Machine Design Project - I

Design of pressure vessel

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 Table of content
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………..5
Acknowledgment……………………………………………………………………………..6
Chapter one
1.1Introduction…………………………………….……………………………………………….7
1.2Objectives of the project……………………………………….………………………….8
1.2.1 General objectives…………………………… …………………….8
1.2.2 Specific objectives…………………………………………………….8
Chapter two
2.1 Definition of the pressure vessel………………………………………………………9
2.2 Application of pressure vessel………………………………………………………….10
2.3 Types of pressure vessel ………………………………………………………………….10
2.4 Component of pressure vessel……………………………..………………………….11
2.4.1 Vessel shell…………………………………………..……………………..11
2.4.2 Head of vessel……………………………..………………………………12
2.4.3 Nozzle of vessel……………………………………………………………12
2.4.4 Vessel support……………………………………………………………..13
2.4.5 Manhole………………………………………………………………………13
2.4.6 Flange and flanged fitting…………………………………………….14
2.4.7 Anchor bolt………………………………………………………………….15
Chapter three
3.1 Selection of materials……………………………………………………………………….16
3.2 Specification on selection of material……………………………………………….18
Chapter four
Design criteria and design consideration
4.1 General design consideration……………………..……………………………………24
4.1.1 Design pressure…………………………………………………………….24
4.1.2 Design temperature………………………………………………………24
4.1.3 Materials……………………………………………………………………….24
4.1.4 Design stress……………………….…………………………… ………….25
4.1.5 Design load…………………………..……………………………………….25
4.1.6 Design principle of pressure cylinders…………………… …….26

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4.2 Factors affecting the design……………………………………………………………26
4.3 Closure for pressure vessel…………………………………………………………….26
Chapter five
5.1 Design analysis……………………………………………………………………………….27
Chapter six
6.1Detailed drawing…………………………………………………………………………...44
6.2 Assembled drawing……………………………………………………………………….50
6.3 Summary or conclusion…………………………………………………………………51
Reference… ………………………………………………………………………………….52

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 Abstract
This project work deals with a detailed study and design procedure of pressure vessel.
A detailed study of various parts of pressure vessel like shell, closure, reinforcement,
flange, and nozzle. The various material dimensions used in pressure vessel design are
mentioned. The thickness different stress and pressure, load, weight of various part,
design pressure and temperature with their effects also mentioned.

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 Acknowledgment
Above all we like to thank the almighty god. Next we would express our sincerer
gratitude for our advisor DR MIGBAR. For his invaluable assistance and comment that
were useful for the completion of this project. This opportunity to express our in depth
to all our group members for their continuous support through morally by providing
different information and material through the whole process of the work.

Our thanks also goes to our friends, class mates and colleagues who have always
rendered material and moral support I the course of the work on this project.

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 Chapter one
Introduction
1.1 Introduction
The primary task of mechanical engineering is to apply sciences to the process
industry, which are primary concerned, with the conversion of raw material into
finished product by chemical or physical means. These process require the handling
or storing of large quantities of material in container of varied construction,
depending upon the existing state of the material, it’s physical and chemical
properties and the required operation, which are to be performed. For handling
such liquids and gases, a container or vessel is used. It is called pressure vessel,
when they are containers for fluids subjected to pressure. They are leak proof
containers. They may be of any shape ranging from types of processing equipment.
Most process equipment units may be considered as vessel with various
modifications necessary to enable the units to perform certain required functions,
e.g. an autoclave may be considered as high pressure vessel equipped with agitation
and heating sources. Pressure vessels are in accordance with ASME code. The code
gives for thickness and stress of basic components, it is up to the designer to select
appropriate analytical as procedure for determining stress due to other loadings.
The designer must familiarize himself with the various types of stresses and loadings
in order to accurately apply the results of analysis. Designer must also consider
some adequate stress or failure theory in order to confine stress and set allowable
stress limits.

The main topic of the project is design of pressure vessels, developing material
selection and specifying the basic design information for a particular vessel and to
have a general appreciation of pressure vessel design to work effectively. Generally
the project considered with pressure vessel of vertical orientation.

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1.2 Objective
1.2.1 General objective
➢ To design pressure vessels and able to calculate analytic stress and strength in
pressure vessel
➢ Gain knowledge of proper material selection for pressure vessels application and
also gain knowledge of welding code standard
➢ To provide the basic and the major concepts of pressure vessel design and
understanding of pressure vessels
➢ To build ourself competent engineers in design, cost estimation and project
management for various types of pressure vessels.
1.2.2 Specific objective
➢ to design develop and build as perfectly cylindrical pressure vessel with
vertical orientation
➢ to extreme pressure equally distributed on the wall surface of cylindrical
pressure vessels
➢ to specification vessel design by following plate column
❖ determine column wall thickness
❖ selection ad sizing of vessel heads
❖ reinforcements(necessary manholes and opening)
❖ the nozzle and flanges
❖ designing supporting skirt base ring/flange

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 CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Definition of pressure vessel
A pressure vessel is defined as a vessel or a pipe lines for carrying, storing,
receiving or reserve a fluid (liquid and gas) such s a water, oil and gas at a pressure
above atmospheric pressure.

It is also a closed container design to hold gases and liquids at pressure

substantially different from the ambient pressure such a pressure vessel is designed
according to (BIS) and international codes (ASME, BE, DO, AD-200). And it also a
container which is subjected to varies pressure such as external and internal pressure
and their corresponding stress due to this pressure.

Those pressure which means external and internal pressure of fluids of the
pressure vessel applied in all direction to the pressure vessel according to the normal
operating pressures of the vessel. Therefore the vessel should have high or strong shell,
highly or properly welded and have strong parts to avoid the stress created due to the
above pressures and should be well designed.

Pressure vessels are used in variety of application in both industries and private
sector:-

• In petro-chemical industry in producing fuel oil and other organic products

• In food industries for packing food
• In medical or pharmaceutical, aerospace and aircraft fuel tank and other
potential application.

Pressure vessels are produced or designed by varies shaped and have its own
body parts.

