced by the previously described loadings shall be investigated in

combination to establish the governing stresses.
It is assumed that wind and earthquake loads do not occur simultaneously
Thus the tower should be designed for either wind or earthquake load
Whichever is greater?
In case of methanator the stress due to internal pressure is the hoop stress (membrane
stresses), the stress due to earthquake (greater) & stress due to weight (compressive) is
considered
Combination of stresses will be as follows
+stress due to earthquake
+stress due to internal pressure
-stress due to weight
From the previous calculations putting the values of stresses
+0.75MPa
+105.83MPa
-8MPa
Combined stress at the head to skirt joint on the vessel in operating conditions
=98.58MPa

lOMoARcPSD|10365890
5.2 DESIGN OF BRACKET (LUG) SUPPORT R [2]
Q=VERTICAL load per lug
Qa=axial load on gusset
Qb=bending load on gusset

lOMoARcPSD|10365890
n=number of gussets per lug
Fa=allowable axial stress
Fb=allowable bending stress
fa=axial stress
fb=bending stress
A=cross sectional area of assumed column
Z=section modulus
W=uniform load on base plate
I=moment of inertia of compression plate
EV=modulus of elasticity of shell vessel at design temperature
Es=modulus of elasticity of compression plate at design temperature
e=log base 2.71
Mb=bending moment
Mx=internal bending moment in compression plate
K=spring constant or foundation modulus
β=damping factor
Design of gussets

lOMoARcPSD|10365890
Q=78.18KN/6
I devide the total weight of vessel by six because I desided to use six lugs .
Q=13.03kN
Let θ be 60
Qa=Qsin60
=13.3KNsin 60=11.2843KN

lOMoARcPSD|10365890
Qb=QCOS60
=13.3KNcos 60=6.515KN
C=bsin60/2 b=6in=152.4mm from table
=152.4mmsin60/2
=65.99mm
A= tgc
=1/2in(2.598mm) ½ in =12.7mm
=12.7mm*(65.99mm)
=838.08mm2
Z=12.7mm(65.99mm)2/6 = tgc2/6
=9217.4mm3
Mb=Qbm/n
m=h/sin60 h=12in=304.8mm
= 304.8mm/sin 60
m=0.351952m
Mb=6.515kN*0.35195/1
=2.2929KNm
fa=Qa/nA=11.2843/1(8.3808*10-4mm2)
=13464.46KN/m2
fb=Mb/z
=2.2929kNm/(9.2174*10-6m3)
=248757.78KN/m2
Design of compression plate
f=Qe/h
f=13.03KN*0.1016m/0.3048
f=4.343kN
k=Evt/R2

lOMoARcPSD|10365890
193*49.5/2500
=38.2N/m3

lOMoARcPSD|10365890
5.5 FABRICATION AND WELDING METHOD
Fabrication and welding method of the pressure vessel is based on the economic aspects
of the shell and the head. I used for the fabrication of the head and the shell by using but joint
welding for the contacting of the shall and head. We know that the martial for the pressure
vessel is stainless steel 18Cr/8Ni type 304 and its length is 2m by 1m and this stainless steel
are join by but welding joint.
Shall fabrication
Shell is fabricated by rolling the sheet of stainless steel and welds it together to get the
cylindrical shape of the vessel by using but weld joint.
Head fabrication
Head shall is fabricated by making it in to different parts and by using but weld joint.
And finally support joining with the shall by using but joint welding. And different parts of
welding is shown blow in the figure.

lOMoARcPSD|10365890
REFERENCE
R [1]-Coulson and Richardson’s, CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Volume 6
R [2]-PREESURE VESSL HANDBOOK, 11th Edition
R [3]-PRESSURE VESLL DESIGN MANUAL,3rd Edition, BY Dennis Moss
R [4]-CHEMICAL ENGNEER’S HANDBOOK, Robert H.Berry and Don
W.Geern
R [5]-Material science and Engineering, 7th Edition, By William D.callister Jr.
R [6]-STANDARED HANDBOOK OF MACHINE DESIGN, by (Joseph
E.shigey, Charles R.mischke and Thomass H.brown)
R [7]-PRESSURE VSSLE DESIGNE AND PRACTICE
R [8]-TEXTBOOK OF MASIHN DESIGN
R [9]-PREESURE VESSLE HANDBOOK, 10th Edition

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lOMoARcPSD|10365890

Horizontal Pressure Vessel Design with detail component

StuDocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

2.1 MATRIAL SELECTION---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

2.2 WELDING TYPE----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11

3.1 CALCULATING SHELL THICKNESS------------------------------------------------------------- 15

3.2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CLOSURE HEAD------------------------------------------------------- 18

3.3 CALCULATING HEAD THICKNESS------------------------------------------------------------- 20

4.1 HEAD TO SHELL TRANSITIONS---------------------------------------------------------------- 21

4.2 SELECTING OF STANDARED FLANGE-------------------------------------------------------- 22

4.3 FLANGE AND GASKAT DESIN------------------------------------------------------------------ 24

5.1 CALCULATING THICKNESS OF THE NOZZLE------------------------------------------------37

5.2 REINFORCEMENT OF OPENINGS------------------------------------------------------------- 38

5.3 DESIGN OF MANHOLE OR INSPACTION---------------------------------------------------- 42

5.4 SUPPORT DESIGN AND CHECK OF PRESSURE VESSLE----------------------------------- 42

5.5 FABRICATION AND WELDING METHOD---------------------------------------------------- 54

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Downloaded by Allan Johnson ([email protected])

Downloaded by Allan Johnson ([email protected])

1. DESGIN OF PRESSURE VESSEl

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Figure 1.1 types of pressure vessel

1.2 Background of the project

A pressure vessel is a container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure substantially

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10Mpa and the service temperature 400 .

1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE

1.4 Scope of the project

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Downloaded by Allan Johnson ([email protected])

Downloaded by Allan Johnson ([email protected])

2.2Applications of Horizontal Pressure vessel

 Power generation industry for fossils.

2.3Types and components of pressure vessel

2.3.1 types of pressure vessel

2.3.1.1. Based on the dimension

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2.3.1.4. Based on the materials

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figure2.1: components of pressure vessel

Figure 2.2: vessel shell

 All pressure vessel shells must be closed at the ends by heads.

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figure2.3: Hemispherical head

Figure 2.4: Nozzle

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For our design we use saddle support.

Figure 2.5: saddle support

2.4.5.4. Bracket support

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Figure 2.6: flange

2. Slip-on flanges hub and plate types.

5. Blank, or blind, flanges

6. A bolt and nut.

2.4.6.1. Welding-neck flanges:

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Figure 2.7 welding-neck flange

2.4.6.2. Slip-on flanges: