Module 2

MODULE 2
91
Dr. Abey E. Thomas, Dept. of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering Aranmula 27-09-2021
92
Module 2
Tension members-Types of sections – net area- design of tension members- concept of shear lag-use of lug angle-
connections in tension members
TENSION MEMBERS
• Tension members are structural members that are subjected to axial tnsile forces (truss members, cables in
suspension bridges, bracing for buildings, etc)
• Also known as tie members
• Tension members are very efficient since the entire cross section carries uniform stress unlike flexural members
• Any cross sectional configuration ma be used, since the only determinant of strength is the cross sectional area
• The formation of tension member is governed to a large extent by the type of structure of which it is a part
93
Module 2
TYPES OF SECTION
a) Wires and Cables
The wire ropes are used for hosting purposes, and as guy wires in steel stacks and towers, and hangers for the
suspension bridges. The wire ropes have the advantage of flexibility and strength
b) Rods and Bars
Round bars with threaded ends are used with tin connection. The ends of rectangular bars or plates are enlarged
to form eye bars. Eye bars are used with tin connections
c) Single structural shapes and plates
Angle sections and Tee sections are included in this group. These sections are considerably more rigid than wire
ropes, rods and bars. Single angle sections are also used for bracings. Single angle section have high rigidity in the
design of web and low rigidity in the design of flanges. 94
Module 2
TYPES OF SECTION
d) Two or more than two members are to form built up members. When single rolled steel sections cannot
provide the required area, then the buildup sections may more rigid than the single structural shapes. The double
angle sections of unequal legs are extensively used as tension members.
single section build up section
95
Module 2
Net area of section

In case of tensile member the net area plays important role because the rupture failure done along it’s critical
section. So for that we have to find out the net area. Net area means basically the total area minus the hole area
because of the presence of bolt.
a) Chain bolts
96
Module 2
Net area of section

b) Staggered / zig- zag bolt
Net area decreased by an amount equal to
97
Module 2
Design of tension members

Mode of failure in tension members
• Gross yielding of the section,
• Net section rupture
• Block block shear
98
Module 2

Design strength due to yielding of gross section
99
Module 2

Design strength due to rupture of net cross sectional area
100
Module 2

Design strength due to rupture of net cross sectional area
101
Module 2

Design strength due to block shear
102
Module 2
Design procedure
1) Find the gross area required to carry the given factored load considering the strength in yielding from the
following expression
2) Select a suitable shape of section depending on the type of structure and location of member such that the
gross area is more than the gross area obtained in step 1
3) Determine the number of bolts or the welding length required and suitably arrange the bolts
4) Find the strength considering,
• Yielding of gross section
• Rupture of critical section
• Strength of block shear 103
Module 2
Design procedure
5) If any of above strength become less than the factored tensile force, increase the size of the section and repeat
from step 3
6) Also, if the design strength is too high compare to the factored load, decrease the section size suitably and
repeat from step 3
7) Check for the slenderness ratio of the member as per Table 3 IS 800 :2007. If the value of slenderness ratio
exceeds the value given in code. Then increase the size of section and redesign
104
Module 2
Problem 1
A tension member 3m long carries a factored tensile load of 200 kN. Design a suitable angle unequal section when
connections made with 20mm diameter bolts of grade 4.6
Assume longer leg to be connected with plate
105
Module 2
Problem 1
Solution
Approximate gross area required
Let use ISA 75 × 50 × 10 with gross area, Ag as 1152 mm2
106
Module 2
Problem 1
Solution
For bolt connection
Cross sectional area of 20 mm diameter bolt = 0.78 × π/4 × 202 = 245 mm2.
Shear strength of M20 bolt in single shear =
Bearing strength of bolts