Generally pressure vessels have spherical and/or cylindrical with hemispherical,

conical, ellipsoidal or flat ends shapes majorly the pressure vessel used is cylindrical.
The geometry of such simple shell is specified by the form of the mid wall surface,

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usually two radius of curvature and the wall thickness at every point. The shell
thickness is designed to keep the maximum stress below the yield strength of the
material. The shell component are joined together mostly by welding and riveting
sometimes they are bolted together using flanges. Therefore proper welding and
bolting of the parts of the vessel can keep the device from failure.

2.2 Application of pressure vessels

Pressure vessels are used to store and transmit liquids, vapor and gases under
pressure in general.

Major uses of pressure vessel are as follows:-

• Used in steam boiler

• Used in storage of chemicals in chemical plants
• Used in storage of petroleum products (i.e petrodiessel e.t.c)
• Also used in engine cylinders
• Used as tanks, autoclaves, collectors, heat exchangers, pipe and e.t.c
• And also used in nuclear, oil petrochemical and chemical sector industries.

2.3 Types of pressure vessel

The most common types of vessel can be classified according to their:-

1. Functions:- storage vessels, reactor, boiler mixer and heat exchanger

2. Structural material:- steel, cast iron, copper, plastics e.t.c
- non-ferrous, non-metallic
3. Method of fabrication:- welded, cast, brazed, flanged
4. Geometry:- cylindrical, spherical, conical, combined rectangular
5. Scheme of loading:- working under internal or external pressure
6. Wall temperature:- heated, unheated
7. Corrosion action:- moderate or high corrosion effects
8. Orientation in space:- vertical, horizontal, inclined
9. Method of assembly:- detachable, non-detachable

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 10.Wall thickness:- thin wall, thick wall
11.Based on operating temperature:- Low temperature vessel (T⁰ ≤ -20⁰c)
Normal temperature vessel (-20⁰ to 150⁰c)
Medium temperature vessel (150⁰ to 450⁰c)
High temperature vessel (T⁰ ≥ 450⁰C)
12.Based on operating pressure:- Low pressure vessel (0.1 Mpa to 1.6 Mpa)
Medium pressure vessel (1.6 Mpa to 10 Mpa)
High pressure vessel (10 Mpa to 100 Mpa)
Ultra high pressure vessel (more than 100 Mpa)

2.4 Component of pressure vessel

2.4.1 Vessel Shell
→ It is primary component that contains the pressure.

→ Pressure vessel shells in the form of different plates are welded together to form a
structure that has a common rotational axis.

→ Shells are either cylindrical, spherical or conical in shape.

→Horizontal drums have cylindrical shells and are constructed in a wide range of
diameter and length.

→The shell sections of a tall tower may be constructed of different materials, thickness
and diameters due to process and phase change of process fluid.

→ Shell of a spherical pressure vessel is spherical as well.

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2.4.2 Head of Vessel
→ All the pressure vessels must be closed at the ends by heads (or another shell
section).

→ Heads are typically curved rather than flat. The reason is that curved configurations
are stronger and allow the heads to be thinner, lighter and less expensive than flat
heads.

→ Heads can also be used inside a vessel and are known as intermediate heads. These
intermediate heads are separate sections of the pressure vessels to permit different
design conditions.

Types of Heads
1. Semi ellipsoidal head
2. Conical head
3. Spherical head
4. Tori spherical head and e.t.c

2.4.3 Nozzle of Vessel

→ It is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell or head of pressure vessels.

→ Those ends are usually flanged to allow for necessary connections and to permit
easy disassemble for maintenance or access.

Applications:-
→ Attach piping for flow into or out of the vessel.

→ Attach instrument connection (level gauges, thermo walls, pressure gauges).

→ Provide access to the vessel interior at MANWAY.

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 → Provide for direct attachment of other equipment items (like heat exchanger).

2.4.4 Vessel Support

A. Leg Support
→ Small vertical drums are typically supported on legs that are welded to the lower
portion of the shell.

→ The maximum ratio of support leg length to drum diameter is typically 2:1.

→ Reinforcing pads are welded to the shell first to provide additional local
reinforcement and load distribution.

→ The number of legs depends on the drum size and loads to be carried.

→ Support legs are also used for spherical pressurized storage vessels.

→ Cross bracing between the legs is used to absorb wind or earthquake loads.

B. Lug Support
→ Vertical pressure vessels may also be supported by lugs.

→ The use of lug is typically limited to pressure vessels of small and medium diameter
(1 to 10 ft.).

→ Also moderate height to diameter ratios in the range of 2:1 to 5:1.

→ The lugs are typically bolted to horizontal structural members in order to provide
stability against overturning loads.

C. Skirt Support
→ Tall vertical cylindrical pressure vessels are typically supported by skirts.

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→ A skirt support is a cylindrical shell section that is welded either to the lower portion
of the vessel shell or to the bottom head (for cylindrical vessels).

→ Skirt construction permits radial growth of pressure vessel due to pressure and
temperature through the bending of skirt acting like a beam on an elastic foundation.
The choice of proper height of the skirt support ensures that bending takes place
safely. Finite element methods can be effectively used to determine the stresses and
deflections due to imposed pressure and temperature distribution.

2.4.5 Man Hole

→ Identical to a nozzle except that it does not bolt to piping and it has a cover plate (or
blind flange), which is bolted to the flange. When unbolted it allows access to the inside
of the vessel.

→ Generally large in size.

2.4.6 Flanges and Flanged Fittings

→ A variety of attachments and accessories are essential to vessels. These include
flanges for closure, nozzles, man holes and hand holes and flanges for 2-piece vessels,
supports platforms.

→ Flanges may be used on the shell of a vessel to permit disassembly and removal for
cleaning of internal parts. Flanges are also used for making connections for piping and
for nozzle attachments of opening.

→ A great variety of type and sizes of standard flanges are available for various
pressure services. The flanges designated as “American Standards Association (ASME) B
16.5-19.53” are used for most steel pipelines over 3.8 cm nominal pipe sizes. These
flanges are called “companion flanges” because they are usually used in pairs. Forged
steel flanges are manufactured in the following standard types for all pressure ratings.

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2.4.7 Anchor Bolt
→ The bottom of skirt of vessel must be securely anchored to the concrete foundations
by means of anchor bolts embedded in the concrete to prevent over turning from
bending moments induced by seismic and mind loads.

