Hospitals Design Manual PDF

DESIGN MANUAL
HOSPITALS
DESIGN MANUAL
HOSPITALS
CONTENTS
General
Design conditions and requirements
Demand specification, ABB Fläkt IC recommendations
Design directives for premises
- Operating theatre, general surgery, displacement

- Operating theatre, general surgery, inclined screen
- Operating theatre, orthopaedics, filter ceiling
- Laboratory premises
- Examination room
- X-ray room
- Intensive-care ward
- Ward, neonatal
- Ward for one patient
- Plaster room
- Coffee break room\kitchenette
- Smoking room
- Pharmacy
- Entrance hall
- Public toilets
- Office premises
- Central kitchen
- Personnel canteen
- Dishwashing room
- Changing room
- Refrigeration machinery room
- Stand-by power room
- Transformer room
- Plant room
Central air handling units
Distribution system
Glossary
CONTENTS
PAGE 1
GENERAL
INTRODUCTION
The equipment used in medical care and the methods of treatment employed have
both changed over the years. In certain cases, surgical techniques have been
developed to shorten the treatment time and the duration of in-patient care, while
making the treatment less personnel-intensive. In other cases, greater resources have
been allocated to more complicated operations that are more time-consuming and
personnel-intensive.
Medical care involves innumerable activities. Some hospitals, for instance, have more
than 400 different types of premises, ranging from operating theatres to general
premises such as offices, kitchens and stores. The ventilation requirements in such
premises also vary widely. A virtually bacteria-free environment is needed, for
instance, for orthopaedic operations in order to minimize the risk of infections, since
an infection could have disastrous consequences to the patient. On the other hand,
the ventilation requirements for premises such as offices, conference rooms, dining
rooms, kitchens, etc. are the same as those applicable to equivalent premises in office
and hotel buildings.
A certain measure of generality and flexibility are demanded of a hospital building.

Generality is a measure of excess areas that are allocated to future systems, while
flexibility is the ability of an installed system to meet a variety of demands. The
objective is to provide areas in the building that will make it possible to carry out all
conceivable modifications to the heating, ventilation and sanitation installations,
without the need for costly modification to the structure or other parts of the building.
A room schedule and a technical schedule are drawn up for every project. The room
schedule includes particulars of the activities and equipment, while the technical
schedule comprises the values for the climate that should be maintained in the various
types of premises during the summer and winter.
INDOOR THERMAL CLIMATE

The boundaries for the indoor thermal climate must be determined to meet the needs
of the patients and personnel, and the demands made by the various activities
pursued and the equipment used in medical care. Should priority be given to human
needs or the demands of the activities? The answer frequently lies in striking a
compromise.
The activities can be classified into the following main types:
Patients. The term patients refers principally to in-patients in wards.

The heating equipment is normally designed for a room temperature of 22°C at the
lowest design outdoor temperature. But certain patient categories are particularly
temperature sensitive, which means that facilities must be provided for selecting a
higher room temperature in the design work. The room schedule and technical
schedule provide the information for this purpose.
GENERAL
PAGE 1
Personnel. The work intensity and the duration of the work are taken into account
when assessing the acceptable climate in work premises.
A number of factors must be taken into account when selecting a suitable temperature
for operating theatres. The work of the operating team demands high precision and
involves a relatively large amount of physical effort, which would favour a low room
temperature. On the other hand, a relatively high room temperature is needed to
counteract the risk of the body temperature of a patient who is under anaesthetic
dropping to a subnormal level. The system must therefore be designed and rated so
that the room temperature can be varied between 18 and 25°C. However, other
temperatures may have to be used for operating booths and the like.
In premises in which the needs of the personnel are decisive, the temperature levels
selected may be the same as those employed in similar premises in other fields of
activity. A room temperature in the range between 20 and 21°C is acceptable in the
winter, whereas the range in the summer should be 22 to 27°C. During limited periods
of extremely low outdoor temperatures, a room temperature of 18°C may be
acceptable, whereas at extremely high outdoor temperature, a room temperature of
30°C may be admissible. The heatingequipment should be rated to be able to maintain
a room temperature of 22°C at the minimum design outdoor temperature.
Technical equipment areas. To meet the needs of the technical equipment, a room
temperature of between 15 and 35°C may often be adequate, the lower temperature
being under winter conditions and the higher during the summer. However, the
temperature range is narrower for some technical equipment such as computers,
telephone exchanges, etc., and the actual range required must be determined from
case to case. If personnel are expected to be present in the premises more or less
constantly, the provisions specified under ‘Personnel’ above must apply.
Other premises. In certain premises, such as garages, certain stores, etc., the heating
required is only that necessary to avoid damage to the equipment due to freezing, etc.
As a general rule, no humidification of the air is required, either for medicinal reasons
or from comfort considerations. However, special requirements are made for certain
patients and certain activities or equipment.
AIR QUALITY
The demands on air quality in medical care premises vary widely between different
premises, depending on the activities pursued in them. The air cleaning and
distribution technique must therefore be adapted to meet the needs of each individual
case.
However, premises can be classified into those used for treatment and medical care,
and those of a more general nature, such as offices, etc. The need for good air quality
in the former group is due to the risk of infection and the consequent hygienic
requirements. Persons and/or products must be protected against airborne pollutants,
or the spreading of bacteria, toxic or harmful substances and explosive gases must be
prevented. Special requirements on air quality therefore apply to operating theatres,
certain treatment rooms and laboratories.
Low-flow systems with local post-treatment units or systems with central air handling
units may be specified for premises in which the hygienic requirements are not
particularly strict. The quality of the air in office premises, etc. should be considered in
GENERAL
PAGE 2
the same way as that of the air in premises in which similar operations are pursued in
other fields of activity.
Air movements and the degree of eddying play a decisive role in the spreading of
airborne pollutants, and great care must therefore be taken when choosing the type of
ventilation system. If a pollutant is persistently emitted in a vortex area, it will be
accumulated to a greater or smaller extent. As a result, an increased rate of air change
at an unaltered pattern of air flow will not always result in a corresponding reduction
in the concentration of pollutants. Another consequence is that a distinction must be
made between ventilation aimed at maintaining a certain standard of comfort and the
ventilation necessary for removing pollutants.
The air handling equipment in premises in which harmful or malodorous gases may
be generated is classified into basic ventilation and make-up ventilation. Examples of
such premises are laboratories, pharmaceuticals rooms, autopsy rooms and operating
theatres.
Special local extractions, such as fume hoods, ventilated workbenches, storage

cabinets, etc., are connected to the exhaust air system for make-up ventilation.
The make-up ventilation system is designed so that the balance between the supply
and exhaust air flows will not be affected when a random number of units is shut off.
Every connected unit which is not in continuous operation is equipped with a shut-off
device or equipment for reducing the air flow.
In every project, the basic and make-up air flows are determined to suit the activities.
As a guideline value, the basic air flow is 3 l/s per m2 of room area. The make-up air
flow is based on the design and number of extraction devices, and on the occurrence
of special thermal loads, etc. The exhaust air flow rate from fume hoods should be at
least 140 l/s per metre of fume hood.
The air cleaning and air distribution techniques employed for wards and other
premises used for patient treatment are adjusted to the needs of those particular
premises. However, it can generally be said that post-treatment units thatoperate on
the principle of recirculating some of the room air must not be used either in wards or
in patient treatment rooms. This is due to the risk of the accumulation of dust and
thus the increased risk of infection.
The air handling systems should be adapted to the activities, so that particularly
important units, such as operating theatres, casualty departments and intensive care
units, are supplied separately. Less important activities can then be shut off in a crisis
situation in which limited energy is available.
Overflow air must not be used if hygienic risk would be incurred if the installation
should become inoperative.
Air recirculation must not be employed in medical care premises.
FIRE PROTECTION
Since most of the patients in a hospital are bed-ridden and many find it difficult to
walk, extremely strict demands must be made on protection against fire. Extra
emphasis must therefore be placed on protection against the spreading of fire and
GENERAL
PAGE 3
smoke. The duct systems may have to be provided with fire insulation or fire dampers
and, to avoid the spreading of smoke, must be provided with tightly sealing dampers.
ENERGY CONSERVATION
The plant should be designed so that the demand for good energy conservation is
taken into account. The building should be planned and designed so that, if possible,
mechanical cooling will not be required, and that cooler night air is used for cooling.
The scope for employing indirect evaporative cooling should also be considered.
It should be possible to reduce the outdoor air flow when the building or some part of
it is not in use. The plant should therefore be divided to the necessary extent into
separate sub-systems. Consideration should then be given to the varying requirements
for heated outdoor air that different parts of the building may have during the
operating time.
The trend in medical care is towards increased use of electric power, which places
particularly strict demands on finding solutions and systems that reduce the
consumption of electricity. The air handling systems are often planned with separate
units and fans for different fields of activity and operating times. If required for control
engineering reasons, the air handling installation of the building can be divided into
zones.
Steam should be used for humidification. Electrically heated steam humidifiers should
be employed if no steam system is available in the building.
SELECTION OF SYSTEM
- The building should be designed so that the temperature equalizing capability of the
structure is utilized to the maximum extent possible.
- The window area as a proportion of the outer wall area should be limited. Windows
exposed to sunlight should be provided with sun shades.
- Equipment that emits a large amount of heat should be cooled directly with water
and air.
- The heat emission from the lighting should be restricted by the use of appropriate
and correct light fittings, and by employing suitable colours in the premises.
- By keeping the air handling system running at night during the warm season of the
year, the lower temperature of the outdoor air can be used for cooling the premises.
The plant must then be designed so that air at this lower temperature is actually
supplied to the premises, i.e. with limited reheating.
- The building should be designed so that every room can normally be aired through
the windows.
If any patient requires special air conditions for his ailment or his treatment, this
should preferably be met by means of a mobile air handling unit.
GENERAL
PAGE 4
When selecting the system, consideration should be given to the special requirements
made on the quality of the air and its freedom from pollutants, taking into account the
higher incidence of contagious bacteria, viruses, etc. in wards, and the fact that
persons who are unwell are assumed to have impaired resistance to infection.
Isolation departments shall be provided with separate exhaust air ducts and ventilation
systems.
During normal operations, the entire length of the supply air installations in medical
care buildings should be at a pressure which is higher than that of the surroundings,
with the exception of the outdoor air intake duct. To an equivalent extent, installations
for exhaust air should be at a pressure below that of the surroundings.
The air flows should be adapted so that pressures above or below those in adjacent
areas shall normally be avoided, other than in hygiene areas. Overflow air from a ward
or a corridor can be arranged to flow to a hygiene area immediately adjacent to that
ward or corridor.
FLOW DIAGRAM
To provide a clearer picture of how the plant is designed, it may be advisable to
prepare a flow diagram. This should show the units to which the various types of
premises are connected. A typical flow diagram of this nature is shown in the
following figure.
GENERAL
PAGE 5
FF03
FF01
Plant room
TA01
Inlet. to each FF
FF (suction side)
inlet
Glass-roofed well
Staircase
Box
Ana- La- Und-

est. ser er
OP OP press.
OP Prep. Wash Prep. OP 1-12 3-4 OP1
Ward FF04A
Smoking
room
Ward FF04B
Smoking
room
Exam. Conf.-
Inf. room
FF04C
Smoking
room
FLK01
Refuse
Operation TA02
FF02A
FF02
Plant room
EXPLANATIONS
= Supply air = Air humidifier
= Exhaust air = Filter
= Fan = Damper
= Heating coil
= Cooling coil
GENERAL
PAGE 6
OPERATING THEATRES
When planning the ventilation system for an operating theatre, consideration must be
given to the air movements and the way in which pollutants are spread. A correctly
designed plant reduces the risk of eddying, and thus reduces the accumulation of
pollutants, and lowers the particle content in the operating area and in the operating
theatre as a whole. The air cleaning and air distribution techniques should be adapted
to meet the highest acceptable bacteria count forthe various surgical specialities. The
air cleanliness requirements for the operating zone are normally different from those
for the remainder of the operating theatre, and are adjusted to the special conditions
and needs prevailing in each individual project. For total hip joint replacement
operations, the number of bacteria-carrying particles should not exceed 10 colony
forming units (cfu)/m3, for other orthopaedic operations, they should not exceed 50
cfu/m3, and for general surgery, 100 cfu/m3. Bacteria-carrying particles originate
mainly from the personnel in the operating theatre. In addition to the ventilation
engineering measures that can be adopted to reduce the number of airborne particles,
the routines employed and the clothing worn by the personnel must be taken into
account. The number of movements and the number of personnel in the operating
theatre should be minimized.
Operating theatres should be provided with ventilation systems that allow the air flow
to be reduced when the room is not in use. Special indications should be provided in
the theatre to show the current operating conditions. A room with an aesthetic
extraction, such as an operating theatre or a preparation and anaesthesia room, should
be provided with a local extraction intended to remove the gases in the immediate
vicinity of the points at which they are emitted. A local extraction is normally provided
with a separate exhaust air fan for each unit. An alternative being studied for larger
system is whether local shut-off dampers in combination with fan systems for
continuously variable control provide a better solution in terms of factors such as low
annual cost and reliability.
FUME HOODS AND STORAGE CABINETS