Here, thickness of the angle is 10 mm;
Let the edge distance = 30 mm and pitch = 50 mm
Thus, kb = lesser of [30/(3 × 22), 50/(3 × 22) - 0.25, 400/410, 1] = 0.454
107
Module 2
Problem 1
Solution
Bearing strength of bolt = 2.5 × 20 × 10 × 0.454 × 400/1.25 = 72.64 × 103 N = 72.64 kN
So bolt value = 45.3 kN
No. of bolts required = 200/45.3 = 4.4
Thus, use 5 bolts of 20 mm diameter in one line at pitch of 50 mm and edge distance of 30mm.
Design strength governed by rupture of net section
Here, length of outstanding leg is: w = 50 mm and w1 = 40 mm.
So the shear lag width, bs = w + w1 – t = 50 + 40 – 10 = 80 mm.
Distance between end bolts , Lc = 4 × 50 = 200 mm
108
Module 2
Problem 1
Solution
Design strength by rupture of net section
109
Module 2
Problem 1
Solution
Design strength governed by block shear
Avg = 10 × (4 × 50 + 30) = 2300 mm2 Avn = 10 × (4 × 50 + 30 – 4.5 × 22) = 1310 mm2
Atg = 10 × 40 = 400 mm2 [assuming gauge g = 35 for 75 mm leg; p = 75 – 35 = 40]
Atn = 10 × (40 – 0.5 × 22) = 290 mm2
110
Module 2
Problem 1
Solution
Thus, the design tensile strength of angle = 261.8 kN > 200 kN.
Hence, the selected angle is safe.
Again, the minimum radius of gyration (rmin) of the angle ISA 75×50×10 = 10.6 mm
The maximum slenderness ratio, λmax = Leff / rmin = 3 × 103 / 10.6 = 283 < 350.
So, the angle is safe.
111
Module 2
Problem 2
A tension member 3m long carries a factored tensile load of 200 kN. Design a suitable angle unequal section when
connections made with fillet weld.
Assume longer leg to be connected with plate
112
Module 2
Problem 2
Solution
Approximate gross area required
Let use ISA 75 × 50 × 10 with gross area, Ag as 1152 mm2
113
Module 2
Problem 2
Solution
Strength governed by rupture of net section
Here, shear lag width, bs = 50 mm. Assuming average weld length, Lw as 165 mm
114
Module 2
Problem 2
Solution
Strength governed by block shear
115
Module 2
Problem 3
Determine the design tensile strength of the plate (200 X 10 mm) with the holes as shown below, if the yield
strength and the ultimate strength of the steel used are 250 MPa and 420 MPa and 20 mm diameter bolts are
used. fy = 250 MPa fu = 420 MPa
116
Module 2
Problem 3
Solution
Calculation of net area
117
Module 2
Problem 4
A single unequal angle 100x 75x 8 mm is connected to a 12 mm thick gusset plate at the ends with 6 nos. 20 mm
diameter bolts to transfer tension. Determine the design tensile strength of the angle. (a) if the gusset is
connected to the 100 mm leg, (b) if the gusset is connected to the 70 mm leg, (c) if two such angles are connected
to the same side of the gusset through the 100 mm leg. (d) if two such angles are connected to the opposite sides
of the gusset through 100 mm leg.
118
Module 2
Problem 4
Solution
a) The 100mm leg bolted to the gusset
Strength as governed by tearing of net section:
119
Module 2
Problem 4
Solution
Strength as governed by yielding of gross section
Block shear strength
120
Module 2
Problem 4
Solution
The efficiency of the tension member, is given by
b) The 75 mm leg is bolted to the gusset
Strength as governed by tearing of net section
121
Module 2
Problem 4
Solution
Strength as governed by yielding of gross section
Block shear strength
The design tensile strength of the member = 289.60 kN
122
Module 2
Problem 4
Solution
The efficiency of the tension member, is given by
Even though the tearing strength of the net section is reduced, the block shear failure still governs the design
strength. The efficiency of the tension member is 0.954
(c & d)The double angle strength would be twice single angle strength as obtained above in case (a)
Td = 2 * 298.65 = 597.30 kN
123
Module 2
Problem 5
Design a suitable double angle section to carry a factored tensile load of 450 kN. The length of the member is
2.9m.Use M20 bolts of 4.6 grade. The grade of steel is Fe410
Solution
124
Module 2
Problem 5
Solution
Let use ISA 90 x 60 x 8
Cross sectional area is 1137 mm2
Shear strength of bolt bearing capacity of bolt
125
Module 2
Problem 5
Solution
Yield strength
126
Module 2
Problem 5
Solution
Strength due to rupture
Design strength due to block shear
127
Module 2
Problem 6
An ISMC 250 @ 298kg/m is used as a tie member to transmit a factored load of 800kN. The channel section is
connected to a gusset plate of 10mm thickness. Design a fillet weld if the lap length is limited to 300mm. Provide
slot welds if required
Solution
128