→ The concrete foundation is poured with adequate reinforcing steel to carry tensile
loads. The anchor bolts may be formed from steel rounds threaded at one end and
usually with a curved or hooked end embedded in the concrete with bond to the
embedded surface of the steel.

Summary for our Project

• We use:-
1. Cylindrical shell
2. Semi-ellipsoidal head
3. Nozzle for piping application
4. Skirt vessel support
5. Man hole
6. Flanges and flanged fittings
7. Anchor bolt for foundation purpose

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 CHAPTER THREE
Material Selection
The materials used for pressure vessels go along way into deciding its reliability
and safe operation. Therefore it is very important to make the right choice in selecting
the perfect material for these containers.

Here are some capable materials which qualify for use in manufacturing high
pressure vessels.

3.1 The Best 6 Materials Ideal for Pressure

Vessel Application
→ These are :-

1. Titanium
2. Nickel Alloys
3. Stainless Steel
4. Carbon Steel
5. Aluminum
6. Hastelloy
1. Titanium:- there are several properties of this material which make ideal
for pressure vessel application.

→ These are as follows:-

• Capable of retaining its structural properties

• Extremely resistant to corrosion resistant
• Requires very little maintenance
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 • Excellent tensile strength ranging from 30,000psi to 200,000psi (210-1380 Mpa)
• Higher melting point
• Great biocompatibility
• Non-toxic in nature
2. Nickel Alloys:- the following properties of the nickel alloys are the strong
points which make the material suitable for use. Those are:-
• Provides excellent protection from thermal expansion
• Offers great resistance to corrosion
• Suitable for use in harsh environment
• Extremely reliable and capable of lasting for several years
• Good resistance to oxidation and carburization
3. Stainless Steel:- the pressure containers require robust construction and
this requirement is fulfilled by using different types of stainless steel. The
following properties of this material are the reason for using it for these
containers.

→These are:-

• Extremely resistant to chemicals

• Has high resistance to corrosion
• 304L stainless steel has a great weld ability
• Capability of withstanding humid conditions such as sunlight or high temperature
4. Carbon steel:- pressure vessel manufactures uses this material on large
scale. Here are some reason for choosing this material.

→ These are:-

• Capable of retaining strength even at minimal thickness

• Excellent tensile strength
• Resist vibration and shock
• Can be recycled easily

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 5. Aluminum:- this is yet another material which is most commonly used in
these vessel for the following set of its properties.

→ These are:-

• Capable of maintaining high tensile strength between 70 and 700 Mpa

• Easier and more cost effective to machine
• Has a larger coefficient of expansion compared to other metals
6. Hastelloy:- if you are going to use pressure vessel in oil and gas,
petrochemicals or chemical application then this is a well suited material for the
following reasons.

→These are:-

• Has good resistance to corrosion

• Capability to last for several years
• Has an excellent resistance to cracking
• Comes in wide range of types such as C276, S.C. Ba and more for use in several
application

3.2 Specification of Material Selection

The specification needed for selecting right materials depend on mechanical
and physical properties for selection of the material. The code we used is (ASMS).

Material Selection Factors

1. Strength
2. Corrosion Resistance
3. Resistance to Hydrogen Attack
4. Fracture Toughness
5. Fabricability

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 1. Strength
The strength of materials are based on the mechanical property of the materials
that used for the most easy, fast, strong and low cost of production. Some of the
mechanical properties are:-

A. Yield Strength
B. Ultimate Tensile Strength
C. Creep Strength
D. Rupture Strength

A. Yield Strength
The point at which the specimen generates a large deformation without the
addition of any load is called the yield point. The corresponding stress is yield stress or
yield strength (δy).

B. Ultimate Tensile Strength

The highest stress on the stress curve is called the ultimate strength. As the
material is stretched the cross-section area will be reduced. However the stresses given
on the original cross-section area of the un stretched specimen.

→ This explains why the curve shows a drop in stresses near the break point toward
the end of the curve.

→ The use of the original cross-section area is required as all design calculations are
based on original cross-section.

C. Creep Strength
Materials are often pleased in service at elevated temperature and exposed to
static mechanical stress the deformation under circumstances is termed as creep. The
time dependent and permanent deformation of material when subjected to constant
load and stress.

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 D. Rupture Strength
It is the material resistance to the fracture caused by the internal pressure of the
fluid that was present inside the tank and it’s proportional to tensile strength and
ultimate tensile strength. Therefore designing pressure vessel with given pressure must
consider rupture strength.

2. Corrosion Resistance
→ Deterioration of material by chemical action.

→ Most important factor to consider.

→ It is a partial or complete wearing away, dissolving or softening of any substance by

chemical or electrochemical applied to the gradual action of natural agents, such as air,
salt or water on metals. The most familiar exam of corrosion is rusting of iron a
complex chemical reaction in which the iron combines with both oxygen and water to
form hydrated iron oxide.

According to their corrosion resistance materials can be classified as high

corrosion resistant, moderate corrosion resistant and low corrosion resistant.
Therefore for designation purpose we should have to select high or moderate corrosion
resistant materials.

3. Resistant to Hydrogen Attack

→ Hydrogen attack is a function of hydrogen partial pressure and design temperature.
Increasing alloy content increases hydrogen attack resistance.

→ The tensile strength and elastic modulus of metals decrease with increasing
temperature which cause hydrogen attack.

→ At 300-400⁰F monatomic hydrogen forms molecular hydrogen in voids.

→ Pressure build up can cause steel to crack.

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→ Therefore we should have to select material that resist this attack.

4. Fracture Toughness
The ability of material to absorb energy up to fracture. Brittle fracture without
applicable deformation and by rapid crack propagation. The direction of the crack
motion is very nearly perpendicular to the direction of the applied tensile stress and
yield stress related with fracture surface.

Therefore we should have to select a material with high toughness.

5. Fabricability
Based on how it’s made and cost of production. Selection of material with low
cost of production and easily made express well fabricability design criteria.