Special extraction devices are normally needed for laboratory work. These are selected
to suit the nature and scope of the activities, and they are coordinated with the air
handling system. A ventilated workbench, with or without protective hood, is used for
laboratory work in which there is risk of pollution, but the amount of heat emitted is
low or none at all. Fume hoods are specified if there is risk of pollution combined
with heat emission, and in special cases in which standards or other regulations
specify a fume hood as an acceptable protective device. Fume hoods are provided
with separate exhaust air fans, and full-speed/half-speed control facilities should be
provided either on the front panel of the hood, or by means of a selector on a wall
adjacent to the fumehood. As an alternative, some other solution that ensures the
intended performance may be acceptable.
Fume hoods intended for work with perchloric acid, radioactive substances (isotope
hood) and chemotherapy substances demand a special installation and usually also
special design of the hoods (normally a separate system). An exhaust air duct for
perchloric acid or the equivalent is usually provided with a flushing device. The fan
and exhaust air duct are made of plastic. Several fume hoods can be connected to a
common duct, provided that the exhaust air duct from each hood is equipped with a
throttling device with a pressure drop of at least 100 Pa at the design air flow. A fume
hood intended for work with radioactive substances should be provided with a
GENERAL
PAGE 7
method of cleaning the exhaust air system of the hood, and this must be approved by
the relevant authority. If work on particularly harmful or contagious substances is
expected to be carried out, the fume hood must be provided with a separate exhaust
air system comprising a device for the necessary cleaning of the exhaust air.
If the sub-atmospheric pressure generated by a fan connected to a fume hood or the

like should drop to an inadmissibly low level, an alarm shall be initiated at the fume
hood location. This may be an audible alarm of limited duration, supplemented by a
visual alarm.
Ventilated storage cabinets shall be arranged for the storage of dangerous liquids, etc.,
and rooms shall be provided for flammable goods.
FANS
A frequent requirement is that the fan should be selected so that it will be running at
maximum efficiency at the specified operating data. The fan selected shall be capable
of increasing the flow by approx. 15% and the pressure by approx. 30% without the
maximum speed of the fan being attained. Fans with backward-curved blades should
be given preference, and the operating point shall be selected so that the efficiency
will be at least 80%.
The air flow may often have to be varied in a system, and the natural choice then lies
between two-stage or continuously variable control.
Systems operating at normal flow and reduced flow, for instance, belong to the first
group. In small systems, the air flow is usually varied by means of dampers, or by
using twin or two-speed motors for driving the fans. Continuously variable control is
required in conjunction with major laboratory projects and the associated ventilated
workplaces with individually adjustable make-up and basic air flows. The most
common control forms in this case are variable pitch guide vanes at the fan inlet, or
frequency control or thyristor control of the fan motors. For certain premises, two
motors should be specified for two-speed operation to ensure maximum safety.
FILTERS
Class EU7 filters are normally specified. For premises such as allergy test rooms, sterile
rooms, stores, operating theatres and intensive care rooms, the supply air quality
demanded is higher than that otherwise acceptable. The supply air installation for such
premises is therefore expected to be provided with a class EU8 filter. These filters
should be located as close as possible to the supply air devices, but outside the
premises which they serve. A tight damper should be provided downstream of an EU8
filter in order to prevent fouling of the clean side in the event of a stoppage, and to
enable the filter to be changed without contaminating the duct system. HEPA filters
should be installed for operating theatres in which strict demands are made on a low
bacteria content of the air.
Deep-pleated filters of at least class EU2 should be provided for the exhaust air
upstream of a heat exchanger. However, the filter should be adapted to suit the
content of pollutants in the exhaust air, and space should always be provided for
installing a class EU4 air filter.
GENERAL
PAGE 8
HEAT RECOVERY
Air handling installations should be equipped with suitable devices for recovering heat
from the exhaust air. Rotary heat exchangers may be used only for offices and similar
premises. If strict demands are made on bacteria-free supply air or if the exhaust air
can be assumed to contain toxic or malodorous gases and/or infected particles, a heat
recovery system comprising coil heat exchangers must be selected.
A local extraction for anaesthetic gases may be connected to an exhaust air system
only if this system has a heat recovery system comprising coil heat exchangers. Ducts
or the like connected to these heat exchangers should be equipped with inspection
covers so that the surfaces of the heat exchanger in contact with the supply and
exhaust air will be accessible for cleaning.
Coil heat exchangers should be equipped with cleaning devices (flushing devices) on
both the supply air side and the exhaust air side.
AIR HEAT EXCHANGERS AND AIR COOLERS

The heater coil for outdoor air should be provided with a circulation pump in the
circuit between the control valve and the coil. When installing cooling coils and heat
recovery coils, provision must be made for running drain pipes from the condensate
drain trays. On all heat exchangers, provision must be made for cleaning both sides in
contact with the air. Coils must therefore not be installed immediately adjacent to one
another or to other sections of the unit. Depending on the heat exchanger size, a
space of 400 - 700 mm should be provided upstream and downstream of the coil.
DUCT SYSTEM
The building should be planned in such a manner that it will be possible to carry out
expansion of and addition to the ventilation shaft installation to meet future needs.
Distribution and branch ducts should be provided with the necessary shut-off and
adjusting devices. When selecting adjusting devices, take into account the sound
generated at the operating pressure drop, and the possible need for a silencer. The
duct system should be insulated to prevent heat loss and heat gain. For health reasons,
no internal insulation should be provided in ventilation ducts. Ducts to premises with
special cleanliness requirements should be designed with smooth internal surfaces.
Moreover, a duct between an EU8 filter and a supply air device should be designed so
that it can be cleaned in its entirety and disinfected, if necessary.
X-ray premises and equivalent areas should be designed in consultation with the
authorities in matters such as how radiation protection of duct penetrations is to be
arranged.
CONTROL AND MONITORING EQUIPMENT

The control equipment for an air handling installation should be arranged so that it
can be divided into the necessary number of separate sub-systems. Consideration must
be given to the varying operating times in different parts of the building. As a general
rule, the plant should be designed so that the supply air temperature can be varied as
GENERAL
PAGE 9
a function of the outdoor temperature, although without cooling. Anti-freeze
thermostats must be provided with manual resetting facilities.
SUPPLY AIR DEVICES

Either mixing or displacement air distribution can generally be employed in the
premises. Regardless of the air distribution method selected, it must always be the
same within a given group of premises.
The pressure drop across overflow air devices must not exceed 15 Pa.
ACCESSIBILITY
Larger ventilation shafts shall be provided with a floor and fire door on each storey.
Space must be reserved for future duct installations. Every duct system component
requiring service and maintenance must be arranged in a location which is suitable
from the service viewpoint. Adjusting dampers in the duct system should be located so
that correct measurement results will be obtained. The calculated pressure differential
shall be specified. If a damper is installed above a non-removable ceiling, an easily
openable hatch shall be provided for access.
ADJUSTMENT
The installation shall be designed so that it can be adjusted and continually checked to
determine its operating condition. The throttling devices, measurement tappings,
measurement distances, etc. necessary for adjustment shall be planned.
STAND-BY POWER SUPPLY

More important ventilation units, such as those provided for operating theatres,
casualty departments and intensive care wards must have access to stand-by power.
Safety ventilation includes exhaust air systems for fume hoods in high-risk laboratories.
The stand-by power supply must also meet the needs of the auxiliary systems
necessary for operating the ventilation units. Such systems include the heating system
with pumps, and control and monitoring equipment.
FUTURE MODIFICATIONS
In view of future modifications and/or extensions, consideration must be given to the
location and design of shafts adjacent to plant rooms, and the need for replacing
certain unit sections, filters, etc.
GENERAL
PAGE 10
DESIGN CONDITIONS
AND REQUIREMENTS
General
The basic conditions specified for the project design work must be correct if
the quality of the air conditioning system of the building is to be correct. The
specification on which the project design is based, regardless of whether this
is done by a consultant or the contractor, must be drawn up so that the
quality demanded by the purchaser will be clearly stated.
To enable the heating and cooling calculations to be carried out correctly, the
conditions for the building must be clearly specified, including orientations of
the outer walls, wall materials, insulation, window sizes, sun shading, weight
of the building, internal heat loads, etc. Once these and other conditions,
such as the space available, etc., have been specified, project design work for
the system can be carried out.
The project design work should be carried out so that the intended
performance of the system will be achieved, taking into account any energy
saving requirements and limitations on the power demand. To ensure good
quality of the climate, the specification, demand specifications, check lists,
limits of delivery between contractors and the documentation, including
drawings, must be available.
Specification
The specification should include the type of activities that will be pursued in
the building, the demands on the indoor thermal climate, the air quality and
sound level for the various types of premises in the building, and particulars
of the available heating media, etc.
Demand specification
A recommended quality is specified for various room types in a hospital in
accordance with the table. The room temperature that the heating system
must be capable of maintaining at the lowest outdoor temperature (heating
season) and the room temperature that the outdoor air flow or/and the
cooling system must be capable of maintaining at the highest design outdoor
conditions (cooling season) should be specified for every room type. The
highest permissible air velocities and the permissible sound level should also
be specified.
The specified values are applicable to the occupied zone of the room, which
must thus be defined.
For wards, this may be defined as: “The volume confined by vertical planes
located at 0.5 m from outer walls with windows and at 0.2 m from other
walls, and by planes from the floor to 1.8 m above the floor”.
For other premises, the occupied zone may be defined as: “The volume of the
room confined horizontally by the floor and a horizontal plane at 1.8 m above
the floor. The zone is confined vertically by planes which are parallel with the
walls of the room and at a distance of 0.6 m from the walls.”
DESIGN CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS

PAGE 1
If displacement type supply air devices are used, the comfort zone of the
device should be excluded from the occupied zone.
To determine whether the intended quality has been achieved after the system
has been completed, measurements should be carried out in the occupied
zone of the room and at the points agreed during the ordering stage.
At the design outdoor temperature in the winter (heating conditions), the

temperature at any point within the occupied zone may deviate by -1°C in
wards, rest areas and similar premises, although the vertical temperature
gradient between 0.1 and 1.1 m above the floor must not exceed 2°C, and the
gradient between 0.1 and 1.8 m above the floor must not exceed 3°C. In the
same way, the room temperature in these types of premises during the
cooling season may be 1°C higher than the specified value at individual
points. In this case too, the vertical temperature gradients specified above
must not be exceeded.
In areas not permanently occupied by persons, the above deviations may be

- 2°C and +1.5°C respectively.
The sound level in the room should be measured at a distance of 1.1 m from
the floor.
The table also specifies the minimum outdoor air flow per m2 or per person.
In premises in which the number of occupants is decisive to the rate of
outdoor air flow, this has been calculated on the basis of the carbon dioxide
concentration that may be expected. At a concentration of about 400 ppm in
outdoor air, the objective has been that, in rooms permanently occupied by
persons, the carbon dioxide concentration shall not exceed 800 ppm and, in
other premises, shall not exceed 1000 ppm.
The table also specifies the pressure conditions that should prevail in each
room in relation to the surroundings, and whether the premises are to be
ventilated by supply air, exhaust air and/or overflow air, or a combination of
these three.
DESIGN CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS

PAGE 2
ROOM TYPE TEMPERATURE AIR VELOCITY MIN. S E O PRESSURE SOUND NOTE

Heating Cooling Heating Cooling OUTDOOR LEVEL LEVEL
season season season season AIR
°C °C m/s m/s l/s,m2 dB(A)
Pharmacy 20 27 0,25 0,25 3 x x 0 40
Document stores 20 27 – – 1,5 x x 0 40
Autoclave room >15 – – 10 x x x – 45 Air flow rate depends on the equipm. installed
Departmental kitchen 20 27 0,25 0,25 4 x x – 45
Rinsing 22 27 0,20 0,20 9 x x x – 45 30% overflow air
Children’s room, baby-care room 22 27 0,20 0,20 3 x x 0 40
Treatment room 22 27 0,20 0,20 8 x x + 35 Air flow rate should be adjusted to the type of treatm.
Library 20 27 0,20 0,20 3 x x 0 35
Cafeteria 20 27 0,20 0,20 7 x x 0 40
Central kitchen 20 27 0,30 0,30 x x x – 50 Air flow rate depends on the equipm. installed
Day room 20 27 0,20 0,20 5 x x 0 40
Day room for smokers 20 27 0,25 0,25 15 x x x – 40
Disinfection room 20 27 0,20 0,20 10-15 x x x – 45 60% overflow air. Air flow rate varies dep. on dept. type.
Dialysis room 22 27 0,20 0,20 20/pers x x 0 35
Dishwashing room 20 27 0,25 0,25 20 x – 50 Air flow rate depends on the dept. and equipm.
Shower room 20 – – 25/shower x x – 45
Administration office premises 20 27 0,15 0,20 3 x x 0 40
Plant room >10 ≤35 – – 85
Preparation room (operation) 22 27 0,20 0,20 8 x x + 35
Delivery room 22 27 0,20 0,20 8 x x + 35
Ward anteroom 22 27 – – 2 x + 40
Stores, uncleaned 20 0,20 0,20 6 x x x – 45
S = Supply air, E = Exhaust air, O = Overflow air, * = Day/Night
DEMAND SPECIFICATION, ABB Fläkt IC recommendations

PAGE 1

Stores, clean 20 0,20 0,20 3 x x + 45
Stores, miscellaneous >15 – – 1 x x 45
Cloakroom 20 – – 3 x x – –
Plaster room 22 27 0,20 0,20 6 x x x – 40 Local extraction
Entrance hall 20 27 0,25 0,25 1 x + 45
Lift shaft >15 – – 8 x –
Lift machinery room >10 ≤35 – – x x – Overflow air from the shaft
Hygiene room 22 27 0,20 0,20 6 x x 45
Information 20 27 0,15 0,20 3 x x 35
Intensive care dept., general 22 27 0,15 0,20 25/pers x x 35/30*
Isolation room 22 27 0,15 0,20 3 x x + 35/30* To be provided with an air lock
Duty room 20 27 0,20 0,20 1,5 x x 35/30*
Conference room 20 27 0,20 0,20 3 x x 0 35
Corridor 20 27 0,25 0,25 1 x x 40
Culvert >15 – – 1,5 x x –
Refrigeration machinery room >15 ≤35 – – 85 Air flow rate acc. to standards and inst. power
Refrigerated room 4 4 – – 0,2 x 0 –
Laboratory premises 20 27 0,25 0,25 3-15 x x – 40 Air flow depending on type of laboratory
Enema room 22 27 0,20 0,20 25/pers x x – 45 Provision shall be made for boosting the air flow
Lecture room 20 27 0,20 0,20 3 x x 0 30
Medicin distribution room 20 27 0,20 0,20 6 x x 40
Reception room 20 27 0,20 0,20 3 x x + 40

PAGE 2

Autopsy room 20 27 0,20 0,20 8/25 x x – 40 Boosted ventilation
Changing room 22 27 0,20 0,20 4 x x x – 45
Dressing room 22 27 0,20 0,20 4 x x 40
Operating theatre 18-25 22-25 0,25 0,25 15 x x + 45
Patient clothes stores >15 – – 1 x x 0 –
Coffee break room/kitchenette 20 27 0,20 0,20 10/pers x x – 40
Kitchenette 20 27 0,20 0,20 4 x x – 45
Personnel canteen 20 27 0,20 0,20 10/pers x x – 40
Specimen room 22 27 0,20 0,20 4 x x – 40
Stand-by power room >15 ≤35 – – x x 80 Air flow rate depends on the installed power
X-ray room 22 27 0,20 0,20 5 x x 0 40 During anaesthesia the air flow rate is increased
Assembly room, large 20 27 0,20 0,20 6 x x – 35
Talk room 20 27 0,20 0,20 10/pers x x 35
Air lock for isolation room 22 27 – – 13 x x +
Sprinkler system room >15 – – 0,7 x x –
Cleaning room >15 – – 10 x x – –
Switchgear room >15 ≤35 – – x x – Air flow rate depends on the installed power
Cerements room 20 27 0,20 0,20 6 x x 40
Bed stores >15 – – 1 x x –
Bed cleaning 20 – – 10 – –
Phone box 20 – – 15/box x x + 35
Telephone stand room >15 ≤35 – – – Air flow rate depends on the installed power

PAGE 3

Toilet 20 – – 25/WC x x – 45
Toilet, public 20 27 – – 30/WC x x – 45
Stairwell 20 – – 0,7 x
Transformer room >15 ≤35 – – x x 80 Air flow rate depends on the installed power
Distribution room >15 ≤35 – – x x – Air flow rate depends on the installed power
Examination room 20 27 0,20 0,20 4 x x + 35
Recovery room 22 27 0,20 0,20 25/pers + 35 Local extraction for anaesthetic gases
Collecting room
for dirty washing and refuse >15 – – 6 x x – –
Rest room 22 27 0,15 0,20 15/room x x 0 35/30*
Demonstration room 22 27 0,20 0,20 3 x x 35
Ward for one patient 22 27 0,15 0,20 28/room x x + 35/30* Overflow air to the WC and shower
Ward for several patients 22 27 0,15 0,20 15/pers x x x + 35/30* Overflow air to the WC and shower
Ward, neonatal 22 27 0,15 0,20 5 x x 0 35
Ward, special 22 27 0,15 0,20 40/pers x x x 35/30* Overflow air to the WC and shower
Waiting room 20 27 0,20 0,20 4 x x 0 45

PAGE 4
OPERATING THEATRE
General surgery
Displacement-type air distribution
Anaesthesia
equipment
Preparation
room Disinfection
room
OPERATING THEATRE, General surgery, Displacement-type air distribution

PAGE 1
General
For an operating theatre for general surgery the demand is that the bacteria
count should not exceed 100 cfu/m3 (cfu=colony forming unit). Bacteria-
carrying particles originate mainly from the personnel in the operating theatre.
In addition to the ventilation engineering measures that can be adopted to
reduce the number of airborne particles, the routines employed and the
clothing worn by the personnel must be taken into account. The number of
movements and the number of personnel in the operating theatre should be
minimized.
DESIGN CONDITIONS
Room floor area: approx. 40 m2
Number of persons: 3 - 12 persons
Room height: approx. 3 m
Requirements
Room temperature heating season: 18 - 25 °C

cooling season: 22 - 25 °C
Relative humidity: 50 - 65 %
Cleanliness requirements: ≤100 cfu/m3
Air flow: displacement
Air velocity: max 0.25 m/s
Sound level: 45 dB(A) (NC 40, NR 40)
Air flow rates

Outdoor air 15 l/s, m2, although at least 550 l/s
Exhaust air The exhaust air flow rate is lower than the outdoor air flow rate and should
be selected to take into account the leakage and the pressure differential
requirements.
Calculation of cooling and heating requirements

Cooling and heating requirements are calculated taking into account the
equipment, persons and lighting in the premises, and the transmission losses
through walls and possibly windows. Also take into account any solar heat
radiation through the windows.
SYSTEM DESIGN
A central unit which may be common to several operating theatres and
premises immediately adjacent to them supplies outdoor air at constant flow
rate and temperature. Post-treatment facilities adjacent to the operating
theatre.
Supply air system
Central Central air handling unit comprising shut-off damper, filter, coil-type heat
air handling unit recovery unit, heating and cooling coils, fan with two motors, and sound
absorber.
Operating time Around the clock. The air flow rate can be reduced when no operation is in
progress.
Temperature Constant supply air temperature of around 18°C.

PAGE 2
Duct system CAV arrangement. See the section dealing with distribution systems. Provided
with fire insulation or thermal insulation. Fire insulation in accordance with
local regulations.
Post-treatment A steam humidifier, heating coil, fine filter or HEPA filter and shut-off damper
are installed in the supply air duct. The shut-off damper should seal tightly
and should close automatically if the air supply to the operating theatre
should cease. If an HEPA filter is used, the central unit should be equipped
with a fine filter. Provision should be made for cleaning and disinfecting the
duct downstream of the filter.
Exhaust air system
Unit The unit comprises a sound absorber, shut-off damper, filter, coil-type heat
recovery unit and fan.
The fan is equipped with two motors for air flow control.
Supply and exhaust air devices

Supply air Low-momentum, displacement-type supply air device, if possible located in
the corner of the premises.
Exhaust air Register at or in the ceiling above the operating table.
FLOW DIAGRAM
RC1
SV4 GR1 SV1 GP ST3
From central T
air handling RL
unit
To central To
air handling OP-2
unit
GT
To central
air handling
unit
From
OP-2
full/half
GF1

PAGE 3
OPERATION AND EQUIPMENT
Air flow The supply air flow is controlled via the control unit from a selector switch in
the department. The selector switch can be set to OFF, HALF and FULL.
- In the HALF and FULL positions, the fan runs continuously.
- In the OFF position, the damper in the supply air duct will be closed
by damper actuator ST3 via control unit RC1.
A selector switch may be provided in the operating theatre for altering the
flow rate manually.
Air flow indicator Air flow indicator GF1, which shows full or reduced flow, should be located
in the premises.
Humidity Humidity sensor GR1 located in the supply air duct controls steam humidifier
control valve SV4 via control unit RC1 so that the preset relative humidity will
be obtained.
Temperature Temperature sensor GT located in the premises controls heating control valve
SV1 via control unit RC1, so that the preset temperature will be obtained.
Filter monitor The filters are equipped with filter monitor GP for visual reading.
Thermometer The supply air duct is provided with a thermometer located downstream of
the coil.
Pressurerizing The pressurerizing in the premises is obtained by adjusting the supply and
exhaust air flow rates by means of dampers.
Local extraction The fan for local extraction is always in operation.
Control components
Landis & Gyr Honeywell
Control unit RC1 PRU 32 with modules EXCEL 80 ––––––––––

Temperature sensor GT QAA 23 T7412A ––––––––––
Humidity sensor GR1 QFM 64 HKT 1 ––––––––––
Control valve for heating SV1 SQX 61/VXG 41 M7420A/V5011A ––––––––––
Control valve for steam SV4 SQX 61/VVG 41 M7420A/V5011A ––––––––––
Damper actuator ST3 SQB 21.1 M6535A(24V) B(220V) ––––––––––
Flow meter GF1 (Q-MASTER) (Q-MASTER) ––––––––––
Filter monitor GP (U-TUBE) (U-TUBE) ––––––––––
HEATING
If necessary, the premises should be heated by the supply air.

PAGE 4
OPERATING THEATRE
General surgery
Inclined screen
Anaesthesia
equipment
Preparation
room Disinfection
room
OPERATING THEATRE, General surgery, Inclined screen

PAGE 1
General
For an operating theatre for general surgery the demand is that the bacteria
count should not exceed 100 cfu/m3 (cfu=colony forming unit). Bacteria-
carrying particles originate mainly from the personnel in the operating theatre.
In addition to the ventilation engineering measures that can be adopted to
reduce the number of airborne particles, the routines employed and the
clothing worn by the personnel must be taken into account. The number of
movements and the number of personnel in the operating theatre should be
minimized.
DESIGN CONDITIONS
Room height: approx. 3 m
Requirements
Room temperature heating season: 18 - 25 °C

cooling season: 22 - 25 °C
Air flow: mixing
Air flow rates

Outdoor air 15 l/s, m2, although at least 550 l/s
requirements.

equipment, persons and lighting in the premises, and the transmission losses
through walls and possibly windows. Also take into account any solar heat
radiation through the windows.
SYSTEM DESIGN
rate and temperature. Post-treatment facilities adjacent to the operating
theatre.
Supply air system

absorber.
progress.

PAGE 2
local regulations.
Post-treatment A steam humidifier, heating coil, fine filter or HEPA filter and shut-off damper
are installed in the supply air duct. The shut-off damper should seal tightly
and should close automatically if the air supply to the operating theatre
should cease. If an HEPA filter is used, the central air handling unit should be
equipped with a fine filter. Provision should be made for cleaning and
disinfecting the duct downstream of the filter.
Exhaust air system

recovery unit and fan.

The fan is equipped with two motors for air flow control.
Supply air Mixing ventilation with inclined screen along one ceiling angle or a filter
ceiling measuring 1.8 x 1.8 m or 1.2 x 2.4 m located above the operating
table.
Exhaust air Registers located around 300 mm above the floor. Local extractions should be
installed for removing anaesthetic gases.
FLOW DIAGRAM
RC1
SV4 GR1 SV1 GP ST3
T
From central RL
air handling To
unit OP-2
To central
air handling
unit
From GT
To central OP-2
air handling
unit
From GF1
OP-2
full/half

PAGE 3
Air flow The supply air flow is controlled via the control unit from a selector switch in
the department. The selector switch can be set to OFF, HALF and FULL.