Module 2
Problem 6
Solution
129
Module 2
Problem 7
Design a single angle section for a tension member of a roof truss to carry a factored tensile force of 225 kN. The
member is subjected to the possible reversal of stress due to the action of wind. The effective length of member is
3m. Use 20 mm shop bolt of grade 4.6 for the connection
Solution
130
Module 2
Problem 7
Solution
131
Module 2
Problem 7
Solution
132
Module 2
Problem 7
Solution
133
Module 2
Problem 7
Solution
134
Module 2
Problem 7
Solution
135
Module 2
Problem 7
Solution
136
Module 2
Problem 8
Determine the design strength of the plate 130 x 12mm with the holes for 16mm diameter bolts as shown in
figure. Steel used is of Fe 415 grade quality
137
Module 2
Problem 8
Solution
138
Module 2
Problem 8
Solution
139
Module 2
Shear lag
Shear lag can be described as a phenomenon that creates a loss
in resistance in a tension member connected through only part of
its cross-section. Parameters that influence the shear lag
phenomenon are many and difficult to assess: type and size of
cross-section, type of connection, length of welds, length of
member, joint eccentricities, etc.
140
Module 2
Lug angle
Lug Angle is an angle with short length which is required to share the
load of the main angle. Sometimes the main angle carries a huge
amount of load and to make connections of this type of angle section
with the main member, we need a large number of large number of
bolts. So if we use a large number of bolt or large length of weld then
the size of the gusset plate become very high and if size of the gusset
plate become high material required for gusset plate will be large and
it will be uneconomic.
141
Module 2
Lug angle
So to reduce the length of the joint or the size of the joint to a certain
amount sometimes we provide lug angles at the beginning of the joint to
share the load from main angle to the gusset plate. So basically lug angle
is connected with the outstanding leg of the main angle and some
percentage of load main angle is transferred to the lug angle and then
that load again is transferred to the gusset plate through connected leg of
the lug angle.
142
Module 2
Lug angle
Design of lug angle (Cl. 10.12, IS 800 : 2007 )
1) In case of main member being an angle section :
• Lug angle is connected to the outstanding leg of the main angle
• When an unequal angle is used, the load gets disturbed in the ratio of gross are of the connected leg and the
outstanding leg
• Lug angle and their connection to gusset or other supporting member shall be capable of developing strength
not more than 20% in excess of force in the outstanding leg of main member
143
• The attachment of lug angle to the main angle shall be capable of developing strength of not less than 40 %in
excessE.of
Dr. Abey the force
Thomas, in of
Dept. theCivil
outstanding legCollege
Engineering, of angle
of Engineering Aranmula 27-09-2021
Module 2
Lug angle
2) In the case of main member being channel like section :
• The lug angle, as far as possible, should be disposed symmetrically with respect to the section of the member
• Lug angle and their connection to gusset or other supporting member shall ne capable of developing strength
of not less than 10 %in excess of the force in the flange of the channel
• Attachment of the lug angle to the member shall be capable of developing strength of not less than 20% in
excess of that force
144
Module 2
Lug angle
3) In no case fewer then two bolts, rivets or equivalent weld length be used for attaching lug angle to angle to
gusset or other supporting member
4) The effective connection of the lug angle shall as far as possible terminate at the end of the member connected
5) The fastening of lug angle to the member shall preferably start in advance of direct connection of the member
to gusset or other supporting member
145
Module 2
Lug angle
Problem 9
A tension member carrying a factored tensile load of 180 kN has to convert through a gusset plate of 10 mm thick
using 16 mm diameter of ordinary bolt of grade 4.6. The available length of the gusset plate for making connection
is 250 mm. Design the member & its connection. Also design the lug angle if required.
146
Module 2
Lug angle
Problem 9
Solution
Gross area required =
Select angle ISA 75 × 75 × 6 with Ag = 866 mm2 and rmin = 14.6 mm
Strength governed due to rupture of net section
Hence, the chosen section is safe. 147