General properties of material we selected for

our project
Alloy Steel-( 10CrMo9-10)
Chemical composition
Name C% Si% Mn% P% S% Cu% Cr% Mo%

10CrMo9-10 0.08-0.1A ≤0.50 0.3-0.7 ≤0.025 0.020 ≤0.30 ≤0.30 0.9-1.0

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 Yield Strength of Alloy-Steel (10CrMo9-10) with their Temperature (⁰c)

Name 100⁰c 150⁰c 200⁰c 250⁰c 300⁰c 350⁰c 400⁰c 500⁰c

10CrMo9-10 249Mpa 241Mpa 234Mpa 224Mpa 219Mpa 212Mpa 193Mpa 180Mpa

The main reason why we select Alloy-Steel of Grade (10CrMo9-10) is:-

1. Strength:- high yield strength which can have ability to resist the working
internal pressure given for us 6bar=0.6Mpa and the materials have 219Mpa at
300⁰c and 212Mpa at 350⁰c by intermediate properties it have 217.6Mpa at
design temperature (310⁰c).
2. Availability:- freely available everywhere.
3. Cost:- have less cost compared to other materials.
4. Weldiability:- have good weldiability.
5. Machinability:- can be easily machined and have good surface finish.
6. Corrosion Resistance:- have moderate resistance.
7. Resists vibration and shock as well.
8. Extremely reliable and capable of casting for several years.
9. Higher melting point.
10. Fracture toughness:- it is very tough material at the given temperature.
11. Fabricability:- easily fabricated material by less cost.

Due to the above 11 reasons the material we selected already is appropriate for
designation process plant fluid storage pressure vessel at given design specification
which means that:-
A. Internal pressure:- 6bar=0.6Mpa (given)
B. Design temperature:- 300⁰c and above (given)
C. Selected material:- Alloy Steel grade 10CrMo9-10
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 - For designing shell, head nozzle and skirt support.
D. Yielding strength of material at given temperature and pressure= 217.6Mpa
E. Elastic modulus (E=185Gpa)
F. Joint efficiency (ϵ= 1)
G. Factor of safety (FoS= 3.7):- the factor of safety we selected is 3.7 because for
pressure vessel designing the factor of safety needed ranges from 3.5 to 6.
Therefore for safe vessel 3.7 will be our factor of safety.
H. Allowable working stress = 58.8Mpa
I. Corrosion allowance = 1.5875mm
J. Insulation thickness negligible

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 Chapter Four
General Design Consideration
4.1 Design Pressure
A vessel must be designed to withstand the maximum pressure to which it is likely to
be subjected in operation. For vessels under internal pressure, the design pressure is
normally as the pressure at which the relief device is set. This normally be 5 to 10
percent above the normal working pressure to avoid spurious operation during minor
process upsets.

N.B:- Design pressure is 0.66Mpa (given)

4.2 Design Temperature

The strength of metals decreases with increasing temperature, so the maximum
allowable stress will depend on the material temperature. The design temperature at
which the design stress is evaluated should be taken as the maximum working
temperature of the material with due to allowance for uncertainty involved in
predicting vessel wall temperature.

N.B:- Design temperature is 310⁰c (given)

4.3 Materials
Pressure vessels are constructed from Aluminum, Titanium, Carbon Steel or Alloy
Steel and Stainless Steel as well as the compatibility of the material with the process
environment.

N.B:- Construction material is Alloy Steel

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 4.4 Design Stress
For designing purposes it is necessary to decide a value of the maximum allowable
stress that can be accepted in the material of construction. This is determined by
applying a suitable “design stress factor” (factor of safety) to the maximum stress that
the material could be expected to withstand without failure under standard test
conditions.

N.B:- For the project it’s stress of alloy steel is 217.6Mpa

4.5 Design Loads

The principal loads (i.e force) applied actual operation to a vessel or its structural
attachment to be considered in the design of such a vessel are:-

a. Design Pressure (internal or external pressure)

b. Dead Loads
c. Wind Loads
d. Thermal Loads
e. Piping Loads
f. Impact Loads
g. Cyclic Loads

Loading of forces are the cause of stress in pressure vessel. These forces and
moments must be isolated both to determine where they apply to the vessel and when
they apply to a vessel. Loading may be applied over a large portion (general area) of the
vessel or over a local area of the vessel. These stresses are additive and define the
overall state of stress in the vessel or component.

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 4.6 Design Principle of Pressure Cylinders
In the design of pressure vessel as a unit, a number of criteria should be considered.
These are:-

• Selection of the material for construction of the vessel based on working

knowledge of properties of the materials.
• Determination of the magnitude of the induced stress in conformity with the
requirements of standard codes.
• Determination of the elastic stability.

4.7 Factors Affecting the Design

Regardless of the nature of application of the vessels, a number of factors usually
must be considered in designing the unit. The most important consideration often is
the selection of the type of vessel that performs the required services in the most
satisfactory manner. In developing the design, a number of other criteria must be
considered such as the properties of material used, the induced stresses and the
aesthetic appearance of the unit. The cost of fabricated vessel is also important in
relation to its services and useful life.

4.8 Closure for Pressure

All formed heads are fabricated from single circular flat plate by spinning or by
drawing with dies in a press. Although the cost of circular heads as closures are usually
more economical than the use of flat plates as closures except for small diameter. A
variety of formed head is used for closing the ends of cylindrical vessels. These include
flanged heads, flanged and shallow dished, tori spherical, elliptical, hemispherical and
conical heads. For special purposes flat heads are used to close a vessel opening.
However, flat heads are largely used for large vessels. As our design, the most common
types of closures for vessels under internal pressure are the elliptical dished head
(ellipsoidal head) with a major to minor axis ratio equal to 2:1.

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 CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Design Analysis
General consideration for pressure vessel design in this project are:-

• Internal pressure for designing purpose = 0.6Mpa + 10% of internal pressure

= 0.6Mpa + 0.6Mpa x 10/100

= 0.6Mpa + 0.06Mpa

Design Pressure = 0.66Mpa

Design Temperature = 300⁰c + 10% = 310⁰c

• Material selection
→ Shell:- Alloy Steel (10CrMo9-10)
→ Head:- Alloy Steel (10CrMo9-10)
→ Nozzle:- Alloy Steel (10CrMo9-10)
→ Skirt Support:- Titanium
→ Flanges:- Alloy Steel (10CrMo9-10)
→ Bolts:- ASTM 193GD-B7
→ Corrosion Allowance = 1.6mm
→ Welded Joint Efficiency = j=1