- In the OFF position, the damper in the supply air duct will be closed by
damper actuator ST3 via control unit RC1.
A selector switch may be provided in the operating theatre for altering the
flow rate manually.
Air flow indicator Air flow indicator GF1, which shows full or reduced flow, should be located
in the premises.
be obtained.
Temperature Temperature sensor GT located in the premises controls heating control valve
SV1 via control unit RC1, so that the preset temperature will be obtained.
Filter monitor The filters are equipped with filter monitor GP for visual reading.
Thermometer The supply air duct is provided with a thermometer located downstream of
the coil.
Control components

HEATING

PAGE 4
OPERATING THEATRE
Orthopaedics
Filter ceiling
Anaesthesia
equipment
Preparation
room Disinfection
room
OPERATING THEATRE, Orthopaedics, Filter ceiling

PAGE 1
General
Very strict demands are made on the cleanliness of the air in operating
theatres for hip joint replacements, for instance. The maximum permissible
bacteria count is 10 cfu/m3 (cfu=colony forming units). The bacteria in the
room air originate virtually exclusively from the operating personnel. Bacteria
and bacteria colonies are transported on the particles emitted by the persons
in the room. It is therefore very important for the personnel to restrict their
movements in the premises and to follow the instructions concerning clothing,
hygiene and pattern of movements, both during the preparation phase and
during the operation itself. To meet the requirements made, an air flow rate of
at least 60 changes/h is necessary. Various solutions are available for
achieving effective ventilation. These include vertical or horizontal air supply,
with or without screens, and in “operating booths”. Full-scale experiments on
various types of ventilation were carried out at Umeå Hospital in Sweden.
These experiments included measurements of the number of bacteria colonies
at air flow rates corresponding to about 70 changes/h through a filter ceiling
measuring 3.6 x 3.6 m and divided into an inner and outer field, with different
degrees of perforation. This filter ceiling was located above the operating
table and was also provided with guide screens of different lengths. A
comparison was made with a corresponding design employing horizontal,
laminar air supply. The measurements were carried out by an operating team
which followed exactly the same pattern of movements in all tests, although
without a patient. Some of the results are given in the following histogram.
CFU/m 3
4
Vertical air flow

short screen
Vertical air flow

3 medium long screen
Vertical air flow
long screen
p<0.05-0.01
Horizontal air flow
p<0.002
2
0
Empty Preparation Preparation Surgery Surgery
at at at at
wound instruments wound instruments
Source: B. Friberg, Medical Care University, Umeå, Sweden

S. Friberg, Orthopaedics Department, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
L. G. Burman, SBL, Stockholm
Measurements were carried out both when the room was empty and when
preparations were in progress for an operation (in the incision area and on
the instruments), as well as during the operation (in the incision and on the
instruments). As expected, the number of bacteria colonies were a minimum
with the longest screen. Horizontal air flow gives lower bacteria contents on
the instruments that are located first in the direction of the air stream,
although the bacteria count is higher in the incision area.

PAGE 2
DESIGN CONDITIONS
Room type: Opeation theatre
Room height: 3m
Requirements
Room temperature: 20 - 25 °C
Air flow: LAF
Air velocity inner area: at least 0.4 m/s (measured 150 mm below the filter)
outer area: at least 0.2 m/s (measured 150 mm below the filter)
Air flow rates

Outdoor air Min15 l/s, m2.
Circulating air Min 60 air changes/h. Vertical parallel flow through a ceiling with HEPA filter
(LAF).
requirements.

equipment, persons and lighting in the premises. In addition, the heat emitted
by the circulation fan motor must be taken into account.
SYSTEM DESIGN
rate and temperature. Outdoor air for the operating theatre is supplied directly
into a circulation unit with post-treatment which is usually located in the
immediate vicinity of the premises.
Supply air system

absorber.
progress.

PAGE 3
local regulations.
Circulation system
Air handling unit Unit consisting of a sound absorber, heating and cooling coil, fan with B
impeller, sound absorber and class EU7 fine filter. The fan should be
equipped with a guide vane control system to maintain the air flow rate
constant, and should be driven by a two-speed motor for operation during
the day and at night.
progress.
Temperature The supply air temperature varies with the loading between 18°C and 21°C.
Duct system The duct system should be made of galvanized sheet steel. The ducts should
be pre-drilled, deburred and washed before installation, in order to avoid
damage and unnecessary clogging of the filters. Openings should be blanked
off throughout the construction period. Adjusting dampers should be installed
in both the supply air and the exhaust air ducts. Provision should be made
for cleaning and disinfecting the duct downstream of the filter. Fire insulation
in accordance with local regulations.
Exhaust air system

recovery unit and fan. The fan is equipped with two motors for air flow
control.
Duct system The duct system should be made of galvanized sheet steel. Fire insulation in
accordance with local regulations.
Post-treatment Adjusting damper or constant air flow devices should be installed in the
supply air duct.

Filter ceiling Filter ceiling, e.g. the Fläkt design for “clean rooms” and provided with HEPA
filter. Minimum collecting efficiency of 99.997% in accordance with the DOP
test. The arrangement must be easily cleanable, thus minimizing the risk of
bacterial growth.
Exhaust air Exhaust air devices, such as grilles, should be located at a low level, i.e.
around 150 mm above the floor, and shall be easily cleanable. Location in the
ceiling may sometimes also be employed. (Note the risk of short-circuit).

PAGE 4
FLOW DIAGRAM
RC1
SV4 GR1 ST2 ST1 SV2 SV1 GP1 GP2
From central T
air handling
unit full/half RL
To
OP-2 ST3
To central air handling unit
To central
air handling From
OP-2 GF1
unit From
OP-2
GT full/half

Circulation fan The circulation fan is controlled by means of a selector switch in the control
unit. The settings of the selector are OFF, HALF and FULL.
- In the OFF position, the supply air damper is closed by damper actuator
ST3 via control unit RC1.
Air flow indicator Flow indicator GF1 showing full or reduced flow is located in the premises.
be obtained.
Circulation Pressure sensor GP2 located in the supply air duct maintains the dynamic
air flow rate pressure constant via control unit RC1 by controlling actuator ST1 of the guide
vane control system in order to safeguard the flow to the LAF unit. GP2 can
be adjusted to two different values, corresponding to full and half rate of air
flow.
Temperature Temperature sensor GT located in the return air duct controls cooling control
valve SV2 or heating control valve SV1 via control unit RC1, so that the preset
temperature will be maintained.
Filter monitor The filters are equipped with filter monitor GP1 for visual reading.
Thermometer The ducts connected to the circulation unit should be provided with
thermometers.

PAGE 5
Control components

Temperature sensor GT QAM 21 LF 20 ––––––––––
Control valve for cooling SV2 SQX 61/VXG 41 M7420A/V5011A ––––––––––
Pressure sensor GP2 MG 1000 DTC ––––––––––
HEATING
If necessary, the premises should be heated by the circulating air.

PAGE 6
LABORATORY PREMISES
General
Laboratory premises are classified into analysis and microbiological
laboratories.
Microbiological laboratories are classified into four protection classes

designated 1 - 4 (sometimes designated P1 - P4).
Protection class 1 Normal laboratory standard is applicable to protection class 1. Hand-washing

facilities must be provided within the premises.
Protection class 2 Enhanced laboratory standard is applicable to protection class 2. Hand-
washing facilities and facilities for changing tunics must be provided within
the premises. Class I and II safety cabinets for biological work are used in the
premises.
Protection class 3 Access to protection class 3 premises is through a ventilated air lock with
hand-washing facilities and facilities for changing to/from well-fitting
protective clothing. Class I and II safety cabinets for biological work are used
in the premises.
Protection class 4 Protection class 4 laboratories are located in a separate building. Access
through ventilated air lock with complete change to/from all-body protective
clothing. Hand-washing facilities at the access point. Shower facilities at the
exit point. Separate materials air lock with equipment for sterilizing the
materials leaving the premises. Safety cabinets are used in the premises. Class
III safety cabinets are used for work on infected materials.
Fume Fume
Workbench cup-
cup-
board board
Fume Fume
cup- cup-
board board
Storage Storage
cabinet cabinet
Poss. Poss.
CVC hatch
Corridor
DESIGN CONDITIONS
Room floor area: ≥25 m2
Number of persons: 2-4
Room height: approx.3 m net
LABORATORY PREMISES
PAGE 1
Requirements
Room temperature: 20 - 27°C

Pressure level: normally below the pressure in the corridor. In the event of higher cleanliness
requirements, air locks which are pressurized in relation to the laboratory and
corridor are installed.
Sound level: max 40 dB(A) max. (NC 35, NR 35)
Depending on the protection class of the laboratory premises, safety cabinets
of different classes for biological work may be provided in the premises, in
addition to fume cupboards.
Air flow rates

Outdoor air Analysis laboratory and protection class 1 laboratory: at least 3 - 4 changes/h.
Protection class 2 - 4 laboratory premises: 6 - 15 changes/h. The rating is
often based on the exhaust air flow through the fume cupboards and safety
cabinets.
Exhaust air The exhaust air flow rate should be higher than the outdoor air flow rate.
For protection classes 2 - 4, the air velocity at the fume cupboard openings is
required to be higher than 0.5 m/s.

The cooling and heating requirements should be calculated by taking into
account the equipment located in the premises. VENTAC should preferably
be used for calculating the heating and cooling requirements.
SYSTEM DESIGN
Mixing air distribution, such as ACTIVENT, should be used for the ventilation.
A central unit which is common to several premises supplies outdoor air at
constant temperature to a post-treatment unit consisting of a damper and
heating coil. The exhaust and supply air flow rates are varied by the sizes of
the fume cupboard openings. For detailed design particulars, see the project
design instructions for the OPTILAB system. A separate ventilation system for
supply and exhaust air, with operation monitoring by means of an alarm
panel in the premises served by the system, should be installed for protection
classes 3 and 4. For protection class 4, the ventilation system must also be
connected to a stand-by power supply system.
Supply air system

Central unit. Central unit consisting of shut-off damper, filter, heat recovery unit, a sound
attenuator, heating coil, possibly a cooling coil, fan with B impeller and
sound attenuator. The fan should be equipped with a guide vane control
system and should be driven by a two-speed motor for operation during the
day and at night.
Operating time Normally around the clock. The air flow rate may possibly be reduced at
night and during holidays.
Temperature Constant supply air temperature of approx. 16 - 18°C if the outdoor air
temperature allows.
Duct system The duct system should be made of galvanized sheet steel. Thermal
insulation, and also fire insulation in accordance with local regulations.
Post-treatment Post-treatment unit for VAV operation with heating coil.
LABORATORY PREMISES
PAGE 2
Exhaust air system
Air handling unit The unit should consist of a sound attenuator, filter, heat recovery unit, fan
with B impeller, and shut-off damper. The fan should be equipped with a
guide vane control system and should be driven by a two-speed motor for
operation during the day and at night.
Duct system The duct system for general exhaust air is usually made of galvanized sheet
steel. The ducts from the fume cupboards are normally made of other
materials, such as plastic. Provision should be made for cleaning the ducts.
Local extractions may be employed. Fire insulation in accordance with local
regulations.
Post-treatment A VAV unit should be installed in the exhaust air duct from the fume
cupboards, so that the exhaust air flow rate can be varied to suit the size of
the fume cupboard opening. Flow measuring equipment for each room
should be installed in the main duct.
Safety cabinets Depending on the protection class, different designs of fume cupboards and
and fume cupboards safety cabinet classes may be selected.
Analysis laboratory. Fume cupboard.
Protection class 1. Fume cupboard.
Protection class 2. Fume cupboard and class I and II safety cabinets.
Class I Class II
Class I: Filtration of the exhaust air by means of HEPA filters with a minimum
collecting efficiency of 99.997% as determined by the DOP test, possibly
equipped with a built-in exhaust air fan. To be connected to the duct system
across a spoil draught. N.B. To prevent pressure variations at the safety
cabinets under different operating conditions, these should be connected
across a spoil draught to the exhaust air system. (Connection of a classified
bench to the exhaust air system is not necessary if low potency materials are
handled.)
Class II: Filtration of the exhaust air by means of HEPA filters with a minimum
collecting efficiency of 99.997% as determined by the DOP test. The cabinet
incorporates a built-in exhaust air fan. Can be connected to the duct system
across a spoil draught.
Protection class 3. Fume cupboards and class I and II safety cabinets. If

there is risk of airborne infection, all exhaust air should be filtered by means
LABORATORY PREMISES
PAGE 3
of HEPA filters with a minimum collecting efficiency of 99.997% as
determined by the DOP test. Filter cassettes should be designed for enclosed
replacement. N.B. In order to prevent pressure variations at the safety
cabinets under different operating conditions, these should be connected to
the exhaust air system across spoil draughts.
Protection class 4. Fume cupboards and class I and II safety cabinets. Class
III safety cabinets are used for work on infected materials.
Class III
Class III: The supply air should be filtered by means of HEPA filters with a
collecting efficiency of 99.997% as determined by the DOP test. The cabinet
may be equipped with a built-in exhaust air fan. The safety cabinet is
enclosed, and glove boxes are used for carrying out the work inside the safety
cabinet. All exhaust air should be filtered by means of HEPA filters with a
minimum collecting efficiency of 99.997% as determined by the DOP test.
Filter cassettes should be designed for enclosed replacement. N.B. In order to
prevent pressure variations in the safety cabinets under different operating
conditions, these should be connected to the exhaust air system across a spoil
draught.