Module 2
Lug angle
Problem 9
Solution
End connection
Strength of M16 bolts in single shear,
Assume pitch as 40 mm and edge distance as 30 mm.

kb = least of [30/(3 × 18), 40/(3 × 18) - 0.25, 400/410, 1] = 0.49
Bearing strength of bolts on 8 mm thick angles,
148
Module 2
Lug angle
Problem 9
Solution
No. of bolts required = 180/29.0 = 6.2 ≈ 7
Length of gusset plate = 6 × 40 + 2 × 30 = 300 mm > 250 mm, therefore lug angle should be
used.
Lug Angle
Gross area of connected leg, Agc = (75 - 6/2) × 6 = 432 mm2
Gross area of outstanding leg, Ago = (75 - 6/2) × 6 = 432 mm2
Load on outstanding leg of main angle = 180 × 432/(432 + 432) = 90 kN
Load on lug angle = 1.2×90 kN = 108 kN [Cl. 10.12.2, IS 800-2007] 149
Module 2
Lug angle
Problem 9
Solution
Net area required for the lug angle =
Select ISA 60 × 60 × 5 as lug angle with Ag = 575 mm2
Let assume that the section is weakened by one row of 16 mm diameter bolt.
So, the net area available = 575 – 16×5 = 495 mm2
Connection of lug angle with gusset plate
Length of gusset plate = 3 × 40 + 2 × 30 = 180 mm
150
Module 2
Lug angle
Problem 9
Solution
Connection of lug angle to main angle
No. of bolts required to connect outstanding leg of two
angles =1.4× 90/29.0 = 4.34 ≈ 5
Length of gusset plate = 4 × 40 + 2 × 30 = 220 mm.
The arrangement of bolts for connecting lug angle is shown
in Figure
151
Module 2 ASSIGNMENT
1) Design a single angle section for a tension member of a roof truss to carry a factored tensile force of 225 kN. The
member is subjected to the possible reversal of stress due to the action of wind. The effective length of member
is 3m. Use 20 mm shop bolt of grade 4.6 for the connection
2) A tension member carrying a factored tensile load of 180 kN has to convert through a gusset plate of 10 mm
thick using 16 mm diameter of ordinary bolt of grade 4.6. The available length of the gusset plate for making
connection is 250 mm. Design the member & its connection. Also design the lug angle if required.
3) Explain in detail shear lag in tension members
4) What is lug angle? Explain it with figure
5) Write the design procedure for steel tension members
152
Module 2 ASSIGNMENT
1)
153
Module 2 ASSIGNMENT
1)
154
Module 2 ASSIGNMENT
1)
155
Module 2 ASSIGNMENT
1)
156
Module 2 ASSIGNMENT
1)
157
Module 2 ASSIGNMENT
1)
158
Module 2 ASSIGNMENT
2)
Gross area required =
Select angle ISA 75 × 75 × 6 with Ag = 866 mm2 and rmin = 14.6 mm
Strength governed due to rupture of net section
Hence, the chosen section is safe.

End connection
Strength of M16 bolts in single shear,
159
Module 2 ASSIGNMENT
2) Assume pitch as 40 mm and edge distance as 30 mm.

kb = least of [30/(3 × 18), 40/(3 × 18) - 0.25, 400/410, 1] = 0.49
Bearing strength of bolts on 8 mm thick angles,

Length of gusset plate = 6 × 40 + 2 × 30 = 300 mm > 250 mm, therefore lug angle should be
used.
Lug Angle
Gross area of connected leg, Agc = (75 - 6/2) × 6 = 432 mm2
Gross area of outstanding leg, Ago = (75 - 6/2) × 6 = 432 mm2
Load on outstanding leg of main angle = 180 × 432/(432 + 432) = 90 kN
Load on lug angle = 1.2×90 kN = 108 kN [Cl. 10.12.2, IS 800-2007] 160
Module 2 ASSIGNMENT
2) Net area required for the lug angle =
Select ISA 60 × 60 × 5 as lug angle with Ag = 575 mm2

Let assume that the section is weakened by one row of 16 mm diameter bolt.
So, the net area available = 575 – 16×5 = 495 mm2
Connection of lug angle with gusset plate
Connection of lug angle to main angle
No. of bolts required to connect outstanding leg of two angles =1.4× 90/29.0 = 4.34 ≈ 5
161

Module 2 - DSS

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module 2 - DSS

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module 2 - DSS

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

single section build up section

Net area of section

Net area of section

Design of tension members

Design of tension members

Design of tension members

Design of tension members

Design of tension members

Design strength due to yielding of gross section

Bearing strength of bolts

Design strength by rupture of net section

Design strength due to yielding of gross section

Strength as governed by tearing of net section:

Block shear strength

b) The 75 mm leg is bolted to the gusset

Strength as governed by tearing of net section

Block shear strength

The design tensile strength of the member = 289.60 kN

Design strength due to block shear

Design of lug angle (Cl. 10.12, IS 800 : 2007 )

1) In case of main member being an angle section :

• Lug angle is connected to the outstanding leg of the main angle

Design of lug angle (Cl. 10.12, IS 800 : 2007 )

2) In the case of main member being channel like section :

Design of lug angle (Cl. 10.12, IS 800 : 2007 )

Strength governed due to rupture of net section

Hence, the chosen section is safe. 147

Assume pitch as 40 mm and edge distance as 30 mm.

3) Explain in detail shear lag in tension members

4) What is lug angle? Explain it with figure

5) Write the design procedure for steel tension members

Strength governed due to rupture of net section

Hence, the chosen section is safe.

2) Assume pitch as 40 mm and edge distance as 30 mm.

No. of bolts required = 180/29.0 = 6.2 ≈ 7

2) Net area required for the lug angle =

Select ISA 60 × 60 × 5 as lug angle with Ag = 575 mm2

You might also like