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 Determining the Minimum Plate Wall Thickness to Resist Internal Pressure
𝑃𝑅
Formula 𝑡= where:- P→ Design Pressure (Mpa)
𝑆𝐸−0.6𝑃
0.66×3
𝑡= S→ Allowable Stress (Mpa)
58.8×1−0.6×0.66
𝑡 = 0.0339𝑚 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟗𝒄𝒎 E→ Joint Efficiency
𝑡 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝒎𝒎 ≈ 𝟑𝟒𝒎𝒎 R→ Radius of the Vessel (m)
C→ Corrosion Allowance

Total Thickness of the plate will be:-

𝑡𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 33.9𝑚𝑚 + 1.5875𝑚𝑚
𝑡𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟒𝟖𝟕𝟓𝒎𝒎 ≈ 𝟑𝟔𝒎𝒎

Stress Analysis
→ Stress analysis for vessel shell

1. Hoop (Circumferential Stress) (δH):- the stress which act on the vessel shell
radially.
𝑃𝑅𝑚
𝛿𝐻 =
𝑡
0.66𝑀𝑝𝑎×3.0354875
=
0.0354875
= 𝟓𝟔. 𝟒𝟓𝟒𝟑𝑴𝒑𝒂
2. Longitudinal Stress (δɩ):- the stress which act on the vessel in the longitudinal
direction.
𝑃𝑅𝑚 1
𝛿𝐿 = = 𝛿𝐻
2𝑡 2
1
= 2 (56.5453)
= 𝟐𝟖. 𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟐𝑴𝒑𝒂
3. Radial Stress (δr):-
𝑃𝑅𝑖 2 𝑅𝑜2 −𝑅𝑖 2
𝛿𝑟 = ( ) where:- P→ Design Pressure
𝑅𝑜2 −𝑅𝑖 2 𝑟2

Ro→ Outer Radius

Ri→ Inner Radius

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 r→ Radius of Shell

Minimum Value (at r=ro)

𝑃𝑅𝑖 2 (𝑅𝑜2 −𝑟𝑜2 )
𝛿𝑟𝑎𝑑 =
𝑅𝑜2 −𝑅𝑖 2 𝑟𝑜2

= 𝑜→ this implies that our shell is thin

Maximum Value (at r=ri)

𝑃𝑅𝑖 2 𝑅𝑜2 −𝑟𝑖 2
𝛿𝑟𝑎𝑑 = ( )
𝑅𝑜2 −𝑅𝑖 2 𝑟𝑖 2

= 𝑃 = 0.66𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝛿𝐻 − 𝛿𝐿 56.4543 − 28.2272
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝑴𝒑𝒂
2 2
• Check for circumferential and longitudinal stresses whether our design is safe or
not by comparing and contrasting with the allowable stress of the shell material
by using the required thickness.
• Check for safety of loop (circumferential) stress:-
𝛿𝐻 = 56.4543𝑚𝑀𝑝𝑎 < 58.8𝑀𝑝𝑎
Since the hoop stress is less than material allowable stress, our design is safe.
• Check for safety of longitudinal stress:-
𝛿𝐿 = 28.2272𝑀𝑝𝑎 < 58.8𝑀𝑝𝑎
This indicates that longitudinal stress is less than material allowable stress so, our
design is safe.
• Check for maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP), shop test pressure (Ps)
and field test pressure (Pf):-
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙×𝐸×𝑡𝑠 58.8𝑀𝑝𝑎×1×0.0354875
𝑀𝐴𝑊𝑃 = = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝑴𝒑𝒂
𝑅𝑖+0.6𝑡𝑠 3+0.6×0.0354875

𝑃𝑑 < 𝑀𝐴𝑊𝑃 (𝑖. 𝑒 0.66 < 0.69𝑀𝑝𝑎)

Therefore our design is safe from external pressure.

29
 Design of Semi ellipsoidal Head
Determining the minimum thickness of Head (ellipsoidal head 2:1)
𝑃𝐷
𝑡= +𝐶 where:- P→ Design Pressure(Mpa)
2𝑆𝐸−0.2𝑃

0.66×6
= + 1.5875𝑚𝑚 S→ Allowable Stress (Mpa)
2×58.8×1−0.2×0.66

𝑡𝐻 = 33.7113𝑚𝑚 + 1.5875𝑚𝑚 E→ Joint Efficiency

= 𝟑𝟓. 𝟑𝒎𝒎 ≈ 𝟑𝟔𝒎𝒎 D→ Diameter of the vessel

C→ Corrosion Allowance

tH→ Head thickness

Evaluating the height of the head by using the relation given on design manual third
edition.
1
ℎ = 𝐷𝑖 𝑜𝑟 ℎ = 0.5𝑅𝑖
4

ℎ = 0.5 × 3𝑚 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝒎

• Calculating the longitudinal and meridional radius of the curvature at the

equator, center and any point x of the head in order to check the stress
concentration and head in order to check the stress concentration area.
→ At the equator of the head
ℎ2
𝑅𝑚 = where:- Rm→ Meridional radius of curvature
𝑅𝑖
𝑅𝑙 = 𝑅𝑖 h→ Height of head
1.5𝑚2
𝑅𝑚 = R→ Central radius
3𝑚
𝑅𝑚 = 0.75𝑚 Rl→ Longitudinal radius of curvature
𝑅𝑙 = 3𝑚

30
 → At the center of the head
𝑅𝑖 2 3𝑚2
𝑅𝑚 = 𝑅𝑙 = = = 𝟔𝒎
ℎ 1.5𝑚

→ At the any point of the head i.e at x

𝑅𝑖 4 𝑅𝑖 2
𝑅𝑙 = √ + 𝑥 2 (1 − )
ℎ2 ℎ2

𝑅𝑖 3 ℎ2
𝑅𝑚 =
𝑅𝑖 4

→ The value of X must be below take 1.75

34 32
𝑅𝑚 = √ 2
+ 1.752 (1 − )
1.5 1.52

𝑅𝑚 = √36 − 9.1875

𝑅𝑚 = 5.17m
𝑅𝑙 3 ℎ2 5.173 1.52
𝑅𝑚 = = = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟓𝟔𝒎
𝑅𝑖 4 34

Therefore both shell and their thickness should have to be the same approximately
which is:-

tshell=35.4mm

thead=35.3mm

Analysis of Head Stress

At the equator
1. Mardinal stress (δx):-
𝑃𝑅
𝛿𝑥 = where:- P→ Design Pressure=0.66Mpa
2𝑡
R→ Internal Radius=3m