Supply air Supply air devices for active displacement, including adjusting dampers. The
devices should be suspended below the ceiling.
Exhaust air Exhaust air by direct connection, spoil draught, local extraction and
conventional exhaust air devices in the ceiling.
LABORATORY PREMISES
PAGE 4
FLOW DIAGRAM
RC1
GP1 ST1 SV1

From central
air handling unit T
To central
air handling unit GP2
GT
ST2 ST2
RC2 RC2
GL GL
GP3
(Alarm)
Poss. CVC

Temperature Temperature sensor GT located in the room controls heating control valve
SV1 via control unit RC1, so that the preset temperature will be maintained.
Exhaust air Varies depending on the exhaust air flow rate from the fume cupboards.
Supply air flow The supply air flow should be adjusted to suit the exhaust air flow and the
pressure differential requirements.
Thermometers The supply air duct should be equipped with a thermometer located
downstream of the coil.
Pressurizing The correct pressure relationship can be obtained by balancing the supply
and exhaust air flow rates by means of variable air volume devices.
Pressure gauges Pressure gauges for monitoring the pressure differentials between premises
should be installed. Possibly connected to an alarm monitoring system and an
alarm panel in the premises served by the system.
LABORATORY PREMISES
PAGE 5
Control components

Heating valve actuator SV1 SQX 61/VVG 41 M7420A/V5011A ––––––––––
Control unit RC2 R7457/R7451 ––––––––––
Damper actuator ST1 SQB 61 ––––––––––
Damper actuator ST2 SQB 61 ––––––––––
Flow meter, supply air GP1 MG 1000 ––––––––––
Flow meter, supply air GP2 MG 1000 ––––––––––
Pressure sensor GP3 MG 1000 ––––––––––
Distance meter GL 945L ––––––––––
HEATING
OTHER INFORMATION
Pressure conditions Pressure below that in the adjacent corridor.
LABORATORY PREMISES
PAGE 6
EXAMINATION ROOM
General
An examination room is used for taking samples, giving injections and new
dressings to patients, and giving them a limited amount of treatment.
Change
DESIGN CONDITIONS
Requirements

Sound level: max 35 dB(A) (NC 30, NR 30)
EXAMINATION ROOM
PAGE 1
Air flow rates
Outdoor air Min 4 l/s, m2.
Exhaust air The exhaust air flow rate should be somewhat lower than the supply air flow.

The lighting and personnel in the room, and the solar radiation, if any, should
be taken into account when calculating the cooling and heating requirements.
SYSTEM DESIGN
Displacement or mixing air distribution is used for ventilation. A central unit
for one or several premises supplies outdoor air at constant flow rate and
temperature.
Supply air system

Central Central air handling unit comprising shut-off damper, filter, heat recovery unit,
air handling unit heating coil, fan and sound absorber. The fan should be driven by a two-
speed motor for operation during the day and at night.
Operating time Around the clock. The flow rate may be reduced at night and during holidays.
Temperature Constant supply air temperature of around 16 - 18°C, depending on the air
distribution principle and if the outdoor air temperature allows.
Duct system The duct system should be made of galvanized sheet steel. Provided with fire
insulation or thermal insulation. Fire insulation in accordance with local
regulations.
Exhaust air system

Unit Unit comprising sound absorber, filter, heat recovery unit, fan and shut-off
damper. The fan should be driven by a two-speed motor for operation during

Supply air Low-momentum, displacement-type supply air devices, or devices for mixing
air distribution.
Exhaust air Registers located in or at the ceiling.
HEATING
By radiators, if necessary.
EXAMINATION ROOM
PAGE 2
X-RAY ROOM
General
In addition to the X-ray room, the X-ray department may include a number of
other rooms, such as radioscopy laboratory, primary examination room,
development room, thermography room, X-ray laboratory, demonstration
room, new film stores and exposed film stores.
The X-ray room is discussed below.
Electrical distribution station

Radiation
protection
Diagnost
Radiation
protection
Coordinate
chair
Vertical
diagnost HV
generator
Control
desk
Electronics
cubicle
X-RAY ROOM
PAGE 1
DESIGN CONDITIONS
Requirements

Air flow rates

Exhaust air The exhaust air flow rate should be higher than the supply air flow, so that
the room will be at lower pressure than in the adjacent premises.

The lighting, occupants and equipment must be taken into account when
calculating the cooling and heating requirements.
SYSTEM DESIGN
temperature.
Supply air system

Operating time Around the clock. The flow rate may be reduced at night.
Duct system The duct system should be made of galvanized sheet steel. Duct penetrations
should be designed in consultation with the authorities as regards radiation
protection. Fire insulation in accordance with local regulations.
Exhaust air system

Duct system The duct system should be made of galvanized sheet steel. Duct penetrations
should be designed in consultation with the authorities as regards radiation
protection. Fire insulation in accordance with local regulations.
Local extractions Anaesthetic gases may occur in some X-ray rooms, and local extractions may
therefore have to be installed.
X-RAY ROOM
PAGE 2
air distribution.
Exhaust air Grille in the wall.
HEATING
OTHER INFORMATION
Moreover, the following should be taken into account:
Radioscopy laboratory The room should be provided with a device for forced airing if strong odours
are likely to occur.
Primary viewing room When deciding the air flow rate, consideration should be given to the heat
emission from the large number of light cabinets that may be installed in this
room.
Development room The air flow rate should be decided on the basis of the heat emission from
the equipment installed in this room. If possible, the developing machine
should be connected to the exhaust air system. Ventilation is designed to
remove not only heat, but also certain emissions.
Thermography room It must be possible to maintain a constant temperature of 25 - 27°C in this

room. Moreover, the air velocities must be very low.
X-ray laboratory Anaesthetic gases may occur in some X-ray laboratories, and local extractions
may therefore have to be installed.
Demonstration room When deciding the air flow rate, consideration should be given to the high
occupant loading and the heat emission from the light cabinets in this room.
New film stores and The temperature in this room must not exceed 18°C, and a circulation cooler
stores for exposed may therefore have to be installed.
film
X-RAY ROOM
PAGE 3
INTENSIVE-CARE WARD
Corridor
Air
lock
DESIGN CONDITIONS
Requirements

Air velocity heating season: max 0.15 m/s
cooling season: max 0.20 m/s
Sound level day: max 35 dB(A) (NC 30, NR 30)
night: max 30 dB(A) (NC 25, NR 25)
INTENSIVE-CARE WARD
PAGE 1
Air flow rates
Exhaust air Overflow air to the WC.

The lighting, occupants, equipment and solar heat, if any, must be taken into
account when calculating the cooling and heating requirements.
SYSTEM DESIGN
temperature.
Supply air system

air handling unit heating coil, fan and sound absorber.
regulations.
Exhaust air system

damper.

air distribution.
Overflow air Grille located above the door to the WC.
HEATING
OTHER INFORMATION
An intensive-care ward should be provided with an air lock in which the
pressure is above that both in the ward and in the corridor. Supply air flow
rate to the air lock: 13 l/s, m2.
INTENSIVE-CARE WARD
PAGE 2
WARD, NEONATAL
General
A ward for newly born babies who require special supervision and care is
also used for breast-feeding, baby care, etc.
Intensive
care
ramp
Intensive
Sunning care
area ramp
Area for
breast-feeding
Air lock
Nursing
place
Washing
Intensive
care
ramp
DESIGN CONDITIONS
Requirements

WARD, NEONATAL
PAGE 1
Air flow rates
Exhaust air Same as the supply air flow. Exhaust air in the baby-care room and breast-
feeding area.

SYSTEM DESIGN
temperature.
Supply air system

regulations.
Exhaust air system


air distribution.
HEATING
OTHER INFORMATION
A neonatal ward is provided with an air lock in which the pressure is above
that both in the ward and in the corridor. Supply air flow rate to the air lock:
13 l/s, m2.
WARD, NEONATAL
PAGE 2
WARD FOR ONE PATIENT
Corridor
DESIGN CONDITIONS
Requirements


PAGE 1
Air flow rates
Outdoor air Min 28 l/s, room.
Exhaust air Overflow air to the WC.

SYSTEM DESIGN
temperature.
Supply air system

regulations.
Exhaust air system


air distribution.
Overflow air Grille located above the door to the WC.
HEATING

PAGE 2
PLASTER ROOM
Changing Local extraction
DESIGN CONDITIONS
Requirements

PLASTER ROOM
PAGE 1
Air flow rates
Exhaust air The exhaust air flow rate should be somewhat higher than the outdoor air
flow, so that the plaster room will be at a somewhat lower pressure than
adjacent premises.

The lighting and persons in the room should be taken into account when
calculating the cooling and heating requirements.
SYSTEM DESIGN
temperature.
Supply air system

Operating time Around the clock. The flow rate may be reduced at night and during holidays.
regulations.
Exhaust air system


air distribution.
Exhaust air Registers should be located at or in the ceiling. Local extractions should be
installed at workbenches.
HEATING
PLASTER ROOM
PAGE 2
COFFEE BREAK ROOM /
KITCHENETTE
DESIGN CONDITIONS
Requirements

COFFEE BREAK ROOM / KITCHENETTE

PAGE 1
Air flow rates
Outdoor air Min 15 air changes/h.
Exhaust air The exhaust air flow rate is normally higher than the outdoor air flow.

The lighting and persons in the room, and the solar radiation, if any, should
SYSTEM DESIGN
temperature.
Supply air system

Temperature Constant supply air temperature of around 18°C, if the outdoor air
temperature allows.
Duct system The duct system should be provided with fire insulation or thermal insulation.
Fire insulation in accordance with local regulations.
Exhaust air system

Duct system The duct system should be made of galvanized sheet steel. Provision must be
made for cleaning the ducts. Fire insulation in accordance with local
regulations.

Supply air Low-momentum, displacement-type supply air devices.
Exhaust air Registers located in the ceiling or in the cooker hood.
HEATING
COFFEE BREAK ROOM / KITCHENETTE

PAGE 2
SMOKING ROOM
DESIGN CONDITIONS
Requirements

Air flow rates

Exhaust air The exhaust air flow rate should be higher than the supply air flow.

SYSTEM DESIGN
Ventilation devices for smoking rooms should be designed so that no air links
through the duct system may occur with other premises.
temperature.
Supply air system

air handling unit heating coil, fan and sound absorber.
Operating time Around the clock.
Temperature Constant supply air temperature of around 18°C, if the outdoor air
temperature allows.
Duct system The duct system should be provided with fire insulation or thermal insulation.
Exhaust air system

Unit Unit comprising sound absorber and fan.
Duct system The duct system should be made of galvanized sheet steel. Provision must be
made for cleaning the ducts. Fire insulation in accordance with local
regulations.
SMOKING ROOM
PAGE 1
Supply air Low-momentum, displacement-type supply air devices.
HEATING
OTHER INFORMATION
To maintain ventilation engineering separation in relation to surrounding
premises, an air lock should be arranged between the smoking room and the
adjacent corridor. The air lock should be included into the same supply and
exhaust air system as the smoking room and should provide a rate of air
change of around 60 changes/h.
SMOKING ROOM
PAGE 2
PHARMACY
DESIGN CONDITIONS
Room height: 2.7 m
Requirements

Air flow rates
Outdoor air Min 3 l/s, m2. After checking the necessary cooling demand, the maximum
flow may have to be increased.
Exhaust air Around 70% of the supply air flow rate. The remainder via overflow air to the
areas behind.

The cooling and heating requirements should be calculated by means of
VENTAC.
SYSTEM DESIGN
Ventilation is provided by a central air handling unit which supplies the
premises with filtered and heated outdoor air at constant temperature.
Supply air system

Central Central air handling unit comprising shut-off damper, filter, heat recovery
air handling unit unit, heating coil, fan and sound absorber.
The fan should be driven by a two-speed motor for air flow control.
Operating time At full speed during day-time and at reduced speed during the reminder of
the time.
Temperature Constant supply air temperature of around 18°C, depending on the air
local regulations.
PHARMACY
PAGE 1
Exhaust air system
Unit Unit comprising sound absorber, shut-off damper, filter, heat recovery unit
and fan with flow control.
Duct system Exhaust air devices connected to the ducting.

air distribution.
Exhaust air Grille at or in the ceiling.
HEATING
OTHER INFORMATION
Sun shading A room which is exposed to solar loading should be provided with sun
shades.
PHARMACY
PAGE 2
ENTRANCE HALL
DESIGN CONDITIONS
Requirements

Air flow rates

Outdoor air Min 1 l/s, m2
Overflow air Overflow to the corridor, lift shaft and public toilets.
Exhaust air Exhaust air in the cloakroom, etc.

The cooling and heating requirements should be calculated by means of
VENTAC.
SYSTEM DESIGN
Ventilation should be provided by a central air handling unit which supplies
the room with filtered and heated outdoor air at a constant temperature.
Supply air system

Central The central air handling unit comprises shut-off damper, filter, heat recovery
Operating time At full speed during day-time and at reduced speed during the reminder of
the time.
Temperature Constant supply air temperature of around 18°C, depending on the air
Duct system Provided with fire insulation or thermal insulation. Fire insulation in
Exhaust air system

Unit Unit comprising sound absorber, adjusting damper, filter, heat recovery unit
and fan. The fan should be driven by a two-speed motor for air flow control.
Duct system Possibly provided with fire insulation in accordance with local regulations.
ENTRANCE HALL
PAGE 1
air distribution.
Overflow air Overflow to adjacent corridors.
Exhaust air Grille located in or close to the ceiling.
HEATING
Heating by means of radiators below the windows.
OTHER INFORMATION
Sun shading This may be necessary and should be of permanent type.
Pressure balance This room should be at higher pressure than the surrounding premises.
Miscellaneous The main entrance should be provided with a good air lock with heating
facilities.
ENTRANCE HALL
PAGE 2
PUBLIC TOILETS
DESIGN CONDITIONS
Requirements

Air flow rates

Supply air In larger public toilets, at least 50% of the air flow extracted from the WC
cubicles and urinals should have been admitted as supply air in the general
part.
Overflow air Overflow air from adjacent premises.
Exhaust air Toilets: 30 l/s per WC. Urinals: 30 l/s, m.
SYSTEM DESIGN
Supply air system
Unit The premises should be served by the same unit as that serving the adjacent
premises.
Exhaust air system

Unit The premises should be served by the same unit as that serving the adjacent
premises.

Supply air Supply air devices should be located in the ceiling in the general part.
Overflow air Device of sound-attenuating type between adjacent premises and the general
part. A slot under the door between the general part and the WC cubicle.
Area at least 0.01 m2.
Exhaust air Type KGEB register.
PUBLIC TOILETS
PAGE 1
OFFICE PREMISES
DESIGN CONDITIONS
Number of persons: 1-2
Floor area: about 10 - 20 m2
Room height: about 2.7 m
Requirements
Room temperature heating season: 20°C
cooling season: 27°C
OFFICE PREMISES
PAGE 1
Air flow rates
Outdoor air Min 3 l/s,m2.
Exhaust air Min 3 l/s,m2.

SYSTEM DESIGN
temperature.
Supply air system

air handling unit heating and possibly cooling coils, fan and sound absorber.
regulations.
Exhaust air system

damper.

air distribution.
Overflow air Register at or in the ceiling.
HEATING
OFFICE PREMISES
PAGE 2
CENTRAL KITCHEN
General
A central kitchen may contain a large number of areas, such as
Conveyor room in which the dishes are removed from a slowly moving
conveyor belt.
Tray conveyor area for dispensers and trolleys.
Dishwashing room for machine-washing of crockery, glasses, cutlery, goods
crates, canteens, saucepans, etc.
Room for clean dishes for unloading them and placing them on trolleys.
Drying of larger items from preliminary dishwashing in a sink, etc.
Deep-freeze room for the storage of frozen goods.
Stores for bread.
Pre-washing room for preliminary cleaning of canteens and the like from the
kitchen before they are transferred to the dishwashing room. Machine
washing of larger items in a preliminary dishwashing machine.
Various cooled storage areas for waste and refuse, pre-cooked foods, diet,
drinks, fruit, cans, milk, vegetables, dry goods such as flour, sugar, coffee, etc.
Kitchen with diet, heating, dry preparation and materials departments.
Kitchen supervisor office.
Materials room for clean utensils for the kitchen and for laying trays.
Goods reception.
Wet preparation for rinsing vegetables and fruit.
Only the kitchen used for the preparation of hot dishes is discussed below.
The dishwashing room is discussed elsewhere.
DESIGN CONDITIONS
Room type: Kitchen
Room height: 2.7 m
Requirements

Air flow rates
Supply air 30 - 50 l/s, m2.The supply air flow rate is determined by the heat emission in
the premises.
Overflow air 10 - 20% of the exhaust air may consist of overflow air from adjacent
premises.
Exhaust air The exhaust air flow rate is determined by the air pollutants generated in the
room, and the facilities available for trapping these pollutants.
CENTRAL KITCHEN
PAGE 1
The following values Gas-fired cooker 500 l/s, m2 of gross cooker area
are recommended for Electric cooker 400 l/s, m2 of gross cooker area
overhead extractor Fryer 400 l/s, m2 of fryer area
hoods: Deep-fryer 300 l/s
Pot, 100 l 50 l/s
Pot, 200 l 100 l/s
Pot, 500 l 150 l/s
Coffee percolator, approx. 30 l 50 l/s
SYSTEM DESIGN
A central unit supplies filtered and heated or cooled outdoor air at a constant
temperature.
Supply air system

Central air handling Separate central air handling unit comprising shut-off damper, filter, coil-type
unit heat recovery unit, heating and possibly cooling coils, fan and sound
absorber. The fan should be driven by a two-speed motor for air flow control.
Operating time At full speed during working hours, and at reduced speed during the
remainder of the time.
Overflow air system

Air from the dining room, for instance, may be used as make-up air for the
kitchen.
Exhaust air system

Unit The exhaust air unit should be located so that the ducting passing through the
building is at sub-atmospheric pressure. The unit comprises a filter, cleanable
sound absorber, coil-type heat exchanger and fan.
The exhaust air unit should be cleanable. One of the features is thus that the
fan casing should be provided with a cleaning cover.
Duct system The duct from the kitchen must be provided with cleaning facilities. The duct
should preferably be made of black sheet, should be liquid-tight, and should
be provided with hinged cleaning covers. The cleaning covers should
preferably be located on the side of the duct. Connectors with shut-off valves
should be arranged at the bottom of the duct at its low points. They should
preferably be piped to drain to facilitate flushing of the duct.
As an alternative, a hose may be used between the shut-off valve on the joint
piece and a floor drain when flushing is to be carried out.
Fire insulation is necessary on this duct.
CENTRAL KITCHEN
PAGE 2
Supply air Displacement type, low-momentum devices located in the ceiling or on a
wall. If the devices are mounted on the wall, ensure that the floor below the
devices is cleanable. The supply air devices should also be cleanable.
Overflow air Grille.
Exhaust air A hood or cowl should be located above units that emit heat, steam or air
pollutants. These hoods or cowls should be designed so that they trap the
pollutants efficiently. Wherever it is considered necessary for avoiding fouling
of the duct system, the hoods or cowls should be provided with grease
filters.
HEATING
OTHER INFORMATION
Pressure balance The kitchen should always be at a lower pressure than the surrounding
premises.
CENTRAL KITCHEN
PAGE 3
PERSONNEL CANTEEN
DESIGN CONDITIONS
Room height: 2.4 m
Requirements

Air flow rates
Outdoor air 7 l/s,m2 or 10 l/s,person.
Exhaust air Approximately 90% of the supply air flow. The remainder via overflow air to
the kitchen.

SYSTEM DESIGN
temperature.
Supply air system

speed motor for air flow control.
local regulations.
PERSONNEL CANTEEN
PAGE 1
Exhaust air system
and fan. The fan should be driven by a two-speed motor for operation during
Duct system Exhaust air devices connected to the ducting.

air distribution.
Exhaust air Grille or register at or in the ceiling.
HEATING
PERSONNEL CANTEEN
PAGE 2
DISHWASHING ROOM
DESIGN CONDITIONS
Room height: 2.7 m
Requirements
Room temperature ≤ 27°C

Air flow rates
Supply air Around 14 l/s, m2.
Overflow air Overflow from adjacent premises.
Exhaust air Around 20 l/s, m2, although at least 125 l/s.
SYSTEM DESIGN
Supply air system
Central The room should be served by the same unit as the kitchen.
air handling unit
Duct system Provided with fire insulation or thermal insulation. Fire insulation in
Exhaust air system

Unit The room should be served by the same unit as that serving adjacent
premises.
Duct system This should be liquid-tight.
DISHWASHING ROOM
PAGE 1
Supply air Displacement type, raised from the floor to facilitate cleaning of the floor.
Overflow air Overflow through a grille.
Exhaust air Hood over the dishwasher and non-corroding registers in the ceiling.
OTHER INFORMATION
A tunnel dishwasher should be equipped with hoods at the inlet and outlet
openings. The air flow at the inlet opening should be rated so that the air
velocity in the hood will be around 0.3 m/s, and at the outlet opening,
around 0.5 m/s.
DISHWASHING ROOM
PAGE 2
CHANGING ROOM
DESIGN CONDITIONS
Room height: 2.4 m
Requirements

Air flow rates
Outdoor air At least 4 l/s, m2.
Overflow air A combination of outdoor air and overflow air is a good approach. The total
air flow rate should be 7 l/s, m2.
Exhaust air 40 l/s from shower cubicle, 25 l/s from WC cubicle and 20 l/s m of urinal
trough.
SYSTEM DESIGN
Supply air system
Central Central air handling unit comprising shut-off damper, filter, heat recovery
Temperature Constant supply air temperature, min 21°C.
with fire insulation or thermal insulation.
Exhaust air system

and fan.
Duct system Exhaust air connected to ducting.

This duct system needs cleaning.
Provide the necessary number of cleaning cover.
CHANGING ROOM
PAGE 1
air distribution.
Overflow air Non-see-through grille.
Exhaust air Register at or in the ceiling.
HEATING
OTHER INFORMATION
If the lockers are provided with duct connections, these should be connected
to the exhaust system. The air flow rate from these should be around 5 l/s,
locker.
CHANGING ROOM
PAGE 2
REFRIGERATION
MACHINERY ROOM
DESIGN CONDITIONS
Requirements
Room temperature: max 35°C

Air flow rates

Basic ventilation At least 2 air changes/h for a refrigeration machinery room.
At least 1 air change/h for a special area.
Emergency ventilation See the graph below. However, max 15 air changes/h.
SYSTEM DESIGN
The basic ventilation system is responsible for supplying the room with
filtered outdoor air and then extracting the air. The room should be at sub-
atmospheric pressure. At low outdoor temperatures, the risk of freezing may
be involved. The basic ventilation system can then be stopped.
The emergency ventilation system (make-up ventilation) is intended for

removing refrigerant gas in the event of leakage (in order to prevent accidents
or injuries). This system must be rated for an air flow which is dependent on
the quantity of refrigerant in the largest system in the refrigeration machinery
room.
If heat emission gives rise to an excessively high room temperature, a

circulation cooler should be installed.
Exhaust air system

Control of emergency Switches for the emergency ventilation system should be provided both in the
ventilation system room and outside the refrigeration machinery room.
Duct system The exhaust air duct should be made of incombustible material, should be
air-tight, and should discharge to atmosphere at a safe distance from doors,
windows, stairs and air intakes.