31
 t→ Head Thickness=0.0353m
0.66𝑀𝑝𝑎×3𝑚
𝛿𝑥 = = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟎𝟒𝑴𝒑𝒂
2×0.0353𝑚
2. Latitudinal Stress (δɸ):-
𝑃𝑅 𝑅2
𝛿𝜑 = (1 − 2ℎ2) where:- P=0.66Mpa
𝑇
R=3m
h=1.5m
t=0.0353m
0.66×3 32
𝛿𝜑 = (1 − 2×1.52)
0.0353
𝛿𝜑 = 56.09𝑀𝑝𝑎(−1) = −𝟓𝟔. 𝟎𝟗𝑴𝒑𝒂

At the center head

𝑃𝑅 2 0.66×32
1. 𝛿𝑥 = = = 56.09𝑀𝑝𝑎
2𝑡ℎ 2×0.0353×1.5
2. 𝛿𝜑 = 𝛿𝑥 = 56.09𝑀𝑝𝑎
At any point x
𝑃𝑅𝑙
1. 𝛿𝑥 = where:- Rl→5.17m
2𝑡
P→ 0.66Mpa
t→0.0353m
0.66×5.17𝑚
𝛿𝑥 = = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟑𝟑𝑴𝒑𝒂
2×0.0353𝑚

32
 Nozzle Design
Determining the minimum thickness of the nozzle by approximating the diameter of
nozzle.
𝑃𝑅𝑛
Formula 𝑡𝑛 = +𝐶 where: P→ Design pressure
𝑆𝐸−0.6𝑃

S→ Allowable Stress

E→ Joint Efficiency

Rn→ Radius of Nozzle

C→ Corrosion

But from ASME standard the radius of nozzle is not to exceed 70% radius of the
𝑟𝑛
vessel 𝑃 < 0.7
𝑟𝑣
𝑟𝑛 𝑟𝑛
= 0.15 → = 0.15 → 𝑟𝑛 = 0.15 × 3 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝒎
𝑟𝑣 3

𝑃𝑟𝑛
𝑡𝑛 = +𝐶
𝑆𝐸−0.6𝑃

0.66×0.45
= + 0.0015875𝑚
58.8×1−0.6×0.66

0.297
= +0.0015875m
58.404

= 0.00508 + 0.0015875𝑚

= 0.006672m = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝟐𝐦𝐦 ≈ 𝟏𝟎𝐦𝐦

• Total length of the nozzle that is inserted in the vessel:-

𝑙𝑛1 = 2.5𝑡𝑛
= 2.5 × 6.672𝑚𝑚 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟖𝒎𝒎 (for upper and lower head nozzle)

The length of nozzle out-side the vessel is based on designer preference to match long
distance waste the material and to match short distance taken the nozzle affected by
pressure become highly stressed due to these reason we have taken:-

33
 𝑙𝑛2 = 60𝑐𝑚 = 0.6𝑚 (𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒)

Stress Analysis of Nozzle (for upper and lower head)

1. Hoop Stress:-
𝑃𝑅𝑚
𝛿𝐻 = where:- P=0.66Mpa
𝑡𝑛
Rm=rn+tn=0.45m+0.006672m=0.456672m
0.66×0.456672
𝛿𝐻 = = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟏𝟕𝟒𝟒𝑴𝒑𝒂
0.006672
2. Longitudinal Stress:-
𝑃𝑅𝑚 1 45.1744
𝛿𝑙 = = 𝛿𝐻 =
2𝑡𝑛 2 2

𝛿𝑙 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟖𝟕𝟐𝑴𝒑𝒂

3. Radial Stress:-
At r=ro
𝑃𝑅𝑖 2 𝑅𝑜2 −𝑟𝑜2
𝛿𝑟𝑎𝑑 = ( ) = 𝟎 → 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛
𝑅𝑜2 −𝑅𝑖 2 𝑟𝑜2

At r=ri
𝑃𝑅𝑖 2 𝑅𝑜2 −𝑟𝑖 2
𝛿𝑟𝑎𝑑 = ( ) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝑴𝒑𝒂
𝑅𝑜2 −𝑅𝑖 2 𝑟𝑖 2

𝛿𝐻−𝛿𝐿 45.5744−22.5872
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟔𝒎𝑴𝒑𝒂
2 2

→ δH < allowable stress

→ δl < allowable stress

This indicates that our design is safe.

34
 Side Way Nozzle Design
From ASME standard the radius of the nozzle is not to exceed 70% radius of the
𝑟𝑛
vessel i.e < 0.7
𝑟𝑣

𝑟𝑛 𝑟𝑛
= 0.1 → = 0.1 → 𝑟𝑛 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝒎 where:- rn→ radius of side way nozzle
𝑟𝑣 3𝑚

Formula rv→ radius of the vessel

𝑃𝑅𝑛
𝑡𝑁𝑠 = +𝐶 P→ Design Pressure
𝑆𝐸−0.6𝑃

0.66×0.3
𝑡𝑁𝑠 = E→ Joint Efficiency
58.8×1−0.6×0.66

𝑡𝑁𝑠 = 0.00339𝑚 + 0.0015875𝑚 tNs→ Thickness of side way nozzle

𝑡𝑁𝑠 = 0.004977𝑚 = 𝟒. 𝟗𝟕𝒎𝒎 ≈ 𝟓𝒎𝒎

Total length of the nozzle inserted in the vessel by the sideway is given by:-

𝑙𝑁𝑠 = 2.5 × 𝑡𝑁𝑠

𝑙𝑁𝑠 = 2.5 × 4.97𝑚𝑚 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒎𝒎

Length of the nozzle out-side the vessel in the side way is given according to designer
preference. That means to decrease material wastage and other impact loading we
should select medium out-side length. Therefore:- 𝑙𝑁𝑠2 = 0.4𝑚