Exhaust air Exhaust air devices for both basic ventilation and emergency ventilation
should be located close to the floor for all refrigerants other than ammonia
used in the refrigeration machinery. In the latter case, the exhaust air device
should be located at the ceiling.
REFRIGERATION MACHINERY ROOM

PAGE 1
FLOW DIAGRAM
FF
FF
SS1 SS2
OTHER INFORMATION
Ducts Ventilation ducts connected to the refrigeration machinery room must not be
in communication with any other area.
Fire cell The refrigeration machinery room forms its own fire cell.
Location of air devices The supply and exhaust air devices should be located so that the refrigeration
machinery room will be ventilated diagonally.
Room type The following table obtained from the 1988 Swedish refrigeration standard
indicates whether a separate area or a machinery room should be provided.
The figures refer to the total refrigerant charge.
____________________________________________________________________
Refrigerant Type of plant Separate Machinery

area room
____________________________________________________________________
Group 1 In-situ assembled >30 - <200 kg >200 kg

Unitary machine >50 - <300 kg >300 kg
Group 2 In-situ assembled <50 kg >50 kg

Unitary machine >3 - <75 kg >75 kg
Group 3 In-situ assembled always

Unitary machine 1.5 kg
____________________________________________________________________
The separate area may consist of a defined area in a large room. A

refrigeration machinery room is a separate room.
Group 1 includes the following refrigerants: R 115, RC 318, R 500, R 502 and R
744.
Group 2 includes the following refrigerants: R 717, R 30, R 40, R 762, R 160
and R 1130.
Group 3 includes the following refrigerants: R 170, R 290, R 600, R 600a and R
1150.

PAGE 2
Doors The refrigeration machinery room must have well sealing outward-opening
doors. The doors must be self-closing if they lead to other parts of the
building.
Graph for determining the rating of the emergency ventilation system

for the refrigeration machinery room.
Air flow
m 3/h
3x10 4
2x10 4
10 4
5x10 3
10 3
50 100 200 500 10 3 5x10

3
10 4 kg
Source: The quantity of refrigerant in the largest
1988 issue of system. For group 1 refrigerant, the air flow may
Swedish Refrigeration Standard be reduced to half, except for R21, R113 and R744.

PAGE 3
STAND-BY
POWER ROOM
DESIGN CONDITIONS
Requirements

Air velocity: no requirements
Air flow rates

Outdoor air 0.7 l/s, m2.
Circulating air Dependent on the cooling demand.
Exhaust air 0.7 l/s, m2.
SYSTEM DESIGN
Basic ventilation should be provided by filtered and heated outdoor air being
supplied and exhaust air being extracted by one of the ventilation systems of
the building.
If the room temperature is too high, a circulation cooling unit should be

started to cool the room.
Depending on the location of the stand-by power room it may be possible to
replace the cooling capacity provided by the circulating unit by increasing the
outdoor air flow by starting a separate exhaust air fan.
The unit should be connected to the emergency power supply, and mains
water should be used for cooling.
Supply air system

Duct system To be connected by means of fire-insulated duct to the supply air system of
some other premises.
Circulation system
Unit Circulation unit comprising filter, cooling coil and fan. This is often located in
the stand-by power room.
Operating time As required.
Exhaust air system

Duct system Should be connected by fire-insulated duct to the exhaust air system of some
other premises.
STAND-BY POWER ROOM

PAGE 1
FLOW DIAGRAM
Supply air
Exhaust air
GP1
GT3
CF
SV2
RC1
Control components
Temperature sensor GT3 QAA 23 T7412A ––––––––––

Control unit RC1 PRU 1.32 with modules R7452D * ––––––––––
Control valve SV2 SQX 61/VXG 41 M7410C/V5822A ––––––––––
Filter monitor GP1 (U-TUBE) (U-TUBE) ––––––––––
* Room module, 32pcs /
Multi controller R7451A

Supply air Grille.
Circulating air Grille.
Exhaust air Register.
OTHER INFORMATION
Fire cells The stand-by power room is a separate fire cell.
STAND-BY POWER ROOM

PAGE 2
TRANSFORMER ROOM
DESIGN CONDITIONS
Requirements

Air velocity: no requirements
Air flow rates

Outdoor air Free air admission.
Circulating air Dependent on the cooling demands.
Exhaust air At least 0.5 l/s, m2 or determined by the cooling demands.
SYSTEM DESIGN
Basic ventilation should be provided by filtered and heated outdoor air being
supplied and exhaust air being extracted by one of the ventilation systems of
the building.
In the event of high room temperature, a circulating unit is started to cool the
room.
Depending on the location of the transformer room, it may be possible to

replace the cooling capacity provided by the circulating unit by increasing the
outdoor air flow by starting a separate exhaust air fan.
Supply air system

Temperature Outdoor air temperature.
Duct system Duct provided with anti-condensation insulation.
Circulation system
Unit Circulation unit comprising filter, cooling coil and fan. The unit is often
designed to a fire resistance classification.
Operating time As required.
Duct system Duct provided with fire insulation.
TRANSFORMER ROOM
PAGE 1
PLANT ROOM
General
When planning the plant room, bear in mind that modifications may be
necessary at a future date. Plant rooms must be easily accessible. Larger plant
rooms should be accessible by lift, whereas in other cases, stairs combined
with transport openings and lifting tackle may be sufficient. Space should be
reserved for an associated electrical distribution station.
DESIGN CONDITIONS
Requirements
Room temperature: at least 10°C

HEATING
OTHER INFORMATION
Fire cell The plant room forms its own fire cell. If the walls of the plant room have no
fire resistance classification but fire partitioning is required, a unit should be
selected which itself is classified as fire resistant.
Room size
5 250
Plant room height, m
Plant room floor area, m 2
200
4
100
1
0 10 20 30 0
0 10 20 30
Sum of supply and exhaust air flows , m 3 /s Sum of supply and exhaust air flows , m 3 /s
Approximate values for plant Approximate value of the plant

room height. room floor area.
Source: Swedish building manual. Source: Swedish building manual.
Service and The plant room should be designed to facilitate service and maintenance. The
maintenance size of door to the plant room should be selected so that the transport of
spare parts into and out of the room will not be impeded. The floor should
be covered with plastic flooring material and should be equipped with a drain
gulley. Free floor area should be reserved for ease of access for service and
maintenance. The area around the individual unit should be sufficient to
facilitate installation and maintenance. Space should be provided both for
placing dismantled parts and for work on them.
PLANT ROOM
PAGE 1
Exhaust air system
Duct system Should be connected by fire-insulated duct to the exhaust air system of some
other premises.
Fan Alternative to the circulating unit a separate wall-mounted or in-duct fan can
be installed.
FLOW DIAGRAM
Outdoor air
Exhaust air
GP1
GT3
CF
FF
Exhaust air
forced
SV2
RC1
Control components
Temperature sensor GT3 QAA 23 T7412A ––––––––––

Control unit RC1 PRU1.32 with modules R7452D * ––––––––––
Control valve SV2 SQX 61/VXG 41 M7410C/V5822A ––––––––––
* Room module, 32pcs /
Multi controller R7451A

Supply air Wire netting grille.
Circulating air Grille or wire netting grille.
Exhaust air Register.
OTHER INFORMATION
Fire cells The transformer room is a separate fire cell.
Service and No unauthorized persons are allowed in this room. The ventilation equipment
maintenance for this room must therefore be located outside the room. This is why the
circulating unit must have fire resistance classification unless a separate fan
room is available.
TRANSFORMER ROOM
PAGE 2
TYPE A
CENTRAL AIR HANDLING UNIT
DESCRIPTION
Central air handling unit for supply and exhaust air, with heat recovery unit
consisting of liquid-coupled coils. The supply air is filtered and heated or
possibly cooled.
Fans for 2-speed operation.
Symbol
Exhaust air
Outdoor air Supply air
Main components
Supply air Shut-off damper
Filter
Heat recovery coil
Inspection section
Heating coil
Possibly inspection section
Possibly cooling coil
Fan
Sound absorber
Exhaust air Sound absorber

Filter
Heat recovery coil
Fan
Shut-off damper
TYPE A, CENTRAL AIR HANDLING UNIT

PAGE 1
DIAGRAM
GF2 Heat GP2

exchanger Exhaust
air
T
_ T
GT4
FA
ST2
GP1 SV3
full/ GF1
half GT8
Outdoor speed Supply
air air
T T
+
TA GT1
ST1 SV1 SV2
full/
half
speed
RC1
OPERATION and EQUIPMENT

Supply air fan Supply air fan TA is controlled by means of a selector switch in the control
unit. The settings of the selector switch are OFF, HALF, FULL, AUTO.
- In the HALF and FULL settings, the supply air fan runs continuously.
- In the AUTO setting, the fan runs via the timer function.
Exhaust air fan Exhaust air fan FA is controlled by means of a selector switch in the control
- In the HALF and FULL settings, the exhaust air fan runs continuously.
- In the AUTO setting, the exhaust air fan is interlocked with supply air fan
TA.
Circulation pump for The circulation pump is controlled by means of a selector switch in the
heat exchanger control unit. The selector switch has three positions: ON, OFF, AUTO.
- In the ON position, the circulation pump runs continuously.

- In the AUTO position, starting is controlled via the control unit
when heating is required.
Temperature On the basis of signals from temperature sensor GT1 located in the supply air
duct, control unit RC1 controls the heat recovery coil control valve SV3,
heating control valve SV1 and cooling control valve SV2 in sequence, so that
the preset supply air temperature will be maintained. When the unit is started,
heating control valve SV1 will open fully, and will then start controlling.
Temperature sensor GT4 sets the minimum temperature limit.
Anti-freeze monitor Anti-freeze sensor GT8 located in the heating coil maintains the coil
temperature at around 30°C by means of control valve SV1 when the unit is
stopped. If there is risk of freezing, the anti-freeze monitor has the following
functions:

PAGE 2
- In step 1, it opens heating valve SV1 if the temperature in the water circuit
is low.
- In step 2, it initiates stopping of the fan and closure of air dampers ST1
and ST2, and initiates an alarm if there is risk of freezing.
Outdoor air damper Outdoor air dampers ST1 and ST2 open when the air handling unit is started
and close when the unit is stopped. They will also close in the event of loss
of power supply.
Alarm All alarms are displayed in legible text on the front of the control unit.
Flow meter The supply and exhaust air fans are equipped with direct-reading flow meters.
Filter monitor The filters are equipped with filter monitors of U-tube type.
Thermometers All connected ducts are equipped with thermometers.
Control equipment
Temperature sensor,
supply air GT1 QAM 21 LF20 ––––––––––
Temperature sensor,
heat recovery GT4 QAE 21.9 LF20 ––––––––––
Anti-freeze monitor GT8 QAE 21.9 VF20T ––––––––––
Control unit RC1 PRU 1.32 with modules EXCEL 80 ––––––––––
Control valve for heating SV1 SQX 61/VXG 41 V5011A/M7420A ––––––––––
Control valve for cooling SV2 SQX 61/VXG 41 V5011A/M7420A ––––––––––
Control valve for heat recovery SV3 SQX 61/VXG 41 V5329C/M7420A* ––––––––––
Damper actuator, supply air ST1 SQB 21.1 V6535A(24V) B(220V) ––––––––––
Damper actuator, exhaust air ST2 SQB 21.1 V6535A(24V) B(220V) ––––––––––
Flow meter, supply air GF1 (Q-MASTER) (Q-MASTER) ––––––––––
Flow meter, exhaust air GF2 (Q-MASTER) (Q-MASTER) ––––––––––
* V5013-valve, threaded

PAGE 3
TYPE B
DESCRIPTION
Central air handling unit for supply and exhaust air, with rotary heat
exchanger.
The supply air is filtered and heated or possibly cooled.
Fans for 2-speed operation.
Symbol
Exhaust air
Main components
Filter
Heat recovery unit, rotor type
Inspection section
Heating coil
Possibly inspection section
Possibly cooling coil
Fan
Sound absorber

Adjusting damper
Filter
Fan
Shut-off damper
TYPE B, CENTRAL AIR HANDLING UNIT

PAGE 1
DIAGRAM
GF2 GP2
Heat Exhaust
exchanger air
T T
ST2 FA
full/half
_ GT2
speed
GP1
GT9 GT8 GF1
Outdoor Supply
air
T
+ T
air
TA GT1
ST1 S1 SV1 SV2 full/
half
speed
RC1

- In the HALF and FULL settings, the supply air fan runs continuously.
- In the AUTO setting, the fan runs via the timer function.
- In the HALF and FULL settings, the exhaust air fan runs continuously.
- In the AUTO setting, the exhaust air fan is interlocked with supply air fan TA.
Temperature On the basis of signals from temperature sensor GT1 located in the supply air
duct, control unit RC1 controls the rotary heat exchanger, heating control
valve SV1 and cooling control valve SV2 in sequence, so that the preset
supply air temperature will be maintained. When the unit is started, heating
control valve SV1 will open fully, and will then start controlling.
Summer conditions When the outdoor temperature sensor GT9 sense a higher temperature than
the exhaust air sensor GT2, the rotary heat exchanger will be run at maximum
speed for cooling the supply air.
functions:
is low.