35
 Stress Analysis of Nozzle (for side way nozzle)
1. Hoop Stress:-
𝑃𝑅𝑚
𝛿𝐻 = where:- P→0.66Mpa
𝑡𝑛
Rm→ r+tn=0.3+0.00497=0.30497m
0.66×0.30497
𝛿𝐻 = = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟗𝑴𝒑𝒂
0.00497
2. Longitudinal Stress:-
𝑃𝑅𝑚 1 40.499
𝛿𝑙 = = 𝛿𝐻 = = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟗𝑴𝒑𝒂
2𝑡𝑛 2 2
3. Radial Stress:-
At r=ro
𝑃𝑅𝑖 2 𝑅𝑜2 −𝑟𝑜2
𝛿𝑟𝑎𝑑 = ( ) = 𝟎 → 𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛
𝑅𝑜2 −𝑅𝑖 2 𝑟𝑜2
At r=ri
𝑃𝑅𝑖 2 𝑅𝑜2 −𝑟𝑖 2
𝛿𝑟𝑎𝑑 = ( ) = 𝑃 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝑴𝒑𝒂
𝑅𝑜2 −𝑅𝑖 2 𝑟𝑖 2

𝛿𝐻−𝛿𝑙 40.499−20.249
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟕𝟔𝑴𝒑𝒂
2 2

→ δH < allowable stress

→ δl < allowable stress

Therefore this indicates our side way nozzle design is safe.

Man Hole Design

Thickness calculation for Man hole

Material selected for man hole is Alloy Steel (10CrMo9-10). The diameter of the
man hole is taken depend up on designer preference i.e the diameter of the man hole
should have to be taken as the size of man who enters in it. Therefore we take the
moderate diameter which is:- D=1m, Ri=0.5m.
𝑃𝑅𝑚ℎ
𝑡𝑀ℎ = +𝐶 where:- P→ Design Pressure
𝑆𝐸−0.6𝑃

36
 0.66×0.5
𝑡𝑀ℎ = + 0.0015875 E→ Joint Efficiency
58.8×1−0.6×0.66

𝑡𝑀ℎ = 0.00565 + 0.0015875 = 0.007237𝑚 Rmh→radius of man hole

𝑡𝑀ℎ = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟑𝟕𝒎𝒎 ≈ 𝟏𝟎𝒎𝒎 S→ Allowable Stress

tMh→ man hole Thickness

C→ Corrosion Allowance

Length of the man hole inside the vessel:-

𝑙𝑀ℎ1 = 2.5𝑡𝑀ℎ = 2.5 × 7.237 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟓𝒎𝒎

The out-side length of man hole should also depend on designer preference. Therefore
to minimize weight and impact load as well as material wastage, we should take:-

𝑙𝑀ℎ2 = 15𝑐𝑚 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝒎

Skirt Support Design

Determination of the minimum thickness required for skirt to withstand the weight
of the vessel above.
12𝑀𝑇 𝑊
Formula 𝑡𝑠 = + where:- W→ weight of vessel above skirt
𝑅 2 𝜋𝑆𝐸 𝐷𝜋𝑆𝐸

MT→ moment due to the wind

S→ Allowable stress

E→ Joint Efficiency

R→ Out-side radius of the skirt

D→ Out-side diameter of the skirt

37
 Weight Analysis of the Vessel above the Skirt
The weight of the vessel above the skirt will be given as the following:-

𝑾𝑻 = 𝑊𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 + 𝑊𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 + 𝑊𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 + 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 + 𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 +

𝑊𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝑊𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒

𝑊𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝜌𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 × 𝑉𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 × 𝑔

𝑘𝑔⁄
= 7850 3 × 𝜋𝑙(𝑅𝑜 2 − 𝑅𝑖 2 ) × 𝑔
𝑚
= 7850 × 3.14 × 15 × 3.03552 − 32 × 9.81

= 3628940.068 × 0.21426025

𝑊𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟓𝟑𝟕. 𝟔𝟏𝑵

𝑊𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 = 𝜌𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 × 𝑉𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 × 𝑔

= 7850 × 𝜋𝑙𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒(𝑅𝑜2 − 𝑅𝑖 2 ) × 𝑔

= 7850 × 3.14 × 0.61668 × 0.4566722 − 0.452 × 9.81

= 149117.35 × 6.0493 × 10−3

= 𝟗𝟎𝟐. 𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟗𝑵 -Because there are two similar nozzles the

weight becomes:- 𝑊𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 = 2 × 902.0579 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟖𝑵

For side way nozzle

Length inside = 12.425mm

Out-side length = 0.4m=400mm

𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 12.425 + 400 = 𝟒𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒎𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒎

𝑅𝑖 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝒎

𝑅𝑜 = 0.3 + 0.00497 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟒𝟗𝟕𝒎

𝑉 = 𝜋𝑙(𝑅𝑜 2 − 𝑅𝑖 2 )

38
 = 3.14 × 0.0412425 × 0.304972 − 0.32

𝑉 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟗𝟓𝟕𝒎𝟑

𝑊𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 = 𝜌𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 × 𝑉𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 × 𝑔

𝑊𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 = 7850 × 0.0038957 × 9.81

𝑊𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝑵 - Since there are two similar side way nozzle that we
use for other purpose than bottom and upper nozzles.

Therefore:-

𝑊𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑦 = 2 × 300 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝑵

Therefore the total weight of nozzle become:-

𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 = 1804.1158 + 600 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟖𝑵

Weight of Man Hole

Total length of the man hole that inserted in the vessel is given by:-

𝑙𝑀ℎ = 2.5 × 𝑡𝑀ℎ = 2.5 × 7.237 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟓𝒎

Length outside the vessel:-

𝑙𝑀ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 15𝑐𝑚 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝒎

Total length of man hole:-

𝑙𝑀𝑡 = 𝑙𝑀ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑙𝑀ℎ𝑖𝑛

𝑙𝑀𝑡 = 0.15 + 0.0180925 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟏𝒎

Volume of man hole = 𝜋𝑙𝑀ℎ(𝑅𝑜 2 − 𝑅𝑖 2 )

𝑅𝑜 = 0.5 + 0.007237 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟕𝟐𝟑𝟕𝒎

𝑉𝑚ℎ = 𝜋 × 0.1681 × 0.5072372 − 0.52

𝑉𝑚ℎ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟒𝟕𝟖𝒎𝟑

39
Weight of man hole is therefore given by:-

𝑊𝑚ℎ = 𝜌 × 𝑉𝑚ℎ × 𝑔

= 7850 × 0.0038478 × 9.81

= 𝟐𝟗𝟔. 𝟑𝟏𝟑𝟑𝑵

Weight of the components like holes, bolts, flanges are assumed as:-

Wother opening = 600000N

Impact load = 200000N

Weight of safety valve = 300000N

Weight of bolts and nuts = 15KN

Total weight of the vessel above the skirt is given by:-

𝑊𝑇 = 𝑊𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 + 𝑊𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 + 𝑊𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 + 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 + 𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 +