PAGE 2
Control of When the unit is started, the speed of the rotary heat exchanger is increased
heat exchanger to a maximum for a period which is adjustable between 0 and 15 minutes.
The heat exchanger is started for purging for about 5 minutes twice a day.
Speed detector The speed detector is built into speed controller S1 for the rotary heat
exchanger and initiates an alarm in the event of a fault.
Outdoor air damper Outdoor air dampers ST1 and ST2 open when the air handling unit is started
and close when the unit is stopped. They will also close in the event of loss
of power supply.
Control equipment
Temperature sensor,
Temperature sensor,
exhaust air GT2 QAM 21 LF20 ––––––––––
Temperature sensor,
outdoor GT9 QAC 21 AF20 ––––––––––
Control valve for cooling SV2 SQX 61/VXG 41 V5011A/M7420A ––––––––––
Speed controller S1 (EMS) (EMS) ––––––––––

PAGE 3
TYPE C
DESCRIPTION
Central air handling unit for supply and exhaust air, with rotary heat
exchanger.
The supply air is filtered and heated.
Indirect evaporative cooling.
Symbol
Exhaust air
Main components
Filter
Heat recovery unit with non-hygroscopic rotor
Inspection section
Heating coil
Fan
Sound absorber

Adjusting damper
Filter
Humidifier
Fan
Shut-off damper
TYPE C, CENTRAL AIR HANDLING UNIT

PAGE 1
DIAGRAM
GF2 GP2
ST2 MV1 Exhaust
Heat
exchanger air
T T
FA
full/half _
speed
GP1
GF1
Outdoor GT9 GT8
air Supply
T
+ T
air
TA GT1
ST1 S1 SV1 full/half
speed
RC1

unit. The selector switch has three positions: ON, OFF, AUTO.
- In the ON position, the supply air fan runs continuously.

- In the AUTO position, the fan runs via the timing function.
unit. The selector switch has three positions: ON, OFF, AUTO.
- In the ON position, the exhaust air fan runs continuously.

- In the AUTO position, the exhaust air fan is interlocked with supply air fan
TA.
Temperature Temperature sensor GT1 located in the supply air duct controls the rotary heat
exchanger and heating control valve SV1 in sequence via control unit RC1, so
that the preset supply air temperature will be obtained. When the unit is
started, heating control valve SV1 will open fully, and will then start
controlling.
Indirect evaporative If the temperature at outdoor temperature sensor GT9 should rise above the
cooling preset value, the rotary heat recovery unit will be started and will run at
maximum speed, and the solenoid valve in the cold-water pipework will
open.
functions:
is low.

PAGE 2
Control of When the unit is started, the speed of the rotary heat exchanger is increased
heat exchanger to a maximum for a period which is adjustable between 0 and 15 minutes.
The heat exchanger is started for purging for about 5 minutes twice a day.
Speed detector The speed detector is built into speed controller S1 for the rotary heat
exchanger and initiates an alarm in the event of a fault.
Supply air damper Supply air damper ST1 opens when the unit is started and closes when the
unit is shut down. It also closes in the event of loss of power supply.
Control equipment
Temperature sensor,
Temperature sensor,
outdoor GT9 QAC 21 AF20 ––––––––––
Solenoid valve V4043H ––––––––––
Speed controller S1 (EMS) (EMS) ––––––––––

PAGE 3
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS
DUCT SYSTEMS
Constant Air Volume (CAV) systems
Sound absorbers are normally necessary downstream of the supply air fan
and adjusting damper. The sizes of the sound absorbers can be determined
by means of acoustic calculations.
The air velocity in CAV duct systems must not exceed:
supply air system main duct 8.0 m/s

branch duct 5.0 m/s
exhaust air system main duct 6.0 m/s

branch duct 4.0 m/s
Variable Air Volume (VAV) systems

Sound absorbers are normally necessary downstream of the supply air fan
and in the basic control unit. The sizes of the sound absorbers can be
determined by means of acoustic calculations.
Pressure sensors should be located in the supply and exhaust air ducts for
controlling the air flow delivered by the fans.
The air velocity in the duct system at maximum air flow through all basic
control units must not exceed:
supply air system main duct 12.0 m/s

branch duct 8.0 m/s
exhaust air system main duct 7.5 m/s

branch duct 5.0 m/s
Duct insulation
All duct insulation must be applied to the outside of the duct to ensure that
the duct can be cleaned.
Ducts for outdoor air should be provided with anti-condensation insulation.

The insulation should be provided with a diffusion barrier if there is risk of
condensation.
Fire insulation should be carried out in accordance with local regulations.
Ducts carrying cooled air should be insulated normally.
Supply or exhaust air ducts passing through cold areas upstream of a heat
recovery unit should be insulated to prevent loss of heat.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
PAGE 1
Cleanability
Ducts which are to be cleaned should be provided with covers. The distances
between covers and the cover sizes are dependent on the cleaning method
that will be employed.
Exhaust air ducts from large kitchens are often made of black sheet so that
they will be able to withstand the wear caused by cleaning.
Larger cleaning covers that are frequently opened should be mounted on

hinges.
If the duct is to be cleaned by flushing with water, it must be liquid-tight and

be equipped with a joint piece for draining and a shut-off valve at the lowest
point of the ducting. Specify at least a 1” connection on the joint piece.
The duct should also be of liquid-tight design if condensation is expected to

occur.
Tightness class
The demands on the tightness of a duct are dependent on the location and
purpose of the duct.
Cleaning
Supply air ducts for operating theatres and equivalent premises should
normally be pre-drilled, deburred and washed before installation, in order to
avoid unnecessary clogging of filters and damage to them. Provision shall be
made for cleaning and, if necessary, disinfecting ducts between class EU9
filters and air devices.
Other information
For hygienic reasons, ducts shall be run in concealed locations. At the same
time, inspection and maintenance facilities shall be taken into account, e.g. by
dampers for branch ducts not being located above non-removable ceilings.
During the construction period, open duct ends shall be provided with
protective covers to prevent the ingress of dust. Space shall be reserved in
shafts for future installation of ducts. Ducts must not be run in areas intended
for electric power transformers, electrical distribution stations, stand-by
generator rooms, etc., unless they serve these rooms.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
PAGE 1
GLOSSARY
Anaesthesia Various methods used for inducing general or local insensibility to pain by
means of general or local anaesthetics.
Angio Word element meaning vessel as in blood vessel.
Aphasia Impairment of the faculty of communicating in speech or writing, caused by

damage to the brain.
Aseptic Free from bacteria.
Cerebral Of or pertaining to the brain.
Cfu Colony forming unit. Bacteria-carrying particles.
Chromatography A method of separating from one another the constituents of a mixture of

elements.
Coagulation Precipitation of a colloid from a solution, e.g. albumens from blood.
CT Computerized tomograph
Cystoscope A slender tube for optical devices and lighting which is inserted through the
urinary passage and through which the walls of the urinary bladder can be
directly inspected.
Cystoscopy Examination of the interior of the urinary bladder by means of a cystoscope.
Cytostatic drugs Cell toxins that inhibit cell growth and are used for treating certain malignant
tumour forms.
Digestion The process by which food is rendered soluble and assimilable by an

organism.
Dispense To portion out pharmaceuticals.
ECG Abbreviation for electrocardiogram.
EEG Abbreviation for electroencephalography.
Electrocardiogram The curve obtained in recording the weak electric currents occurring when
the brain is working.
Electro- Graphic recording of the electric activity in the brain.

encephalography
Electromyography A method of examination used for diagnosing disorders in the peripheral

nervous system and in the skeletal muscular system.
EMG Abbreviation for electromyogram.
ENeG Electroneurography. Recording of the action potentials and conduction speed

of peripheral nerves.
GLOSSARY
PAGE 1
Enzymes Proteins that act catalytically, i.e. that affect chemical processes without
themselves sustaining change.
Evoked potentials Recording of responses in the cerebral cortex caused by external stimuli, such
as sound and light.
Faeces Excrement.
Gas chromatography A method used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of gaseous or
liquid mixtures of elements.
Gastritis Gastric catarrh.
Histochemistry The study of the chemistry of living tissue.
Infusion Injection of a larger quantity of liquid, usually into a vein.
Intracellular Located inside the cells.
Isotope Chemical element that have the same number of protons in the nucleus and
hence the same chemical characteristics, but have different numbers of
neutrons.
Lipids A collective designation for fats and fatty substances.
Magnetic camera An item of apparatus used for medical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI),
also known as magnetography, which is used for obtaining pictures of various
parts of the body in different planes, with good anatomic reproduction.
Metabolism The chemical and physical changes taking place in the body.
MR camera Magnetic resonance camera (see magnetic camera).
Mycology The branch of botany that deals with fungi.
Myelography A radiological method of examination in which the spinal canal is made

visible by the injection of a contrast medium between the soft membranes of
the brain. This is done if a tumour or slipped disc is suspected.
Neurophysiology The study of the functions of the nervous system.
Orthopaedics The study of diseases of the motor system, and their treatment.
Paediatrics The study of the diseases of children.
Pathology The science and study of the course of diseases in the body, and the reasons.
Phoniatrics The study of speech disturbances, speech impediments and voice defects, and
their treatment.
Placenta The afterbirth.
Radioisotope scanning Method of examining parts of the body, such as the thyroid gland, liver,
kidneys, brain, lungs and skeleton, by using radioactive isotope in the body to
study how they are absorbed.
Radiorespirometry Metabolic examinations employing the determination of radioactivity in the

exhaled air.
Virulence The degree to which a bacterium or virus is capable of inducing disease.
GLOSSARY
PAGE 2
SEFSA / E DMHOSP 200-06-94
Business Area Contracting, Information, ABB Airtech AB, Tel. +46 (0)8 658 86 60, Fax +46 (0)8 644 67 46

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What are the main types of activities classified in the document?

What are the main types of activities classified in the document?

What are some of the factors considered for indoor thermal climate?

What are some of the factors considered for indoor thermal climate?

DESIGN MANUAL

Design conditions and requirements

Demand specification, ABB Fläkt IC recommendations

Design directives for premises

- Operating theatre, general surgery, displacement

Central air handling units

A certain measure of generality and flexibility are demanded of a hospital building.

INDOOR THERMAL CLIMATE

The activities can be classified into the following main types:

Patients. The term patients refers principally to in-patients in wards.

Special local extractions, such as fume hoods, ventilated workbenches, storage

Air recirculation must not be employed in medical care premises.

Ana- La- Und-

FUME HOODS AND STORAGE CABINETS

If the sub-atmospheric pressure generated by a fan connected to a fume hood or the

AIR HEAT EXCHANGERS AND AIR COOLERS

CONTROL AND MONITORING EQUIPMENT

SUPPLY AIR DEVICES

STAND-BY POWER SUPPLY

DESIGN CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS

At the design outdoor temperature in the winter (heating conditions), the

In areas not permanently occupied by persons, the above deviations may be

DESIGN CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS

ROOM TYPE TEMPERATURE AIR VELOCITY MIN. S E O PRESSURE SOUND NOTE

DEMAND SPECIFICATION, ABB Fläkt IC recommendations

ROOM TYPE TEMPERATURE AIR VELOCITY MIN. S E O PRESSURE SOUND NOTE

DEMAND SPECIFICATION, ABB Fläkt IC recommendations

ROOM TYPE TEMPERATURE AIR VELOCITY MIN. S E O PRESSURE SOUND NOTE

DEMAND SPECIFICATION, ABB Fläkt IC recommendations

ROOM TYPE TEMPERATURE AIR VELOCITY MIN. S E O PRESSURE SOUND NOTE

S = Supply air, E = Exhaust air, O = Overflow air, * = Day/Night

DEMAND SPECIFICATION, ABB Fläkt IC recommendations

OPERATING THEATRE, General surgery, Displacement-type air distribution

Room temperature heating season: 18 - 25 °C

Air flow rates

Calculation of cooling and heating requirements

Supply air system

OPERATING THEATRE, General surgery, Displacement-type air distribution

Supply and exhaust air devices

Exhaust air Register at or in the ceiling above the operating table.

SV4 GR1 SV1 GP ST3

OPERATING THEATRE, General surgery, Displacement-type air distribution

Local extraction The fan for local extraction is always in operation.

Landis & Gyr Honeywell

Control unit RC1 PRU 32 with modules EXCEL 80 ––––––––––

OPERATING THEATRE, General surgery, Displacement-type air distribution

OPERATING THEATRE, General surgery, Inclined screen

Room temperature heating season: 18 - 25 °C

Air flow rates

Calculation of cooling and heating requirements

Supply air system

OPERATING THEATRE, General surgery, Inclined screen

Exhaust air system

Supply and exhaust air devices

SV4 GR1 SV1 GP ST3