𝑊𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝑊𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑠

𝑊𝑇 = (777.537 + 2.404 + 3.162 + 107.334 + 0.2963133 + 300 + 3 +

200 + 15)𝐾𝑁

𝑊𝑇 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟓. 𝟕𝟑𝟑𝑲𝑵

Wind pressure is given by:-

𝑃 = 0.00256 × 𝑉 2 where:- P→ Wind Pressure

V→ Wind Speed

The maximum speed of wind currently recorded is V = 103m/s

𝑃 = 0.00256 × 1032

𝑃 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟏𝟔𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟏𝟔𝑵/𝒎𝟐

40
From this force of the wind is calculated as:-

𝐹 = 𝑃 × 𝐴 × 𝐶𝑑 where :- P→ Pressure of wind

Cd→ Drag Coefficient

A→ Area

F→ Wind Force

The standard Cd for long cylindrical tube is 1.2 and for short cylinder is 0.8. therefore
we use Cd = 1.2 because our cylinder is long.

𝐹 = 27.16 × 1 × 1.2

𝐹 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟔𝑵/𝒎 - Because the wind is distributed rectangularly in our

cylinder.

Total force is given by:-

𝐹 = 32.6𝑁/𝑚 × 16.5𝑚

𝐹 = 𝟓𝟑𝟕. 𝟕𝟔𝟖𝑵

Therefore we should calculate the moment created or formed by the wind by taking
our cylinder as cantilever beam
𝐹𝐿
Therefore:- 𝑀𝑇 =
2

16.5
= 537.8 ×
2

= 𝟒𝟒𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟓𝑵𝒎

From this the thickness of our skirt support will be:-

12𝑀𝑇 𝑊𝑇
𝑡𝑠 = + where:- Ro = 3.0554m
𝑅𝑜2 𝜋𝑆𝐸 𝐷𝜋𝑆𝐸

12×4436.85 2005.733×103
𝑡𝑠 = + Do = 6.1108m
3.0554 2 ×33×1 6.1108×𝜋×33.8×106 ×1

S = 58.8Mpa
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 53242.85𝑁/𝑚 2005.733×103𝑁
𝑡𝑠 = + E=1
967.83×106 633.522×106

𝑡𝑠 = 5.501 × 10−5 + 3.166 × 10−3 = 0.032𝑚

𝑡𝑠 = 𝟑𝟐𝒎𝒎

Therefore our skirt design will have standard thickness of 40mm.

Flanges design
❖ Flanges can be designed by detailed calculation or by using tabulated data (tables).
For our design, flanges designed by using table that are formulated by ASME for
different material since it leads to better accuracy as compared to detailed
calculation.
❖ We required (designed) flanges for nozzles , manhole and for additional holes.
❖ we have to select carbon steel for all flanges and the rating is 300.
❖ the flange type is weld neck flange b/c it manufactured easily and easily assembled.

Bolt Design
❖ All the above indicated dimensions are available in the table
TENSILE REQUIRMENTS ASME A193 GD-B7
Diameter in Minimum Tensile Yield point Elongation Reduction
inches tempering Strength Min (NPAa) In 2 inches of

42
 temp .F Min min Area min
(c) (mpa)
Over 1100 115,000 95000 16 50
2-1/2 (593) (790) (655)
To
4 incl.

HARDNESS ASTM A194 GRADE 2H NUTS

Brinell 24 hour Brinell
Hardness Temp.test Hardness
After test
248,352 1000 F 179 Min.
(538 C)

Design of base plate for support

 The base plate used to distribute the load to the ground
 Material selection –titanium
 Base plate structure looks

Dimensions analysis
12𝑀 𝑊
𝑃𝑐 = + where
As 𝐶𝑠

Pc=maximum compression

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 As= area with in the skirt
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜋𝑟 2 =π (3.03553m) 2=28.948m2
Cs=circumference on OD of skirt

Cs=πD= π*6.07106m=19.07279m
M= moment due to wind (M=4436.85nm)
W=weight of vessel (w=2005.733Kn)
12∗4436.85 2005.733
𝑝𝑐 = + = 107.001249 KN/m
28.948 19.07279

𝑃𝑐
𝑙= where
𝑓𝑏

L=width of base plate

Fb=safe bearing load on concrete tables
Take fb=1.5 mpa
107.001249
𝑙= =0.07133m =71.33mm
1.5

𝑙 ≈ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎

𝑡𝑏 = 0.32𝑙1 where
tb =approximate thickness
𝑡𝑏 = 0.32 ∗ 100𝑚𝑚
=32mm
𝒕𝒃 ≈ 𝟒𝟎𝒎𝒎

6.1. Detail Drawing

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45
46
47
48
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6.2. Assembly Drawing

50
6.3 SUMMARY
Finally in the analysis we conclude that stress in the vessel thickness are increasing
with reduction of thickness and bending stresses are with in allowable limit for all
cases considered.
The vertical pressure vessels are often preferred especially for thin walled vessel
operating under low pressure. The design of vertical cylindrical vessels becomes
simple because of the additional bending stress due to weight of the vessel itself
and often fluid can be eliminated. For this reason the designer should consider the
thickness of vessel column, standard flange, material selection, internal pressure,
skirt support and e.t.c.
The project design considers all criteria for good quality and the lifetime of the
pressure vessel. Welded are also very important fabrication of pressure vessel.
Usually welded directly to the vessel because the skirt are required to withstand the
pressure vessel.

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 Reference
• Pressure vessel design manual, third edition, Dennis R.Moss
• Pressure vessel hand book, tenth edition, Eugene F.Megyesy
• Pressure vessel hand book, eleventh edition
• Chemical engineering hand book, Robert H.Berry and Don. W.Green
• Material science and engineering, seventh edition, by William D.Callister
JR.
• American society of mechanical engineering or (ASME). Boiler and
pressure vessel code ASME, New york
• Pressure vessel design, Donatello Annaratone 20129, Milano, Italy
• Overview of pressure vessel design by Vincent A.Carucci Cormagen
Engineering Inc
• ASME VIII pressure vessel design

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